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1
Sampaio, J. A. B. "Hazardous Wastes Management in Brazil: The Need for a Regional Synoptic Approach." Water Science and Technology 24, no. 12 (1991): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0364.
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Hazardous wastes management in Brazil is a particularly difficult task to accomplish. The country's enormous area, the lack of tradition on dealing with this subject, few trained people, the high investment costs and the sophisticated technology involved make the regional management of hazardous wastes a mandatory approach to reduce costs and maximize benefits. In order to achieve this goal, a synoptic approach over an entire geographical region on all aspects of hazardous wastes management is proposed. On the other hand, several difficulties are foreseen, some of them in the socio-political arena, requiring a lot of an. environmental diplomacy and competent social communication in order to succeed. Despite the difficulties, there seem to be no options to deal with this problem when simultaneously considering its environmental, technical, and economic aspects.
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Shigeta, Yasuhiro. "The ECJ's 'Hard' Control over Compliance with International Environmental Law: Its Procedural and Substantive Aspects." International Community Law Review 11, no. 3 (2009): 251–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187197309x460555.
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AbstractThis study shows that the ECJ, while not directly applying and interpreting environmental treaties, exercises procedurally and substantively 'hard' control over compliance with EC legislation implementing those treaties, in the fields of nature conservation and hazardous waste management, on certain conditions and within certain limits. This study also shows that the ECJ's acknowledgment of its exclusive jurisdiction on the marine environment as seen in the 2006 MOX Plant case has contradictory effect on its substantively 'hard' control: such acknowledgment, although being a plus factor where there is no Community measure, becomes a minus factor since it in practice means that there already exist Community measures. Although the above observations are also instructive to other international judiciaries' study, structural and situational differences should be considered.
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Mendes, J. M. O. "Legal Aspects of the Disposal of Industrial Wastes on Soil." Water Science and Technology 19, no. 8 (1987): 87–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0047.
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It is, clearly, a Government responsibility to enact laws and promulgate regulations for control of industrial pollution. The main techniques for soil industrial wastes disposal, namely, landfarming and landfilling, profit from the extensive knowledge acquired, in past decades, in the field of water and air pollution control and must be analysed within a comprehensive system for hazardous waste management, with its legal and administrative aspects. This paper presents some general principles of a Hazardous Waste Management System, which are broadly applicable, regardless differences between States or Countries. Finally, it discusses the specific case of Hazardous Wastes Management in the State of Bahia, Brazil and makes some suggestions for its improvement.
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Long, William L. "Economic aspects of transport and disposal of hazardous wastes." Marine Policy 14, no. 3 (1990): 198–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0308-597x(90)90073-z.
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Filip, Gabriela Maria, and Valeria Mirela Brezoczki. "MEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT WITHIN THE INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND PSYCHIATRY HOSPITAL, BAIA MARE." Scientific Bulletin Series D : Mining, Mineral Processing, Non-Ferrous Metallurgy, Geology and Environmental Engineering 32, no. 1 (2018): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.37193/sbsd.2018.1.08.
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The paper presents several aspects of the general theme related to medical waste management and elimination in a health unit in Baia Mare. Therefore, non-hazardous wastes are collected like household wastes, being temporarily stored in euro containers and transported by S.C. DRUSAL S.A. The hazardous wastes are selectively collected in special containers, temporarily stored in an especially laid out storage unit and transported by the S.C. ECO BURN S.R.L company to the "Stery Cycle" Bucuresti waste incineration plan.
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Agbor, Avitus A. "The Ineffectiveness and Inadequacies of International Instruments in Combatting and Ending the Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes and Environmental Degradation in Africa." African Journal of Legal Studies 9, no. 4 (2016): 235–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17087384-12340010.
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Despite the fact that international instruments prohibit such activities, recent recurrent incidents involving the transboundary movement of hazardous wastes on the African continent highlight their inadequacies and ineffectiveness of international law in solving this problem. Despite some noticeable milestones achieved by the Bamako Convention, its shortcomings are conspicuous. In addition, the ban on transboundary movement of hazardous wastes is simply one dimension of the bigger problem faced by (many poor) African countries: poor management of the environment that ranges from water and air pollution, poor disposal of wastes, improper and inadequate treatment of domestically generated hazardous wastes, congestion, noise, and dumping. These international instruments deal with only a dimension of the problem faced by African states. It is argued that additional measures must be taken to complement these efforts. Such measures include the enactment of strong laws and policies, education of the masses and a virile civil society.
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Alderwish, Ahmed M., and Fayad A. Alderwish. "Environmental Aspects of the Accelerated Urbanization in Sana’a, Yemen." Sultan Qaboos University Journal for Science [SQUJS] 16 (December 1, 2011): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/squjs.vol16iss0pp1-12.
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From an environmental viewpoint, the prevailing health problems must be a “first priority” in all major development projects. Public water supply provides only 36% of domestic water. Disinfection of public water supply from the south well field is essential to avoid health problems. About 60% of the drinking water sold by ‘hygienic’ stations is of questionable quality. Expansion and upgrading in hospitals, pharmacies and industries (waste producers) will have an immediate impact on the amount of hazardous waste that will have to be disposed of. To achieve a sustainable urban development and to avoid environment/resources degradation, care should be taken now to monitor and improve handling and management of hazardous waste. Initiating management programs for reducing or preventing the generation of waste during production processes or other operations would be the first step to an economically and environmentally sound way of dealing with hazardous wastes. As complete elimination cannot be realized, ways to recycle the wastes should be sought. Major air pollutants in Sana’a include dust and SPM, carbon monoxide, photochemical oxidants, hydrogen sulfide and ammonia, sulfur oxides and hydrocarbons. The main sources of pollution in the cities are the mobile sources. The emissions of gases from oil consumption are exceeding the permissible level and it is essential that the gases be monitored, at least in the congested areas of the cities. Integration of environmental concerns with economic growth in Yemen should occur at the planning stage, adopting a positive approach and focusing on improvement in the health and welfare of the residents of the program area. Mitigating measures relating to the protection of the urban environment and improving public health must be primary objectives of EIA investigation for any upgrading project within urban areas and any other projects impacting on an urban environment.
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Murphy, Sean D. "Prospective Liability Regimes for the Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes." American Journal of International Law 88, no. 1 (1994): 24–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2204021.
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At the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro, governments decided to cooperate “in an expeditious and more determined manner” to develop international law regarding liability and compensation for transnational environmental damage. UNCED, however, did not decide whether this development should proceed broadly through codification of principles or rules encompassing all types of transnational environmental damage or more narrowly through the establishment of liability and compensation regimes tailored to specific issues of environmental damage.
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Pourahmadi, Amirali, Taghi Ebadi, and Manouchehr Nikazar. "Development a Conceptual Framework for Industrial and Hazardous Wastes Rating Systems." Civil Engineering Journal 2, no. 4 (2016): 140–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2016-00000020.
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Production of a large volume of industrial and hazardous waste with various compositions makes the need for comprehensive management and consequently the concept of waste rating more tangible. Despite numerous waste rating systems presented so far, analyzing the makeup of such systems play a significant role in meeting human health. In this study, the structure of 34 rating systems of industrial and hazardous waste have been analyzed based on both quantitative and qualitative standpoints and the results are presented as a formational-conceptual framework. Results showed that every rating system is formed of two parts of formational fundamentals and functional indices, which the first part has a longitudinal relation with the second. While lowly considered, this study is focusing on the formational fundamental part in the rating systems of industrial and hazardous waste, as intellectual prerequisites in suggesting a new system. Some of the factors in the first level are: dependence of the organization which determines the policy and general goals of a rating system, time of presenting the method during which remarkable changes take place in computing methods of the rating systems, infrastructures and facilities which are efficient in the accuracy and scope of the system and finally references and standards causing variations in definitions and final results of the rating system. Furthermore, factors such as: aspects of the study and style of use are identified in second level of formational fundamentals. Finally, the fundamentals are presented in a formational-conceptual framework for better perceiving and more effective use.
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YU-JOSE, LYDIA N. "Global Environmental Issues: Responses from Japan." Japanese Journal of Political Science 5, no. 1 (2004): 23–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1468109904001306.
