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Journal articles on the topic 'Political aspects of Genetics'
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1
Lock, Margaret, Susan Cox, and Lori d’Agincourt-Canning. "Social, Political, and Epistemological Aspects of Genetics and Genomics." Public Health Genomics 9, no. 3 (2006): 137–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000092649.
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Ioirysh, A. I., and O. A. Krasovskii. "Legal Aspects of Genetic Engineering." Russian Politics & Law 36, no. 4 (July 1998): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/rup1061-1940360477.
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Anderson, Gwen, and Mary Varney Rorty. "Key Points for Developing an International Declaration on Nursing, Human Rights, Human Genetics and Public Health Policy." Nursing Ethics 8, no. 3 (May 2001): 259–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096973300100800310.
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Human rights legislation pertaining to applications of human genetic science is still lacking at an international level. Three international human rights documents now serve as guidelines for countries wishing to develop such legislation. These were drafted and adopted by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, the Human Genome Organization, and the Council of Europe. It is critically important that the international nursing community makes known its philosophy and practice-based knowledge relating to ethics and human rights, and contributes to the globalization of genetics. Nurses have particular expertise because they serve in a unique role at grass roots level to mediate between genetic science and its application to public health policies and medical interventions. As a result, nurses worldwide need to focus a constant eye on human rights ideals and interpret these within social, cultural, economic and political contexts at national and local levels. The purpose of this article is to clarify and legitimate the need for an international declaration on nursing, human rights, human genetics and public health policy. Because nurses around the world are the professional workforce by which genetic health care services and genetic research protocols will be delivered in the twenty-first century, members of the discipline of nursing need to think globally while acting locally. Above all other disciplines involved in genetics, nursing is in a good position to articulate an expanded theory of ethics beyond the principled approach of biomedical ethics. Nursing is sensitive to cultural diversity and community values; it is sympathetic to and can introduce an ethic of caring and relational ethics that listen to and accommodate the needs of local people and their requirements for public health.
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Maulina, Intan, and Bilferi Hutapea. "URBAN SOCIETY IN ROANNE VAN VOORST’S NOVEL TEMPAT TERBAIK DI DUNIA." AICLL: ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE 2, no. 1 (July 29, 2019): 52–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.30743/aicll.v2i1.63.
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This research is aimed at showing urban society fosucing on the social aspects taking place at Bantaran Kali. The social aspects cover economic, political, econimic, religious, criminal and cultural aspects prevailing in the urban society at Bantaran Kali reflected in Roanne Van Voorst’s novel, Tempat Terbaik di Dunia. This research was conducted by using the sociology of literature approach, and the data analysis technique used in this study was genetic structuralism methods. The research results shows that the economic aspects focusing on the conditions of the people who glorify those who have Portofon, and those of the poor at Bantaran Kali were clearly reflected in chapters 1 and 2. Then in chapters 2 and 3, the story of the government's ignorance of the Bantaran people was vividly exposed. In these chapters, the thick political aspects which ultimately cause disasters and harm to other communities were illustrated in detail manners. In chapter 4, the economic aspects and poverty were again the most reflected aspects of the whole chapters, where the people of Bantaran Kali must accept the unfortunate fate that befalls them. Then, the religious aspect was described in chapter 5, and the criminal aspects taking place at Bantaran Kali were clearly reflected in chapter 6. The cultural aspect was illustrated in in chapter 7.
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Russell, Alan. "Actor-networks, international political economy and risk in genetic manipulation." New Genetics and Society 18, no. 2-3 (December 1999): 157–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14636779908656897.
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Gowdy, John M. "Economic and biological aspects of genetic diversity." Society & Natural Resources 6, no. 1 (January 1993): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08941929309380804.
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Underkuffler, Laura S. "Human Genetics Studies: The Case for Group Rights." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 35, no. 3 (2007): 383–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2007.00162.x.
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During the past 20 years, the importance of human genetic information has exploded. Whether sought for medical treatment, disease prediction studies, cultural studies, or the general study of human origins, human genetic information is now viewed as crucial for scientific research and general attempts at human understanding.With the importance of genetic information have come bitter battles over its control. The demonstrated power of human genetic information has moved the issue of its “ownership” from the realm of musty academic musings to protracted political and legal battles among “source” individuals, researchers, commercial concerns, government agencies, and others. Whether collected through targeted scientific studies, “discarded” biological tissue, initial charitable bequest, or other means, genetic information and the biological materials in which it is contained have become the subject of protracted legal battles for control and intense social and ethical controversy.
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Gausemeier, Bernd. "Genetics as a Modernization Program: Biological Research at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institutes and the Political Economy of the Nazi State." Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences 40, no. 4 (2010): 429–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/hsns.2010.40.4.429.
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During the Third Reich, the biological institutes of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society (KWG, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft) underwent a substantial reorganization and modernization. This paper discusses the development of projects in the fields of biochemical genetics, virus research, radiation genetics, and plant genetics that were initiated in those years. These cases exemplify, on the one hand, the political conditions for biological research in the Nazi state. They highlight how leading scientists advanced their projects by building close ties with politicians and science-funding organizations and companies. On the other hand, the study examines how the contents of research were shaped by, and how they contributed to, the aims and needs of the political economy of the Nazi system. This paper therefore aims not only to highlight basic aspects of scientific development under Nazism, but also to provide general insights into the structure of the Third Reich and the dynamics of its war economy.
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Dodd, Michael D., Amanda Balzer, Carly M. Jacobs, Michael W. Gruszczynski, Kevin B. Smith, and John R. Hibbing. "The political left rolls with the good and the political right confronts the bad: connecting physiology and cognition to preferences." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 367, no. 1589 (March 5, 2012): 640–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0268.
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We report evidence that individual-level variation in people's physiological and attentional responses to aversive and appetitive stimuli are correlated with broad political orientations. Specifically, we find that greater orientation to aversive stimuli tends to be associated with right-of-centre and greater orientation to appetitive (pleasing) stimuli with left-of-centre political inclinations. These findings are consistent with recent evidence that political views are connected to physiological predispositions but are unique in incorporating findings on variation in directed attention that make it possible to understand additional aspects of the link between the physiological and the political.
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Xafis, Vicki, G. Owen Schaefer, Markus K. Labude, Yujia Zhu, Soren Holm, Roger Sik-Yin Foo, Poh San Lai, and Ruth Chadwick. "Germline genome modification through novel political, ethical, and social lenses." PLOS Genetics 17, no. 9 (September 9, 2021): e1009741. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1009741.
