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Journal articles on the topic 'Politeness in literature'
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1
López, María de la O. Hernández, and Lucía Fernández Amaya. "What makes (im)politeness for travellers? Spanish tourists’ perceptions at national and international hotels." Journal of Politeness Research 15, no. 2 (July 26, 2019): 195–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pr-2016-0060.
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Abstract Although hotel service encounters have been widely studied, the literature presents two main shortcomings: 1) receptionist-guest communication has not received much attention from a politeness perspective; and 2) the scarcity of studies regarding politeness1 (i. e., the interlocutors’ perception of politeness) has been overshadowed by the vast amount of literature concerning politeness2. Regarding customer perception, understanding what appropriate communicative behaviour is - i. e. whether (non)verbal actions are conducive to variation in terms of customer perception and satisfaction - is crucial to understand service success or failure. In this context, our study examines the opinion and perception of 183 Spanish participants who had stayed at national and international hotels and who assessed, on the one hand, to what extent the receptionists were polite or impolite, and why; and on the other, how communication with customers could improve in terms of politeness. The findings indicate that, despite the participants’ general preference for friendliness and solidarity, the politeness strategies that participants valued as adequate in this context are not necessarily those traditionally related to Peninsular Spanish (i. e. directness and/or involvement). Also, this study shows that what lay people consider politeness encompasses a great number of variables in which linguistic production is but one of them.
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Afriana, Afriana, and Robby Satria Mandala. "KESANTUNAN BERBAHASA PADA PEMBELAJARAN MAHASISWA UNIVERSITAS PUTERA BATAM." JURNAL BASIS 5, no. 2 (November 28, 2018): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33884/basis.v5i2.777.
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The purpose of this study was to describe the attitude of the language towards the politeness of the language of the students of Putera Batam University. This study used a survey method. The sample in this study were 43 students of English Literature. Data obtained from observation sheets and questionnaires. Assessment is done using a Likert scale. The data analysis technique used descriptive statistics using technical regression analysis. The results of the study showed that language attitudes had a positive effect on student politeness. This finding recommends that the development of language attitudes will improve student language politeness. This study aims to analyze the language attitude of students of the English Literature study program at Putera University, then analyze the politeness of the students of the English Literature Study Program at the Putera Batam University. And the influence of language attitudes on the politeness of the language of students of English Literature Study Program, Putera Batam University.
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Afriana, Afriana, and Robby Satria Mandala. "KESANTUNAN BERBAHASA PADA PEMBELAJARAN MAHASISWA UNIVERSITAS PUTERA BATAM." JURNAL BASIS 5, no. 2 (November 28, 2018): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33884/basisupb.v5i2.777.
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The purpose of this study was to describe the attitude of the language towards the politeness of the language of the students of Putera Batam University. This study used a survey method. The sample in this study were 43 students of English Literature. Data obtained from observation sheets and questionnaires. Assessment is done using a Likert scale. The data analysis technique used descriptive statistics using technical regression analysis. The results of the study showed that language attitudes had a positive effect on student politeness. This finding recommends that the development of language attitudes will improve student language politeness. This study aims to analyze the language attitude of students of the English Literature study program at Putera University, then analyze the politeness of the students of the English Literature Study Program at the Putera Batam University. And the influence of language attitudes on the politeness of the language of students of English Literature Study Program, Putera Batam University.
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Saifudin, Akhmad. "KESANTUNAN BAHASA DALAM STUDI LINGUISTIK PRAGMATIK." LITE: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, dan Budaya 16, no. 2 (February 14, 2021): 135–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.33633/lite.v16i2.4107.
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The major aim of this paper is to provide a theoretical view of politeness in a pragmatic perspective. The study was conducted through literature studies on leading theories in language politeness studies, such as Brown and Levinson, Leech, and Ide as well as from observations of the current use of politeness phenomenon, namely interactions in cyberspace. The theoretical view of politeness is given as a result of observations about the reality of using politeness and the synthesis of existing theories.
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Bosch, B. "Beleefdheid in Afrikaans: ’n sosiolinguistiese perspektief." Literator 16, no. 2 (May 2, 1995): 3–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/lit.v16i2.605.
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Politeness in Afrikaans: a sociolinguistic perspectiveThis article argues that because the phenomenon of linguistic politeness is embedded in a particular linguistic community, linguistic politeness should in the first instance be studied from sociolinguistic and pragmatic perspectives. Using Afrikaans examples, different types of linguistic politeness are identified. The identified politeness types are discussed with special reference to conversational politeness, directives, complaints and honorifics. It is also argued that the specific choice of lexical items and ‘in group’ variants can be regarded as a form of linguistic politeness. A feminist perspective on politeness clearly illustrates that linguistic politeness is an everchanging, dynamic concept which is closely linked to both interpersonal and societal associations which prevail at a specific point in time.
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Chikogu, Ray Nwabenu. "Power in politeness." English Text Construction 2, no. 1 (March 24, 2009): 70–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/etc.2.1.04chi.
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The nature of most human societies, where the aspirations and desires of people are never completely fulfilled, and where such aspirations always conflict with those of other persons, presupposes a conscious effort by persons to strive for the recognition of and acceptance of their goals. They also crave the freedom to aspire towards the realization of their dreams. Because human relations and communication are conveyed principally by linguistic vehicles, much of the struggle for power is also expressed through language. It is shown in this study how a social miscreant occupying the lowest rung of the social class structure, effects a change in power relations with society’s top notchers through the deployment of the linguistic concept of politeness in dramatic dialogue, from which we draw conclusions that may be reflective of real life.
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Rahmi, Rahmi, and Shafruddin Tadjuddin. "STRATEGI KESANTUNAN POSITIF DALAM TINDAK TUTUR PADA NOVEL BIDADARI-BIDADARI SURGA KARYA TERE LIYE." BAHTERA : Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra 16, no. 2 (July 2, 2017): 56–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/bahtera.162.05.
