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1
Xie, Chaoqun, Ziran He, and Dajin Lin. "Politeness." Studies in Language 29, no. 2 (August 2, 2005): 431–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.29.2.07xie.
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Little progress has been made in modern politeness studies despite mountains of publications that have been bombarding the politeness market over the past three or so decades, rendering the latter in much a mess. It is argued in this paper that (1) politeness does not necessarily entail sincerity, and sincere politeness and insincere politeness should be distinguished; (2) there is no need to develop two different frameworks to account for politeness and impoliteness respectively; any framework that can be used to examine politeness phenomena should also aim for dealing with impoliteness phenomena; (3) polite language is not necessarily equated with politeness, and impolite language is not necessarily equated with impoliteness; and (4) though there is some need to differentiate between polite behaviour and politic behaviour, between politeness1 and politeness2, Watts’ (2003) work is problematic.
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Long, Christopher. "A social cognitive account of relational work." Journal of Politeness Research 12, no. 1 (February 1, 2016): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pr-2015-0025.
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AbstractPostmodern accounts of politeness are founded on the idea that theoretical ‘second order’ conceptualizations (e.g., politeness2) must be grounded in ‘first order’ interlocutor interpretations (e.g., politeness1). One consequence of this assumption is that the generalizability of
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Syting, Christian Jay O., and Phyll Jhann E. Gildore. "Teachers’ Linguistic Politeness in Classroom Interaction: A Pragmatic Analysis." World Journal of English Language 12, no. 8 (October 7, 2022): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/wjel.v12n8p133.
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This study aimed to uncover the different structures of linguistic politeness used in the utterances of the teachers in classroom interaction. More specifically, the analysis made use of House and Kasper’s (1981) Politeness Linguistic Expressions, Brown and Levinson’s (1987) Politeness Strategies, and Leech’s (1983) Politeness Maxims. Using observation and interview, several structures of linguistic politeness were unearthed. Firstly, the politeness linguistic expressions involved politeness markers, consultative devices, downtoners, committers, forewarning, hesitators, and agent avoider. Secondly, the politeness strategies involved positive politeness, negative politeness, off-record strategy, and bald-on record strategy. Lastly, the politeness maxims involved tact, approbation, modesty, and agreement maxim. Politeness is a non-value-laden linguistic phenomenon where it does not always mean what people in the here-and-now take it to mean, but there can always be a conventional ways of expressing so in a particular social interaction. The structures of linguistic politenesss do not always lead to conflict-avoidance, but they only contribute to the success of the effect of the expressions used. Hence, whatever may seem to have been considered as conventionally conventionalized or non-conventionalized politeness in a context, several factors must need to be considered for an expression to be a form of politeness strategy that performs supportive facework.
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López, María de la O. Hernández, and Lucía Fernández Amaya. "What makes (im)politeness for travellers? Spanish tourists’ perceptions at national and international hotels." Journal of Politeness Research 15, no. 2 (July 26, 2019): 195–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pr-2016-0060.
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Abstract Although hotel service encounters have been widely studied, the literature presents two main shortcomings: 1) receptionist-guest communication has not received much attention from a politeness perspective; and 2) the scarcity of studies regarding politeness1 (i. e., the interlocutors’ perception of politeness) has been overshadowed by the vast amount of literature concerning politeness2. Regarding customer perception, understanding what appropriate communicative behaviour is - i. e. whether (non)verbal actions are conducive to variation in terms of customer perception and satisfaction - is crucial to understand service success or failure. In this context, our study examines the opinion and perception of 183 Spanish participants who had stayed at national and international hotels and who assessed, on the one hand, to what extent the receptionists were polite or impolite, and why; and on the other, how communication with customers could improve in terms of politeness. The findings indicate that, despite the participants’ general preference for friendliness and solidarity, the politeness strategies that participants valued as adequate in this context are not necessarily those traditionally related to Peninsular Spanish (i. e. directness and/or involvement). Also, this study shows that what lay people consider politeness encompasses a great number of variables in which linguistic production is but one of them.
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Mirxodjaeva, Feruzakhon Ulugbekovna. "THEORY OF POLITENESS IN MODERN LINGUISTICS." CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PHILOLOGICAL SCIENCES 02, no. 09 (September 30, 2021): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/philological-crjps-02-09-04.
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The article is devoted to the study of the features of the verbalization of the concept of politeness in modern English, namely, the consideration and systematization of the possible andthe acceptable repertoire of linguistic tools available to the speaker to create polite utterancesin relation to various situations of communication, which, in its turn, involves consideration of interdependence and interaction of the actual semantics of the statement and its pragmatic parameters in the formation of a common meaning statements.
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Mirxodjaeva, Feruzakhon Ulugbekovna. "THEORY OF POLITENESS IN MODERN LINGUISTICS." CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PHILOLOGICAL SCIENCES 02, no. 09 (September 30, 2021): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/philological-crjps-02-09-04.
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The article is devoted to the study of the features of the verbalization of the concept of politeness in modern English, namely, the consideration and systematization of the possible andthe acceptable repertoire of linguistic tools available to the speaker to create polite utterancesin relation to various situations of communication, which, in its turn, involves consideration of interdependence and interaction of the actual semantics of the statement and its pragmatic parameters in the formation of a common meaning statements.
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Gumartifa, Asti. "STUDIES OF SOCIOLINGUISTICS: THEORY OF POLITENESS IN ENGLISH AS SECOND LANGUAGE." Journey: Journal of English Language and Pedagogy 5, no. 1 (March 17, 2022): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.33503/journey.v5i1.1811.