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Much has been written about gene modifying technologies (GMTs), with a particularly strong focus on human germline genome editing (HGGE) sparked by its unprecedented clinical research application in 2018, shocking the scientific community. This paper applies political, ethical, and social lenses to aspects of HGGE to uncover previously underexplored considerations that are important to reflect on in global discussions. By exploring 4 areas—(1) just distribution of HGGE benefits through a realist lens; (2) HGGE through a national interest lens; (3) “broad societal consensus” through a structural injustice lens; and (4) HGGE through a scientific trustworthiness lens—a broader perspective is offered, which ultimately aims to enrich further debates and inform well-considered solutions for developments in this field. The application of these lenses also brings to light the fact that all discussions about scientific developments involve a conscious or unconscious application of a lens that shapes the direction of our thinking.
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Rowan, Andrew N., and Karl A. Andrutis. "Alternatives: A Socio-political Commentary from the USA." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 18, no. 1_part_1 (November 1990): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119299001800102.1.
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The socio-political aspects of the alternatives concept in research and toxicity testing is discussed, primarily from a US perspective. A history of the alternatives concept is provided, describing some of the events which occurred in Europe and the UK in the 1970s/1980s. British Home Office statistics on animal use, showing its decline from 1976, are included. The recent history of the debate over the alternatives concept in the US is discussed, including Congressional action, NIH attitudes, and the Draize campaign. Current attitudes toward alternatives in the US, and the issues surrounding their adoption and use in toxicity testing and in biomedical research, are presented.
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Hatemi, Peter K., Enda Byrne, and Rose McDermott. "Introduction: What is a ‘gene’ and why does it matter for political science?" Journal of Theoretical Politics 24, no. 3 (June 18, 2012): 305–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0951629812437752.
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A recent stream of influential research suggests that the inclusion of behavioral genetic models can further inform our understanding of political preferences and behaviors. But it has often remained unclear what these models mean, or how they might matter for the broader discourse in the political science literature. The initial wave of behavioral genetic research focused on foundational discovery, and has begun to outline the basic properties of genetic influence on political traits, while a second wave of research has begun to link genetic findings to broader aspects of political behaviors. In the introduction to this special issue, we explicate how genes operate, the most common forms of behavioral genetic analyses, and their recent applications toward political behaviors. In so doing, we discuss what these findings mean for political science, and describe how best to interpret them. We note potential limitations of behavioral genetic approaches and remain cautious against the overextension of such models. The five articles that follow strive to move beyond discovery and focus more on the integration of behavioral genetic models with mainstream theories of political behavior to analyze problems of interest to political scientists.
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Ковальська-Павелко, І. М. "Mental based on the historical memory of the Ukrainian people: the political aspect." Problems of Political History of Ukraine, no. 14 (June 12, 2019): 231–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.33287/11920.
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On the basis of the conducted genetic analysis, it was established that the system-forming features of the political mentality of the Ukrainian people, which are directly reproduced in historical memory, include the introversiveness of higher mental functions in the perception of the surrounding reality, the cordocentrism, the predominance of the emotional-sensory over the intellectually-volitional principle, the anarchist individualism, inferiority as a type of self-esteem. The stage of transformation of political mentality of the Ukrainian people – the period of paganism and christianization of Kievan Rus, the Cossack period, the period of bourgeois transformations, the Soviet period and the modern period. Selfgoverning potentials are key aspects of the political mentality of the Ukrainian people and an integral part of its historical image. The following mental characteristics are highlighted, such as the psychology of the hardworking master, the ability to find various individual and public forms of rational management, the desire for freedom, the free self-action of an independent person, the high degree of socio-political self-organization, people’s legal consciousness, the ability to public and political creativity of the masses, and others. Systemically important factor of political mentality of the Ukrainian people is aetatic guidelines arising under negative attitude to the Ukrainian authorities, which embody their oppressors. This direction today is transformed into a permanent alienation of Ukrainians from political power in general. Determined that the enslaved nation becomes the object of a long political domination of several states or under foreign influence gets some of its territory, the various parts of one ethnic group produce special features of mentality. On this basis, the specificity of the political culture of different national regions is formed, which becomes a serious obstacle to the construction of a communal state. That is, Ukraine in the mental aspect is characterized by considerable variability. Key words: historical memory, political mentality, stages of the transformation of the mentality of the Ukrainian people, selfgoverning aspects of political mentality, deformation of political mentality, aetatic character of political mentality.
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Williams, K. A., and D. E. Williams. "Evolving Political Issues Affecting International Exchange of Arachis Genetic Resources." Peanut Science 28, no. 2 (January 1, 2001): 132–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3146/i0095-3679-28-2-15.
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Abstract While plant genetic resources continue to be essential for world food security, the exchange of these resources between countries has become increasingly encumbered during recent years. The free and open access to genetic resources that previously was considered the “common heritage of mankind” has been fundamentally changed by international multilateral agreements that recognize national sovereignty over genetic resources. Since the entry into force of the Convention on Biological Diversity in 1993, many countries have implemented laws regulating access to their genetic resources. The development of legislation in several countries comprising the primary areas of origin and diversity of Arachis makes issues associated with germplasm exchange particularly relevant to investigators working with peanut. This paper describes some recent USDA experiences with obtaining access in Latin American countries harboring peanut genetic resources. Also discussed are implications and prospects for future international germplasm exchange, including aspects of collaborative research and benefit sharing with germplasm donor countries. Within this new political climate, the establishment of mutually beneficial precedents for accessing foreign genetic resources will be crucial for ensuring the continued exchange, conservation, and use of Arachis germplasm in the future.
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Mayer, Stefanie, Peter Biegelbauer, Erich Griessler, and Sosuke Iwae. "Dealing with complex matters: the political regulation of genetic testing and genetic counseling in Austria, Germany and Japan." New Genetics and Society 28, no. 4 (December 2009): 363–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14636770903339928.