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The timing of the Japanese Government's acceptance of the United Nations multilateral treaties governing several environmental concerns indicates Japan's priorities: biodiversity, global warming, and depletion of the ozone layer. Banning transboundary movement of hazardous wastes is the least prioritized, as indicated by Japan's failure to accept the Ban Amendment to the Basel Convention. The Japanese Environment Agency's policy statements and budget allocations between 1985 and 2000, as well as other official statements and programs, likewise indicate the same priorities. Moreover, of the three priorities, global warming is the top.Japan, which has been looking for a niche in world leadership, has found it in global warming concerns. However, it would be hard for it to maintain a leadership role in global environmental concerns if it would not be able to play a proactive role in the more technologically, economically and politically difficult task of banning transboundary movement of hazardous wastes.
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Bailey, Conner, Charles E. Faupel, and Susan F. Holland. "Hazardous wastes and differing perceptions of risk in Sumter county, Alabama." Society & Natural Resources 5, no. 1 (1992): 21–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08941929209380773.
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Falcone, Santa, and Kenneth Orosco. "Coming Through a City Near You: The Transport of Hazardous Wastes." Policy Studies Journal 26, no. 4 (1998): 760–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0072.1998.tb01945.x.
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Abdel-Qader, Selma, and Tanya Lee Roberts-Davis. "Toxic Occupation: Leveraging the Basel Convention in Palestine." Journal of Palestine Studies 47, no. 2 (2018): 28–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jps.2018.47.2.28.
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Reports by UN-affiliated institutions, human rights organizations, academic researchers, and individual community members, as well as Palestine's Environment Quality Authority (EQA), point to the continuing transfer to the West Bank of hazardous wastes from inside Israel, and by illegal Israeli settlement industries operating in the occupied Palestinian territory (oPt). Such transfers occur in contravention of the Geneva Conventions and of binding multilateral environmental agreements such as the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal, to which both Israel and Palestine are party. This article argues that despite inherent limitations, there are opportunities for leveraging the Basel Convention to hold accountable perpetrators, given the severe environmental, health, and human rights consequences of the uncontrolled movement and disposal of waste on the Palestinian population in the oPt. To date, such opportunities have remained largely unexplored both in academia and by broader sectors of civil society.
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Cubel, Pablo. "Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes in International Law: The Special Case of the Mediterranean Area." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 12, no. 4 (1997): 447–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180897x00329.
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AbstractSince the early 1980s different organisations have tried to enact international instruments to control international waste trade. The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal was adopted in 1989 under the auspices of UNEP in order to protect human health and the environment against the adverse effects which may result from the management of waste involved in transboundary movements of hazardous waste and its disposal. The Basel Convention has evolved significantly in eight years-whereas only 35 states and the EC signed the Convention at the time of its adoption, more than 113 states have ratified it as to August 1997. Several other instruments have been developed under the Basel Convention influence. Among those treaties that have been adopted, two deserve special attention. First, the Bamako Convention on the Ban of the Import into Africa and the Control of Transboundary Movement and Management of Hazardous Wastes within Africa adopted in 1991 under the auspices of OAU. Second, the Fourth Lomé Convention adopted by the EC and its member states and 69 African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) states. The first part of this article is devoted to a comparative analysis of those three Conventions. The second part of this article gives an objective analysis of the substantive regulation of the Izmir Protocol while criticising diverse aspects and proposing alternatives in view of the conventions treated in the preceding part.
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Weerasundara, G. Ajith. "A Review of Waste Management in Sri Lanka." Advanced Materials Research 878 (January 2014): 899–911. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.878.899.
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The purpose of this paper is to review the existing waste management practices, regulatory and institutional framework and technologies that are being employed currently for waste management in Sri Lanka in order to understand the magnitude of non-hazardous and hazardous waste problems and how to avoid these problems. This study is mainly based on information collected from literature review covering both municipal solid waste management and hazardous waste management. Sri Lanka has well-developed legislative and well-organized institutional framework with environmental related policies, strategies and guidelines on waste management. Technologies and methods used for waste management are well accepted, but innovative technologies and strategies have to be introduced to streamline and uplift the existing waste management practices. This study also revealed that there is a high potential in private sector involvement in waste management. Considering all these aspects, a detailed comprehensive technical review and potential technology development are necessary to deal with all categories of wastes generated in Sri Lanka.
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Kummer, Katharina. "The International Regulation of Transboundary Traffic in Hazardous Wastes: the 1989 Basel Convention." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 41, no. 3 (1992): 530–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iclqaj/41.3.530.
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Jalkanen, H., H. Oghbasilasie, and K. Raipala. "Recycling of steelmaking dusts: The Radust concept." Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy 41, no. 1 (2005): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmmb0501001j.
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Recycling of dusts and other wastes of steelmaking is becoming to a necessity of two reasons: due to high contents of iron oxides dusts are valuable raw material for steelmaking and tightening environmental legislation makes the landfill disposal of wastes more expensive. Fine dust fractions from various stages of steelmaking route contain besides iron and carbon heavy metals especially zinc and lead and heavy hydrocarbons that are acceptable neither for landfill disposal nor for recycling back to processes without any spe4cial treatments. Some theoretical and practical aspects concerning high temperature treatments of steelmaking dusts for removal of hazardous components and production of clean high iron raw material for recycling is discussed in this paper. The Radust technology developed at Koverhar steelwork in Finland for treatment of the most problematic fine fractions of blast furnace and oxygen converter dusts is shortly presented and discussed.
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Little, R. D., P. R. Maul, G. M. Smith, and P. A. Towler. "A Comparison of Hazardous and Solid Radioactive Waste Treatment and Disposal." Energy & Environment 5, no. 3 (1994): 255–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958305x9400500309.
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Comparisons have been frequently drawn between the radioactive and hazardous waste industries. However, they have tended to focus on particular aspects of the industries rather than the totality of waste management practices. In this paper a “cradle to grave” approach is taken, summarising and comparing practices in the two industries at all stages of the waste management cycle in OECD countries. In these countries there has been a convergence of approaches in recent years, with the hazardous waste industry now employing many of the practices which were developed for radioactive waste at a much earlier date. There is increasing emphasis on waste minimisation and volume reduction in both areas, and near surface engineered disposal facilities for the two types of waste now share many common features. The most notable outstanding difference between the two industries is the timescales of concern considered in post-disposal performance assessments. For radioactive waste, the impacts of disposal have been considered for timescales of many thousands, or even millions, of years into the future. The question of whether it is necessary to consider environmental impacts over such extended periods is only now becoming an issue for hazardous wastes.
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Abbott, David. "Disaster Public Health Considerations." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 15, no. 4 (2000): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00025267.
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AbstractThis paper provides an overview of disaster public health preparedness, response, and recovery activities with particular reference to examples that have occurred in California. It discusses the public health considerations from two aspects: 1) general public health effects; and 2) public and environmental health control measures. The latter discussion is divided into: 1) drinking water; 2) human wastes; 3) food; 4) personal hygiene; 5) mass care and shelter; 6) solid waste and debris; 7) hazardous materials; 8) injury prevention programs and public health information; 9) vector control; and 10) disease control and surveillance. Two tables summarize the disaster medical and health functions as they relate to public health.
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PETRUSHENKO, M. M., and H. M. SHEVCHENKO. "REGULATION OF ECOLOGIC-AND-ECONOMICAL RISKS AND THE RESPONSIBILITY FOR HUMAN WELL-BEING: FOR EXAMPLE OF WASTE MANAGEMENT." Economic innovations 20, no. 3(68) (2018): 165–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.31520/ei.2018.20.3(68).165-174.