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In the social study of language, linguistic politeness has played a central role. Politeness in speaking English is also part of sociolinguistic and pragmatic learning. Each country has a variety of cultures and language accuracy in communication. Unfortunately, most learners don’t speak English based on the sociolinguistics features and it is influenced by the culture, gender, language style, and domain. Therefore, there are still some issues to the practice of politeness linguistics to the English as a second language. The study of qualitative research was used in this study method. The purposes of this research are to inform eight theories of politeness application, the concept of face in politeness, and various types of politeness which are also explained by the division and classification of politeness. To support the students’ information about politeness in linguistics, some existing research information is discussed in this research.
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Marcjanik, Małgorzata. "Moja przygoda z grzecznością." Język a Kultura 29 (May 16, 2022): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/1232-9657.29.3.
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The author presents an evolution of her research on Polish linguistic politeness, which in the beginning were held as part of grants related to cultural linguistics. The result were important books: Polish Linguistic Politeness (1977), Dictionary of Linguistic Savoir-Vivre (2014), How the Europeans Address Themselves (2019). The evolution of research developed towards intercultural comparison, the results of which were published in Our and Foreign Politeness (2005) and Politeness at the Ends of the World (2007). An expert on politeness writes that the young generation — in contrary to popular belief — is interested in language etiquette, which is verified by the academic and popular lectures held by the author.
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Vanesyan, Hovhannes. "Politeness and Its Perception by Armenian Learners of English: From Theory to Action." Armenian Folia Anglistika 15, no. 1 (19) (April 15, 2019): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.46991/afa/2019.15.1.053.
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The study of the mechanisms of politeness in society has been a subject of interest for scholars of linguistics since the 20th century with the development of pragmatics and sociology. The aim of the current article is to introduce the most popular politeness theories as well as investigate how linguistic politeness is understood and used by students of English. We have conducted a social survey with students of English at the Department of European languages and Communication to see how well they perceive linguistic politeness in its two forms – negative and positive – as suggested by Brown and Levinson in their seminal work “Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage”. As a result, we have arrived at some interesting conclusions with regards to the way the students understand the two types of politeness, and at the same time we have offered some ways of improving the “lacuna” in their knowledge in relation to the appropriate use of politeness in interaction.
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Ardila, J. A. G. "Metapragmatic First-Order Politeness in Peninsular Spanish." HERMES - Journal of Language and Communication in Business 21, no. 40 (August 28, 2017): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/hjlcb.v21i40.96791.
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Research on Spanish politeness has developed dramatically in the past decade. One of the most influential theses regarding Spanish politeness was posited by Hickey (1991), who, in comparing Spanish to English, concluded that Peninsular Spanish has a positive politeness model. Subsequently, a number of linguists have further compared politeness in Spain to politeness in Britain. In analysing countless samples of expressive politeness (i.e. requests, apologies, terms of address, etc.), these authors have come to the conclusion that positive politeness predominates in Spain. However, such critical tendencies ignore the latest trends in politeness studies: one year after the publication of Hickey´s (1991) essay, Watts et al. (1992) vindicated the need to discern first-order politeness from second-order politeness, and put forward the relevance of metapragmatic discussions of politeness. Descriptivist assessments of Spanish politeness prevent linguists from attempting a metapragmatic methodology that help to determine where Spanish speakers stand in the politeness-impoliteness continuum. Nonetheless, current research on general politeness studies clearly envisages that this is a task that Spanish linguistics will need to fulfil in the long run. This paper offers a metapragmatic examination of linguistic politeness in Spain, based on the data obtained from 100 informants in Extremadura, aged 14 to 20. The information drawn from the survey indicates that, whilst the informants are fully aware of the politeness norms they have been taught by their parents and teachers, their linguistic performance seldom abides by such parameters.
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Bosch, B. "Beleefdheid in Afrikaans: ’n sosiolinguistiese perspektief." Literator 16, no. 2 (May 2, 1995): 3–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/lit.v16i2.605.
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Politeness in Afrikaans: a sociolinguistic perspectiveThis article argues that because the phenomenon of linguistic politeness is embedded in a particular linguistic community, linguistic politeness should in the first instance be studied from sociolinguistic and pragmatic perspectives. Using Afrikaans examples, different types of linguistic politeness are identified. The identified politeness types are discussed with special reference to conversational politeness, directives, complaints and honorifics. It is also argued that the specific choice of lexical items and ‘in group’ variants can be regarded as a form of linguistic politeness. A feminist perspective on politeness clearly illustrates that linguistic politeness is an everchanging, dynamic concept which is closely linked to both interpersonal and societal associations which prevail at a specific point in time.
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Unceta Gómez, Luis. "Conceptualizations of linguistic politeness in Latin." Journal of Historical Pragmatics 20, no. 2 (December 10, 2019): 286–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jhp.00033.gom.
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Abstract This paper presents an analysis of conceptions of linguistic politeness in ancient Rome. Using lexical analysis, it scrutinizes first-order data recoverable from the Latin sources at our disposal, in order to determine the notions and dimensions of politeness that Romans were sensitive to. This kind of approach is helpful, primarily, when developing a suitable theoretical framework for dealing with the particular expressions of linguistic politeness in Latin. Moreover, it provides us with additional explanations of the historical dimension of politeness and of the creation and development of notions of politeness in Europe.
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NWOYE, ONUIGBO G. "Linguistic politeness in Igbo." Multilingua - Journal of Cross-Cultural and Interlanguage Communication 8, no. 2-3 (1989): 259–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mult.1989.8.2-3.259.