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Sedady, Fatima, and Mohammad Ali Beheshtinia. "A novel MCDM model for prioritizing the renewable power plants’ construction." Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 30, no. 2 (March 11, 2019): 383–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/meq-05-2018-0102.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to propose a new multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) technique to determine the priority of renewable power plants construction conceding technical, economic, social, political and environmental aspects. Design/methodology/approach First, a comprehensive set of 5 main criteria of technical, economic, social, political and environmental are considered for renewable power plants construction, each including 5 sub-criteria (a total of 25 sub-criteria). Then, the analytic hierarchy process method is used to determine the weight of the criteria. Finally, a new MCDM technique proposed to prioritize the construction of renewable power plants, named TOPKOR. To demonstrate the capability of the proposed method, a case study is conducted in which six types of renewable power plants are evaluated. Findings Comparison results of the main criteria weights show that the “economic” [0.403], “environmental” [0.296] and “technical” [0.17] aspects have the highest importance, respectively. The results also show that solar, hydroelectric and wave and tidal power plants have the highest priority for construction, respectively. Research limitations/implications The result of this research could be useful for related decision makers in construction of the renewable power plants to have a comprehensive set of criteria in technical, economic, social, political and environmental aspects in their decision process. Originality/value This research provides a comprehensive set of criteria and sub-criteria for prioritizing the renewable power plants. Moreover, a new hybrid MCDM technique is introduced for prioritizing the construction of power plants.
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Miceli, Bruna Sarpa, and Marcelo Borges Rocha. "Analysis of the Language of Scientific Divulgation Texts Related to Genetics Inserted in the Biology Textbook." Acta Scientiae 21, no. 4 (September 4, 2019): 20–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17648/acta.scientiae.v21iss4id4960.
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The Scientific Divulgation texts (SD), when inserted in Biology textbooks, are capable to help to bring students closer to scientific knowledge, especially in relation to Genetics, which is still seen as a difficult discipline to understand and which is linked to ethical, social, political and cultural issues. In this way, it was questioned the aspects of the language when the SD texts are inserted in the Biology textbooks. Thus, the goals of this research was to analyze the language presented by SD texts related to Genetics present in the Biology textbooks. In this sense, 17 texts were selected from a collection of textbook and were analyzed based on the presence of metaphors, analogies, explanatory terms and conceptual errors. The results indicated that the most of the texts presented linguistic resources and that they were used with the intention to facilitate the student's understanding of this theme. It was concluded that maintaining these resources, we could contribute to bring the reader closer to knowledge about Science.
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Glasner, Peter. "Cellular division: social and political complexity in Indian stem cell research." New Genetics and Society 28, no. 3 (September 2009): 283–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14636770903151976.
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Cassen, Robert, Leon Feinstein, and Philip Graham. "Educational Outcomes: Adversity and Resilience." Social Policy and Society 8, no. 1 (January 2009): 73–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474746408004600.
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In the context of risk and resilience, the paper attempts to integrate three strands of research: genetic and mental-health factors, the findings of cohort studies and those of other investigations of educational outcomes. A very wide range of factors, many of them related to disadvantage, bear on such outcomes, but none deterministically. Intelligence, conduct and emotional disorders are all found to influence academic achievement to varying degrees, as do a number of aspects of family, school and the wider social environment. Aspects that contribute to resilience are identified, and the paper concludes with a discussion of interventions to enhance resilience.
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Lazic-Konjik, Ivana, and Stana Ristic. "Concept of the folk in the dictionaries of the Serbian (Serbo-Croatian) language." Bulletin de l'Institut etnographique 68, no. 2 (2020): 453–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gei2002453l.
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The paper analyzes the concept of the FOLK in the Serbian language in accordance with the methodological foundations of the Lublin Ethnolinistic School. The introduction gives an overview of selected papers dealing with the terminological and theoretical aspects of the concepts FOLK, NATION and COUNTRY, as basic socio-political categories, with the aim of comparing the naive linguistic picture of these concepts with their conception in contemporary anthropological, sociological and political approaches. In the main part of the article, the systemic language material from all the relevant dictionaries of the Serbian (Serbo-Croatian language) is considered on the data related to the main lexem folk, wich names the concept, its synonyms, hypernyms, co-hyponyms, semantic and grammatical derivatives, attributes and collocations. It was found that the seme of ?community? (of people) appears as the superior term (hypernym) for this concept in the definitions. The content of the concept of the FOLK has been reconstructed by pointing to relevant aspects (biological/genetic, social/political/ economic, physical) and thus reffering to basic values that are generally positive in the Serbian language.
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Hiz, Meliha Merve, and Cüneyt Aki. "The Nightmare: Genetically Modified Organisms as Alien Species." Transylvanian Review of Systematical and Ecological Research 16, no. 1 (May 1, 2015): 135–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/trser-2015-0008.
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AbstractBiotechnological applications in medicine, industry and agriculture allow the economic production of important products, thus influencing national economy and revenue. Genetic modifications on microorganisms, plants and animals are major techniques to produce a desirable trait or product in biotechnological applications. However, GMOs also give rise to severe debate on aspects such as safety and environmental impact of transgenic products. In general these controversies arise as a result of misinformation. Ethical, legal and socially acceptable aspects of GMOs are strongly influenced by social, economic and political conditions, owing to the strong economic impact of high incomes for biotechnology companies
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Carslake, David, Wyn Grant, Laura E. Green, Jonathan Cave, Justin Greaves, Matt Keeling, John McEldowney, Habtu Weldegebriel, and Graham F. Medley. "Endemic cattle diseases: comparative epidemiology and governance." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 366, no. 1573 (July 12, 2011): 1975–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0396.
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Cattle are infected by a community of endemic pathogens with different epidemiological properties that invoke different managerial and governmental responses. We present characteristics of pathogens that influence their ability to persist in the UK, and describe a qualitative framework of factors that influence the political response to a livestock disease. We develop simple transmission models for three pathogens (bovine viral diarrhoea virus, bovine herpesvirus and Mycobacterium avium spp. paratuberculosis ) using observed cattle movements, and compare the outcomes to an extensive dataset. The results demonstrate that the epidemiology of the three pathogens is determined by different aspects of within- and between-farm processes, which has economic, legal and political implications for control. We consider how these pathogens, and Mycobacterium bovis (the agent of bovine tuberculosis), may be classified by the process by which they persist and by their political profile. We further consider the dynamic interaction of these classifications with pathogen prevalence and with the action taken by the government.
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Lachmann, Peter. "Genetic and Cultural Evolution: From Fossils to Proteins, and from Behaviour to Ethics." European Review 18, no. 3 (July 2010): 297–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798710000050.