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Topicality. The ecological situation has a special aggravation in the form of environmental, in particular, economic-environmental conflicts, which in Ukraine and other countries during the last decade have become widespread and have increased numerically: “amber” conflicts in the west and in the center of the country; antagonistic actions on its east, which have environmental consequences and, including that, caused by a factor of natural resources. Particularly, there are conflicts related to the negative management of domestic waste (for example, in Lviv) and hazardous industrial waste (for example, in Shostka of the Sumy region). The problem does not find its positive solution as a result of deliberately ignoring the interests of the individual as the main recipient of the consequences of the ecological-economic processes. Required humanistic approach and anthropocentric view: it is impossible to objectively avoid the presence of environmental issues, but to risk the lives and health of people through the environmental consequences of economic activity, neither the state nor business entities have no moral right.Aim and tasks. The objective of the research is to substantiate the theoretical analysis of ecological and economic risks, in the context of their regulation towards increasing the well-being of the individual and the population in general and, therefore, viewing from this angle the role of the state and the society in resolving conflicting environmental-economic issues, in particular, on the example of waste management, on the basis of the principle of responsibility.Research results. The theoretical positions defining the role of the state and society in the regulation of conflict environmental-and-economic issues (in particular, in the field of waste management through the introduction of low-waste technologies) affecting human well-being is considered in the article. The necessity of incorporating the environmental component into the well-being structure along with the expected life expectancy, availability and quality of medicine and education, GDP per capita, etc. is substantiated. This problem can be resolved positively, if the interests of the individual as the main recipient of the consequences of the environmental-and-economic processes are not ignored. The contradiction between the necessity of a humanistic approach and anthropocentric view is disclosed, on the one hand, and the objective inability to avoid the presence of conflict-environmental issues and fundamentally the risk of human life and health through their consequences, on the other. The complex of economic, political-and-managerial, social, demographic and cultural indicators is proposed that should be taken into account when assessing the role of the state and society in regulating environmental-and-economic risks in the direction of maintaining human well-being. Stages of the mechanism of such regulation are considered as that including identification of ecological- and-economic situations of conflict, substantiation of complexity of regulation of ecological-and-economic risks, forecast estimation of environmental damage caused as a result of unregulated ecological-and-economic risks, as well as formulation of recommendations for the creation and further development of a mechanism for their regulation.Conclusions. It is concluded that the role of the state is to create a framework that limits the ecological-and-economic activity, which leads to a decrease in human well-being; and motivates the search for new ways of production and management, that in a more strict state policy for ensuring human well-being allows to achieve the desired level of economic efficiency. Society from its side plays the role of the consumer of changes in such a policy. Adequate maintenance of welfare requires joint actions of the state and society in regulating ecological-and-economic risks. In the field of waste management, the solution of this issue requires, first of all, the introduction of low-energy technologies and increasing the environmental awareness of producers and consumers of products, which is associated with the generation of waste. In other words, increasing the well-being of the population also depends on how responsible all the parties concerned will deal with the issue of waste, its environmental and economic aspects.
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Dewi, Oktavia, Sukendi Sukendi, Yusni Ikhwan Siregar, and Elda Nazriati. "Analisis Limbah Medis Layanan Kesehatan Gigi Mandiri dan Potensi Pencemarannya di Kota Pekanbaru." Dinamika Lingkungan Indonesia 6, no. 1 (2019): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/dli.6.1.p.14-19.
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Healthcare development contributing positive outcome on public health status, but on the other side, medical waste existence become a troublesome as long as increased medical healthcare quantity particularly private dental healthcare. The amount of improperly managed medical wastes become accumulated and causing widespread pollution. The roblem of this study is improperly managed medical waste getting more increased causing widespread pollution. Even though 15-25 % of this contamination were categorized as hazardous waste, the risk is much greater. The purpose of this study was to analyze the number and types of private healthcare medical waste and its potential pollution. This study used descriptive qualitative with interviews and observations after conducting a survey of calculating the number and identification of medical waste types produced by private dental healthcare in Pekanbaru. The results showed 69% of infectious, 27% toxic, and 4% radioactive wastes. The presence of this medical waste has the potential to polluting water and soil environment, triggering health problems for health workers and high risk communities, and disrupting social and economic aspects of residents at nearby waste disposal. It is recommended that private dental healthcare to reduce generated medical wastes and to use safe and eco-friendly materials and tools for dental and oral care.
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Meta Puspita, Nadya. "THE URGENCY OF ELECTRONIC WASTE MANAGEMENT REGULATION IN INTERNATIONAL AND REGIONAL (ASEAN) LAW WITH ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION APPROACH." Padjadjaran Journal of International Law 3, no. 1 (2019): 84–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.23920/pjil.v3i1.309.
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AbstractThe development of technology has been increasing rapidly thus almost all aspects of humans are supported by technology and electronic equipment. More electronic wastes are produced, but those could not be managed similar to the conventional wastes and do not have the same characteristics as hazardous wastes as regulated in the Basel Convention 1989 so that the Convention cannot be applied to electronic wastes management optimally. In this present time, there are still no instruments in international law regarding the management of electronic wastes, but the international community has begun to discuss this issue and argue that it is necessary to develop regulations in international and regional levels, especially in the ASEAN region. The analysis and conclusions of this research shows that the Basel Convention cannot optimally accommodate the regulation of electronic wastes management and it is necessary to establish a regulation in the form of a mechanism under the Basel Convention 1989 with regard to environmental aspects. Arrangements at the ASEAN regional level should be made by referring to the principles regulated in the mechanism and formed in a coordinative and non-coercive guideline.
 Keywords: e-waste, e-waste management, environmental protection
 
 AbstrakTeknologi semakin berkembang hampir semua aspek kehidupan manusia telah didukung oleh teknologi dengan peralatan elektronik. Produksi sampah elektronik semakin banyak, namun mereka tidak dapat dikelola seperti sampah konvensional dan juga tidak sepenuhnya memiliki karakteristik yang sama seperti sampah B3 yang telah diatur dalam Konvensi Basel 1989 sehingga Konvensi tidak dapat diterapkan pada pengelolaan sampah elektronik secara optimal. Saat ini, belum ada instrumen dalam hukum internasional mengenai pengelolaan sampah elektronik, namun masyarakat internasional sudah mulai membahas isu ini dan perlu adanya untuk mengembangkan peraturan di tingkat internasional dan regional, khususnya di ASEAN. Analisis dan kesimpulan penelitian ini memperlihatkan pengaturan dalam Konvensi Basel 1989 tidak dapat mengakomodasi secara optimal mengenai pemanfaatan sampah elektronik sehingga perlu dibuat suatu peraturan berupa mekanisme di bawah Konvensi Basel 1989 dengan memperhatikan aspek-aspek lingkungan. Pengaturan di tingkat regional ASEAN dapat dibuat dengan mengacu pada prinsip-prinsip yang diatur dalam mekanisme tersebut namun dibentuk berupa panduan yang lebih koordinatif dan tidak memaksa.
 Kata kunci: sampah elektronik, pengelolaan sampah elektronik, perlindungan lingkungan
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Vestergaard, Niels K. "Experience from More than Twenty Years of Operation of a Comprehensive Hazardous Waste Management System (Kommunekemi/Chemcontrol)." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 8 (1994): 9–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0372.
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Denmark started development of its national hazardous waste management system in 1971,and since then the system has been continuously developed as a result of technical and political changes. This paper describes the development of this national registration, collection and treatment system for oil-and chemical wastes, seen from an operator's point of view. Development in waste amount is presented and commented on based on the corresponding political and legal actions taken due to the increased environmental concern in the country. Trends in development of alternative treatment and recycling facilities resulting from technological developments and economical incentives are mentioned.
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Vallini, G., S. Di Gregorio, A. Pera, and A. CF Cunha Queda. "Exploitation of composting management for either reclamation of organic wastes or solid-phase treatment of contaminated environmental matrices." Environmental Reviews 10, no. 4 (2002): 195–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/a02-008.
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This paper is an overview of the potential use of composting technology in programmes aimed at organic waste recycling (product-oriented perspective) or decomposition of hazardous materials (process-oriented perspective). This latter approach includes composting as a tool for bioremediation of environmental matrices, such as contaminated soils and sediments. In all above-mentioned cases, biological reactions that characterize composting must be managed carefully to allow putrescible residues to become a humified agricultural fertilizer with no phytotoxic effects, or the degradation of organic pollutants (e.g., aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons or halogenated solvents) to proceed to the highest extent with formation of innocuous end products. Thus, the fundamental aspects of controlling the microbial environment in composting matrices are singled out as a means for better evaluating the range of adverse conditions possibly responsible for hindering the correct evolution of the process within different applications. Key words: biopiles, bioremediation, composting, ex situ soil biotreatments, in-vessel systems, open systems, organo-nitro explosives, organic waste reclamation, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, soil composting windrows.