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Tsutsieva, Mariia G. "COMMUNICATIVE-SPEECH REALIZATION OF THE CATEGORY OF POLITENESS IN MODERN GERMAN POLITICAL DISCOURSE." German Philology at the St Petersburg State University 13 (2023): 346–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu33.2023.119.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of the communicative-speech implementation of the category of politeness in modern German political discourse, associated with the manifestation of such professional and personal qualities of its main subjects — politician, as political correctness, persuasiveness, etc. The analysis is carried out on the material of the texts of modern German political discourse. The methodological basis of the analysis is scientific works on the theory of discourse and text, political linguistics, pragmalinguistics, sociolinguistics, cultural linguistics. The understanding of the category of politeness as an interdisciplinary dynamic phenomenon is accepted. The complex bipolar system of the category of politeness, which is based on a dynamic scale of communicative strategies and linguistic means of expressing both formally polite and emotionally expressive address, is updated in various types of discourses. When analyzing the features of the expression of the category of politeness in modern German political discourse, the syncretism of its functions, primarily ethical and persuasive, is taken into account. The interaction and mutual influence of the main functions of the category of politeness are shown on the example of the implementation of the communicative strategy of dialogization by the linguistic personality of a German politician in various situations of political discourse. The article substantiates the thesis that by creating a quasi-reality of dialogue, using speech politeness formulas, a politician has an impact on the audience to achieve political goals.
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Alahmad, Tarek Hider Mohammad. "Gender Differences in the Application of Linguistic Politeness Marker (Please) in Request: A Sociolinguistic Study Egyptians' Request to Microbus Drivers." International Journal of Linguistics 12, no. 3 (June 1, 2020): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v12i3.17135.
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Linguistic politeness is considered a vexed question amid scholars and researchers alike which still, up to the date, a disputed phenomenon in the discipline of linguistics. This paper reports on a study that examined the gender differences in the stereotypical assumption that women are more polite than men in the use of request by the application of the Linguistic politeness marker (please) by Egyptians (Egypt, Mansours city). In the literature of linguistic politeness, the are many pioneers in the area as Culpeper et al. (2019) says that Maria Sifianou has enriched politeness research and pragmatics, viz. the inspection of the relationship amid universality and politeness. Furthermore, Leech (2014, p. 162) ,in The Pragmatics of Politeness, points out three different degrees of politeness from semantic sight in the account of the linguistic politeness marker "please" (a) Politeness marker (b) Illocutionary marker and (c) Information question marker. However, the linguistic politeness marker "please" is used to be uttered in requests as a general term to mitigate or soften the directive force of the speech event to addressee. Researchers and scholars who address the speech event request have spent considerable effort in classifying the variety of strategies for requesting in Anglophone. Moreover, Brown and Levinson’s model (1987, p. 68–9) proposed five “superstrategies” for doing FTAs, of which requests were a paradigm case. In this study, the data were collected from the Egyptians riders who were going to their destinations in Mansoura city, Egypt. There are two groups (a) women (100) and (b) men (100). The participants are speaking in the local vernacular Arabic (Egyptian dialect). They came from random social background. Further, there are a table and a chart to illustrate the gender differences amid the two groups of women and men.
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Terkourafi, Marina. "Politeness." Journal of Pragmatics 38, no. 3 (March 2006): 418–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2005.02.010.
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Dąbkowska, Anna. "Zmiany w polskim modelu grzeczności na przykładzie językowych sposobów zwracania się firm do klientów w mediach społecznościowych." Poradnik Językowy, no. 3/2023(802) (March 31, 2023): 66–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.33896/porj.2023.3.5.
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This article discusses the changes occurring in the traditional model of Polish politeness. The changes were discussed based on three issues concerned with linguistic politeness of enterprises having their business profiles in social media: politeness relationships with their customers, spelling of forms of address, their formal language forms. The descriptive approach was applied to that end. It boils down to indicating changes in linguistic politeness behaviours observed in the analysed media compared to traditional patterns. The material basis comprises 1,290 posts published in the period 2014–2022 on Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter. The reasonability of such research is attested to by the noticeably growing impact exerted by social media on Polish language users, which will result in a transformation of the Polish politeness model. Keywords: Polish politeness model – linguistic politeness – language in social media – forms of address.
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Hamidah, Hamidah, Miftahulkhairah Anwar, and Saifur Rohman. "LINGUISTICS POLITENESS MARKERS IN AUSTRALIAN EMBASSY IN INDONESIA’S SOCIAL MEDIA." BAHTERA : Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra 19, no. 2 (July 20, 2020): 203–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/bahtera.192.02.
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This article analyzes the types of politeness markers on the social media of Australian Embassy in Indonesia. This research used descriptive qualitative method with content analysis techniques. Data sources taken from Instagram and Facebook which retrieval during 2017. The data was selected based on educational and cultural themed. This reaserch found that there were 55 politeness markers included in 15 forms, there are semoga, kamu bisa, apakah, selamat, bentuk sapaan hormat, ayo atau yuk, bentuk sapaan akrab, sangat dianjurkan, asyik ya, tak sabar, tahukah kamu, sebaiknya, bagaimana, sukses untuk studinya, kami mendoakan yang terbaik, and kami ingin mengucapkan selamat.
Keywords: politeness; politeness markers; Australian Embassy in Indonesia’s Social Media
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Borris, Decca, and Charles Zecho. "The linguistic politeness having seen on the current study issue." Linguistics and Culture Review 2, no. 1 (June 27, 2018): 32–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21744/lingcure.v2n1.10.
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The current issue is overviewed in this paper about the linguistics politeness. Positive politeness strategies seek to minimize the threat to the hearer's positive face. These strategies are used to make the hearer feel good about themselves, their interests or possessions, and are most usually used in situations where the audience knows each other fairly well. In sociolinguistics and conversation analysis (CA), politeness strategies are speech acts that express concern for others and minimize threats to self-esteem ("face") in particular social contexts. Being polite means being aware of and respecting the feelings of other people. Politeness can and will improve your relationships with others, help to build respect and rapport, boost your self-esteem and confidence, and improve your communication skills. Importance of Politeness in Life. Politeness is a great virtue. But a polite person will always please others with his polite behavior and good manners. Politeness means consideration for the feelings of others. Politeness is one of the central features of human communication. It is a human phenomenon, yet expressed differently in different cultures. Positive politeness refers to an atmosphere of inclusion and mutuality created by linguistic means such as compliments, encouragement, joking, even the use of "white lies."
