Journal articles: 'Political aspects of Communicable diseases'

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Gani, Azmat. "Some Aspects of Communicable and Non-communicable Diseases in Pacific Island Countries." Social Indicators Research 91, no. 2 (July 30, 2008): 171–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11205-008-9276-x.

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Hindhede, Anette Lykke. "The Communicability of Non-Communicable Diseases: An Overview of Sociological Contributions to Ideas of Contagion." Sociological Research Online 23, no. 3 (April 18, 2018): 655–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1360780418769669.

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There has been a tremendous rise in media coverage and medical research on the rapid increase of so-called non-communicable diseases. Such diseases have apparently reached epidemic proportions worldwide. In this article, I argue for the fruitfulness of investigating the communicable aspect of non-communicable diseases from a distinct sociological view of non-communicable diseases as infectious. I conduct a historical anamnesis of sociological theories that inform contemporary sociological thinking about contagion and/or collective action and the social clustering of (health) behaviour, with a particular focus on the notions of imitation, suggestion, and habitus formation. I argue that the notion of contagion is not only about biology but also about being actualised by lifestyle diseases. Based on the seminal work of Philip Strong on epidemic psychology, I discuss how – in dealing with the present threat to public order – a societal reaction in terms of a profound sense of public alarm and the generation of an outbreak of control strategies has emerged as another powerful epidemic or moral panic challenged by how to isolate the source of ‘infection’. The article concludes by asserting that there still very much remains a divide between the paradigms of the individual and the social in the production of scientific knowledge about these diseases and causality. Considering health-related risk behaviour as a socially organised rather than an individual phenomenon provides more useful data for public health interventions aimed at changing health lifestyles.

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POGGE, THOMAS. "The Health Impact Fund: Boosting Pharmaceutical Innovation Without Obstructing Free Access." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 18, no. 1 (January 2009): 78–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180108090129.

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In an earlier piece in these pages,1 I described the health effects of the still massive problem of global poverty: The poor worldwide face greater environmental hazards than the rest of us, from contaminated water, filth, pollution, worms, and insects. They are exposed to greater dangers from people around them, through traffic, crime, communicable diseases, sexual violence, and potential exploitation by the more affluent. They lack means to protect themselves and their families against such hazards, through clean water, nutritious food, satisfactory hygiene, necessary rest, adequate clothing, and safe shelter. They lack the means to enforce their legal rights or to press for political reform.

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Jovanović, Slobodan. "Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the insurance industry." Tokovi osiguranja 37, no. 1 (2021): 41–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/tokosig2101041j.

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In this paper, the author analyses the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on internal and external aspects of insurance organizations, and particularly on insurance terms and conditions. The introductory part provides general remarks on the impact of the pandemic on community and economy, also defining the subject of the paper. In the second part, the author explores how insurers responded to new working conditions and behaved in relation to their self-organization and to the public and the insured persons. Particular developments in a macroeconomic and political context relating to covering losses from COVID-19 are also analyzed. The author concludes that a certain delay in making the amendments and supplements to the list of communicable diseases was justified, whereas the main characteristic of extended cover for COVID-19 provided by domestic insurers is not the reimbursement of medical treatment costs but the payment of daily allowance and provision of information and particular services. In addition, the author concludes that wordings used to exclude the risk of communicable diseases may create particular dilemmas as to whether a loss event may be considered insured, depending on the circumstances and time of its occurrence, and depending on the provisions of positive legal regulations.

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Tabassum, Reshman. "Health Paradox of Indigenous people in Bangladesh: Unravelling aspects of mass media campaigns in changing health behaviors to prevent non-communicable diseases." South East Asia Journal of Public Health 6, no. 2 (April 22, 2017): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/seajph.v6i2.31831.

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Bangladesh, a developing country, has one of the highest rates of age-standardized mortality due to non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The prevalence of NCDs is steadily increasing within all population groups, including indigenous communities in Bangladesh. Indigenous people, non-dominant communities of society, are individuals having distinctive social, economic or political systems, and preserving own languages, cultures and beliefs. Contemporary research proposes that negative health behaviors, especially tobacco use, unhealthy diets, physical inactivity, and alcohol consumption are becoming escalating problems in Bangladesh. Indigenous communities with low health literacy are less receptive to health information and are unlikely to embrace positive health behaviors. Three major barriers to change health behaviors toward preventing NCDs among indigenous people in Bangladesh are: unawareness of the severity and/or importance of NCDs; absence of health literacy or knowledge on NCDs; and lack of advocacy for health intervention programs for indigenous patients suffering from NCDs. Intertwined within socio-economic delusions and discrepancies, indigenous people miss out on health care to prevent NCDs. Mass media campaigns have both an extensive coverage and an awareness-constructing potential to educate and influence intended audiences attitudes on changing health related behaviors. Bangladesh can change health behaviors within indigenous communities by adopting some effective strategies, including using multifaceted mass media to intensify coverage of the health campaigns, underpinning stereotyping health beliefs and conveying unidentified details about NCDs, and developing risk-reduction strategies for indigenous patients suffering from NCDs. Multi-stakeholder and intergovernmental mechanisms and mass media campaigns can be effective options for changing health behaviors of indigenous people in Bangladesh.South East Asia Journal of Public Health Vol.6(2) 2016: 17-22

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Smith, Julia. "Towards Critical Analysis of the Political Determinants of Health Comment on "How Neoliberalism Is Shaping the Supply of Unhealthy Commodities and What This Means for NCD Prevention"." International Journal of Health Policy and Management 9, no. 3 (November 2, 2019): 121–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/ijhpm.2019.102.