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OSUJI, SABINA CHIAKA, and NNENNA MERCY ABIASO. "WATER POLLUTION AND ITS CONTROL IN THE CONTEXT OF PHYSICAL PLANNING. A CASE STUDY OF SELECTED WATER BODIES IN OWERRI." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 2, no. 4 (2014): 86–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol2.iss4.173.
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Owerri has faced water pollution problems for many years. These have created many social, physical economic technological and political issues in Owerri city. The general feeling among Owerri inhabitants is that supply of water in Owerri could be a nuisance. The survey method using questionnaire was adopted in the study. The stratified, random and systemic sampling techniques were used in two rivers and 480 respondents from six zones of the city. The result shows that there are pollutants in the Rivers Nwaorie and Otamiri. The study therefore highlighted the control measures for effective curbing of water pollution resulting from pollutants seeping into rusted galvanized iron pipes, flood/underground seepage of human and material wastes into River Nwaorie and Otamiri, streams Okitankwo/Onumurukwa which form the major sources of water in Owerri. The leading of contaminants from industrial wastes, agricultural wastes, oil spills, hazardous wastes and natural water wastes and other refuses. The study therefore concludes that the contribution of the State Government and the Municipality improving on provision of adequate manpower and training of stakeholders in the water industry, provision of solid quality materials for general maintenance, regular treatment of water from its in-take point and also borehole water, extension of tap water (pipe born water) to all the cranies of Owerri in order to stop completely the direct-use of water from Otamiri and Nwaorie Rivers which is injurious to health, provision of suggestion box in which the inhabitants could suggest further remedies for the provision of quality water keywords: Water Pollution; Rivers; Streams; Owerri City.
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Kellow, Aynsley, and Anthony R. Zito. "Steering through Complexity: EU Environmental Regulation in the International Context." Political Studies 50, no. 1 (2002): 43–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9248.00358.
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The nature of governance in the European Union (EU) and its member states is continuing to evolve as the EU develops. This paper focuses on the challenges to this governance process in the sector of environmental policy, and particularly the role of external organizations and states in providing alternate policy fora. The policy impact of these institutions and organizations leads to more actor participation in a way that EU players may not be able to anticipate or control since the EU is only one of several arenas involved. Both states and non-governmental actors actively seek to shift issues to arenas that provide them advantages. Consequently, developments in other arenas shape and are shaped by EU issues as actors pursue forum shopping. The paper presents two cases, the amendment of the Basel Convention to ban hazardous wastes export and the EU regulation of chemical risk, which demonstrate how external players can shape EU regulation.
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Vyas, Neha. "Environmental Aspects of Project Management." Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers 33, no. 2 (2008): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0256090920080205.
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The primary challenge in project management is to achieve all of the defined project goals and objectives while adhering to typical constraints which are usually scope, quality, time, and budget. Often, the basic flaw in project planning and design is the complete neglect or minimal consideration of environmental and social costs and dependence only on economic analysis for project preparation and investment. A failure to understand and internalize adverse or negative impacts on environment during project preparation could lead to several undesirable consequences, which may ultimately jeopardize the very objectives of growth and development for which the project was proposed. In this paper, the author stresses upon the need for environmental management for successful project completion and discusses the challenges of addressing the key environmental issues. Environmental management is not just about the ‘trees and bees’ but also about health, safety, profits, quality assurance, reduced risks to reputation, and increased global competitiveness, states the author. Overall, it is about efficiency and reducing environmental and legal liabilities. It is argued that sound environment management reduces the unforeseen obstacles and bottlenecks that may otherwise hamper the delivery of project objectives while helping to improve the environmental performance of project operations. The key environmental issues resulting from agricultural, mining, manufacturing, and urban operations include: severe degradation of air quality due to industrial and vehicular pollution contamination of land and water resources due to pesticides, fertilizers, and dumping of hazardous wastes depletion of raw material reserves contamination of surface and ground water sources due to discharge of sewage and industrial effluents deforestation. Environmental impact assessment (EIA) study is suggested as a tool for formulating an environment management plan. EIA should, however, not be treated just as a tool for regulatory compliance but as an instrument for improving project management per se with proper expertise, time, and budget allocations made for the purpose. In environmental management, the moot question is: How to get started? The author's advice is to start small and simple and gradually turn them into action plans for a worksite and subsequently up-scale them for the entire company. It is ultimately the actions taken at personal or community level or as a project manager that matters the most when it comes to environmental sustainability. Policies and plans merely show the way. It is becoming increasingly important to make environmental management an economic driver that would serve to minimize environmental damages and promote resource efficiency and cost savings to businesses.
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Greenshields, R. N. "The Biotech Concept and Food Processing Wastes." Outlook on Agriculture 21, no. 2 (1992): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003072709202100204.
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The idea of recycling wastes, particularly food wastes, is not new. It has been a consideration of manufacturing and processing systems from early times, as exemplified by the vinegar industry in recovering a value from sour wine (Greenshields, 1978). However, the concepts and motives that drive the ideas for the utilization of waste are remarkably various and often confused, with the result that few schemes succeed, or else they are short-lived and frequently end up as a ‘waste’ of investment. Such examples abound in food processing, despite considerable scientific knowledge and expertise which should have provided viable solutions. Largely the problem has been the inability to make a total assessment of a manufacturing process at the outset, not only from a scientific and technological point of view but also considering the economic, political and market forces involved, and particularly the requirements of Society. There is now an opportunity to change with the emergence of biotechnology and its concepts. Biotechnology is not a single discipline, but an enabling technology which encompasses many disciplines; it embraces all aspects of life and is particularly applicable to the manufacturing industries. Its concepts teach a total assessment embracing the laws governing natural processes and obeying their linked and cyclic patterns. This article considers the concepts of food processing and resource recovery with respect to its wastes before the advent of biotechnology (the Old Concepts) and the new approach now available (the New Concepts).
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Sands, Philippe. "International Management of Hazardous Wastes: The Basel Convention and Related Legal Rules. By Katharina Kummer. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995. Pp. lxi, 432. Bibliography and Index. $110." American Journal of International Law 91, no. 3 (1997): 572–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2954200.
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Faishal, Muhammad, Muhammad Noor Arfan, and Hayati Mukti Asih. "Reducing Environmental Impact on SME Metals Production Process Using Life Cycle Assessment and Analytical Hierarchy Process Method." Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Industri 19, no. 1 (2020): 84–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/jiti.v19i1.10041.
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The ABC metal SME produces some wastes, such as liquid waste, solid waste, and smoke. The problem is hazardous waste dumped directly into the environment without any waste treatments which had bad impact on the environment around its SME. Therefore, this research is proposed to improve the production process of metal that can reduce the environmental impacts. The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method is developed to identify all the processes that have an impact on the environment and also to calculate the energy used. The values of environmental impact are calculated using Simapro 9.0 Software. In addition, Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method is employed to determine the best alternative fuel according to four criteria, such as temperature, price, emission, and fuel consumption. The results show the process that has the greatest environmental impact is the metal smelting process. It is caused by the source fuel in this process was used oil. The usage of used oil can be the sources of air pollution that causing health problems in the respiratory tract such as bronchitis and asthma. Some alternative fuel was proposed, however, fuel gas is the best alternative among others according to the expert opinions. For the managerial insight, this research can be suggestion for SME to choose the best fuel in the production process that considering economic and environmental aspects.
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Dehnavi, S., A. A. Abkar, Y. Maghsoudi, and E. Dehnavi. "A STUDY FOR REMOTE DETECTION OF INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS’ EFFECT ON RICE USING THERMAL IMAGES." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-1-W5 (December 10, 2015): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-1-w5-147-2015.