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At the end of the Darwin bicentenary year it may be thought that there is little more left to say on the subject of evolution, but there are some aspects that still deserve further elaboration. There are several, largely non-overlapping, sets of evolutionary scientists – for example, the palaeontologists who are particularly interested in fossils and in the evolution of structure; the biochemists and molecular biologists who are interested in the molecular aspects of evolution; and the sociobiologists who include cultural evolution in their field of interest. The Darwin celebrations, reflecting his own scientific interests, have been dominated by the palaeontological approach and other approaches may have been somewhat neglected.
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Kazmir, Lyubomyr P. "Conceptual aspects of modernization of the industrial development management system in Ukraine." Regional Economy, no. 4(98) (December 2020): 115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.36818/1562-0905-2020-4-14.
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Globalization of the economy, revolutionary technological changes in production processes, and trade liberalization necessitate the deepening of research on theoretical and methodological aspects of the formation of new models to manage industrial development. The paper highlights a number of theoretical provisions that can serve as conceptual guidelines for the modernization of the industrial management system in Ukraine in the context of modern globalization and technological challenges. In particular, the paper emphasizes that the intellectualization of industrial production necessitates the intellectualization of management processes. The specifics of strategizing the innovative development of the industry are considered. Recommendations for the formation of a "scientific and information shell" of the management system based on the coordination of government, business, educational and scientific institutions, NGOs in the modernization of industrial policy and implementation of a new model of industrial development management are suggested. The basic functions of modernization of the industrial management system (worldview, epistemological, genetic, adaptive, social, economic, ecological, and political) are highlighted. The fundamental schemes to implement the new model of management of industrial development and its intellectualization at the macro level are offered. The importance of the regional level of modernization of industrial development management is noted. In this context, the concept of «smart specialization» based on the idea of taking full account of the benefits and capacity of a particular region, and «good governance» concept is emphasized to deserve special attention.
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Hutin, Anatoly F., and Marina V. Bryantseva. "Nazism, fascism, nationalism: analytical approach to conceptual historical categories in the study of humanitarian discipline." Problems of Modern Education (Problemy Sovremennogo Obrazovaniya), no. 2, 2020 (2020): 66–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.31862/2218-8711-2020-2-66-76.
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The article discusses some theoretical aspects of the social policy of the state, conceptual categories from the perspective of teaching humanitarian historical disciplines at the university, shows the negativity of Nazism, fascism and nationalism as unacceptable socio-political phenomena for the development of a civilized society, social structure, which is relevant not only in a cognitive sense, from the point of view of the analytics of the problem, which is extremely important, but necessary in order to form a historical and genetic memory of the people, a correct assessment of the events of the historical past and present, analysis and forecasting of the near future in terms of preventing social and political conflicts in society, as well as with the aim of increasing the general level of training of highly qualified personnel in the direction “Pedagogical Education”.
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Görg, Christoph, and Ulrich Brand. "Konflikte um das "grüne Gold der Gene"." PROKLA. Zeitschrift für kritische Sozialwissenschaft 32, no. 129 (December 1, 2002): 631–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.32387/prokla.v32i129.691.
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In the last years an international legal framework evolved m the field of biodiversity, its protection and use. Accesses to genetic resources and mtellectual property nghts for developed commodities are fundamental for dominant actors and therefore these two aspects are central in political processes. Other aspects as nghts of mdlgenous peoples or benefit sharing have much less importance. Central institutions to regulate the highly contested issues are the Convention on Biological Diversity, the TRIPS agreement m the wro as well as the FAO which are not at all coherent in their policies. Agamst the background of regulation and critical state theory the article examines the contradictory role of the nation-state and international institutions in international biodiversity politics and examines central conflicts lines. Weaker actors try to politicise the struggle under the concept of "biopiracy" accusing dominant actors of an illegitimate appropriation of biodiversity. Fmally, some preconditions of "democratic biodiversity politics" are outlined.
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Robert, Dominique, and Martin Dufresne. "The social uses of DNA in the political realm or how politics constructs DNA technology in the fight against crime." New Genetics and Society 27, no. 1 (March 2008): 69–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14636770701843675.
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Buctuanon, Elisa Mutia. "Globalization of biotechnology: The agglomeration of dispersed knowledge and information and its implications for the political economy of technology in developing countries." New Genetics and Society 20, no. 1 (April 2001): 25–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14636770124005.
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Panofsky, Aaron, and Joan Donovan. "Genetic ancestry testing among white nationalists: From identity repair to citizen science." Social Studies of Science 49, no. 5 (July 2, 2019): 653–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306312719861434.
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White nationalists have a genetic essentialist understanding of racial identity, so what happens when using genetic ancestry tests (GATs) to explore personal identities, they receive upsetting results they consider evidence of non-white or non-European ancestry? Our answer draws on qualitative analysis of posts on the white nationalist website Stormfront, interpreted by synthesizing the literatures on white nationalism and GATs and identity. We show that Stormfront posters exert much more energy repairing individuals’ bad news than using it to exclude or attack them. Their repair strategies combine anti-scientific, counter-knowledge attacks on the legitimacy of GATs and quasi-scientific reinterpretations of GATs in terms of white nationalist histories. However, beyond individual identity repair they also reinterpret the racial boundaries and hierarchies of white nationalism in terms of the relationships GATs make visible. White nationalism is not simply an identity community or political movement but should be understood as bricoleurs with genetic knowledge displaying aspects of citizen science.
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Asscher, Eva C. A. "The regulation of preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) in the Netherlands and the UK: a comparative study of the regulatory frameworks and outcomes for PGD." Clinical Ethics 3, no. 4 (December 2008): 176–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/ce.2008.008036.
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Developments in biotechnology present difficult social and ethical challenges that need to be resolved by regulators among others. One crucial problem for regulators of new technologies is to ensure that regulation is both clear and sufficiently flexible to respond to new developments. This is particularly difficult to achieve in contentious fields such as medical biotechnology. In the European Union there is a divergence in the solutions to this problem which has lead to different regulatory frameworks for medical biotechnology. This paper compares and contrasts the British and Dutch regulatory frameworks for the selection of embryos by preimplantation genetic diagnosis as an example of the regulation of medical biotechnology. Some of the outcomes of the regulatory choices and possible reasons behind the divergent frameworks are discussed, such as the ethical outlooks and political systems in these countries.
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Bell, Edward, Christian Kandler, and Rainer Riemann. "Genetic and environmental influences on sociopolitical attitudes." Politics and the Life Sciences 37, no. 2 (2018): 236–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pls.2018.17.