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The recent perspective article "How Neoliberalism Is Shaping the Supply of Unhealthy Commodities and What This Means for NCD Prevention," by Lencucha and Throw, interrogates how the dominant neoliberal paradigm restricts meaningful policy action to prevent non-communicable diseases (NCDs). It contributes an NCD perspective to the existing literature on neoliberalism and health, which to date has been dominated by a focus on HIV, gender and trade agreements. It further advances the emerging commercial determinants of health (CDoH) scholarship by calling for more nuanced analysis of how the governance of both health and the economy facilitates corporate influence in policy-making. In political science terms, Lencucha and Throw are calling for greater structural analysis. However, their focus on the pragmatic, as opposed to political, aspects of neoliberalism reflects a hesitancy within health scholarship to engage in political analysis. This depoliticization of health serves neoliberal interests by delegitimizing critical questions about who sustains and benefits from current institutional norms. Lencucha and Throw’s call for greater interrogation of the structures of neoliberalism forms a basis from which to advance analysis of the political determinants of health.

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Bernstein, Justin, and Pierce Randall. "Against the Public Goods Conception of Public Health." Public Health Ethics 13, no. 3 (August 27, 2020): 225–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/phe/phaa021.

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Abstract Public health ethicists face two difficult questions. First, what makes something a matter of public health? While protecting citizens from outbreaks of communicable diseases is clearly a matter of public health, is the same true of policies that aim to reduce obesity, gun violence or political corruption? Second, what should the scope of the government’s authority be in promoting public health? May government enact public health policies some citizens reasonably object to or policies that are paternalistic? Recently, some theorists have attempted to address these questions by arguing that something is a matter of public health if and only if it involves a health-related public good, such as clean water or herd immunity. Relatedly, they have argued that appeals to the promotion of public health should only be used to justify the provision of health-related public goods. This public goods conception of public health (PGC) is meant to enjoy advantages over its rivals in three respects: it provides a better definition of public health than rival views, it respects moral disagreement, and it avoids licensing objectionably paternalistic public health policies. We argue, however, that the PGC does just as poorly, or worse, than its rivals in all three respects.

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Lupton, Deborah, and Mike Michael. "“For Me, the Biggest Benefit Is Being Ahead of the Game”:The Use of Social Media in Health Work." Social Media + Society 3, no. 2 (April 2017): 205630511770254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2056305117702541.

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Using social media in the workplace raises a number of issues for any occupation. In this article, we report the findings of a study that investigated how social media are used in a field of health work. The study uses semi-structured interviews conducted by telephone with 15 participants working in communicable disease in Australia. We identified several key features shaping the use of social media. These included the sociomaterial aspects of the workplace (to what extent employees were provided with access to and allowed to use the Internet), the affordances of social media technologies (fast and real-time communication and sharing, opportunities to easily connect with peers as well as the public, and the casual tone of interactions), tacit norms and assumptions about professional behavior and social media (whether social media are considered to be appropriate tools to use for work and how they should best be used), the specific nature of people’s work (how sensitive, stigmatized, contentious, or political were the diseases they focused on), and the nature of people’s own experiences (how other social media users responded to them, what value they perceived they gained from using social media for work, and the types of networks they were able to establish). The findings of this study highlight the importance of context when considering how people use social media in the workplace.

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Prescott, Susan, Alan Logan, and David Katz. "Preventive Medicine for Person, Place, and Planet: Revisiting the Concept of High-Level Wellness in the Planetary Health Paradigm." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 2 (January 16, 2019): 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16020238.

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Experts in preventive medicine and public health have long-since recognized that health is more than the absence of disease, and that each person in the ‘waiting room’ and beyond manifests the social/political/economic ecosystems that are part of their total lived experience. The term planetary health—denoting the interconnections between the health of person and place at all scales—emerged from the environmental and preventive health movements of the 1970–1980s. Roused by the 2015 Lancet Commission on Planetary Health report, the term has more recently penetrated mainstream academic and medical discourse. Here, we discuss the relevance of planetary health in the era of personalized medicine, gross environmental concerns, and a crisis of non-communicable diseases. We frame our discourse around high-level wellness—a concept of vitality defined by Halbert L. Dunn (1896–1975); high-level wellness was defined as an integrated method of functioning which is oriented toward maximizing the potential of individuals within the total lived environment. Dunn maintained that high-level wellness is also applicable to organizations, communities, nations, and humankind as a whole—stating further that global high-level wellness is a product of the vitality and sustainability of the Earth’s natural systems. He called for a universal philosophy of living. Researchers and healthcare providers who focus on lifestyle and environmental aspects of health—and understand barriers such as authoritarianism and social dominance orientation—are fundamental to maintaining trans-generational vitality at scales of person, place, and planet.

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Finardi, Corrado, and Gianluca Tognon. "“Is ‘junk food’ an ‘healthy’ concept?” the challenges of the current debate." British Food Journal 116, no. 8 (July 29, 2014): 1222–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-06-2013-0155.

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Purpose – The term “junk food” is for the most part currently used in the widest political and media debate, without reference to something tangible. The purpose of this paper is to pinpoint the delicate issues involved in moving towards a trans-national, unified, consensual definition of the term “junk food”, including social, economic, cultural, nutritional and methodological problems. Design/methodology/approach – Departing from the work done by international bodies (WHO, FAO-Codex Alimentarius, OECD, EFSA and European Commission) authors descriptively investigate possible background elements able to frame the surrounding debate about “junk food” (“nutrient profiles”, labelling provisions, institutional aspects, etc.). Findings – Presently there is a lack of a global consensus and of scientific basis to define clearly what constitutes “junk food” either on regional areas or globally. Despite of good metrics able to classify foods according to their nutritional quality, policy making relies yet on the concept that only diets or single nutrients can be focused as “good or bad”. Practical implications – A “junk food” taxonomy could be helpful to harmonize trade policies in internal markets (i.e. the EU) and at global level; but also to gain a wider social support for “hard” policy measures intending to counteract non-communicable-diseases (NCDs), and more generally, obesity and overweight. Social implications – A clear basis for “junk food” definition could be the first step to introduce otherwise controversial and easily opposable public health policies and campaigns, due to private interests of the different stakeholders. Even consumers may perceive food policies (in the sake of “food taxes” or “traffic light labelling”) as unfair, whereas not robust scientific ground has been previously given at the highest possible level. Originality/value – The value of this descriptive paper consists in addressing the shortcomings of global and regional nutritional policies framework in front of the emerging trend of “globesity”. Conclusions stress the need to find support for broader food policies (labelling, taxes, education, bans, etc.) which currently are on the rise but lack fundamental aspects of scientific and hence social support.