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AbstractThis study aims to gain an in-depth understanding of the positive politeness strategy of speech acts in Tere Liye's Bidadari-Bidadari Surga novel. This research is a qualitative research with content analysis method. The data were collected through literature study and polite observation in speech acts on Tere Liye's novel Bidadari-Bidadari Surga. The data analysis uses Brown and Levinson's politeness theory. These findings indicate that Tere Liye's novel Bidadari-Bidadari Heaven contains a positive politeness strategy. The strategy of positive politeness includes fifteen positive politeness strategies and in the form of thirty-nine kinds of mannerisms spoken by the characters of the story.Keywords: Strategy of positive politeness, speech acts, novel
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Rogovets, Anastasia S. "“What is Your Good Name?”: on Translating Multicultural Literature." Polylinguality and Transcultural Practices 16, no. 3 (December 15, 2019): 406–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2618-897x-2019-16-3-406-414.
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The article discusses distinguishing features of speech etiquette in Indian English and certain aspects of its translation into Russian. The relevance of this research topic is determined by the current spread of English as an international language and by the emergence of the World Englishes paradigm. In India there are a lot of cultural conventions that do not have English equivalents and, thus, cannot be expressed adequatelyby means of the English language. As a result of the language contact, Indian English has got an impact on its linguistic setting from Hindi and other regional languages. This linguistic transfer from Indian languages can be seen at various levels, including the use of politeness formulas. In this article the focus is made on the politeness formula “What is your good name?”, which is a polite way of asking someone’s name. This etiquette question is one of the most common Indian English politeness patterns, generalized all over India. The article analyzes the etymology of this expression and explains why it is frequently encountered in the speech of Indian English users, as well as to show the important role of such an analysis in overcoming translation difficulties.
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Mohammad Yusoff, Mohd Haniff, Siti Hamira Hamzani, and Rohaya Md. Ali. "The Phenomena of Language Politeness in the novel entitled Lentera Mustika." Idealogy Journal 3, no. 2 (September 7, 2018): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/idealogy.v3i2.62.
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Language politeness can be defined as the ways in which language is employed in conversation with good manners and etiquette. This aspect should not only be emphasized in society, but also in novel writing. The purpose of this article is to identify and explain the politeness maxims used by the author in the novel Lentera Mustika. This language politeness seems to be very significant as novels nowadays have been the most popular genre of literature to read among Malaysians. Hence, this study will use the novel Lentera Mustika by Nisah Haron (2009) published by PTS Litera as research data. The study will also adapt Leech’s Politeness Principle (1983) for data analysis. Findings show that this novel has fulfilled the maxims of politeness proposed by Leech and portrayed that the use of good and polite language in writing can indirectly educate readers to adapt politeness in their communication. Keywords: Leech’s Politeness Principle, Language Politeness
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Chojnicka, Joanna. "Stance and politeness in spoken Latvian." Lingua Posnaniensis 57, no. 1 (June 1, 2015): 25–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/linpo-2015-0002.
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AbstractThe present article is concerned with the concept of stance and its relationship to face, face work and politeness applied to Latvian spoken discourse. It offers an extensive review of relevant literature on stance and politeness theories, followed by an illustrative analysis of politeness strategies and stance markers found in a radio interview. On this basis, the article argues that stance markers - epistemic, evidential, mirative and hedging devices - may be considered a negative politeness strategy, responding to the speaker’s and hearer’s desire for autonomy. In conclusion, it suggests a hypothesis that could explain differing use of stance markers and politeness strategies by speakers fulfilling varying conversational roles and of various social standing.
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Bremner, Stephen. "Politeness, Power, and Activity Systems." Written Communication 23, no. 4 (October 2006): 397–423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0741088306293707.
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HAGGE, JOHN, and CHARLES KOSTELNICK. "Linguistic Politeness in Professional Prose." Written Communication 6, no. 3 (July 1989): 312–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0741088389006003004.
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Wendt, Ingrid. "Two Notes on Politeness Formulae." Anthropology Humanism 23, no. 2 (December 1998): 211–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ahu.1998.23.2.211.
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Lwanga-Lumu, Joy Christine. "Politeness and indirectness revisited." South African Journal of African Languages 19, no. 2 (January 1999): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02572117.1999.10587385.
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Nyangiwe, Bulelwa, and Heike Tappe. "Politeness constructions in written business communication: A plea for African politeness strategies." South African Journal of African Languages 41, no. 1 (January 2, 2021): 44–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02572117.2021.1902133.
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Saloustrou, Vasiliki. "Greek women’s stories about intimate relationships." Narrative Inquiry 29, no. 1 (July 2, 2019): 185–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ni.18062.sal.
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Abstract While sociolinguistic studies of politeness and identities present many disciplinary parallels, their paths have seldom intersected (Garcés-Conejos Blitvich & Sifianou, 2017, p. 227). It is within this context that this paper uses “small stories” research (Bamberg, 2006; Georgakopoulou, 2006, 2007) and identities analysis to study politeness-in-interaction (Georgakopoulou, 2013b). It particularly looks at a group of young Greek women, and focuses on their “small stories” about the tellers’ and others’ management of politeness norms in intimate relationships. A multi-method approach to data collection is used that involves both naturally-occurring narratives-in-interactions in self-recordings, and reflexive tellings in playback interviews. Drawing on Georgakopoulou’s (2007) triptych of “ways of telling-sites-tellers”, and on Bamberg’s (1997) model of positioning, the analysis illustrates the significance of politeness-related identity claims for signaling lay norms of politeness ratified by the local group of friends. It also shows how politeness construction is intertwined with the interactional fabrication of identities.
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Paternoster, Annick. "Inappropriate inspectors: Impoliteness and overpoliteness in Ian Rankin’s and Andrea Camilleri’s crime series." Language and Literature: International Journal of Stylistics 21, no. 3 (July 24, 2012): 311–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963947012444221.