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Rice is one of the most important nutritious grains all over the world, so that only in some parts of Asia more than 300 million acres allocated for cultivating this product. Therefore, qualitative and quantitative management of this product is of great importance in commercial, political and financial viewpoints. Rice plant is very influenced by physical and chemical characteristics of irrigation water, due to its specific kind of planting method. Hence, chemically-polluted waters which received by plant can change in live plants and their products. Thus, a very high degree of treatment will be required if the effluent discharges to rice plants. Current waters receive a variety of land-based water pollutants ranging from industrial wastes to excess sediments. One of the most hazardous wastes are chemicals that are toxic. Some factories discharge their effluents directly into a water body. So, what would happen for rice plant or its product if this polluted water flow to paddies? Is there any remotely-based method to study for this effect? Are surface temperature distributions (thermal images) useful in this context? The first goal in this research is thus to investigate the effect of a simulated textile factory’s effluent sample on the rice product. The second goal is to investigate whether the polluted plant can be identified by means of thermal remote sensing or not. The results of this laboratory research have proven that the presence of industrial wastewater cause a decrease in plant’s product and its f-cover value, also some changes in radiant temperature.
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Lynn, Laurence E. "Integrating insurance and risk management for hazardous wastes, edited by Howard Kunreuther and Rajeev Gowda. Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1990, 365 pp. Price: $48.95 cloth." Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 11, no. 1 (2007): 133–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pam.4050110113.
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Aho, Brett. "Violence and the Chemicals Industry: Reframing Regulatory Obstructionism." Public Health Ethics 13, no. 1 (2020): 50–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/phe/phaa004.
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Abstract When government actors seek to restrict the sale of hazardous substances, industry actors tend to intervene, deploying coordinated strategies aimed at delaying, preventing or weakening attempts to regulate their products. In many cases, this has involved deliberate efforts to obfuscate science, mislead the public and manipulate political actors in order to ensure desired policy outcomes. Strategies of regulatory obstructionism have resulted in the prolonged dispersal of harmful chemical substances with tangible impacts on public health. This article proposes that this behavior should be interpreted as a form of violence. Examining the regulatory histories of lead, benzene, asbestos and PCBs, the article demonstrates how regulatory obstructionism and violence have become intractable characteristics of the chemical industry.
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Fokina, N. A. "ECOLOGICAL IMAGE OF COASTAL DESTINATIONS OF THE REPUBLIC OF CRIMEA." Construction economic and environmental management 77, no. 4 (2021): 123–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.37279/2519-4453-2020-4-123-133.
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The paper analyzes various approaches to defining the definitions of «image» and «environmental image». The differences between the concept of «image» and «reputation» are revealed. The importance of coastal destinations in the development of tourism in the territory of the Republic of Crimea has been determined. The factors influencing the ecological image of coastal destinations are highlighted. They are grouped into six main groups: political; economic; informational; technical and technological; resource and consumer. It has been established that the forms and scales of recreational resource use and resource consumption on the territory of the peninsula do not correspond to the volume and structure of its natural resource potential; insufficient economic and environmental efficiency of recreational activities is often noted. The influence of the ecological aspect on the formation of the tourist image of the Republic of Crimea is analyzed. Еhe main reasons contributing to the formation of a negative ecological image of Crimea are the consequences felt by a tourist and associated with air pollution by emissions of harmful substances from stationary and mobile sources of pollution; unresolved problem of waste collection and disposal; pollution of the Black and Azov Seas with household and industrial wastewater; an increase in the recreational load on the natural complexes of coastal destinations; reduction of beach areas. Also, the formation of the image of the Republic of Crimea is associated with a number of problems caused by the desire of official sources to «embellish» reality and the desire of «well-wishers» to create an image of Crimea as an unjustifiably expensive, dirty and hazardous destination for health. State programs aimed at overcoming the ecological problems of the peninsula are analyzed.
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Freestone, David. "International Management of Hazardous Wastes: The Basel Convention and Related Legal Rules. By Katharina Kummer [Oxford: Clarendon Press (Oxford Monographs in International Law). 1995. lxi + 455 pp. ISBN 19-825994-8]." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 46, no. 4 (1997): 974–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002058930006142x.
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Wright, Chris. "Routine Deaths: Fatal Accidents in the Oil Industry." Sociological Review 34, no. 2 (1986): 265–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954x.1986.tb02702.x.
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This paper is a study in the relatively neglected field of the Sociology of Accidents and is concerned with fatalities in the UK Offshore Oil Industry. The purpose of the paper is to demonstrate the social and organizational causes of these accidents. Common sense and expert opinion both present industrial accidents as products of extra organizational abnormality but evidence from this research locates the causes of accidents in work organization and dependence on bureaucratic rationality. In particular it is shown that the hazardous situations in which the accidents occurred were themselves largely the products of two aspects of the formal organization of work, the ‘speed-up’ and the practice of ‘sub-contracting’. It is demonstrated that the common sense equation of the ‘normal’ and the ‘routine’ inhibited recognition of the organization causes of these accidents. Finally it is argued that, since there is little support for the view that the accident were produced by unique working conditions in the offshore industry, it is therefore likely that the causes of accidents in this industry will be found to exist in other industries.
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Selin, Henrik. "Global Environmental Governance and Regional Centers." Global Environmental Politics 12, no. 3 (2012): 18–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/glep_a_00121.
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As global environmental governance evolves, the parties to the 1989 Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal and to the 2001 Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants have established regional centers working on capacity building and technology transfer. This article empirically explores the following questions: Why did the parties to the Basel and Stockholm Conventions establish these regional centers? What roles do the regional centers play in treaty implementation and multilevel governance? The article argues that the parties have set up regional centers in response to three partially overlapping sets of developing- and industrialized-country interests: expanding regional cooperation (both developing and industrialized countries); attracting more resources for treaty implementation (mainly developing countries); and supporting implementation projects across smaller groups of countries (mainly industrialized countries). This article finds that the regional centers collectively operate in three broad areas important to treaty implementation: raising awareness, strengthening administrative ability, and diffusing scientific and technical assistance and information. However, the ability of the regional centers to function effectively depends on access to greater resources and stronger political support. There may also be benefits to expanding regional center mandates into areas of monitoring and compliance to improve multilevel governance. Furthermore, the regional level should be given more consideration in the study of global environmental politics.
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TRUSCHKE, AUDREY. "Dangerous Debates: Jain responses to theological challenges at the Mughal court." Modern Asian Studies 49, no. 5 (2015): 1311–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x14000055.
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AbstractIn the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, Jain leaders faced a series of religious questions at the royal Mughal court. At the request of their imperial Muslim hosts, Jain representatives discussed aspects of both Islam and Jainism on separate occasions, including the veracity of Islam, whether Jains are monotheists, and the validity of Jain asceticism. The Mughals sometimes initiated these conversations of their own accord and at other times acted on the prompting of Brahmans, who had political and religious interests at stake in encouraging imperial clashes with Jain leaders. Jain authors recorded these exchanges in numerous Sanskrit texts, which generally remain unknown to Mughal historians and Sanskrit scholars alike. I examine the Jain accounts of these cross-cultural debates and expound their political, religious, and intellectual implications. These engagements showcase how the Mughals negotiated religious differences with diverse communities in their kingdom. Furthermore, the Sanskrit narratives of these dialogues outline complex theological visions of how Jain beliefs and practices could thrive within a potentially hazardous Islamicate imperial order. More broadly Jain and Mughal discussions provide rich insight into key developments in religious precepts and local identities in early modern India.
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Al-Dabbagh, Riadh. "Waste management strategy and development in Ajman, UAE." Renewable Energy and Environmental Sustainability 6 (2021): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/rees/2021005.
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Population growth, social and industrial activities have increased significantly, resulting in an increase in the quantities of wastes in UAE in specific the Emirate of Ajman. Most of the waste is still not thoroughly treated and ends up in municipal landfills, where organic waste generates many gases such as methane, a potent greenhouse gas. Currently, little of the waste is burned, and the rate of municipal waste recycling has been rapidly rising. Waste management in the Ajman is coordinated through local authorities. For this purpose the UAE has set Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) to measure its performance against its targets of 2021. To support the national efforts, Ajman is continuously seeking to adopt vital initiatives and projects that are positively affecting all aspects of life. Waste issues are handled through recycling and converting waste to energy and resources, new technologies and improved waste separation and collection systems. Ajman Municipality and Planning Department has initiated plans and efforts in waste management, including converting waste to energy, treating wastewater, and controlling the movement of hazardous waste. The programs are implemented with the aim to reduce the adverse per capita environmental impact of the city, including by paying particular attention to air quality and all types of waste. The paper presents an overview of the waste situation and the management practices according to the Municipality's plans and strategies. It is concluded that Ajman still lacks an infrastructure for organic waste recycling for residents. This organic waste is a significant contributor to methane emissions from landfills. Challenges are to be solved, such as the lack of adequate waste sorting and recycling facilities in the Emirate and weak community culture to adopt waste sorting. Many practices started to be implemented by the Municipality, for instance, creating an incinerator used to treat non-chemical medical waste generated from hospitals & clinics. As a result, Ajman has witnessed a reduction in the quantity of waste dumped in the landfill.