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Fernando, P. "Ecological Aspects of Some Communicable and Non-Communicable Diseases in Sri Lanka." Journal of the College of Community Physicians of Sri Lanka 18, no. 1 (September 22, 2013): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/jccpsl.v18i1.6075.

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Bellizzi, Saverio, Quique Bassat, Giuseppe Pichierri, Luca Cegolon, Catello Mario Panu Napodano, Gabriele Farina, Paola Murgia, and Osama Ali Maher. "Political stigma of communicable diseases in complex emergencies." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 15, no. 05 (May 31, 2021): 747–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.14056.

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Elfimova, I. V., D. A. Elfimov, A. I. Shumel, J. I. Lebedeva, and E. V. Kruchinin. "Practical aspects of smoking cessation." Medical Science And Education Of Ural 21, no. 3 (2020): 95–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.36361/1814-8999-2020-21-3-95-98.

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Controlling the development of chronic non-communicable diseases is one of the main mass activities of modern preventive medicine. In this work, modern medicine focuses on the influence of modifiable risk factors. Among these risk factors for developing chronic non-communicable diseases, Smoking occupies a special place. Aim. To analyze the provision of medical care when quitting Smoking on the example of a city polyclinic. Matherials and methods. We have analyzed the provision of medical care for quitting Smoking in a city polyclinic. Results. Medical care for quitting Smoking in our country is provided in the conditions of outpatient care. This assistance consists of comprehensive patient support, including individual counseling and regular check-UPS to the doctor. Conclusions. The analysis of medical care for quitting Smoking has shown its effectiveness, which is confirmed by the clinical situation.

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Herawati, Erna, and Yulia Sofiatin. "Socio-cultural aspects of non-communicable disease prevention in three villages in the West Java." Masyarakat, Kebudayaan dan Politik 34, no. 3 (August 27, 2021): 340. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/mkp.v34i32021.340-354.

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Community responses to disease, including non-communicable diseases, are influenced by the socio-cultural system. The system shapes community knowledge and belief on diseases, as well as community attitude and practice towards prevention and treatment. Drawing on the case in West Java Province, this study aims at identifying socio-cultural aspects in preventing non-communicable diseases. This study was conducted by using a qualitative design. The data were collected through in-depth interviews and archival study. This study found four socio-cultural aspects related to disease and the prevention and treatment of disease in West Java: 1) knowledge and practice of medicine covered in a local knowledge system about the prevention and treatment of non-communicable diseases, 2) local institutions, involving social institutions ranging from families, mosque neighborhood groups, and recitation groups, 3) social actors involved, such as ustaz, traditional leaders, and youth groups, 4) local health communication, using visual and audiovisual aids. This study concludes that these four aspects must be considered in designing a socio-cultural-based non-communicable disease prevention strategy, to be effective and in accordance with the socio-cultural context in West Java.

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Rollet, Vincent. "Health interregionalism in combating communicable diseases." Regions and Cohesion 9, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 133–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/reco.2019.090109.

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This last decade, regional organizations progressively became unavoidable actors of regional health governance and have been supported by some global health actors to strengthen such a role. Among these actors, the European Union (EU) is the only regional organization that implements health initiatives in cooperation with its regional counterparts. This article focuses on such “health interregionalism” toward Southeast Asia and Africa and in the field of communicable diseases, with the main objective of assessing its nature and identifying its main functions. It concludes that although appreciated and needed, the EU’s health interregionalism should better reflect the EU’s experience in regional health governance in order to represent a unique instrument of development aid and an added value for regional organizations

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Reich, Michael R. "Political Economy of Non-Communicable Diseases: From Unconventional to Essential." Health Systems & Reform 5, no. 3 (July 3, 2019): 250–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23288604.2019.1609872.

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Svetlovich, Tatyana, Tatyana Haplichnik, Sviatlana Anatsko, Aliaksandra Kalesnikovich, and Yuliya Matusevich. "Non-communicable diseases prevention through community mobilization." International Journal of Integrated Care 17, no. 5 (October 17, 2017): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/ijic.3345.

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Degrémont, Antoine. "Communicable diseases, health systems and humanitarian aid in Africa." International Review of the Red Cross 34, no. 301 (August 1994): 360–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020860400078682.

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What is the present situation, what are the lessons to be learned and what strategies should be adopted in the field of communicable diseases? These are the issues now facing us, some 15 years past two milestones in the evolution of health care: the Alma Ata Declaration on primary health care and the discovery of the last case of smallpox worldwide. The present article will attempt to address these issues, on the basis of the experience of the Swiss Tropical Institute in Africa.

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LeRoux, Ingrid M. "Gender-specific aspects of the burden of HIV/AIDS in South Africa— Communicable diseases." Gender Medicine 3 (January 2006): S22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1550-8579(06)80025-2.

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Gómez, Eduardo J., and Claudio A. Méndez. "Institutions, Policy, and Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) in Latin America." Journal of Politics in Latin America 13, no. 1 (January 6, 2021): 114–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1866802x20980455.