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This article explores evaluations of impoliteness and over-politeness in crime novel dialogues, in reference to the Pragmatics of Politeness and the Discursive Model (Locher and Watts, 2005; Watts, 2003, 2005, 2010). Metapragmatic comments, in which dialogue participants evaluate the ongoing communicative behaviour, offer important insights into the values and social norms that make up interaction. Literary dialogues, as opposed to naturally occurring conversations, have the advantage of offering numerous metapragmatic comments. This study examines police investigator dialogues that contain metapragmatic comments of impoliteness and over-politeness, concentrating on two maverick figures, Ian Rankin’s Edinburgh-based John Rebus and Andrea Camilleri’s Sicilian Salvo Montalbano, both of whose fractiousness in regards to procedural rules extends to social norms as well. The first part of the analysis looks at impoliteness, confirming the image of the maverick for whom impoliteness is fairly stereotypical. The determining factor is police rank: I find frequent institutional, that is, legitimized, and unchallenged impoliteness by those who are higher in rank. Secondly, I look at instances of over-politeness. The inspector, who readily uses insincere politeness in order to manipulate a suspect or a witness, is sceptical when evaluating politeness in others. By not commenting on impoliteness and through extensive negative evaluations of politeness, the narrator creates a protagonist who has become disenchanted with politeness and uses impoliteness as if it were normal, appropriate behaviour.
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Moghaddam, Mostafa Morady. "Politeness at the extremes." Language and Dialogue 7, no. 3 (November 27, 2017): 413–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ld.7.3.05mog.
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Abstract This study addresses the issue of politeness in compliment responses (CRs) among Iranian female university students. Using naturally occurring talk, 235 compliment-response exchanges were recorded during focus group interviews. The findings revealed that to mitigate impoliteness the interviewees displayed five extreme culture-specific politeness strategies as (1) tarof, (2) shekasteh-nafsi, (3) hyperreciprocation, (4) sha’n, and (5) double positive response. In female-female CR exchanges, interviewees attempted to foster a good impression by resorting to politeness strategies of tarof, hyperreciprocation, and double positive response whereas in male-female CR exchanges, interviewees tried to undermine the appraised impression imposed by the opposite-sex compliments through politeness strategies that are anchored in sha’n and shekasteh-nafsi. This article concludes that Iranian women respond diversely to compliments by virtue of interaction among integrated components: the compliment topic, the complimenter’s sex, and cultural burdens.
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Brown, Roger, and Albert Gilman. "Politeness theory and Shakespeare's four major tragedies." Language in Society 18, no. 2 (June 1989): 159–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404500013464.
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ABSTRACTPenelope Brown and Stephen Levinson (1987) have proposed that power (P), distance (D), and the ranked extremity (R) of a face-threatening act are the universal determinants of politeness levels in dyadic discourse. This claim is tested here for Shakespeare's use of Early Modern English in Hamlet, King Lear, Macbeth, and Othello. The tragedies are used because: (1) dramatic texts provide the best information on colloquial speech of the period; (2) the psychological soliloquies in the tragedies provide the access to inner life that is necessary for a proper test of politeness theory; and (3) the tragedies represent the full range of society in a period of high relevance to politeness theory. The four plays are systematically searched for pairs of minimally contrasting dyads where the dimensions of contrast are power (P), distance (D), and intrinsic extremity (R). Whenever such a pair is found, there are two speeches to be scored for politeness and a prediction from theory as to which should be more polite. The results for P and for R are those predicted by theory, but the results for D are not. The two components of D, interactive closeness and affect, are not closely associated in the plays. Affect strongly influences politeness (increased liking increases politeness and decreased liking decreases politeness); interactive closeness has little or no effect on politeness. The uses of politeness for the delineation of character in the tragedies are illustrated. (Politeness theory, speech act theory, pragmatics, sociolinguistics, theory of literature, Shakespeare studies)
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Anuar, Nadia, and Nurizah Md Ngadiran. "An Appeal to the People: Politeness Strategies in the Malaysian Prime Minister’s Maiden Speech." International Journal of Modern Languages And Applied Linguistics 5, no. 2 (May 31, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/ijmal.v5i2.13206.
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The use of politeness strategies has received increasing attention in the political discourse as a powerful persuasion tool. These strategies became critical for the newly appointed prime minister of Malaysia, Tan Sri Muhyiddin Yassin, to convince Malaysians that he is qualified to lead the country during a political upheaval and global pandemic. Thus, the objectives of this paper are to identify the types and frequency of the politeness strategies used by Muhyiddin Yassin in his maiden speech as the eighth prime minister of Malaysia. Two categories of politeness strategies based on Brown and Levinson’s (1987) were examined, which are negative strategies and positive strategies. The speech text was obtained from the official website of Prime Minister’s Office and was translated to English for analysis. The translated speech was subsequently checked for validity. Document analysis was used to analyse the translated speech text to determine the types and frequency of the politeness strategies. The analysis revealed that positive politeness strategies were significantly used (88%) compared to negative politeness strategies (12%). The most dominantly used positive politeness strategy was “notice and attend to the receiver’s need, interest, or want” while “use of exaggeration”, “seek agreement”, and “avoid disagreement” were the least used strategy. In contrast, “question” and “giving deference” were identified to be the most frequently used negative politeness strategy. The present study extends our knowledge on the use of politeness strategies in a political speech in an Asian setting, which is notably lacking in the literature.
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Hastuti, Heksa Biopsi Puji. "NILAI KESANTUNAN DALAM MANTRA MEOLI." SUAR BETANG 12, no. 2 (January 13, 2018): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/surbet.v12i2.27.