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Townend, William K., Christopher Cheeseman, Jen Edgar, and Terry Tudor. "Factors driving the development of healthcare waste management in the United Kingdom over the past 60 years." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 27, no. 4 (2009): 362–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x09335700.
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Since the creation of the National Health Service (NHS) in the United Kingdom in 1948 there have been significant changes in the way waste materials produced by healthcare facilities have been managed due to a number of environmental, legal and social drivers. This paper reviews the key changes in legislation and healthcare waste management that have occurred in the UK between 1948 and the present time. It investigates reasons for the changes and how the problems associated with healthcare wastes have been addressed. The reaction of the public to offensive disposal practices taking place locally required political action by the UK government and subsequently by the European legislature. The relatively new UK industry of hazardous healthcare waste management has developed rapidly over the past 25 years in response to significant changes in healthcare practices. The growth in knowledge and appreciation of environmental issues has also been fundamental to the development of this industry. Legislation emanating from Europe is now responsible for driving change to UK healthcare waste management. This paper examines the drivers that have caused the healthcare waste management to move forward in the 60 years since the NHS was formed. It demonstrates that the situation has moved from a position where there was no overall strategy to the current situation where there is a strong regulatory framework but still no national strategy. The reasons for this situation are examined and based upon the experience gained; suggestions are made for the benefit of countries with systems for healthcare waste management still in the early stages of development or without any provisions at all.
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Brown, Calum, Bumsuk Seo, and Mark Rounsevell. "Societal breakdown as an emergent property of large-scale behavioural models of land use change." Earth System Dynamics 10, no. 4 (2019): 809–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esd-10-809-2019.
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Abstract. Human land use has placed enormous pressure on natural resources and ecosystems worldwide and may even prompt socio-ecological collapses under some circumstances. Efforts to avoid such collapses are hampered by a lack of knowledge about when they may occur and how they may be prevented. Computational models that illuminate potential future developments in the land system are invaluable tools in this context. While such models are widely used to project biophysical changes, they are currently less able to explore the social dynamics that will be key aspects of future global change. As a result, strategies for navigating a hazardous future may suffer from “blind spots” at which individual, social and political behaviours divert the land system away from predicted pathways. We apply CRAFTY-EU, an agent-based model of the European land system, in order to investigate the effects of human behavioural aspects of land management at the continental scale. We explore a range of potential futures using climatic and socio-economic scenarios and present a coherent set of cross-sectoral projections without imposed equilibria or optimisation. These projections include various behavioural responses to scenarios including non-economic motivations, aversion to change and heterogeneity in decision-making. We find that social factors and behavioural responses have dramatic impacts on simulated dynamics and can contribute to a breakdown of the land system's essential functions in which shortfalls in food production of up to 56 % emerge. These impacts are largely distinct from, and at least as large as, those of projected climatic change. We conclude that the socio-economic aspects of future scenarios require far more detailed and varied treatment. In particular, deviation from simple economic rationality at individual and aggregate scales may profoundly alter the nature of land system development and the achievability of policy goals.
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Lafarga Previdi, Irene, and Carmen M. Vélez Vega. "Health Disparities Research Framework Adaptation to Reflect Puerto Rico’s Socio-Cultural Context." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 22 (2020): 8544. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17228544.
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In this article we aim to briefly describe how Puerto Rico’s living conditions influence adverse health outcomes at an individual, community and population level using the National Institute of Minority Health and Health Disparities (NIMHD) Research Framework that considers multiple factors and their intersecting influence. People living in Puerto Rico face significant levels of poverty, a deficient infrastructure, a fragile healthcare system and the continuing dismantling of the public education system as well as hazardous environmental exposures. The treatment of Puerto Ricans as second-class citizens due to the federal policies of the U.S. government and also the mismanagement of funds from local authorities impacts the prevalence of chronic health conditions and vulnerability to disasters such as hurricanes, earthquakes and pandemics. Puerto Rico’s health disparities are rooted in historical, cultural, political and economic factors that have an impact on biology, interpersonal and environmental aspects. In order to significantly reduce health disparities, systemic change is needed at a local, national and federal level. Interventions must consider how social determinants impact the quality of life and seek to impact the intersections of different contexts that have an effect at an individual, interpersonal, communal and societal level. This can be achieved through evidence-based, culturally appropriate and community based as well as translational research approaches that seek to impact behavior and social economic factors.
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Zavriev, S., and A. Kolesnikov. "Risks and Threats in Biosecurity Area: Problem Analysis and Search for Optimal Solutions in Contemporary Conditions." World Economy and International Relations, no. 9 (2015): 57–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2015-9-57-68.
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Current political climate is unfavorable for setting up broad international programs aimed at risk assessment and threat control in the field of biosecurity. At the same time, spread of emerging and re-emerging diseases, development of sophisticated antibiotic resistance mechanisms, grown threat of bioterrorism, and loss of disease control due to ecological damage and globalization dictate the urgent development of a national biosecurity program capable to address these risks and threats. Although Russian Federation is technologically and methodologically adept in the field of epidemiological and medical control of biological select agents, the expertise in latest technologies of treatment, prevention, and detection of potential biohazards is lagging. There is an urgent need for updating of state biosecurity programs, especially in the field of new vaccines and biologicals development for control and prevention of hazardous infections. Key elements of these programs include: well-justified list of priority targets and technologies; list of highest risk infectious agents to be addressed in development of countermeasures; identification of most efficient countermeasures for each agent of concern; selection of the most appropriate partnership model for scientific collaboration and formation of multidisciplinary teams, as well as for cooperation between science and biotech industry. The latter is particularly important for prompt conversion of scientific findings into solid technologies and prospective drug and vaccine candidates. By combining state funding and infrastructure with growing competence of Russian biotech and pharma industry, the likelihood of successful implementation of biosecurity programs will increase significantly. Strong aspects of Russian microbiological programs, such as development of anti-infective vaccines and bacteriophages, should be exploited in full. Despite current political turbulence, it is necessary to note that combined effort of various countries is required to protect the world population from risks of the globalization-fueled infectious diseases and bioterrorism threats emergence. Pathogens neglect borders and political issues, whereas poor coordination and collaboration at the international level can result in significant social and economic losses globally. Success in development and implementation of national biosecurity program in Russia based on the state-of-the-art scientific and technical achievements will help initiate a true international cooperation in biosafety/biosecurity area.
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Genoveva, Genoveva, and Lyliana Levina. "THE GREEN MARKETING MIX: A REVIEW OF CUSTOMERS’ BODY SHOP PURCHASE INTENTION." Jurnal Muara Ilmu Ekonomi dan Bisnis 3, no. 2 (2019): 400. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/jmieb.v3i2.7386.