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A new paradigm has emerged in which both genetic and environmental factors are cited as possible influences on sociopolitical attitudes. Despite the increasing acceptance of this paradigm, several aspects of the approach remain underdeveloped. Specifically, limitations arise from a reliance on a twins-only design, and all previous studies have used self-reports only. There are also questions about the extent to which existing findings generalize cross-culturally. To address those issues, this study examined individual differences in liberalism/conservatism in a German sample that included twins, their parents, and their spouses and incorporated both self- and peer reports. The self-report findings from this extended twin family design were largely consistent with previous research that used that rater perspective, but they provided higher estimates of heritability, shared parental environmental influences, assortative mating, and genotype-environment correlation than the results from peer reports. The implications of these findings for the measurement and understanding of sociopolitical attitudes are explored.
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Segal, Nancy L. "Twin Data: The Lives That Drive the Findings/Twin Research Reviews: Twin Concordance for Kleine–Levin Syndrome; Twin Study of Political Discussion; Twin Relationship Quality and Urinary Cortisol Level; Twin Research Guide/In the News: Twins’ Same Day Deliveries; Death of a Twin Holocaust Survivor; Identical Vindman Twins; Twin Festival in France; Tiniest Twins." Twin Research and Human Genetics 23, no. 1 (February 2020): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/thg.2020.9.
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AbstractTwin data and the results generated by research are driven by the behavioral and physical attributes of twin participants. However, many investigators working with twin data have limited personal contact with actual twin-pairs. This situation may be limiting with respect to interpretation of results and formulation of new hypotheses. In an attempt to rectify this issue, key aspects of the interconnected lives of co-twins in three monozygotic male twin-pairs are presented. The section that follows includes a review of twin research on Kleine–Levin syndrome, political discussion, twin relationship quality and urinary cortisol level, and guidelines for determining sample sizes. The final part of this report presents twin-related news items relating to twins’ same day deliveries, death of a twin Holocaust survivor, the Vindman twins, a twin festival in France and the tiniest twins on record.
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Gunaev, Evgeniy A. "Восстановление автономий репрессированных народов Калмыкии и Северного Кавказа в конце 1950-х гг. и проблема реабилитации: дискуссионные вопросы в современной российской историографии." Oriental Studies 14, no. 1 (April 5, 2021): 74–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2021-53-1-74-86.
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Introduction. The late 1950s restoration of autonomies for the repressed peoples is an important era in the history of those ethnic statehoods. Still, even over 60 years thereafter quite a number of issues remain essentially problematic. And the main question is as follows: Can one interpret the late 1950s restoration of autonomies for the repressed peoples of Southern Russia as a rehabilitation? Materials and Methods. The study analyzes a number of scholarly Russian historiographical publications examining the mentioned period, and employs the historical genetic and historical legal methods. Results. The article considers a range of problematic issues, such as substantial features of ‘rehabilitation’ for repressed peoples in the Soviet era, political and historical essentials of the process, general issues of periodization of the rehabilitation (including that of the Soviet era), debating aspects of the phenomenon in respect to the restoration of autonomies, contemporary political and legal aspects related to the Soviet restoration of South Russia’s ethnic autonomies. Conclusions. In Russian historiography, there is a consensus as to the identification of the period of the restoration of autonomies for the repressed peoples as a rehabilitation, though incomplete one. The paper shows observation of the principle of historicism presupposes this period be viewed in a general context of the whole Soviet era that witnessed the rehabilitation of repressed peoples pinnacled with the rehabilitation decrees of perestroika. Since 1992 there emerged a new — Russian — stage of the rehabilitation. As for critical notes on outdated norms of the RSFSR Law On the Rehabilitation of Repressed Peoples, it seems evident that the agenda of its complete implementation was never actualized by federal government agencies since the mid-1990s. It is possible that another law be created in future to comprise the rehabilitation experiences of the Soviets, including that of the initial stage from the late 1950s. This would require explicit political and legal assessments of the repressed peoples’ rehabilitation in a historical perspective.
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Bohman, Michael. "Nature and Nurture Lessons from Swedish Adoption Surveys." Adoption & Fostering 21, no. 2 (July 1997): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030857599702100206.
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The following article by Professor Michael Bohman begins with a brief historical analysis of child development theory in relation to adoption and fostering after the end of the Second World War. The author goes on to review research findings from a series of Swedish adoption surveys which began under his supervision in the 1960s and continue to this day. Much attention is given to the significance of genetic and environmental factors towards shaping the development of adopted children into adulthood. Problems of social and psychological adjustment are discussed, as are the genetic aspects of criminality and alcohol misuse in a group of adult adopted people.
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deKoninck, Vanessa. "Encounters on the Frontier: Banteng in Australia’s Northern Territory." Society & Animals 22, no. 1 (2014): 26–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685306-12341317.
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Abstract This paper considers the case of an introduced species that resides in what is now a jointly managed national park in the north of tropical Australia. Banteng (Bos javanicus) are a peculiar feral nonhuman animal in that they constitute a potential environmental threat within the domestic conservation goals of the park, but they also hold the prospect of being a major genetic resource in the international conservation of the species. Thus, perspectives on the use and management of these animals are varied between different actors in the park landscape, and are subject to fluctuations over time, especially in response to wider social and political circumstances. This paper argues that seemingly objective views of these animals are actually a series of subjectivities, which have less to do with any concrete aspects of the animals themselves and more to do with the way that particular people orient themselves toward, and within, the landscape.
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Jacobs, Bette, Jason Roffenbender, Jeff Collmann, Kate Cherry, LeManuel Lee Bitsói, Kim Bassett, and Charles H. Evans. "Bridging the Divide between Genomic Science and Indigenous Peoples." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 38, no. 3 (September 2010): 684–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2010.00521.x.
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The new science of genomics endeavors to chart the genomes of individuals around the world, with the dual goals of understanding the role genetic factors play in human health and solving problems of disease and disability. From the perspective of indigenous peoples and developing countries, the promises and perils of genomic science appear against a backdrop of global health disparity and political vulnerability. These conditions pose a dilemma for many communities when attempting to decide about participating in genomic research or any other biomedical research. Genomic research offers the possibility of improved technologies for managing the acute and chronic diseases that plague their members. Yet, the history of biomedical research among people in indigenous and developing nations offers salient examples of unethical practice, misuse of data and failed promises. This dilemma creates risks for communities who decide either to participate or not to participate in genomic science research.