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Sifianou, Maria. "Politeness (review)." Language 82, no. 3 (2006): 665–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lan.2006.0165.
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Mulder, Gijs, and Patricia Sánchez Carrasco. "Beyond politeness." Linguistics in the Netherlands 40 (November 3, 2023): 178–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/avt.00086.mul.
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Abstract Here we investigate the use of the politeness marker por favor ‘please’ in a corpus of contemporary Spanish dialogues from film scripts and literary dialogues. We argue that por favor is in fact only occasionally used as an expression of politeness. Apart from these uses, we distinguish between cases where por favor functions as a marker of illocutionary force and other discourse functions, that include the expression of impatience and disapproval. While the formulaic use of por favor is mainly limited to routine situations in the public sphere, the other functions are typical of private conversations. We argue that the ancient use of the expression can account for its contemporary non-polite uses.
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Ghezzi, Chiara, and Piera Molinelli. "Italian scusa from politeness to mock politeness." Journal of Pragmatics 142 (March 2019): 245–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2018.10.018.
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Ferenčík, Milan. "Exercising politeness." Pragmatics. Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) 17, no. 3 (September 1, 2007): 351–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/prag.17.3.01fer.
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The paper seeks to demonstrate that, first, over the course of interaction in the radio phone-in events, participants display orientation to various aspects of their co-participants´ identities, second, since membership categories emerge and are developed at various sequentially relevant times, membership categorisation processes are closely tied with the event´s sequential organisation, and, third, categorisation bears on politeness aspects of interaction as the participation in the public ´arena´ causes participants´ faces to be constantly at stake. The methodological underpinnings of the paper represent the approaches of Membership Categorisation Analysis and the model of politeness based on the conceptualisation of face. The data are drawn from the corpus of Nočné dialógy (´Night Dialogues´) radio phone-ins broadcast on the Slovak public radio over the period of 1995-2004. The paper further attempts to demonstrate that participants are engaged in category work which sequentially unfolds in the course of the production of phone-in calls. Participants´ progressive involvement in talk is closely linked with the construction of ´layers´ of their categorial identities. The membership category of ´location´ represents the minimum agreed-upon canon of callers´ call-relevant identities. As the category is universally applicable, it bears the least face-threatening potential, for which reason it is used explicitely. In contrast, strategies of non-explicit categorisation, i.e. invoking categories through category-relevant predicates, apply to those topic-relevant categories which carry a significant face-threating ´load´ (e.g. ´family status´, ´political affiliation´, etc.). In summary, sequential organisation and category work are seen as being closely intertwined, with the latter also being employed as a positive and negative politeness strategy.
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Okamoto, Shigeko. "Situated politeness." Ideologies of politeness 9, no. 1 (March 1, 1999): 51–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/prag.9.1.05oka.
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Vergis, Nikos, and Marc D. Pell. "Factors in the perception of speaker politeness: the effect of linguistic structure, imposition and prosody." Journal of Politeness Research 16, no. 1 (February 25, 2020): 45–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pr-2017-0008.
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AbstractAlthough linguistic politeness has been studied and theorized about extensively, the role of prosody in the perception of (im)polite attitudes has been somewhat neglected. In the present study, we used experimental methods to investigate the interaction of linguistic form, imposition, and prosody in the perception of (im)polite requests. A written task established a baseline for the level of politeness associated with certain linguistic structures. Then stimuli were recorded in polite and rude prosodic conditions and in a perceptual experiment they were judged for politeness. Results revealed that, although both linguistic structure and prosody had a significant effect on politeness ratings, the effect of prosody was much more robust. In fact, rude prosody led in some cases to the neutralization of (extra)linguistic distinctions. The important contribution of prosody to (im)politeness inferences was also revealed by a comparison of the written and auditory tasks. These findings have important implications for models of (im)politeness and more generally for theories of affective speech. Implications for the generation of Particularized Conversational Implicatures (PCIs) of (im)politeness are also discussed.
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Chikogu, Ray Nwabenu. "Power in politeness." English Text Construction 2, no. 1 (March 24, 2009): 70–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/etc.2.1.04chi.
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The nature of most human societies, where the aspirations and desires of people are never completely fulfilled, and where such aspirations always conflict with those of other persons, presupposes a conscious effort by persons to strive for the recognition of and acceptance of their goals. They also crave the freedom to aspire towards the realization of their dreams. Because human relations and communication are conveyed principally by linguistic vehicles, much of the struggle for power is also expressed through language. It is shown in this study how a social miscreant occupying the lowest rung of the social class structure, effects a change in power relations with society’s top notchers through the deployment of the linguistic concept of politeness in dramatic dialogue, from which we draw conclusions that may be reflective of real life.
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Loc, Le Huu. "THE PRAGMATICS OF POLITENESS, Author: Geoffrey Leech." VNU Journal of Foreign Studies 39, no. 2 (April 30, 2023): 175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.63023/2525-2445/jfs.ulis.5001.