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Research has underscored the agenda-setting and policy implementation advantages associated with the concentration of political and policy-making authority. But to what extent does this concentration of authority within health policy-making institutions determine the early timing and depth of non-communicable disease (NCD) policies? Are other factors within and outside of government more important? Comparing one Latin American country exhibiting a strong concentration of political and policy-making authority, Mexico, to one that does not, Brazil, we find that weaker, fragmented political and policy-making powers in Brazil expedited the creation and implementation of NCD programs. As seen in Brazil, our findings suggest that the factors that account for the earlier adoption of NCD policies and successful implementation are the early institutionalisation of societal interests and pressures within the bureaucracy, the “bottom-up” diffusion of early policy ideas, and international policy recommendations. This institutional, participatory, and ideational approach may provide more important predictors for explaining variation in NCD policies.

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Mayer-Foulkes, David A., and Claudia Pescetto-Villouta. "Economic Development and Non-Communicable Chronic Diseases." Global Economy Journal 12, no. 4 (November 6, 2012): 1850274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/1524-5861.1889.

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This article outlines the economics of non communicable chronic diseases (NCDs), necessary for designing evidence-based health policies to reduce the prevalence of NCDs. The main risk factors of NCDs are manmade: abuse of alcohol, tobacco, junk food, and lack of exercise. Hence we define an economic category of analysis, unwholesome goods. The analysis tackles the two dimensions of NCDs: individual and collective. The first one linked to how much NCDs are a result of consumer’s choice and the second one, the recognition that NCDs are result of a complex interrelated environment at the society level, evidencing the need for a multisectoral approach. An economic analysis includes the study of 1) NCD in the context of intergenerational life cycle dynamics; 2) demand, supply, externalities, and political economy of NCD factors; 3) the incidence of lifestyle risks according to socioeconomic status, and changes under the impact of economic growth and the demographic transition. Where do the different countries lie on the development pathway? How much of the burden lies on the individual and on the collective dimensions of NCDs? What are the most effective policies for immediate application tackling both, the individual and collective dimensions? To what extent are households affected by financial catastrophe and impoverishment due to NCDs? What are the essential requirements for the health systems to respond with efficiency and efficacy to the NCDs phenomenon? Policy and research initiatives include health sector capability for NCDs, prevention of NCD factors, promotion of multisectoral approaches, and a comprehensive data initiative. Conclusions point to the need to simultaneously implement health policy and construct the necessary evidence bases. A comprehensive data initiative is proposed as needed in addition to expanding data availability in tandem with policy implementation. Finally an initiative is proposed to formulate sufficiently effective multisectoral policies and to establish the necessary links between the health sector and other sectors involved.

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Ling, Oliver Hoon Leh, Siti Nur Afiqah Mohamed Musthafa, Muhammad Solahuddin Hamzah, Marlyana Azyyati Marzukhi, and Nurul Ashikin Mabahwi. "Health and Physical Activity in Urban Neighbourhoods. Case Study: Shah Alam City, Selangor, Malaysia." Built Environment Journal 17, no. 2 (July 15, 2020): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/bej.v17i2.8438.

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Environmental health is referring to the health of people in relation to environmental quality. Due to rapid urbanisation, more people are living in urban neighbourhoods. Urban planning and design aspects including the neighbourhood environment are potentially affecting the human healthy lifestyle and health condition. Thus, the relationship between Malaysian neighbourhood environmental aspects and human health has become the concern of this research. One of the neighbourhood units in Shah Alam city had been chosen as the study area for this purpose. Questionnaire survey had been carried out to examine the health condition and physical activeness of residents. Besides, the perception of residents on the quality of neighbourhood environmental aspects also had been collected in the questionnaire survey. The health condition of residents was measured by non-communicable diseases (NCD) and the physical activeness was measured in duration as well as the frequency of physical exercise activities. The study found that the quality of neighbourhood environmental aspects significantly increased the physical activeness of respondents. The physical activeness was positively associated with human health as measured in NCD (heart diseases and high blood pressure, HBP). It shows that neighbourhood environmental (physical and social) aspects are potentially affecting the healthy life of people living in the neighbourhood.Keywords: Healthy life, Neighbourhood environment, Non-communicable diseases (NCD), Physical activeness, Quality.

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Garde, Amandine, and Jure Zrilič. "International Investment Law and Non-Communicable Diseases Prevention." Journal of World Investment & Trade 21, no. 5 (October 14, 2020): 649–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22119000-12340190.

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Abstract It is increasingly acknowledged that non-communicable diseases (NCDs) create immense human and economic costs, disproportionately affecting developing countries. This article, which serves as an introduction to this Special Issue on international investment law and NCD prevention, outlines the international framework for the prevention of NCDs, noting the more advanced development of tobacco control policies compared to policies relating to other NCD risk factors, such as unhealthy diets and alcohol consumption. Drawing on the Philip Morris v Uruguay case, the article explains how international investment law and NCD prevention interact and the problems this interaction may raise for States willing to adopt robust NCD prevention strategies involving the regulation of the tobacco, alcohol and food industries. It concludes by introducing other contributions in this Special Issue and by highlighting the need to build legal expertise in this area.

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Monowar Ahmad Tarafdar. "Community participation in prevention and control of infectious diseases." Z H Sikder Women’s Medical College Journal 2, Number 2 (July 1, 2020): 38–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.47648/zhswmcj.2020.v0202.07.

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Historically, the health status of the people of Bangladesh has been greatly influenced by communicable diseases. Infant mortality, maternal mortality, life expectancy and many other health indicators are determined by diseases like cholera, malaria, kala-azar, tetanus and diphtheria. Contamination of water, prevalence of vectors, poor nutritional status and poor hygienic behaviour increase people’s vulnerability to sickness and death when exposed to various communicable diseases. In recent years, however, measures including provision of safe water, better nutritional interventions, vector management, and strengthened immunization efforts brought improvement in health scenario of the country. Health service is a basic requirement for every human being and it is liability of government to ensure adequate medical facilities to the people. People involvement is central to all aspects of human development of which health is one. During the last two decades it becomes obvious that people’s participation is not only beneficial but essential in the pursuit of better health objectives. According to the Alma-Ata conference in 1978, community participation was described as an essential component of primary health care.