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Walker, Mark. "In defense of the Genetic Virtue Program: A rejoinder." Politics and the Life Sciences 29, no. 1 (March 2010): 90–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2990/29_1_90.
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The target paper of this invited forum has a vaulting ambition: to convince readers that we ought to attempt to reduce evil in our world by constructing an interdisciplinary program, which I call the Genetic Virtue Program (GVP), to enhance the biological aspects of virtue. Most of the contributors to this forum are not sympathetic to the project—to put it mildly. Yet, one of the surprising things, at least to this author, is that comparatively little is said about the paper's overall ambition. Jamie Bronstein offers the idea that better socialization may be key: “No one would argue that there have not also been great evils; but the historical record doesn't support the level of improbability for further moral improvement through socialization that Walker would like to assign.” However, nowhere do I claim that there is no prospect for further moral improvement through socialization. Indeed, in recently published work I specifically recommend that we improve socialization efforts to enhance virtue by tracking prosocialization efforts.
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Williams, C. K. "Development and use of virus-vectored immunocontraception." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 9, no. 1 (1997): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/r96063.
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Virus-vectored immunocontraception (VVIC) is perceived to present biological risks, real or baseless, which create social and political constraints to deploying VVIC for managing vertebrate pests. Developing and deploying VVIC must be justified and address biological, social and political risks. Future needs for pest management will influence deployment of VVIC. Projections of human society and pest impact on agriculture and conservation suggest increasing need for cost-beneficial strategies. Best strategies are likely to integrate various methods, possibly including forms of VVIC. Processes identifying future pest impacts and roles for VVIC are shown using the rabbit in Australia. Present research developing VVIC aims to test physiological feasibility, to develop it for specific pests, and address aspects of ecological feasibility. Minimizing biological risks through choosing species-specific antigens and, if possible, viral vectors, is central and overseen by regulatory authorities. International collaborators study related valued species to develop protective strategies. Excellent science can withstand legal or public challenge to safe and cost-beneficial VVIC if aided by information needed by the public exposed to media distortion of scientific debate, complex argument and concepts of probability and risk. Sound science needs support from strategies for public processes to enable cost-beneficial management of vertebrate pests.
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Tenreiro Machado, J. A., and Maria Eugénia Mata. "Multidimensional Scaling Analysis of the Dynamics of a Country Economy." Scientific World Journal 2013 (2013): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/594587.
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This paper analyzes the Portuguese short-run business cycles over the last 150 years and presents the multidimensional scaling (MDS) for visualizing the results. The analytical and numerical assessment of this long-run perspective reveals periods with close connections between the macroeconomic variables related to government accounts equilibrium, balance of payments equilibrium, and economic growth. The MDS method is adopted for a quantitative statistical analysis. In this way, similarity clusters of several historical periods emerge in the MDS maps, namely, in identifying similarities and dissimilarities that identify periods of prosperity and crises, growth, and stagnation. Such features are major aspects of collective national achievement, to which can be associated the impact of international problems such as the World Wars, the Great Depression, or the current global financial crisis, as well as national events in the context of broad political blueprints for the Portuguese society in the rising globalization process.
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Farrelly, Colin. "How should we theorize about justice in the genomic era?" Politics and the Life Sciences 40, no. 1 (2021): 106–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pls.2021.3.
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AbstractThe sequencing of the human genome and advances in gene therapy and genomic editing, coupled with embryo selection techniques and a potential gerontological intervention, are some examples of the rapid technological advances of the “genetic revolution.” This article addresses the methodological issue of how we should theorize about justice in the genomic era. Invoking the methodology of non-ideal theory, I argue that theorizing about justice in the genomic era entails theorizing about (1) the new inequalities that the genetic revolution could exacerbate (e.g., genetic discrimination, disability-related injustices, and gender inequality), and (2) those inequalities that the genetic revolution could help us mitigate (e.g., the risks of disease in early and late life). By doing so, normative theorists can ensure that we develop an account of justice that takes seriously not only individual rights, equality of opportunity, the cultural and sociopolitical aspects of disability, and equality between the sexes, but also the potential health benefits (to both individuals and populations) of attending to the evolutionary causes of morbidity and disability.
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Herber, Bernard P. "Bioprospecting in Antarctica: the search for a policy regime." Polar Record 42, no. 2 (April 2006): 139–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247406005158.
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This paper aims to elucidate the important economic and political aspects of an extremely complex policy issue involving biological prospecting (bioprospecting) in Antarctica. In addressing this rapidly growing global industry, which searches for commercially valuable biological and genetic resources in a world of biological diversity, it becomes obvious that a critical interface exists between Antarctica and the intertwined bioprospecting policies brought forth during recent decades by two treaties, the Convention on Biological Diversity and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. The analytical framework of the paper builds upon the economic concept of public goods within a political framework of international treaties and law. The concept of a national public good, associated with the sovereignty of a state (nation) over its biological and genetic resources, is the basis of such policy under the Biological Diversity Treaty. In practice, this jurisdiction applies both to the land area of a state and to the exclusive economic zone of a coastal state. The Law of the Sea Treaty, on the other hand, provides both a national public good connotation to exclusive economic zones while creating a global public good connotation for deep seabed mineral resources, with a related potential application to bioprospecting in the deep seabed. While the Antarctic Treaty System possesses several institutions that could be adapted to a bioprospecting policy regime, no such regime has been established up to the present. The paper concludes with a consideration of the critical question: is bioprospecting in Antarctica a national or global public good? While logic would appear to lead one toward the ‘global’ answer, multinational economic and political realities in today's world suggest that either a national public good approach, or a largely unregulated open access approach, is more likely to prevail.
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Suttmeier, Richard P. "Chinese Scientists and Responsibility: Ethical Issues of Human Genetics in Chinese International Contexts. Edited by OLE DÖRING. [Hamburg: Institut für Asienkunde, Mitteilungen des Instituts für Asienkunde, 1999. 257 pp. DM 38.00. ISBN 3-88910-227-1.]." China Quarterly 181 (March 2005): 183–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741005280104.