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Meoli spell present as one performance package within custom ritual called meoli ritual. Meoli ritual is a politeness expression of the perpetrators in expressing the purpose of request permission or apology to the sangia as the ruler of nature when opening the land to grow crops. This study examines the value of politeness in the meoli spell with the ethnopoetic approach. The issues raised are how has the politeness value existed in the meoli spell. By applying qualitative research method, data collection is done by observation, interview, and literature study. From the analysis, it is known that the value of politeness in the meoli mantra embodies the priority scale in which the preferred is the custom observer, followed by an apology by mentioning the whole of the target, newly expressed by the expression of intent and hope as the core message of the meoli spell. The beautiful way of disclosure also supports the value of politeness in the meoli spell
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Minami, Masahiko. "Politeness Markers and Psychological Complements." Narrative Inquiry 8, no. 2 (January 1, 1998): 351–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ni.8.2.06min.
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Frames are not only universal cognitive categories to explain the narrator's consciousness, they are also a socioculturally determined concept. Using verse/stanza analysis, which is widely accepted as an effective means of analyzing narrative structure, this study examines how narrative discourse markers and linguistic strategies contribute to the culturally specific framing of Japanese oral personal narratives. Japanese adult narrators were found to employ particular linguistic markers: (1) the formal verb-ending patterns that are often pointed out as politeness markers indicating the insider-outsider distinction, and (2) psychological complements that are generally assumed to express a greater degree of hesitation and softness. It was found, however, that in narrative contexts, these two markers are more likely to appear at the end of a stanza than in any other position. In other words, in contrast to the general belief that these markers serve as devices to show politeness, when investigated from the viewpoint of narrative discourse, they have turned out to possess multiple functions, such as a psychologically effective means for cultural and contextual framing. These findings also call for an awareness on the part of Japanese language instructors to emphasize such multiple functions in the class-room, so that they may help prevent learners from making subtle but potentially critical mistakes.
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Wong, Leei, and Joshua Esler. "A Review of Teaching and Learning Linguistic Politeness." Journal of Critical Studies in Language and Literature 1, no. 4 (October 18, 2020): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.46809/jcsll.v1i4.38.
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Research on politeness has flourished since Brown and Levinson's (hereafter B&L) classical (1978, 1987) definition of politeness theory, and has extended to current research on impoliteness. However, there is a knowledge gap in the area of Teaching and Learning Politeness (hereafter TLP) in second language acquisition.This paper aims to identify this gap, by tracing the roots of research on TLP since 1975, to explore how past research has impacted current trends, and then focuses on the position and relevance of TLP in the local Australian curriculum, in the area of intercultural competency, benchmarked in reference to the Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR). The synthesis of the literature in this paper will elicit the challenges in TLP and potentially result in a clearer direction in the area of second-language research on politeness.
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Alahmad, Tarek Hider Mohammad. "Gender Differences in the Application of Linguistic Politeness Marker (Please) in Request: A Sociolinguistic Study Egyptians' Request to Microbus Drivers." International Journal of Linguistics 12, no. 3 (June 1, 2020): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v12i3.17135.
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Linguistic politeness is considered a vexed question amid scholars and researchers alike which still, up to the date, a disputed phenomenon in the discipline of linguistics. This paper reports on a study that examined the gender differences in the stereotypical assumption that women are more polite than men in the use of request by the application of the Linguistic politeness marker (please) by Egyptians (Egypt, Mansours city). In the literature of linguistic politeness, the are many pioneers in the area as Culpeper et al. (2019) says that Maria Sifianou has enriched politeness research and pragmatics, viz. the inspection of the relationship amid universality and politeness. Furthermore, Leech (2014, p. 162) ,in The Pragmatics of Politeness, points out three different degrees of politeness from semantic sight in the account of the linguistic politeness marker "please" (a) Politeness marker (b) Illocutionary marker and (c) Information question marker. However, the linguistic politeness marker "please" is used to be uttered in requests as a general term to mitigate or soften the directive force of the speech event to addressee. Researchers and scholars who address the speech event request have spent considerable effort in classifying the variety of strategies for requesting in Anglophone. Moreover, Brown and Levinson’s model (1987, p. 68–9) proposed five “superstrategies” for doing FTAs, of which requests were a paradigm case. In this study, the data were collected from the Egyptians riders who were going to their destinations in Mansoura city, Egypt. There are two groups (a) women (100) and (b) men (100). The participants are speaking in the local vernacular Arabic (Egyptian dialect). They came from random social background. Further, there are a table and a chart to illustrate the gender differences amid the two groups of women and men.
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Fathira, Vina, and Silvia Utami. "Investigating Learners’ Understanding on Politeness and Gender of Advertisements in Teaching Sociolinguistics." J-SHMIC : Journal of English for Academic 5, no. 2 (August 26, 2018): 112–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.25299/jshmic.2018.vol5(2).1955.
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This research was based on the researchers’ curiosity to investigate learners’ understanding politeness and gender concept of advertisements. The advertisements were watched frequently by the learners of this digital era, nowadays. Then, the politeness and gender concept sometimes can be seen in the advertisement. Politeness and gender is part of sociolinguistics subject for English literature. The aim of the research was to investigate learners’ understanding in identifying politeness and gender concept existed in advertisement. The method used in this research was quantitative followed by qualitative as additional information. The population and sample of this research was the sixth semester learners of STIBA Persada Bunda. There were 10 learners as population as well as sample of this research. The data collection technique was gained by asking the learners to choose the multiple choices of politeness and gender questions by watching the video of advertisement. Then, after collecting the data, the researchers evaluated and analyzed the test of each learner. The result of this research showed that the learners’ understanding in identifying politeness and gender existed in advertisements is in low level with score 51,5 “poor” category. The factors that affected the learners’ understanding were the lack of learners’ understanding of theoretical concept of politeness and gender, and hard for learners to differentiate gender concept of sex concept.
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Alkhateeb, Ibrahim. "Examining the universality of Brown and Levinsons Politeness model In the Arabic Gulf Context." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN LINGUISTICS 5, no. 3 (March 25, 2015): 780–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jal.v5i3.2865.