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Islam, Md Zahirul, Md Mahbubur Rahman, and Maj Azmery Hossain Moly. "Knowledge about Non-Communicable Diseases among Selected Urban School Students." Journal of Armed Forces Medical College, Bangladesh 15, no. 1 (August 20, 2020): 90–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jafmc.v15i1.48654.

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Introduction: The rise in the prevalence and significance of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) is the result of complex interaction between health, economic growth and development. Knowledge about NCDs and appropriate practices related to NCDs are keys to its proper management. Objectives: To determine the level of knowledge about NCDs among the selected urban school students. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among the students of Adamjee Cantonment Public School & Shaheed Bir Bikram Ramiz Uddin Cantonment School of Dhaka Cantonment during 01 January 2017 to 31 December 2017. A total of 183 participants were selected by purposive sampling technique. Data were collected using a pretested interviewer administered semi-structure questionnaires and SPSS version 22 used for data analysis. Simple descriptive statistics were used to describe the study variables. Inferential statistics were include, chi-square test, to find out any significant relationship between two qualitative variables. Results: Participants (n = 183) included 129 (70.49%) were male and 54 (29.51%) were female, aged between 13–19 years. Among 183 respondents, 106(57.9%) participants have good knowledge, 76(41.5%) participants had average knowledge and 1(0.5%) participant had poor knowledge. Level of knowledge had significant association with gender, age, education, father’s & mother’s occupational status, family income, physical activity, smoking & habit of taking hard drink. Conclusion: The knowledge and practices related to NCDs among the participants were good in certain aspects but poor in others, suggesting the need for programs on NCDs awareness. Comprehensive community based health education program about NCDs is necessary to improve this situation. Journal of Armed Forces Medical College Bangladesh Vol.15 (1) 2019: 90-93

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Roure, Collette, Asheena Khalakdina, Kumnuan Ungchusak, Media Yulizar, P. Ravindran, John Watson, and Augusto Pinto. "Panel 2.2: Surveillance, Early Warning Alert, and Response: Communicable and Vector-Borne Diseases." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 20, no. 6 (December 2005): 399–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00002971.

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AbstractThis is a summary of the presentations and discussion of Surveillance, Early Warning Alert and Response at the Conference, Health Aspects of the Tsunami Disaster in Asia, convened by the World Health Organization (WHO)in Phuket, Thailand, 04–06 May 2005. The topics discussed included issues related to the surveillance, early warning alert, and response to communicable and vector-borne diseases as pertaining to the responses to the damage created bythe Tsunami. It is presented in the following major sections: (1) key questions; (2) needs assessment; (3) coordination(4) gap filling; and (5) capacity building. The key questions section is presented in six sub-sections: (1) communicable diseases; (2) early warning; (3) laboratory capacity and referral networking; (4) coordination of disease surveillance, early warning, and response; (5) health infrastructure rebuilding; and (6) using existing national surveillance plans toenhance disease surveillance and early warning systems.

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Cheyette, Cara M. "Communitarianism and the Ethics of Communicable Disease: Some Preliminary Thoughts." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 39, no. 4 (2011): 678–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2011.00635.x.

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Communicable diseases, especially those that are readily contagious, are on the rise as evidenced by the emergence of viruses like severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), the global resurgence of resistant forms of ancient mycobacteria such as extensively drug resistant tuberculosis (XDR TB), and the 2009 swine flu outbreak in Mexico. Moreover, each of us, no matter who we are or where we live, is just as likely to transmit contagious diseases to others as we are to contract such diseases from others. As cogently described in the title of a recent book by Margaret Battin et al., we are all potential “victims and vectors.”Just as contagious diseases are readily passed person to person, so too can they readily be passed across local and national boundaries. We therefore all have a stake in the development of effective infectious disease control policies on a national scale, with “effective” being the operative term: regulations and statutes that are neither enforceable nor likely to be complied with may do more harm than good.

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Huckel Schneider, Carmen, James A. Gillespie, and Anne Marie Thow. "Generating Sustained Political Priority for Non-communicable Diseases: Towards a Suitable Governance Model." Global Policy 8, no. 3 (March 20, 2017): 364–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12416.

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Rose, Shiho, Christine Paul, Allison Boyes, Brian Kelly, and Della Roach. "Stigma-related experiences in non-communicable respiratory diseases: A systematic review." Chronic Respiratory Disease 14, no. 3 (January 23, 2017): 199–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1479972316680847.

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The stigma of non-communicable respiratory diseases (NCRDs), whether perceived or otherwise, can be an important element of a patient’s experience of his/her illness and a contributing factor to poor psychosocial, treatment and clinical outcomes. This systematic review examines the evidence regarding the associations between stigma-related experiences and patient outcomes, comparing findings across a range of common NCRDs. Electronic databases and manual searches were conducted to identify original quantitative research published to December 2015. Articles focussing on adult patient samples diagnosed with asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cystic fibrosis, lung cancer or mesothelioma, and included a measurement of stigma-related experience (i.e. perceived stigma, shame, blame or guilt), were eligible for inclusion. Included articles were described for study characteristics, outcome scores, correlates between stigma-related experiences and patient outcomes and methodological rigor. Twenty-five articles were eligible for this review, with most ( n = 20) related to lung cancer. No articles for cystic fibrosis were identified. Twenty unique scales were used, with low to moderate stigma-related experiences reported overall. The stigma-related experiences significantly correlated with all six patient-related domains explored (psychosocial, quality of life, behavioral, physical, treatment and work), which were investigated more widely in COPD and lung cancer samples. No studies adequately met all criteria for methodological rigor. The inter-connectedness of stigma-related experiences to other aspects of patient experiences highlight that an integrated approach is needed to address this important issue. Future studies should adopt more rigorous methodology, including streamlining measures, to provide robust evidence.