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The study of “politeness” by sociolinguists is quite new and frequently cites Brown and Levinson’s work from 1978 entitled “Universals in Language Usage: Politeness Phenomena”. The article was modified and republished as a book in 1987 with the title Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. Ever since, there has been a substantial explosion in the amount of research on “im/ politeness” in linguistics and related fields. Geoffrey Leech can be deemed one of the pioneering authors in the discipline of politeness studies, along with Robin Lakoff (1973), Penelope Brown and Stephen Levinson (1978, 1987), and others. The Pragmatics of Politeness by Geoffrey Leech is a wonderful addition that serves to remind readers of the linguistic roots of this area of study. This book offers an overview of politeness and supports the idea that it is a form of communicative altruism. It describes a variety of English politeness phenomena and provides numerous instances of actual language use from reliable British and American sources to demonstrate its points. The book also presents a thorough examination of politeness in contemporary English, including all significant speech acts that are either positively or negatively linked with politeness, such as requests, apologies, compliments, offers, agreement, and disagreement. Chapters on impoliteness and the related concepts of irony (mock politeness) and banter (mock impoliteness) are also included. Additional chapters explore research techniques and learning English as a second language. The history of politeness in the English language, which spans more than a thousand years, is covered in the final chapter. Therefore, The Pragmatics of Politeness is intended to establish itself as a new benchmark in the study of (im)politeness.
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Sembiring, Milisi, Martina Girsang, Esron Ambarita, and Sondang Manik. "Translating Politeness of Persadaan Tendi Texts in Karonese Language Into English." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 13, no. 6 (June 1, 2023): 1444–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1306.13.
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This paper aims to explore the politeness of persadaan tendi texts in Karonese language and translate them into English. Persadaan tendi or mukul is the process by which the bride and groom introduce themselves to their new relatives. This study was conducted using descriptive qualitative research and supported by translation and pragmatics analyses. There are three data sources of this study; from two books titled Adat Karo Si Rulo written by Ginting (2008) and Indahnya Perkawinan Adat Karo by Milala (2007); and from the researchers’ observations as participants at persadaan tendi ceremonies in Tigabinanga sub-district, Karo Regency and Tuntungan sub-district, Medan, North Sumatra. The results reveal that in persadaan tendi texts there are linguistic and cultural forms of politeness which are kalimbubu, kampil, and manok sangkep as cultural politeness. The second singular pronoun kam subject and the enclitic pronoun –ndu means ’your’, and endi or ‘here’ are linguistic politeness. Rebu (social avoidance to talk directly) among the rebu participants in Karonese society is cultural politeness. These examples of linguistic and cultural politeness in the source language (SL) are not found in the target language (TL). Molina and Albir’s (2002) translation technique of description, supported by critical discourse analysis and semantic analysis is workable to overcome untranslatable of the cultural and linguistic politeness in the SL.
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Pikhart, Marcel, and Andrea Koblizkova. "The Central Role of Politeness in Business Communication The Appropriateness Principle as the Way to Enhance Business Communication Efficiency." Journal of Intercultural Communication 17, no. 3 (November 10, 2017): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.36923/jicc.v17i3.747.
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The paper focuses on practical consequences of exploitation of applied linguistics, and moreover intercultural linguistics, in everyday business communication and modern management from the viewpoint of politeness principles. The authors assume that the intentional use of the theoretical principles of intercultural linguistics concerning politeness strategies can possibly improve business communication efficiency in the current intercultural environment. Therefore, intercultural linguistics is a pragmatic discipline with potential utilization in everyday business communication and international management practices. Politeness as a basic communicative principle has recently experienced a wide interest of scholars as the area of interactional pragmatics examining a vast range of topics connected to languages and their varieties and their interaction in the context of culture; however, the practical implications are still missing. The authors try to use local data to show how politeness principles and their practical exploitation can be manifested in a particular cultural context, namely the Czech Republic, and focus on projecting our identity in language and the means we use to achieve interactional goals.
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Bou-Franch, Patricia, and Pilar Garcés-Conejos. "Teaching linguistic politeness: A methodological proposal." IRAL - International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching 41, no. 1 (January 4, 2003): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/iral.2003.001.
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Ernovilinda, Ernovilinda. "Politeness Strategy in Shanghai Knights Film." IJELTAL (Indonesian Journal of English Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics) 5, no. 1 (November 17, 2020): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.21093/ijeltal.v5i1.571.
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Language is a communication tool for every human being and is used to convey ideas, messages, intentions, feelings, opinions to others or even to meet daily needs. Intercultural communication is a communication that frequently occurs in the community. Pragmatics is a branch of linguistics that discusses aspects of language as a communication tool. When combined with culture, intercultural communication that occurs in society can be understood. In order for a speaker's language to be accepted in a society, he needs to fully understand the rules that apply in that society, including an understanding of the appropriate use of certain language functions or speech acts. There is a close relationship between pragmatics and the concept of politeness. Politeness is fundamental in pragmatics because this is a universal phenomenon in the use of language in social contexts. The focus of this research is to identify the politeness strategies used by the two main characters in the Shanghai Knights film, Chon Wang and Roy O'Bannon, and analyze them in terms of the cultural background of the two main characters. This is a qualitative descriptive study. The results show that the politeness strategy used is strongly influenced by their cultural background. The strategy used most often is the bald-on record strategy while the Off-record politenses strategy is the strategy that is the least used by the two main characters of the film. This suggests that an understanding of politeness strategies is needed to realize face-threatening actions (FTA). In other words, politeness strategies are used to maintain continuity and success in communicating.
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Nefedov, Sergey T., and Polina I. Kondratenko. "EVALUATION AS A TOOL OF PROFESSIONAL POLITENESS OF RESEARCHERS AND EXPERTS." German Philology at the St Petersburg State University 13 (2023): 24–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu33.2023.101.