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Brown and Levinson proposed a model of politeness, aiming to put forward a universal model for acting politely. This model has been widely discussed and criticised in the fields of pragmatics and discourse analysis, with the main critique of the model of politeness being put forward by two Japanese researchers, Matsumoto and Ide, and by the Chinese researchers, Gu and Mao. They argue that Brown and Levinsons model is western biased and does not represent politeness norms found all over the world (Fukushima, 2000). In this paper, the universality of the model is discussed, referring to the Gulf Arabic culture and related literature about the way Arabic speakers perform politeness. The argument of the paper is in favour of the model and supports its universality. The paper starts with a review of the model and then presents the critique, followed by information on the Gulf Arabic way of doing politeness; this is to be tested by collecting and rating some Gulf Arabic speakers responses to a set of cases in a questionnaire.
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Mahmud, Murni. "The use of politeness strategies in the classroom context by English university students." Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics 8, no. 3 (January 31, 2019): 597. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/ijal.v8i3.15258.
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Politeness still becomes a major concern in English language teaching. It is considered as one way to maintain effective classroom interaction. Therefore, as one of the important actors in the class, teachers, and students need to practice politeness as a way to create effective classroom interaction. This study aims to explore the politeness strategies of English students at one of the universities in Makassar. The researcher applied a descriptive qualitative research method to explore the politeness phenomena in EFL classroom interaction. The participants of this research were two classes of English literature program consisting of 50 students. The primary sources of data were the individual student presentations which had been recorded. There were fifty transcriptions of the recording which lasted for five to seven minutes for each presentation. The transcriptions were analyzed and discussed based on the theory of politeness of Brown and Levinson (1987). The findings from this study revealed that English students used different kinds of expressions to encode their politeness in the class. Those expressions were in the forms of greetings, thanking, addressing terms, apologizing, and fillers. There were also some terms derived from students’ vernacular language which were used as a softening mechanism for their presentation. These expressions were categorized as positive and negative politeness. The findings of this study might be used as an input for teachers and students in an effort to create effective classroom interaction.
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Mazhud, Nurfathana, and Ihramsari Akidah. "Investigating EFL Students’ Language Politeness in Their English-Speaking Practices: A Study on Grade X Students of SMA 1 Parangloe Gowa District." Tamaddun 18, no. 2 (December 2, 2020): 62–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.33096/tamaddun.v18i2.68.
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The importance of language politeness is not just refining words, but conveying things that honestly reflect the pattern of civilized society. Language politeness is a very important aspect in shaping students' language and character. Assessment of language politeness is the ability of children to speak and with whom they speak. Speaking skills in students' language politeness can be seen when they communicate daily in both formal and non-formal environments. The age of children at the high school level is a period when thinking is full of idealism, so that this period requires personality formation to achieve positive behavior change, one of which is good communication behavior in the surrounding environment. Therefore, research on speaking skills in fostering language politeness among class X SMA Negeri 1 Parangloe becomes very meaningful for saving, habituation, and developing character values in realizing a civilized nation. This study aims to determine the language politeness of class X students of Sma Negeri 1 Parangloe during their learning interactions in class. The data analysis technique used with a qualitative approach is literature study to analyze the results of the student's conversation transcription in the learning process. Based on the results of research and discussion, it can be concluded that 1) The learning process at SMA Negeri 1 Parangloe, in general, students have high self-confidence to speak in public so that vocabulary is needed to be balanced with language politeness. 2) The most typical form of language behavior occurs during face-to-face conversations between people who come from the same culture so that the principles of politeness are applied in the learning process.
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Laskowska, Małgorzata. "Estetyka komunikacji jako wyraz grzeczności." Zeszyty Prasoznawcze 64, no. 1 (245) (March 1, 2021): 9–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/22996362pz.21.001.13029.
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Podstawowym celem niniejszego artykułu jest określenie tego, na ile estetyka komunikacji jest wyrazem grzeczności. Szczególna uwaga zostanie zwrócona na znaczenie estetyki komunikacji werbalnej oraz niewerbalnej. Tak postawiony cel badawczy można przedstawić w następujących pytaniach szczegółowych: w jakim znaczeniu estetyka komunikacji może być formą grzeczności w komunikacji? W czym przejawia się estetyka komunikacji werbalnej oraz niewerbalnej? Artykuł ma charakter przeglądowy; zastosowano tu przede wszystkim metodę analizy zawartości literatury przedmiotu. Odpowiedzi na wymienione wyżej pytania, uzyskane w wyniku przeprowadzonej analizy, pozwolą zaproponować standardy bycia uprzejmym w komunikacji z uwzględnieniem estetycznych form przekazu. Aesthetics of Communication as an Expression of Politeness The main purpose of this article is to determine the extent to which the aesthetics of communication is an expression of politeness. Particular attention will be paid here to the importance of the aesthetics of verbal and non-verbal communication. This research objective can be presented in the following specific questions: In what sense can the aesthetics of communication be a form of politeness in communication? How does the aesthetics of verbal and nonverbal communication manifest itself? The article is a literature review; therefore, the method of critical analysis of the subject literature was primarily used. The answers to the above-mentioned questions, obtained as a result of the conducted analysis allowed to recommend standards of being polite in communication, taking into account the aesthetic forms of communication.
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Yusuf, Rohandi, and Anwar Anwar. "An Article Review on “The Use of Politeness Strategies in the Classroom Context by English University Students"." ELSYA : Journal of English Language Studies 1, no. 2 (June 3, 2019): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31849/elsya.v1i2.3530.