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Msuya, Cleopas Sila. "The role of the Federation in communicable disease prevention and control." International Review of the Red Cross 34, no. 301 (August 1994): 387–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020860400078724.

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As late as the 1970s, conventional wisdom in epidemiology held that communicable diseases were on their way out as the predominant contributor to the world's morbidity profile, and were being replaced by noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) comprising degenerative diseases such as diabetes, circulatory disorders and cancers, and by accidents. Except for the developing countries, most of the rest of the world was already experiencing this so-called “epidemiological transition” from the terrible epoch of famines and pestilence that lasted from the dawn of mankind to the middle of this millenium, followed by the age of epidemics that culminated with the influenza pandemics of the earlier part of this century, to the prevailing situation since the 70s where diseases largely due to changed lifestyles — lack of exercise, high-fat diet, smoking and other substance abuses — predominate.

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Kumar, Santosh, Haroon Ali, Amit Kumar Singh, and Abhishek Raj. "Morbidity Pattern among Out-Patients Attending Urban Health Training Centre in Srinagar." International Journal of Public Health Science (IJPHS) 7, no. 1 (February 12, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijphs.v6i3.8398.

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The current study was designed to identify the morbidity pattern of out-patients attending Urban Health Training Centre in an urban area of a medical college in Srinagar, Pauri Garhwal district, Uttarakhand, North India. The present study record-based retrospective study was conducted among the out-patients attending the regular clinic at the Urban Health Training Centre, of a medical college in Srinagar city of Uttarakhand State of North India during the study period of one year in 2014. Data was retrieved from the OPD registers maintained at the clinic. Data was collected pertaining to socio-demographic profile, morbidity details and treatment pattern. Diseases were identified using the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) code. Descriptive analysis was done. During the study period, a total of 9343 subjects attended the OPD. Among them, majority of them (60%) were females. More than half (56 %) belonged to the age group of 35-65 year age-group. The association of disease classification was found to be statistically significant with respect to gender. The leading morbidity of communicable disease was found to be certain infectious and parasitic diseases especially Typhoid whereas musculoskeletal system and connective tissue disorders were the most common cause among morbidity due to NCDs. Out of all, typhoid was found to cause maximum of morbidity among the subjects. The present study highlights the morbidity pattern of communicable and NCDs among the population of hilly areas of Garhwal, Uttarakhand India. Priority should be preferred for the regular tracking of diseases in terms of preventive and promotive aspects. Morbidity in the out- door clinics reflects the emerging trend of mixed disease spectrum burden comprising communicable and non-communicable diseases.

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Kumar, Santosh, Haroon Ali, Amit Kumar Singh, and Abhishek Raj. "Morbidity Pattern among Out-Patients Attending Urban Health Training Centre in Srinagar." International Journal of Public Health Science (IJPHS) 7, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijphs.v7i1.8398.

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The current study was designed to identify the morbidity pattern of out-patients attending Urban Health Training Centre in an urban area of a medical college in Srinagar, Pauri Garhwal district, Uttarakhand, North India. The present study record-based retrospective study was conducted among the out-patients attending the regular clinic at the Urban Health Training Centre, of a medical college in Srinagar city of Uttarakhand State of North India during the study period of one year in 2014. Data was retrieved from the OPD registers maintained at the clinic. Data was collected pertaining to socio-demographic profile, morbidity details and treatment pattern. Diseases were identified using the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) code. Descriptive analysis was done. During the study period, a total of 9343 subjects attended the OPD. Among them, majority of them (60%) were females. More than half (56 %) belonged to the age group of 35-65 year age-group. The association of disease classification was found to be statistically significant with respect to gender. The leading morbidity of communicable disease was found to be certain infectious and parasitic diseases especially Typhoid whereas musculoskeletal system and connective tissue disorders were the most common cause among morbidity due to NCDs. Out of all, typhoid was found to cause maximum of morbidity among the subjects. The present study highlights the morbidity pattern of communicable and NCDs among the population of hilly areas of Garhwal, Uttarakhand India. Priority should be preferred for the regular tracking of diseases in terms of preventive and promotive aspects. Morbidity in the out- door clinics reflects the emerging trend of mixed disease spectrum burden comprising communicable and non-communicable diseases.

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Charani, Esmita, Aubrey J. Cunnington, AlaEldin H. A. Yousif, Mohammed Seed Ahmed, Ammar E. M. Ahmed, Souad Babiker, Shahinaz Badri, et al. "In transition: current health challenges and priorities in Sudan." BMJ Global Health 4, no. 4 (August 2019): e001723. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001723.

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A recent symposium and workshop in Khartoum, the capital of the Republic of Sudan, brought together broad expertise from three universities to address the current burden of communicable and non-communicable diseases facing the Sudanese healthcare system. These meetings identified common challenges that impact the burden of diseases in the country, most notably gaps in data and infrastructure which are essential to inform and deliver effective interventions. Non-communicable diseases, including obesity, type 2 diabetes, renal disease and cancer are increasing dramatically, contributing to multimorbidity. At the same time, progress against communicable diseases has been slow, and the burden of chronic and endemic infections remains considerable, with parasitic diseases (such as malaria, leishmaniasis and schistosomiasis) causing substantial morbidity and mortality. Antimicrobial resistance has become a major threat throughout the healthcare system, with an emerging impact on maternal, neonatal and paediatric populations. Meanwhile, malnutrition, micronutrient deficiency and poor perinatal outcomes remain common and contribute to a lifelong burden of disease. These challenges echo the United Nations (UN) sustainable development goals and concentrating on them in a unified strategy will be necessary to address the national burden of disease. At a time when the country is going through societal and political transition, we draw focus on the country and the need for resolution of its healthcare needs.

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Islam, SM Rashed-ul, Farhana Rahman, and Md Mahmudur Rahman Siddiqui. "Bangladesh is Experiencing Double Burden with Infectious Diseases and Non-communicable Diseases (NCD's): An Issue of Emerging Epidemics." Anwer Khan Modern Medical College Journal 5, no. 1 (May 8, 2014): 46–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/akmmcj.v5i1.18844.