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The researcher is constantly evaluating ideas presented and embedding a certain degree of categoricality in the value-laden statements. On the one hand, the researcher must be categorical and persuasive to defend a personal point of view in a scientific discussion with colleagues. On the other hand, the researcher should maintain a maximal degree of politeness, keeping an open mind for further dialogue by avoiding overly categorical assertions. Otherwise, one may damage one’s professional face by provoking counter-critical reactions. Similar factors determine the communicative behavior of an expert, which balances between striving for an objective appraisal of the work reviewed as a whole not only of its positive and negative qualities and the establishment of respectful relations between the participants of scientific-expert communication. The aim of the present paper is to analyse the axiological aspect of socio-humanitarian research articles and scientific-expert texts in order to reveal the strategies of politeness in interpersonal projection. The research data are two corpora of theoretical articles on sociology in German and Russian and two corpora of German and Russian scientific reviews on Linguistics. The analysis focuses on the linguistic means of expressing the evaluative positions of the communicants and the strategies of polite communication employed by them. The methodology is based on the positions of sociological politeness theories, pragmalinguistics and discourse linguistics. The results fill the gaps in the description of the communicative profiles of scientific articles and reviews in German and Russian and identify linguistic and cultural specificity in the use of professional politeness strategies.
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Jumanto, Jumanto, Sarif Syamsu Rizal, and Raden Arief Nugroho. "Acting the Intangible: Hints of Politeness in Non-Verbal Form." English Language Teaching 10, no. 11 (October 12, 2017): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/elt.v10n11p111.
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This review paper has explored politeness in non-verbal form to come to hints for indicating the ideology. Politeness in non-verbal form is researched by reviewing verbal politeness theories through interpretive techniques, and then the data in form of interpreted hints based on the reviews are analyzed by employing a coding technique. The six non-verbal hints of politeness found out based on the theoretical reviews are silence for politeness, gestures for politeness, gifts for politeness, observance of norms, rules, and regulations for politeness, adjusted behavior for politeness, and performance for politeness. The hints expectedly provide a sufficient account for non-verbal politeness in interactions or communication between a speaker and a hearer. The findings also encourage promoting harmony among speakers of languages in non-verbal interactions or communication, especially in formal situations or in the general public. The hints are hopefully also worth considering in the context of English language teaching and learning across languages and cultures in the world.
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Tiisala, Seija. "Power and politeness." Journal of Historical Pragmatics 5, no. 2 (June 10, 2004): 193–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jhp.5.2.03tii.
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The power structures in northern Baltic Europe in the Middle Ages can be studied through the correspondence between the Swedish authorities and the Hanseatic Councils. The letters were written in three languages: Latin, Low German and Swedish. Low German was the dominant language in the correspondence from the fifteenth century onwards. The aim of the paper is to examine the ways in which power relationships are manifested, including choice of language, conventional expressions of politeness, use of laudatory adjectives when addressing the recipient, use of adverbs to express deference or hedging, and elaborations in orthography. Medieval letter-writing followed models described in various instruction books called summae dictaminis. These reflect the hierarchy of medieval society by classifying senders and recipients of letters according to their social position, and giving instructions for address of one group by another. The European tradition of rules for letter writing can be traced back in an unbroken line to the Roman Empire, and in spite of certain local differences most rules concerning the form of the letter and expressions of politeness were shared all over the continent.
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Quinn, E. Moore. ":Gender and Politeness." Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 17, no. 1 (June 2007): 148–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jlin.2007.17.1.148.
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Гомес Диас, Вассили Блаженой. "Analysis of the theory of politeness in modern linguistics." Международный аспирантский вестник. Русский язык за рубежом, no. 2 (June 11, 2024): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.37632/pi.2024.20.55.012.
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Статья посвящена анализу теории вежливости в лингвистике и ее отражению в русском языке и культуре. Рассматриваются особенности вежливости в русском языке, связанные с проявлением внимания и интереса к собеседнику, солидарности и взаимопонимания. В русской культуре важными ценностями являются взаимное доверие, теплота и сердечность, которые отражаются в речевых стратегиях и средствах, указывающих на сокращение дистанции между собеседниками. Для русской коммуникативной культуры характерно непосредственное выражение эмоций. В официальных ситуациях преобладает формальная вежливость, а в бытовых – правила обращения менее строги. Отдельное внимание уделено новой форме вежливости в русской речи, которая проявляется в сфере сервиса и коммерческих отношений. The article is devoted to the analysis of the theory of politeness in linguistics and its reflection in the Russian language and culture. The article considers the peculiarities of politeness in the Russian language associated with the manifestation of attention and interest in the interlocutor, solidarity and mutual understanding. In Russian culture, important values are mutual trust, warmth and cordiality, which are reflected in speech strategies and means that indicate a reduction in the distance between interlocutors. Russian communicative culture is characterized by the direct expression of emotions. In official situations, formal politeness prevails, and in everyday situations, the rules of treatment are less strict. Special attention is paid to a new form of politeness in Russian speech, which is manifested in the field of service and commercial relations.
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Fukushima, Saeko. "Evaluation of (im)politeness." Pragmatics. Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) 23, no. 2 (June 1, 2013): 275–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/prag.23.2.04fuk.
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This study explores the evaluation of (im)politeness, which is made by a hearer (or a beneficiary). Although discursive researchers advocate the importance of the evaluation of (im)politeness made by a hearer in politeness research, empirical studies on the evaluation of (im)politeness are still limited. The non-linguistic aspect has not been much researched in previous politeness studies. This study tries to fill these gaps in politeness research, by focusing on evaluation of (im)politeness from the non-linguistic perspective. Among many other things, the evaluation of attentiveness (demonstrator’s preemptive response to a beneficiary’s verbal/non-verbal cues or situations surrounding a beneficiary and a demonstrator, which takes the form of offering) is focused on in this study, making cross-cultural (Japanese and American) and cross-generational (university students and their parents’ age groups) comparisons. The data were collected through a questionnaire, which consisted of six situations, and interviews. 298 people (Japanese university students, Japanese parents and American university students) served as the participants. The results of the questionnaire data show that there were significant differences among the participants in the evaluation of attentiveness in two situations, those of the interview data revealing that most participants evaluated attentiveness positively, except in two situations. This study contributes to further understanding of (im)politeness from the perspective of attentiveness with cross-cultural and cross-generational differences as well as similarities.