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This study aims to review and look at politeness strategies in the Classroom Context by English University Students. Politeness in English language teaching is still a major concern. This is considered a way of ensuring positive contact in the classroom. As an essential actor in the class, teachers and students must also cultivate politeness as a way to establish positive engagement in the classroom. In order to investigate the politeness phenomenon in EFL interaction, the researchers applied a descriptive qualitative research method. Two sections of English literature were included in this research. The key data sources were the individual student presentations recorded. The recording took fifty transcripts, which lasted between five and seven minutes for each performance. The transcripts were examined and debated on the basis of Brown and Levinson's theory of politeness. The findings of this research indicate that English students used different types of words to express their courtesy within the classroom. Such phrases were in the form of greetings, thanks, apologies and fillers. Some terms were also taken from the vernacular language of students who acted as a tool to soften their presentation. Such words were marked as positive and negative politeness. The results of this study could be used as a means of establishing effective interaction between teachers and students in the classroom.
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Wagner, Lisa, and Regina Roebuck. "Apologizing in Cuernavaca, Mexico and Panama City, Panama." Spanish in Context 7, no. 2 (December 31, 2010): 254–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sic.7.2.05wag.
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This comparative study of naturally occurring apologies in Cuernavaca and Panamanian Spanish investigates the apology strategies community members employ most often, and the types of positive- and negative-politeness strategies they use to perform this speech act. The authors calculate the frequency with which speakers use positive- and negative-politeness strategies in their apology acts and investigate whether members of these two speech communities demonstrate a preference for positive or negative politeness when apologizing. Instead of using a language-specific parameter such as “Spanish Language” and assuming that all native speakers of this language have and will use a closed set of linguistic strategies in the same way when they apologize, the authors argue that speech acts, politeness and face are socio-culturally sensitive variables whose values and effects vary between communities of practice. To support this claim, they show how the communities of Cuernavaca, Mexico and Panama City, Panama differ from previous findings on apologizing within different communities of practice in the Spanish-speaking world.
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Utama, Adjie Prasetio. "Strategi Kesantunan Positif Tuturan Mahasiswa Bahasa dan Sastra Arab UIN Imam Bonjol Padang." Diwan : Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra Arab 11, no. 1 (June 11, 2019): 86–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.15548/diwan.v11i1.202.
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This paper discusses the patterns and strategies of the Arabic Language and Literature Department of the Faculty of Adab and Humanities in developing language politeness in the lecture process. The author collects data from the lecture process (presentation of papers and questions and answers) of Naqd Adabi II course which is carried out by students of class 2014. Data is collected using record and note techniques, analyzed by referring to the theory of positive politeness expressed in pragmatics. It can be concluded that the positive politeness strategy used by the UIN IB Padang Arabic Language and Literature students is as follows: (1) using group identity markers using specifically 'we' and 'BSA students' expressions; (2) Exaggerating the attention, approval, and sympathy to the opponent's speech by using the phrase 'extraordinary' and 'indeed reaching to the core of the problem' as an appreciation to the opponents of speech; (3) Avoiding disagreement by pretending to agree, pseudo agreement, cheating for good (white lies), and hedging opinions by using a fenced phrase 'on one side' and contradicting the agreement he had expressed before using the expression 'but'
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Lodge, Anthony. "Colloquial Vocabulary and Politeness in French." Modern Language Review 94, no. 2 (April 1999): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3737114.
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Dlali, Mawande. "Negative politeness and requests in isiXhosa." South African Journal of African Languages 21, no. 3-4 (January 2001): 366–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02572117.2001.10587485.
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Kone, Andi Mulyani, Rosmiaty Pammu, and Wahdaniyah Jamal. "A Politeness Language Study of Karampuang Culture in Sinjai, South Sulawesi." Tamaddun 18, no. 1 (June 26, 2019): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.33096/tamaddun.v18i1.26.
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The aims of this research is to explore and to represent the form and the characteristics of linguistic politeness, in buginese Karampuang Sinjai, South Sulawesi society. The method employed was descriptive method. The source of data divided into two categories, primary data will be collected and analyzed as an object of the people in Karampuang Sinjai. Secondary data that was some literature related to the object analyzed. The result of this research show the characteristics and the forms of linguistic politeness in Karampuang Sinjai, South Sulawesi.
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Miłkowska-Samul, Kamila. "L’insegnamento della cortesia come elemento della competenza comunicativa nei manuali d’italiano LS: sfide e soluzioni." Studia Romanica Posnaniensia 47, no. 2 (June 15, 2020): 81–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/strop.2020.472.006.
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The aim of this paper is to address the issue of teaching politeness in textbooks dedicated to learners of Italian as a foreign language. It is assumed that in today’s ever-changing world, full of conflicts and challenges of various kinds, polite communication has become of increasing importance as it helps overcome differences between the participants of the act of communication and promote a peaceful coexistence. Politeness is a phenomenon particularly sensitive to the situational context: the forms considered appropriate vary according to the parameters such as place, channel, age or status of the interactants. Since the complexity of politeness and the variability of its exponents make it difficult to teach, the purpose of this research is to analyze if and how the current textbooks of Italian deal with this aspect of communicative competence. The paper examines which aspects of politeness are taught and with what methods. The analysis is based on the selected textbooks of Italian published in Italy and Poland, in order to compare their approaches.
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Lian, Min. "Discourse Analysis of Oliver Twist from the Perspective of Pragmatics." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 7, no. 8 (August 1, 2017): 626. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.0708.04.
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As a great representative of the British realism literature in the 19th century, Charles Dickens’ Oliver Twist is set in foggy city London, but reflects the complex social reality in that time. Many domestic scholars studied and analyzed this novel from different perspectives, while most of them paid much attention to the literature translation and analysis of the characters’ image, few studied it from the perspective of pragmatic theories. In view of it, this paper selects plenty of dialogues from the novel and they are classified and analyzed on the basis of Grice’s Cooperative Principle and Leech’s Politeness Principle. After analyzing the characters’ conversational implicature, this paper aims to provide a linguistic reference for the appreciation of characters’ image and social significance of the novel. The paper consists of introduction, main body and conclusion three parts. Introduction part gives a simple introduction of the author Charles Dickens and the novel, then states the previous researches on the subject as well as the research angle, goal and method. The body (consists of two chapters) firstly gives a detailed introduction of the theoretical framework, then analyzes the selected dialogues on the basis of Cooperative Principle and Politeness Principle respectively. Conclusion part puts forward that people always express their ideas indirectly and implicitly in their speech communication to violate the Cooperative Principle, that is out of consideration of politeness to others, namely observing Politeness Principle.