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It has been more than 80 years since Chinese intellectuals, struggling with the complexities of “science and philosophy of life,” debated the challenges of finding the moral wisdom needed to apply new scientific knowledge in ethically responsible ways. Could a moral compass be found? Would it be discovered in Chinese culture, or would it come from the West?Advances in science and technology during the course of the 20th century have often outpaced progress in understanding “science and philosophy of life.” Nevertheless, the importance of the ethical dimensions of science and technology has increased in all countries, and there is little doubt that the new technologies of the early 21st century are already bestowing on us new moral conundrums. As advanced technologies and scientific research capabilities diffuse around the world, the ethical traditions which inform moral choice seemingly become more heterogeneous, and the need for reasoned, cross-cultural moral discourse increases. The Institut für Asienkunde in Hamburg is therefore to be congratulated for convening the “First International and Interdisciplinary Symposium on Aspects of Medical Ethics in China,” from which the 15 papers in this volume come.There is no easy way to summarize the diversity of views presented in this provocative conference report. The authors include practising scientists from China and students of bioethics from China, Malaysia, Germany and the United States. But, the theme of eugenics – especially the ways in which advances in human genetics affect our moral stance towards eugenics – link a number of the papers. The atrocities of Nazi Germany strongly condition the views of the Western authors. Reacting, perhaps, to China's 1994 Law on Maternal and Infant Health Care, the latter seem to be urging Chinese researchers, medical practitioners, ethicists and policymakers to take the German experience to heart – even as China embraces the promises of the new genetic technologies. Thus, historian Sheila Faith Weiss' “Prelude to the maelstrom,” an informative account of the origins of Nazi eugenics in the 19th and early 20th-century culture of German medicine, is not so subtly subtitled, “A cautionary tale for contemporary China?” The Chinese authors acknowledge this “cautionary tale,” but also speak to the ethical challenges of new genetic technologies from a tradition with its own understandings of how practical knowledge and moral purpose are related, and how individual and collective well-being are reconciled.
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Salava, Hymavathi, Sravankumar Thula, Vijee Mohan, Rahul Kumar, and Fatemeh Maghuly. "Application of Genome Editing in Tomato Breeding: Mechanisms, Advances, and Prospects." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 2 (January 12, 2021): 682. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22020682.
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Plants regularly face the changing climatic conditions that cause biotic and abiotic stress responses. The abiotic stresses are the primary constraints affecting crop yield and nutritional quality in many crop plants. The advances in genome sequencing and high-throughput approaches have enabled the researchers to use genome editing tools for the functional characterization of many genes useful for crop improvement. The present review focuses on the genome editing tools for improving many traits such as disease resistance, abiotic stress tolerance, yield, quality, and nutritional aspects of tomato. Many candidate genes conferring tolerance to abiotic stresses such as heat, cold, drought, and salinity stress have been successfully manipulated by gene modification and editing techniques such as RNA interference, insertional mutagenesis, and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR/Cas9). In this regard, the genome editing tools such as CRISPR/Cas9, which is a fast and efficient technology that can be exploited to explore the genetic resources for the improvement of tomato and other crop plants in terms of stress tolerance and nutritional quality. The review presents examples of gene editing responsible for conferring both biotic and abiotic stresses in tomato simultaneously. The literature on using this powerful technology to improve fruit quality, yield, and nutritional aspects in tomato is highlighted. Finally, the prospects and challenges of genome editing, public and political acceptance in tomato are discussed.
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Borges de Lima, Ismar, and Leszek Buszynski. "Local environmental governance, public policies and deforestation in Amazonia." Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 22, no. 3 (April 19, 2011): 292–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14777831111122888.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the problem of deforestation in Amazonia and the role of the Brazilian government with regard to the capitalist demands and development needs for the region. It offers a brief historical review of public policies and programs for Amazonia, and critically analyzes their conflicting aspects. Local environmental governance (LEG) is proposed as a conceptual framework and a participatory forest management strategy for dealing with the forest destruction.Design/methodology/approachThe paper is a qualitative‐based study which provides a systemic analysis of the process of occupation and the key public policies for Amazonia from over the last decades, particularly during the coup d'état regime. Based on a literature review and official documents, descriptive data are produced which helped in understanding the political phases of the Brazilian government administrations.FindingsThe study identified some participatory‐based, decentralized models of forest management and existing forest regulatory frameworks which can serve as an illustrative sketchy arrangement on how local environmental governance can become operative and serviceable for a sustainable balance between the use of natural resources, conservation and regional planning. These findings can help future investigations on governance models. The research also shows how the Brazilian government has perceived Amazonia throughout the decades and how this perception influenced the implementation of development and settlement policies for the region.Originality/valueThe main focus of this article is the debate on the concept of local environmental governance (LEG) as a tool for empowering the local communities through the decentralization of decision making as well as the attempt to find implemented normative and institutional structures within the Amazonian context which can translate aspects of LEG.
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Okhotskiy, Yevgeny. "Public administration in the political and legal space of modern Ukraine: problems, causes of failures, prospects." Russian Journal of Legal Studies (Moscow) 6, no. 4 (May 26, 2020): 27–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/rjls19001.
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The two-part article examines problems of political-legal basis of effective public administration of modern Ukraine, analyzes the reasons for the failure of the negative consequences of the current system of public administration, presents possible future development of the modern Ukrainian state under the rule of radical nationalism, Russophobia and external political and control action. The author substantiates the necessity of forming a modern legal, professional and moral culture of the management apparatus, mastering the ability to stimulate, create and multiply, but not to slow down and destroy.
The author of the article aims to prove scientifically and on concrete facts that the tasks of modernization and social renewal can be implemented effectively by a highly professional, well-structured, nationally oriented state apparatus, a highly effective and authoritative public service.
The theoretical and methodological basis of the study is a dialectical materialistic approach to the analysis of social phenomena and mechanisms of public administration, both horizontally (genetic aspects) the essence, laws, goals, functions, principles, specific historical manifestations (taking into account the geopolitical and national-country specifics), and vertically (ideals, interests, forms and methods of legal regulation and strategic management influence) on them. A wide range of methods of scientific knowledge is used: comparative-legal, formal-logical, concrete-historical, system-functional.
The article presents the authors analysis of the inconsistency of post-soviet state construction, as well as the features and effectiveness of public administration and the causes of the crisis trend of socio-economic development of modern Ukraine, possible scenarios for future development. It is proved that the current stage of historical development for Ukraine is not just a period of becoming a sovereign state, but a time of revaluation of historical values and an attempt to adapt to the standards of the European way of life. In the meantime, the country is going through an extremely difficult, in fact, systemic crisis stage of state construction.