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Unlike many low and middle income countries, double burden diseases are serious problem in Bangladesh. Recently, proper understanding and the need for joint interventions against both infectious diseases and non-communicable diseases (NCD's) has been gradually arising. Cardiovascular diseases (CVD's), diabetes, cancers and chronic lung disease are the most frequent NCD's whereas acute respiratory diseases, diarrhoea, neonatal sepsis and malaria are considered as infectious disease so far. Excess calories intake and unhygienic conditions are the most common risk factors, along with genetic predisposition and lifestyle choices. In addition, under nutrition in childhood also affects the human development in many aspects. The key controls of the situations are primary prevention through maintaining healthy life style during all phase of life. Action should focus controlling the risk factors in a unified fashion. Intervention at all levels of society, from communities to governments, private organizations and nongovernmental groups, is crucial for prevention by intensifying awareness of people about a perfect and healthy lifestyle. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/akmmcj.v5i1.18844 Anwer Khan Modern Medical College Journal Vol. 5, No. 1: January 2014, Pages 46-50

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Magnusson, Roger S. "Global Health Governance and the Challenge of Chronic, Non-Communicable Disease." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 38, no. 3 (2010): 490–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2010.00508.x.

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Judging by their contribution to the global burden of death and disability, chronic, non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the most serious health challenge facing the world today. The statistics tell a frightening story. Over 35 million people died from chronic diseases in 2005 — principally cardiovascular disease, cancer, and chronic respiratory disease. Driven by population growth and population ageing, deaths from non-communicable diseases are expected to increase by 17% over the period 2005-2015, accounting for 69% of global deaths by 2030.Cardiovascular disease (CVD), the leading cause of death in all regions except sub-Saharan Africa, is estimated to rise from 17.1 million deaths (2004) to 23.4 million deaths (2030). Cancer deaths will increase from 7.4 million to 11.8 million over the same period. Due to population growth, mergers and acquisitions, and the marketing of global cigarette brands in developing countries, deaths from tobacco will rise from 5.4 million per year (2005), through 6.4 million (2015), to 8.3 million by 2030. These figures include a doubling in tobacco deaths in low- and middle-income countries from 3.4 million to 6.8 million lives annually. By 2015, smoking will cause 50% more deaths than HIV/AIDS.

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Zahorka, Manfred, Curteanu Ala, Sécula Forence, Natalia Zarbailov, Constantin Rimis, Peter Beznec, and Tatjana Buzeti. "Regionalisation of comprehensive care for Non-Communicable Diseases – involving local authorities." International Journal of Integrated Care 19, no. 4 (August 8, 2019): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/ijic.s3179.

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Dhar, Ruchi, and Ritu Kashyap. "A cross-sectional study on non-communicable morbidity among bank employees of Davangere City." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 8, no. 4 (March 25, 2021): 1784. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20211234.

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Background: Bank employees are an occupational group of people, experiencing both sedentary life-style and high level of stress in terms of handling financial aspects in their workplace. Thus, making bank employees vulnerable to develop non- communicable diseases. So far, very few studies have been done on bank employees to highlight the magnitude of Non-communicable morbidity and its risk factors. Hence, this study was undertaken to estimate the prevalence of non-communicable morbidity among the bank employees of Davangere city.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 390 bank employees of Davangere city. All the study subjects were selected by using probability proportionate to size technique. Data was collected by using pre-tested, semi-structure questionnaire. Height, weight, hip circumference, waist circumference and blood pressure were measured and recorded. Data was analyzed by using MS Excel and Open-Epi Info software version 2.2. Statistical test employed was chi-square and weightage of risk factors was calculated by mean.Results: The prevalence of hypertension, diabetes and obesity was 30.3%, 2.1% and 31.8% respectively.Conclusions: This study highlights the burden of non-communicable morbidity among bank employees.

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Capron, Alexander M. "Personal Beliefs Exemption from Mandatory Immunization of Children for School Entry." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 43, S2 (2015): 12–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jlme.12262.

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Public health law courses typically focus a good deal of attention on two related topics: the duty of government agencies to control the spread of communicable diseases and their use of the police power to do so. While governments sometimes take forceful actions in responding to disease outbreaks, they can also act to prevent their occurrence. Indeed, one of the great triumphs of public health in the 20th century was the development of vaccines and their widespread use, which seemed on course to relegate many formerly crippling or deadly diseases to the history books. Particular success occurred with vaccinations against childhood diseases such as polio, smallpox, and measles, outbreaks of which once routinely closed schoolrooms, playgrounds, and community swimming pools. By the last quarter of the century, completion of an elaborate schedule of immunizations was not merely the standard in pediatric practice but an official requirement for school enrollment. As a result, the range of communicable diseases that had once terrified parents had become threats to be feared only in memory.

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ARCHIBUGI, DANIELE, and KIM BIZZARRI. "The Global Governance of Communicable Diseases: The Case for Vaccine R&D." Law & Policy 27, no. 1 (December 23, 2004): 33–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9930.2004.00190.x.

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Dicker, Dror, Silvia Bettini, Nathalie Farpour-Lambert, Gema Frühbeck, Rachel Golan, Gijs Goossens, Jason Halford, et al. "Obesity and COVID-19: The Two Sides of the Coin." Obesity Facts 13, no. 4 (2020): 430–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000510005.

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The World Health Organization declared COVID-19, the infectious disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, a pandemic on March 12, 2020. COVID-19 is causing massive health problems and economic suffering around the world. The European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO) promptly recognised the impact that the outbreak could have on people with obesity. On one side, emerging data suggest that obesity represents a risk factor for a more serious and complicated course of COVID-19 in adults. On the other side, the health emergency caused by the outbreak diverts attention from the prevention and care of non-communicable chronic diseases to communicable diseases. This might be particularly true for obesity, a chronic and relapsing disease frequently neglected and linked to significant bias and stigmatization. The Obesity Management Task Force (OMTF) of EASO contributes in this paper to highlighting the key aspects of these two sides of the coin and suggests some specific actions.