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Vasquez, Camilla. "Examining the role of face work in a workplace complaint narrative." Narrative Inquiry 19, no. 2 (December 16, 2009): 259–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ni.19.2.04vas.
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In recent years, interest in examining the diverse functions and features of oral narratives told in workplace contexts has grown alongside the body of research investigating the role of language in enacting politeness in the workplace. Yet, to date, there has been little integration of these two strands of inquiry. This paper forges a link between linguistic politeness and some social functions of institutional narratives. Specifically, the micro-analysis of one narrative taken from a corpus of teacher/supervisor feedback sessions demonstrates how the narrator, a novice teacher, negotiates the telling of a complaint narrative to her supervisor along with the politeness demands embedded in the local context of telling. I argue that the speaker’s contradictory evaluation of her situation interacts with linguistic politeness (i.e., the need to mitigate a “face-threatening act”) in the situated telling of this narrative. Finally, in the spirit of recent work on narrative, which calls for increased attention to context in narrative activities, this paper highlights the importance of considering the interrelationships among factors such as face work, recipient design, production circumstances, and institutional roles and relationships among speakers, in the analysis of institutional narratives.
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Qian, David D., and Mingwei Pan. "Politeness in Business Communication: Investigating English Modal Sequences in Chinese Learners’ Letter Writing." RELC Journal 50, no. 1 (November 1, 2017): 20–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033688217730142.
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Politeness has been a source of inspiration for research in pragmatics and inter- and intra-cultural communication. However, the existing literature focusses more on how politeness is realized in the context of first language use. Few studies have investigated the issue related to the use of English by second language learners from varying subcultures within the same cultural tradition. The present study examines how Hong Kong and Shanghai tertiary-level learners of English convey politeness in their business letter writing, as reflected in the use of modal sequences. Three hundred business letters were collected from students in Hong Kong and another 300 from students in Shanghai. Majoring in various disciplines, these students were all in their final year of study, and their English proficiency level was generally scored at B2, as compared with the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages. Following a mixed-methods approach, the study tracked a rather complex distribution of politeness realizations by different modal sequences. The findings were that Hong Kong ESL learners appeared to be more strategic users of modal sequences as evidenced by a variety of usage examples from the two purpose-built learner corpora, which were developed to monitor and compare English learners’ business writing at the tertiary level. Another finding was that epistemic modality tended to better preserve politeness in the writing.
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Natanael, Teofilus, and Adventina Putranti. "THE INTERPERSONAL FACTORS AFFECTING THE INTRODUCTION TO ENGLISH LITERATURE LECTURERS’ POLITENESS STRATEGY." Journal of Language and Literature 19, no. 1 (April 1, 2019): 101–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.24071/joll.2019.1901010.
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Natanael, Teofilus, and Adventina Putranti. "THE INTERPERSONAL FACTORS AFFECTING THE INTRODUCTION TO ENGLISH LITERATURE LECTURERS’ POLITENESS STRATEGY." Journal of Language and Literature 19, no. 1 (April 1, 2019): 101–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.24071/joll.2019.190110.
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Kamelifar, Leila, and Sepideh Mirzaee. "A Macro and Micro Perspective Issue in Globalization." Journal for the Study of English Linguistics 5, no. 1 (August 25, 2017): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jsel.v5i1.11750.
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Globalization is a phenomenon that makes any country to contact with the whole world and China is not an exception. Globalization has a lot of cultural influences on all the countries over the world. This paper reviews the literature about the issue of globalization, politeness and politeness strategies used by Chinese English learners and their counterpart Native Americans. Furthermore, the present paper attempts to find the sources of these “cultural mismatches”. This paper ends with the implications of this concept in the field of language learning and teaching.
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DeJean, Joan, and Peter France. "Politeness and Its Discontents: Problems in French Classical Culture." Comparative Literature 47, no. 3 (1995): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1771493.
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Magnusson, A. Lynne. "The Rhetoric of Politeness and "Henry VIII"." Shakespeare Quarterly 43, no. 4 (1992): 391. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2870861.
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Smith, Janet S. "Women in charge: Politeness and directives in the speech of Japanese women." Language in Society 21, no. 1 (March 1992): 59–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404500015037.
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ABSTRACTThis article explores the linguistic practices of Japanese men and women giving directions to subordinates. Previous research on language and gender across a number of languages has equated the speech of women with powerlessness. The literature on Japanese women's speech would support this notion. It characterizes Japanese female speech as soft, polite, indirect, in sum, as powerless. This presents problems for women who must command. The present study, an extension of my previous work on Japanese female speech (Shibamoto 1985, 1987) centered on women in more typically female roles, examines the directives of women in positions of authority in traditional and nontraditional domains and compares them with the directive forms chosen by men in similar positions. Explanations for the differences found are placed within the frameworks of a general theory of politeness and the culturally specific, gendered strategies for encoding politeness and authority in Japanese. (Sociolinguistics, language and gender, politeness)
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Park, Soyeon. "A Study on the issue of Korean Politeness Research - focusing on literature reviews -." Language and Culture 13, no. 4 (November 30, 2017): 59–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.18842/klaces.2017.13.4.3.
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Nakayasu, Minako. "Modals, Speech Acts and (Im)Politeness: Interactions in Shakespeare’s Plays." Studia Anglica Posnaniensia 48, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 5–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/stap-2013-0012.