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Bertaria Sohnata Hutauruk, Carolina Pakpahan, Galina Sitinjak, and Tinadya Sinaga. "AN ANALYSIS OF THE USE POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE POLITENESS BY NETIZENS ON ANIES BASWEDAN’S TWITTER ACCOUNT." Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pengajaran (JUPEJA) 1, no. 1 (July 3, 2023): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.69820/jupeja.v1i1.42.
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Politeness is one of the phenomena found in daily communication. One of the studies of linguistics whose theory is pragmatic is called politeness. The objectives of this research to find out the politeness strategy and the percentage of the dominant type used by Indonesian netizents on Anies Baswedan Twitter. The research designed this study with qualitative method with the data from transcript of Indonesian netizents comment on Twitter. The findings show that: There are Bald on Record, Positive Politeness, Negativ Politeness, and Off Record. In twitter account there were 35 (33,65%) comments. In total, there are 2 (100%) Bald on Records, 13 (37,14%) Positive Politeness, and 9 (25,71%) Negative Politeness. The dominant type of Politeness Strategy used in Twitter accounts is Positive politeness. It takes 13 from 35 comments.
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Hickey, Leo. "Politeness in Translation between English and Spanish." Target. International Journal of Translation Studies 12, no. 2 (December 31, 2000): 229–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/target.12.2.03hic.
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Abstract If we accept Brown and Levinson’s distinction between positive and negative politeness, it would seem justifiable to accept also that Britain tends to be a negative-politeness society whereas Spain tends towards positive politeness. The paper asks how positive-politeness readers (Spaniards) react to examples of negative (or English) politeness when translated literally. It reports on a smallscale experiment carried out to see how such readers reacted to translations from English of samples of negative politeness and poses the question whether translators (continue to) translate the locutionary dimension (the words) of such texts rather than attempt to convey the illocutionary force (the acts of politeness being performed).
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Zhou, Ling, and Shaojie Zhang. "Reconstructing the Politeness Principle in Chinese: A response to Gu’s approach." Intercultural Pragmatics 15, no. 5 (November 27, 2018): 693–721. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ip-2018-0024.
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Abstract Back in the early 1990s, Gu Yueguo formulated the Politeness Principle and its maxims to explain Chinese politeness phenomena, as a counter reaction to Brown and Levinson’s politeness theory, which claims that politeness is a universal phenomenon in language usage. Despite the fact that Gu’s illustration of politeness phenomena in Chinese has attracted considerable attention from pragmaticians, this paper points out that there are at least three major issues in his study: failure to provide a generalized high-level definition of politeness, improper construction of some of the maxims, and inadequate adoption of Leech’s theoretical framework for analysis of Chinese data. With the increasing call for culture-specific research on im/politeness, it is of great necessity to rethink these issues regarding Chinese politeness phenomena. Therefore, this paper attempts to reconstruct the Politeness Principle in Chinese by reexamining and clarifying Gu’s approach. It argues that politeness can be defined as appropriate behavior in social interaction. Based on this definition, the Politeness Principle and four maxims of Modesty, Respectfulness, Friendliness, and Refinement are coherently reconstructed in a clarified and refined form. The reconstruction demonstrates that polite behavior in Chinese is exhibited in an appropriate or acceptable way in accordance with these maxims as social norms or regularities.
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Pikor-Niedziałek, Marta. "Gender and Politeness." American Journal of Semiotics 27, no. 1 (2011): 287–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/ajs2011271/416.
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Fukushima, Saeko. "Evaluation of politeness." Pragmatics. Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) 19, no. 4 (December 1, 2009): 501–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/prag.19.4.01fuk.
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This study investigates evaluation of attentiveness by British and Japanese university students. Attentiveness (kikubari) (defined as a demonstrator’s preemptive response to a beneficiary’s verbal/non-verbal cues or situations) is demonstrated without being requested and it is one of the important politeness strategies. A questionnaire including six attentiveness situations was distributed to 74 British and 138 Japanese participants, who were asked to evaluate the attentiveness situations on a five-point Likert scale and to state the reasons for their evaluation. The Likert-scale evaluations were analyzed using a three-way ANOVA and subsequently, the reasons for evaluations were analyzed qualitatively. It was anticipated that the Japanese would evaluate attentiveness more positively than the British, as attentiveness has been important in Japanese culture. The results, however, did not necessarily confirm this. That is, there were significant differences between British and Japanese participants in four situations, the British participants having evaluated attentiveness more positively than the Japanese participants in two situations and the reverse being the case in two other situations.
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Theodoropoulou, Irene. "Politeness on Facebook." Pragmatics. Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) 25, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 23–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/prag.25.1.02the.
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Facebook forms one of the most widely used online social networks, through which people manage their communication with diverse contacts or ‘friends’, ranging from members of the family and schoolmates to work colleagues and popular cultural idols or other people, whom they admire. Hence, it can be seen as an integral part of people’s digital presence. Against this backdrop, the aim of this paper is to investigate the ways politeness is constructed in a context, in which it is not very typical to find politeness in the Western world: The reception of birthday wishes. The focus is on the (para)linguistic reception of birthday wishes on behalf of 400 native Greek users of Facebook, aged between 25–35 years old, as evidenced in the ways they respond to birthday wishes posted on their walls. By using a combination of interactional sociolinguistics, discourse-centered online ethnography and offline ethnographic interviews, I argue that native speakers of Greek do not just stick to the politic behavior found in other languages, like English, of personally thanking their friends for their birthday wishes; rather, they employ contextualization cues, such as shifts in spelling, emoticons and punctuation markers, in order to construct frames and footings of politeness by actually reciprocating the wishes they received from their friends. The value of this study lies not only in being, to my knowledge, the first description and interpretation of an important cultural phenomenon for Greeks, which is the exchange of birthday wishes, but also it contributes towards understanding politeness in online environments, such as Facebook, which in turn is used for establishment and maintenance of interpersonal relationships, hence it can lead to smooth communication.