The author comes to the conclusion that in fact there is no strategically effective management system in modern Ukraine. The task of forming an effective system of public administration remains one of the most urgent tasks. Management goals and measures for their effective implementation must be politically, legally and economically justified, reflect the deep interest of society with the understanding that if a country does not have a strategic goal and no higher meanings, then life turns into a meaningless existence, the state falls into a situation of turbulence, disintegration and dispersion. Therefore, what is planned should be implemented systematically and consistently, in strict accordance with the law and in a healthy moral and political space. The key to success is social trust, strong political leadership, responsibility and constructive action.
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Belén Paredes, Maria, and Maria Eugenia Sulen. "An overview of synthetic biology." Bionatura 5, no. 1 (February 15, 2020): 1088–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.21931/rb/2020.05.01.14.
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Synthetic Biology is the combination of basic sciences with engineering. The aim of Synthetic Biology is to create, design, and redesign biological systems and devices to understand biological processes and to achieve useful and sophisticated functionalities to improve human welfare. When the engineering community took part in the discussion for the definition of Synthetic Biology, the idea of extraction and reassembly of “biological parts” along with the principles of abstraction, modularity, and standardization was introduced. Genetic Engineering is one of the many essential tools for synthetic biology, and even though they share the DNA manipulation basis and approach to intervene in the complexity of molecular biology, they differ in many aspects, and the two terms should not be used interchangeably. Some of the applications that have already been done by Synthetic Biology include the production of 1,4-butanediol (BDO), the antimalarial drug artemisinin, and the anticancer compound taxol. The potential of Synthetic Biology to design new genomes without immediate biological ancestry has raised ontological, political, economic, and ethical concerns based on the possibility that synthetic biology may be intrinsically unethical.
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MacNeil, M. Aaron, Nicholas A. J. Graham, Joshua E. Cinner, Nicholas K. Dulvy, Philip A. Loring, Simon Jennings, Nicholas V. C. Polunin, Aaron T. Fisk, and Tim R. McClanahan. "Transitional states in marine fisheries: adapting to predicted global change." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 365, no. 1558 (November 27, 2010): 3753–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0289.
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Global climate change has the potential to substantially alter the production and community structure of marine fisheries and modify the ongoing impacts of fishing. Fish community composition is already changing in some tropical, temperate and polar ecosystems, where local combinations of warming trends and higher environmental variation anticipate the changes likely to occur more widely over coming decades. Using case studies from the Western Indian Ocean, the North Sea and the Bering Sea, we contextualize the direct and indirect effects of climate change on production and biodiversity and, in turn, on the social and economic aspects of marine fisheries. Climate warming is expected to lead to (i) yield and species losses in tropical reef fisheries, driven primarily by habitat loss; (ii) community turnover in temperate fisheries, owing to the arrival and increasing dominance of warm-water species as well as the reduced dominance and departure of cold-water species; and (iii) increased diversity and yield in Arctic fisheries, arising from invasions of southern species and increased primary production resulting from ice-free summer conditions. How societies deal with such changes will depend largely on their capacity to adapt—to plan and implement effective responses to change—a process heavily influenced by social, economic, political and cultural conditions.
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Chiarolla, Claudio. "Intellectual Property from a Global Environmental Law Perspective: Lessons from Patent Disclosure Requirements for Genetic Resources and Traditional Knowledge." Transnational Environmental Law 8, no. 3 (August 28, 2019): 503–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2047102519000165.
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AbstractThis commentary considers the intellectual property (IP) system from a global environmental law perspective by exploring the extent to which patent-related treaties, such as the World Trade Organization Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights and the World Intellectual Property Organization Patent Cooperation Treaty, can facilitate implementation of global environmental standards in the field of biodiversity law. It provides practical guidance to countries that wish to introduce patent disclosure-related mechanisms into their legal systems with a view to mainstreaming instances of global justice, fairness and equity, and raises awareness of the limitations arising from their extant IP obligations. Global environmental law standards have exercised an undeniable influence on the political discourse in international IP policy making in the field of patent disclosure. Still, many patent disclosure requirements that pre-date the Nagoya Protocol apply only to genetic resources the provenance of which is the same country that established the requirement. However, if a country designates its patent or IP office as a compliance checkpoint under the Nagoya Protocol, then the disclosure requirement should encompass at least the genetic resources originating from all countries that are contracting parties to this instrument. This could allow the fulfilment of a core monitoring obligation of the latter, while enabling wider synergies and transparency within the IP system.
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LUNDBERG, INGVAR. "Early language development as related to the acquisition of reading." European Review 14, no. 1 (January 3, 2006): 65–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798706000068.
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This article reviews research on early linguistic precursors and enabling skills of reading acquisition among young children. Language development starts early in infancy when the child learns to categorize the speech sounds according to the pattern typical of the mother tongue. Equipped with these sound categories the child is ready to learn to segment words from the sound stream and to understand and to use words. The precise phonological representation of words will facilitate the important development of phonological awareness. Some longitudinal research and training studies indicate the causal direction of the relation between phonological awareness and reading. Preventive and remedial implications are pointed out. Preventive effects are related to vocabulary exposure in different social environments and to informal early literacy socialization. In particular, the benefits of reading aloud to children are discussed. The complexity of the causal relationships between different aspects of early language development, including genetic influences and later reading is emphasized.
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König, Inke R., Oliver Fuchs, Gesine Hansen, Erika von Mutius, and Matthias V. Kopp. "What is precision medicine?" European Respiratory Journal 50, no. 4 (October 2017): 1700391. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00391-2017.
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The term “precision medicine” has become very popular over recent years, fuelled by scientific as well as political perspectives. Despite its popularity, its exact meaning, and how it is different from other popular terms such as “stratified medicine”, “targeted therapy” or “deep phenotyping” remains unclear. Commonly applied definitions focus on the stratification of patients, sometimes referred to as a novel taxonomy, and this is derived using large-scale data including clinical, lifestyle, genetic and further biomarker information, thus going beyond the classical “signs-and-symptoms” approach.While these aspects are relevant, this description leaves open a number of questions. For example, when does precision medicine begin? In which way does the stratification of patients translate into better healthcare? And can precision medicine be viewed as the end-point of a novel stratification of patients, as implied, or is it rather a greater whole?To clarify this, the aim of this paper is to provide a more comprehensive definition that focuses on precision medicine as a process. It will be shown that this proposed framework incorporates the derivation of novel taxonomies and their role in healthcare as part of the cycle, but also covers related terms.