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ABSTRACT This paper accounts for how modals are interrelated with speech acts and (im)politeness, to offer a new perspective to the interactions in Shakespeare’s plays. A variety of strategies to save or attack the hearer’s positive or negative face are taken into account within the frameworks of Brown & Levinson (1987) and Culpeper (1996), and the interplay between these strategies is observed in relation to the modals. Furthermore, this study analyses how speech acts performed with the aid of modals are associated with (im)politeness strategies, based on the inventory of speech acts proposed by Nakayasu (2009). It has been shown that there are more strategies to save or attack the hearer’s positive face in Shakespeare which are employed with the use of modals. The analysis reinforces the proposal by Kopytko (1993, 1995) that social interactions in Shakespeare’s time were positive politenessoriented, going further to extend the analysis to impoliteness, and suggests the interrelated nature of modality, speech acts and (im)politeness.
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Balogh, Andrea, and Ágnes Veszelszki. "Politeness and Insult in Computer Games – From a Pragmatic Point of View." Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Communicatio 7, no. 1 (December 1, 2020): 68–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/auscom-2020-0006.
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Abstract In line with the principle of technological determinism, the linguistic context of computer games influences the (linguistic) behaviour of millions of active gamers. This makes it important to explore gamer communication thoroughly with respect to politeness, too. Indeed, the communication of gamers during games may also affect the users’ off-game communicative situations. The international literature suggests that the quasi-anonymity of online communication and the lack or weakness of sanction make it ruder than offline communication: it involves a higher number of insults or offensive personal remarks. The paper looks at this issue, in particular by a pragmatic – politeness-centred – investigation of a particular kind of online insults. The corpus of analysis is provided by “taunts”, i.e. inbuilt instructions triggering “mocking” remarks of League of Legends (LoL), a multiple-participant online arena game. The authors interpret in-game insults in the framework of speech act theory, the Cooperative Principle (conversational and politeness maxims), face threatening, and a matrix of aims and functions. The paper wishes to be a contribution to cyberpragmatics, a pragmatically-oriented branch of Internet linguistics.
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Locher, Miriam A., Brook Bolander, and Nicole Höhn. "Introducing relational work in Facebook and discussion boards." Pragmatics. Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) 25, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/prag.25.1.01loc.
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This paper functions as the introduction to the special issue on ‘relational work in Facebook and discussion boards’. We position our research endeavors within interpersonal pragmatics (see Locher and Graham 2010), by reviewing literature on politeness, impoliteness and relational work in the context of computer-mediated communication. Foregrounding the relational aspect of language, we are particularly interested in establishing the connections between politeness, face and linguistic identity construction. We then position the four papers that form this special issue within this field of research. Two papers contribute to the study of relational work on discussion boards (Kleinke and Boes; Haugh, Chang and Kádár) and two deal with practices on Facebook (Theodoropoulou; Bolander and Locher).
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Saputro, Muhammad Yusuf, Wini Tarmini, and Ade Hikmat. "MODEL KESANTUNAN BERBAHASA SISWA TIONGHOA DI SEKOLAH PAH TSUNG JAKARTA: KAJIAN ETNOGRAFI KOMUNIKASI." Widyaparwa 48, no. 2 (December 24, 2020): 148–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/wdprw.v48i2.646.
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This research is aimed to know and describe further detail about how the politeness in the language of Chinese students at Pah Tsung School Jakarta, by looking at the forms of politeness used by Chinese students in speaking. The research approach used was a qualitative approach with an ethnographic study of communication methods. The researcher collected research data using literature/documentation methods, records, interviews, direct observation, and FGD with language and language politeness experts. Then, the data were analyzed using the content analysis method equipped with analysis tables. The data of this research are in the form of students’ and teachers’ speeches both written and oral. According to that, it was discovered that ten forms of politenesses of Leech (2014) were implemented, namely generosity maxim of 5.3%, tact maxim of 12.4%, approbation maxim of 6.2%, modesty maxim of 0.9%, obligation S to O maxim of 18.6%, obligation O to S maxim of 8,8%, agreement maxim of 19,5%, opinion reticence maxim of 20,4%, sympathy maxim of 5,3%, and feeling reticence maxim of 2,7%. Based on these results, the forms of Chinese students’ politeness language at Pah Tsung School are dominated by the opinion reticence maxim, the agreement maxim, and the obligation S to O maxim. The lingual forms in speaking also have unique characteristics in each maxim.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan mendeskripsikan secara mendalam model kesantunan berbahasa siswa Tionghoa di Sekolah Pah Tsung Jakarta dengan melihat wujud-wujud kesantunan berbahasa yang dipergunakan siswa Tionghoa dalam bertutur. Pendekatan penelitian yang digunakan yakni pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode etnografi komunikasi. Peneliti mengumpulkan data penelitian dengan metode pustaka/dokumentasi, rekam, wawancara, observasi langsung, dan FGD dengan pakar bahasa dan kesantunan berbahasa. Pengolahan data menggunakan metode analisis isi yang dilengkapi dengan tabel analisis. Data penelitian ini berupa tuturan siswa dan guru, baik secara lisan maupun tulis. Pada tuturan tersebut, diperoleh hasil sebagai berikut: penerapan wujud dari sepuluh kesantunan Leech (2014), yaitu generosity maxim 5,3%, tact maxim 12,4%, approbation maxim 6,2%, modesty maxim 0,9%, obligation S to O maxim 18,6%, obligation O to S maxim 8,8%, agreement maxim 19,5%, opinion reticence maxim 20,4%, sympathy maxim 5,3%, dan feeling reticence maxim 2,7%. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut model kesantunan berbahasa siswa Tionghoa di Sekolah Pah Tsung didominasi oleh opinion reticence maxim, agreement maxim, dan obligation S to O maxim. Penanda lingual yang digunakan dalam petuturan pun memiliki karakteristik yang khas pada setiap maksimnya.