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Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Lenildo de Moura, and Regina Tomie Ivata Bernal. "Differentials in risk factors for chronic non-communicable diseases from the race/color standpoint." Ciência & Saúde Coletiva 20, no. 3 (March 2015): 713–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232015203.16182014.

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This article aims to analyze the differences between the prevalence of risk factors of non-communicable chronic disease by race/color. It is a cross-sectional study using data from a telephone survey of 45,448 adults. Prevalence ratios for chronic disease risk factors by race/color were calculated. After adjustments were made for education and income, race/color differences persisted. Among afro-descendant and mulatto women and mulatto men a higher prevalence ratio was identified of physical activity at work and physical activity at home. Afro-descendant women and mulatto men indulged in less physical inactivity. Mulatto men and women showed a lower prevalence of smoking and consumption of 20 cigarettes daily and lower consumption of fruit and vegetables. A higher consumption of full-fat milk with and beans was observed among afro-descendant and mulatto men. Afro-descendant women had a lower prevalence of drinking and driving. Afro-descendant women and men ate more meat with fat and afro-descendant men suffered more from hypertension. Differences in risk factors by race/color can be explained by cultural aspects, by not fully adjustable socioeconomic differences that determine less access to goods and less opportunities for the afro-descendant population.

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Prakash, Vish. "Global Aspects of Nutrition and Health and Ways to Improve Diet Quality." International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 82, no. 3 (June 1, 2012): 187–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831/a000110.

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The policy of health and wellness in many countries is mostly looked upon from a medical angle, often neglecting food, nutrition and traditional knowledge, with a clear emphasis on food safety. In this aspect the rich biodiversity in the world of traditional and ethnic foods requires a clear attention in fighting not only under-nutrition but also in promoting a food-based approach to good health. Lifestyle-related diseases also require our attention from the point of convenience and foods consumed for their cognitive benefits, using traditional knowledge on the one hand and modern science on the other hand. Perhaps through the approach of Team Nutrition International and Global Networking it is time that the South - South Cooperation must lead to an acceptable solution for the enormous burden of pervasive malnutrition and under-nutrition. Non-communicable diseases are further overpowering families, especially those that are economically impoverished. This review paper addresses some of the issues in overcoming and preventing nutrition-related diseases, and the approach forward in the matter.

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DE CAMPOS, THANA C. "The Traditional Definition of Pandemics, Its Moral Conflations, and Its Practical Implications: A Defense of Conceptual Clarity in Global Health Laws and Policies." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 29, no. 2 (March 11, 2020): 205–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180119001002.

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AbstractThis paper argues that the existing definition of pandemics is not nuanced enough, because it is predicated solely on the criterion of spread, rather than on the criteria of spread and severity. This definitional challenge is what I call ‘the conflation problem’: there is a conflation of two different realities of global health, namely global health emergencies (i.e., severe communicable diseases that spread across borders) and nonemergencies (i.e., communicable or noncommunicable diseases that spread across borders and that may be severe). To put this argument forth, this paper begins by discussing the existing and internationally accepted definition of pandemics, its requirements, as well as its strengths (section 1). Section 2 then considers the problem with the standard definition of pandemics (i.e., the conflation problem) and some examples of it. Finally, section 3 evaluates some practical implications of the conflation problem to then explore conceptual clarity as the adequate solution.

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Caraël, Michel, and Thomas J. Coates. "Social, cultural and political aspects." AIDS 10, Supplement (January 1996): S181–182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002030-199601001-00025.

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Carballo, Manuel, and Ronald Bayer. "Social, cultural and political aspects." AIDS 4, Supp 1 (January 1990): S247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002030-199001001-00039.

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Bayer, Ronald, and Margaret Somerville. "Social, cultural and political aspects." AIDS 5, Supplement (January 1991): 219–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002030-199101001-00030.

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Gilmore, Norbert, and Peter Aggleton. "Social, cultural and political aspects." AIDS 7 (January 1992): S241—S242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002030-199201001-00033.

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Gilmore, Norbert, and Peter Aggleton. "Social, cultural and political aspects." AIDS 7 (January 1993): S241—S242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002030-199301001-00033.

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Mann, Jonathan M. "Social, cultural and political aspects." AIDS 2 (1988): S207–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002030-198800001-00031.

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Uveric-Radovic, Mila. "Health priorities in the city of Novi Sad." Medical review 60, no. 9-10 (2007): 464–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns0710464u.

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Introduction. Health is the expression of two mutually related aspects of the socioecological system - health balance and health potential, which integrate the main aspects of the socioecological paradigm. Responsibility for health. Individuals, families, community members and the local government are of special importance for public health in the city of Novi Sad. Their partnership and collaboration are the key elements of successful public health practices and reduction of health inequalities. Health status of the population of the Novi Sad. Indicators of health status and follow-up of the population of Novi Sad (sample included the population aged 24-74, part of the WHO MONICA project), point to low population growth rate, accelerating trend of population aging, high prevalence of chronic non-communicable diseases and behavioral and biological risk factors related with non-communicable diseases (smoking, physical inactivity, high blood pressure, high cholesterol level). Strategy framework for health promotion. At present situation, in the health policy and in the health care system of the city of Novi Sad, priority has been given to prevention programs and projects aimed at health promotion. Conclusion. Effective implementation of health promotion and prevention programs and projects, followed by close cooperation of medical and non-medical experts, as well as organizations and institutions, is a good base for achieving the main goal - Health for All in the 21st Century. .

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Journal articles on the topic 'Political aspects of Communicable diseases'

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