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Industri kosmetik dan perawatan menyadari bahwa sebagian besar bahan baku dan kemasan produk terdapat kandungan bahan kimia yang dapat mencemari lingkungan. Limbah ini berbahaya dan tidak mudah terurai, sehingga dapat mengancam keanekaragaman hayati. Permasalahan lingkungan ini telah menciptakan permintaan produk ramah lingkungan. The Body Shop adalah salah satu perusahaan yang berhasil menangkap peluang tersebut dan menerapkan strategi pemasaran ramah lingkungan untuk memenuhi harapan konsumen. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh bauran pemasaran ramah lingkungan dari The Body Shop® terhadap niat pembelian konsumen. Peneliti menggunakan metode kuantitatif dengan SPSS versi 25 sebagai alat analisis regresi berganda untuk mengetahui signifikansi hubungan antar variabel. Populasi terbatas responden yang berusia 18-24 tahun dan pernah membeli dan menggunakan produk The Body Shop® dari saluran distribusi di Jakarta dalam 1 tahun terakhir. Jumlah sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah 155 responden yang diambil dengan metode purposive sampling non-probabilitas melalui kuesioner online. Para peneliti menemukan bahwa ada pengaruh yang signifikan dari aspek bauran pemasaran ramah lingkungan terhadap niat pembelian konsumen, di mana harga memainkan peran dominan dalam hubungan ini. Bauran pemasaran ramah lingkungan itu sendiri, secara keseluruhan, juga memiliki pengaruh simultan yang signifikan terhadap niat pembelian konsumen. Studi ini menghasilkan informasi yang berguna bagi The Body Shop®, pembaca, dan penelitian di masa depan untuk lebih sadar tentang masalah lingkungan dan penerapan bauran pemasaran ramah lingkungan, juga menyediakan rencana aksi untuk melaksanakan strategi pemasaran ramah lingkungan ini. Cosmetics and personal care industry is aware that most of their products’ materials, mainly the chemicals content and packaging are polluting the environment. These wastes are hazardous and not easily decomposed, thus it may threaten the biodiversity. Consequently, this environmental issue has created the demand of the enviromental friendly products. The Body Shop® is one of the company who has successfully captured this demand and applied green marketing strategy to fulfill the consumers’ expectations. This research intended to find out the influence of green marketing mix of The Body Shop towards consumers’ purchase intention. The researcher will use quantitative method with SPSS version 25 as the tool for analysis of multiple regression analysis to reveal the significance relationship between variables. The population will be limited to those who are 18-24 years old and have ever bought and use the The Body Shop® products from Jakarta stores in the past 1 year. The sample size 155 respondends which were drawn with non-probability purposive sampling method through online questionnaire. Researchers found that there is a significant influence of green marketing mix aspects towards consumers’ purchase intention, in which green price is playing dominant role in this relationship. The green marketing mix itrself, as a whole, also having a significant simultaneous influence towards consumers’ purchase intention. This study resulted in a useful information for The Body Shop®, readers, and future research to be more aware about the environmental issue and the implementation of green marketing mix, also providing an action plan to execute this green marketing strategy.
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Tsibranska-Kostova, Mariyana. "The Image of the Town: Medieval Sofia in Original Bulgarian Works from the 16th Century." Studia Ceranea 5 (December 30, 2015): 337–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/2084-140x.05.12.
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The paper follows out the way of denomination and description of Sofia town in manuscripts from different genre during the period of the 15th-17th centuries, namely: the original hagiographic and hymnographic works of the men of letters from the 16th century Sofia literary school; the bedrolls; some marginal notes. This type of sources is rich enough not only for shaping the image of the town according to the linguistic evidences it was depicted with, but for making some general conclusions about its place in the so called “linguistic world view” as a semiotic model for approaching the lifestyle, the spiritual culture and the Bulgarian ethnic consciousness during the Ottoman domination. The chosen frame of time is not hazardous. It was a transitory period for both naming process and the creation of a new cultural situation, when the ideological and political dominant of the medieval town (the capital in particular) as an incarnation of the ruler’s institution has been already changed. Moreover, with the fall of Constantinople in 1453 the very Byzantine prototype of the town-mother and the spiritual center of the Orthodox world were destroyed. It is a matter of scholarly interest to give an idea on how another, different (new) model of the town was created in the Bulgarian cultural space to replace the past glorious vision, and how it reproduced the tradition. Briefly, how does the text create an image? It is a way to introduce the notion of hierotopy and its language in the original Bulgarian works of the given period. The specifically Bulgarian material inscribes itself in the common typological frames of the Balkan medieval culture in Ottoman times. The paradigm of holiness and the formation of the holly space require those aspects to be carried out in the light of the complex interdependency between the text, the image and the historical context – a binding triad that will be the base for the attending presentation.
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KODZHEBASH, A. P., and ALEXANDER KRIVENCEV. "CONCEPTUAL LINK BETWEEN THE WASTE MANAGEMENT AND THE ECONOMIC CONTENT OF CATEGORY “RESPONSIBILITY”." Economic innovations 20, no. 3(68) (2018): 96–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.31520/ei.2018.20.3(68).96-106.
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Topicality. In recent years the waste management as an object of nature using economy and transdisciplinary scientific direction has become increasingly evolved both in applied and in the conceptual (theoretical and political) values. The negative situation with domestic and industrial wastes in Ukraine reflects world trends, in particular, in the groups of countries with only a developing economy. Garbage on the streets of large cities, increasing the number of unauthorized landfills, loss of valuable materials due to inefficient waste sorting and indifferent attitude to the idea of recycling – this list, unfortunately, can be continued further. Not only restraining factor to the aggravation of the environmental situation in the country caused by the placement of waste into the environment, there is a decline in production and poverty of the population. In such circumstances, given the fact that in the short and medium term, financial incentives to improve the situation look rather ghastly, it is advisable to turn to the review of the theoretical basis of their solution to the problem of waste. Moreover, it is necessary to find solutions at the conceptual level , in particular, by adapting to the present ukrainian economy the popular concept of an extended producer responsibility in the western countries and aspects of waste management in the framework of corporate social responsibility, etc. Aim and tasks. Purpose of the article is justification of a conceptual approach to improving the waste management situation in a country with an unstable economy. Such an approach should be grounded on the position of responsible waste management in its economic and environmental dimensions. To do this, it is necessary to analyze the relationship between the main subjects of the “economy of waste”, and to compare the innovative conceptual approaches in waste management, united by ties with the concept of responsibility.Research results. During the research, we found that economic responsibility, in that number in waste management, is the responsibility of the entity to be responsible for the commitments he has taken; in particular the compensation for losses which can be caused by it may be it to the property of other entities or the environment. According to Max Weber, the problem of responsibility is inextricably linked to the notion of ethics: "ethics of persuasion" and "ethics of responsibility"; the ethics of persuasion is related with the direction to perfection, and therefore the responsibility for practical actions is very weak. At the national level, significant changes are needed in environmental policy in terms of increasing responsibility for waste management (in particular packaging waste); it is based on the following principles: priority of environmental protection and human health, prevention of the formation of packaging waste, promotion of the development of a competitive market environment, separation of packaging waste collection and arrangement of places for their authorized harvesting, maximum use of waste packaging as a secondary raw material, the formation of ecological consciousness of the population and individual social groups and citizens, innovation and science in relation to the technical and technological and ecological and economic aspects of packaging waste management, a combination of effective incentives and regulatory policy in the field of packaging waste management, etc.Conclusions. In the article it is determined that the conceptual principles of the waste problem research cover the theoretical basis (the position of the economy of nature management, the economy of waste, the economy of secondary resources) and the political component (environmental, social, regulatory policy – in those aspects that intersect with the formation and waste management) . As part of the analysis of the relationship between the waste problem and the concept of liability, attention is focused on such existing concepts: the concept of corporate social responsibility (in aspects of waste management), the concept of extended producer responsibility, the concept of integrated waste management. It is proposed to modify certain aspects of the concepts under study in order to form a new approach of “ecologically-expanded motivated producer responsibility”. This will allow for a comprehensive consideration of social and environmental factors in waste management in the medium-term perspective.
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Shaker, Salah Sahib, and Lamia Mohammed Abdul Rasoul. "The Investment Budget and its Role in Financing Infrastructure Projects." Iraqi Administrative Sciences Journal 1, no. 2 (2017): 143–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.33013/iqasj.v1n2y2017.pp143-170.
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 General budget for the government shows its own philosophy or process in drawing the financial policy and the significant objectives, economic, financial and social plans. In Iraq for example, and as a result of the political instabilities, budget is subjected to many ideological and structural changes on one hand, and to the adopted goals under the construction, progress, development, services, infrastructure, and economic activity promotion from the other. Indeed, repeatedly failure and collapsing of structures in all aspects led the main tasks and varied priorities to be not able to recognize the specific resources that aiming at fulfillment the basic needs and requirements. Thus, the arrangement of these priorities was thoroughly considered necessary to tackle the main challenges of dire needs; the significant goal of the general budget whether is the current or investment budget. This research illustrates the importance of the budget and its key role in developing the infrastructure, recognizing the correct procedures of preparing the investment budget, allocations that given to the ministries and non-governmental institutions, increasing of these allocations in search of reaching infrastructure adequacy besides knowing the required incomes by which the general budget is funded. Though, the research is based on two hypotheses: The first" Showing the relation makes bridges among the proper planning of investment budget and making infrastructure" The second "The proper planning uses for investment budget increasing has the ability of infrastructure development".