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Kienpointner, Manfred. "Ideologies of politeness." Ideologies of politeness 9, no. 1 (March 1, 1999): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/prag.9.1.01kie.
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Eelen, Gino. "Politeness and ideology." Ideologies of politeness 9, no. 1 (March 1, 1999): 163–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/prag.9.1.09eel.
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Terkourafi, Marina. "Frames for politeness." Ideologies of politeness 9, no. 1 (March 1, 1999): 97–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/prag.9.1.10ter.
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Rasna, I. Wayan, I. Nengah Suandi, Ida Bagus Putrayasa, and Ketut Paramarta. "Directive Speech Act Politeness in a Pediksaan Ritual: A Sociopragmatic Study." Journal of Language Teaching and Research 15, no. 2 (March 1, 2024): 644–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.1502.33.
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This study focused on the concern about the decrease in the use of language politeness among young people both in everyday communication and sacred Hindu rituals such as in a pediksaan ritual, in which not only the place is made sacred but also things related to the inauguration of a sulinggih (high priest) that is, performed in a Geria, home of a brahmana, who is still holding high the high cultural norms. This study analyzed the type of directive speech act politeness, the forms of language politeness, and the application of directive speech act politeness in the pediksaan ritual. The stages of a descriptive qualitative method were employed to achieve those objectives. The population of the study was the people involved in the activity of a pediksaan ritual. Since this event is rare, the population was directly used as the study's sample. The data were collected by observing the pediksaan ritual using a recording technique. The data collected were analyzed with a qualitative descriptive method. The study shows that the types of directive speech act politeness in this study are differentiated into linguistic politeness and pragmatic politeness; the forms of directive speech act politeness consist of (a) agreement maxim of suggesting; (b) sympathizing maxim of order and the politeness principles that consist of (a) the politeness principle that applies tact maxim; (b) the politeness principle that applies approbation maxim; and (c) the politeness maxim that applies sympathy maxim.
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Jucker, Andreas H. "Positive and negative face as descriptive categories in the history of English." Understanding Historical (Im)Politeness 12, no. 1-2 (May 23, 2011): 178–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jhp.12.1-2.08juc.
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Studies in the history of politeness in English have generally relied on the notions of positive and negative face. While earlier work argued that a general trend from positive politeness to negative politeness can be observed, more recent work has shown that in Old English and in Middle English face concerns were not as important as in Modern English and that, in certain contexts, there are also opposing tendencies from negative to positive politeness. In this paper, I focus in more detail on the notions of positive and negative face and follow up earlier suggestions that for negative face a clear distinction must be made between deference politeness and non-imposition politeness. On this basis, I assess the usefulness of the notions of positive and negative face for the development of politeness in the history of English.
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TAKIMOTO, MASAHIRO. "A comparative study of animation versus static effects in the spatial concept-based metaphor awareness-raising approach on EFL learners’ cognitive processing of request strategies." Language and Cognition 13, no. 2 (January 12, 2021): 191–226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/langcog.2020.34.
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abstractThis study evaluates the relative effects of two cognitive linguistic approaches – using animated versus static scenes in an illustration based on the spatial concept-oriented metaphor – and a non-cognitive linguistic approach on the Japanese EFL learners’ processing of request strategies with degrees of politeness. The cognitive linguistic approach consisted of applying the metaphor politeness is distance in the teaching of different degrees of politeness. It involved a spatial concept projection through which participants could understand degrees of politeness in terms of the spatially visualized concepts of near–far and high–low relationships associated with three social variables – closeness, power, and speaker difficulty – in either animated or static illustration. In contrast, the non-cognitive linguistic approach involved rote learning of target English polite requests in a list. The results demonstrated that the static version of the cognitive linguistic approach enabled participants to process degrees of politeness and perform as well as those who underwent the animated version. Moreover, the animation effects did not appear to have had a major impact on the overall performance of groups subjected to both cognitive language approaches. The results also showed that the cognitive linguistic approach groups outperformed the non-cognitive linguistic approach and control groups.
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Balogh, Andrea, and Ágnes Veszelszki. "Politeness and Insult in Computer Games – From a Pragmatic Point of View." Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Communicatio 7, no. 1 (December 1, 2020): 68–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/auscom-2020-0006.
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Abstract In line with the principle of technological determinism, the linguistic context of computer games influences the (linguistic) behaviour of millions of active gamers. This makes it important to explore gamer communication thoroughly with respect to politeness, too. Indeed, the communication of gamers during games may also affect the users’ off-game communicative situations. The international literature suggests that the quasi-anonymity of online communication and the lack or weakness of sanction make it ruder than offline communication: it involves a higher number of insults or offensive personal remarks. The paper looks at this issue, in particular by a pragmatic – politeness-centred – investigation of a particular kind of online insults. The corpus of analysis is provided by “taunts”, i.e. inbuilt instructions triggering “mocking” remarks of League of Legends (LoL), a multiple-participant online arena game. The authors interpret in-game insults in the framework of speech act theory, the Cooperative Principle (conversational and politeness maxims), face threatening, and a matrix of aims and functions. The paper wishes to be a contribution to cyberpragmatics, a pragmatically-oriented branch of Internet linguistics.