 In the research, the electricity was set as the best example, mainly in economic and service, economical, industrial activities and due to the bad condition and mass destruction that suffered in the past years. The research also discusses the general framework of budget, infrastructure, as well as studying the rising rates of investment budget in all ministries particularly the Ministry of Electricity as a sample. The increasing of investment budget rates from the total general budget is considered a right trend for polices and new trends of the government, the researcher concluded. Since the delay in approving the government budget at the beginning of each year which staves the projects execution off, the government endeavors focus on rising the rates of investment budget of the Ministry of Electricity in order to solve the problems of cutting in electricity and reaching the state of prosperity for both people and society. Although the success of the proper planning of investment projects that made by the Ministry of Planning, the rates of projects execution for the previous year has not been taken into consideration. And noticing the lack in completion the electricity projects, apt for decreasing the earned cash incomes compared with sales quantities because of the failure in recovering the amounts of selling the entire energy and existence wastes for different matters, among of which, violation in these lines.
 The researchers recommend Coordinating between the General Secretary for the Councils of Ministers and the Parliament in order to approve the act of budget at the beginning of each year should be done. In case of granting allocations, Ministry of Planning should reconsider the rates of projects execution for the previous years in the ministries .and Ministry of Electricity should find solutions and adapting appropriate regulations against any violation or overusing in the energy lines, utilizing the good qualification and skill of its technical staff as well as establishing a precise system for collecting amounts, otherwise, it is preferred that contracting with private companies by giving them proportion after collecting, on condition, deposit amount for insurance shall comply with the recovered amounts.
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Lewandowski, Karol. "Osiąganie kompromisu potrzeb człowieka i przyrody." Studia Ecologiae et Bioethicae 2, no. 1 (2004): 451–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/seb.2004.2.1.27.
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The article has exhibited that ecoengineering, consisting of the scheduled transformation of ecological systems is an alternate and equivalent method for handling natural environment in contrary to environmental technology, which consists of ecosystems protection against human activity. The human activity in the natural environment may consist of devastating, transforming, or protection trials. In a frame of protection (environmental technology) are attempts on limiting anthropopression, which means the influence of man on the natural environment by various restrictions - technological, legal, and ethical. Up to now transforming natural environment was considered as a necessary evil, connected with the technological impossibility to avoid anthropopression or political necessity to satisfy human needs.
 The attention of researchers engaged in human activities in the natural environment was focused on criticizing of destruction and diverse propositions to stop this destruction, mainly by protectoral actions. Transforming the environment by man was generally considered a part of the destruction process. So there were trials of counteractions or tolerating it as unavoidable, trying to diminish their effect on the natural environment. Positive possibilities connected with planned and system ie transformation of the natural environment were not noticed, especially possibilities of achieving a compromise between human and nature needs. That such a compromise is possible is proving described there in detail examples of Konin lakes and Biebrza swamps.
 Ecoengineering conception presented in this dissertation generally values up environment transforming, that therefore is a no more necessary evil but becomes an equivalent and alternate action to environment technology (nature protection). Justification of this thesis is achieved by the demonstration that actions limited to environment technology only can be equally destructive for the environment as out of control wastewaters and pollution dumping.
 This is demonstrated in the article by an example of Sudety forests, devastated by acid rains and the problem of increasing deficit of sulfur in the soil, caused by introducing Sulphur removing from waste gas technology on a mass scale. The article has exhibited that absolute separation of industrial activity from the natural environment is not possible, that is total anthropopression eliminating. Speaking colloquially closing „anthropopression dragon" in a hermetic cave and draw only consumer satisfaction is not possible. Unavoidable is anthropopression connected with emissions of different forms of energy (heat, noise, electromagnetic fields) and matter (steam, carbon dioxide, wastes) and physical biotopes transforming. The only way in this situation is to incorporate anthropopression sources into ecosystems and turn wastes into fertilizers using ecoengineering. To this goal are tending eventually activities realized in frames of Pure Production and environment managing system according to ISO 14001, propagated today as balanced development conception, and diverse forms of so-named active protection, that can be considered as not fully conscious, limited ecoengineering. More, subsequent operations in environmental technology, from that every one eliminates negative effects of previous, are giving ecoengineering effects too, that is including human activity into the natural environment and creation of new, unstable ecological balances. An example can serve discussed in the article sequence of environment technologies: dust removal - desulphurization - production and distribution of sulphuric fertilizers.
 Method of such „successive environment technologies approximating to eco-engineering" is however much more costly and dangerous form an and nature than could be preamplified ecoengineering practice, what was pointed out too. The ethical basis for ecoengineering could be the principle „we have the right to be there". The biggest transformation of our planet's environment was the replacement of the atmosphere from oxygen-free to oxygenated realized by blue-green algae (Cyanophyta). There is no cause to regard human rights as lesser than algae rights. The author of the article has no intention to claim that ecoengineering is better and more perfect practice than environment technology, who therefore should withdraw and be neglected. Ecoengineering as proceeding equivalent and alternative to environment technology should be considered as equal in every situation where a given ecosystem is influenced by anthropopression.
 Therefore in this dissertation ecoengineering is not discussed individually but in contact with environment technology as „alternative ecoengineering". Only by considering and deciding about ecoengineering alternatives we can choose the more appropriate method of handling with the natural environment. The author assumes that this is the only method that makes possible correct environment evaluation and selection of the best possible technology. Ecoengineering conception based on creating unstable biological balances, formulated as an ecoengineering alternative is significant, new contribution to systems sozology and other philosophical disciplines connected with ecological problems - philosophy of nature, philosophy of technology, and ecophilosophy and ecological ethic. That situation creates a wide perspective for farther researches, primarily connected with the elimination of one-sided environment technology from sozology, ecophilosophy, and environmental ethics and next creating ethical rules Environment transforming.
 It seems that ecoengineering may give significant research impulse for the philosophy of technology, which will intensify conceptions of valuating technology, today criticized. Extensive possibilities for researches are connected with precision and developing aspects diverse of ecoengineering as interdisciplinary and system ie science, that in this dissertation, focused on motivating ecoengineering could be signaled only. Ecoengineering can be currently utilized in engineers and designers practice and in environment evaluating system s, provided that corresponding procedures and research methods are created within detailed sciences. There are existing also wide possibilities to explore, discover, and research spontaneous ecoengineering effects, that so far have escaped researchers' notice. Similar site surveys can be run in other parts of Poland or other lands. Therefore yielding conclusions can lead to significant theoretical revaluation and substantially change existing engineering and legal practice. The main research problem is ecosystem modeling for ecoengineering needs. Ecoengineering is a new chance for humanity and nature.
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"Radiological criteria for the disposal of solid radioactive wastes." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences 319, no. 1545 (1986): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1986.0082.
Full textAbstract:
Radioactive waste disposal is only one cause of exposure to ionizing radiation. Criteria for control should fit into the world-wide system for protection against radiation hazards, developed by the International Commission on Radiological Protection over the past 50 years. The system is simple and logically inevitable for any non-threshold pollutant. It consists of limits to protect individuals against unacceptable risks and a requirement to reduce the overall impact of the source causing the radiation to a level that is ‘as low as reasonably achievable’. Particular aspects examined in the paper include the long timescales of concern and the role of comparisons with natural levels of radiation. The output of radiological assessment is an input to broader decisions on waste management, accommodating environmental pressures within political judgements. It is necessary to pursue the scientific analysis of waste disposal so that the results can be used as a firm foundation to confront, openly and honestly, the concerns of the public and of the politicians.
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"4th international hazardous waste symposium on Environmental aspects of stabilization solidification of hazardous and radioactive wastes." Cement and Concrete Research 17, no. 3 (1987): 523. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(87)90019-6.
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