Academic literature on the topic 'Political aspects of Pacific salmon fisheries'
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Journal articles on the topic "Political aspects of Pacific salmon fisheries"
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Hilborn, Ray, and Wilf Luedke. "Rationalizing the Irrational: A Case Study in User Group Participation in Pacific Salmon Management." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 44, no. 10 (October 1, 1987): 1796–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f87-223.
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Acrimony between industry and government managers is commonplace in the management of many Pacific salmon fisheries. A case study of the chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) fisheries in southern British Columbia provides insight into the prevailing distrust between fishermen and managers. A recent attempt to bring planned management into what had often been an irrational and highly political activity is described. A management system called the "clockwork" provides all fishermen an opportunity for greater understanding of the management rationale and greater input into the decision-making process. The results of this attempt and implications for achieving management goals are discussed.
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Gayeski, Nick, Misty MacDuffee, and Jack A. Stanford. "Criteria for a good catch: A conceptual framework to guide sourcing of sustainable salmon fisheries." FACETS 3, no. 1 (October 1, 2018): 300–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/facets-2016-0078.
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The identification of sustainably managed fisheries is problematic for marketers and consumers of Pacific salmon food products owing to lack of well-defined and robust criteria that take into account current ecosystem science of salmon. We present the rationale for an alternative conceptual framework for salmon management that supports the development of sustainable sourcing criteria. Our approach contrasts with current large-scale fisheries certification programs such as that of the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) and general consumer recommendation services such as Monterey Bay Aquarium’s Seafood Watch (SFW) program. Our framework is based on the “place-based” character of salmon populations and recognition of fundamental aspects of salmon ecology, particularly the evolution of population life histories that are locally adapted to freshwater spawning and rearing habitats. We describe how this framework underpins development of science-based sourcing criteria and how it differs in important respects from the industrial approach that historically and currently is the basis for most salmon management. We conclude with a discussion of how the framework and its application may provide a model for redirecting salmon management, in general, towards a more science- and place-based approach and why that is likely to be sustainable in the long term in a way that most contemporary salmon management is not.
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Gore, Meredith, and Patricia Doerr. "Salmon Recovery and Fisheries Management: The Case for Dam Breaching on the Snake River." Policy Perspectives 7, no. 2 (May 1, 2000): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4079/pp.v7i2.4218.
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For centuries, Pacific salmonids have been migrating up and down the Columbia and Snake Rivers. Unfortunately and for various reasons, most notably the erection of numerous dams along these rivers, the size of several populations of Pacific salmonids has dramatically decreased in the past several decades. Currently all five species of Snake River salmon are listed under the Endangered Species Act, and no holistic extinction prevention or recovery plan exists. This paper examines four policy alternatives to determine which would constitute the most comprehensive, holistic, and timely recovery plan for these endangered Snake River salmon. This recovery plan should not only prevent extinction of the listed salmon populations, but should eventually result in the delisting of these species. After a review of the four alternatives and an examination of the political climate surrounding this contentious issue, it is concluded that the four dams on the Lower Snake River must be breached. Further, certain elements from the aggressive nonbreach alternative should be implemented in conjunction with dam removal to ensure that each of the 4-H's (habitat, hatchery, harvest and hydropower) are addressed such that salmon are given a better chance at recovery.
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Hutchings, J. A., C. Walters, and R. L. Haedrich. "Is scientific inquiry incompatible with government information control?" Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 54, no. 5 (May 1, 1997): 1198–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f97-051.
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Government-administered science in Canada, and its potential for bureaucratic and political interference, merits examination in the wake of the biological and socioeconomic catastrophes associated with recent fishery collapses. We cite specific research on Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) habitat to illustrate how nonscience influences can interfere with the dissemination of scientific information and the conduct of science in the Canadian Department of Fisheries and Oceans. The present framework for linking fisheries science with fisheries management has permitted, intentionally or unintentionally, a suppression of scientific uncertainty and a failure to document comprehensively legitimate differences in scientific opinion. We suggest that the conservation of natural resources is not facilitated by science integrated within a political body. The formation of a politically independent organization of fisheries scientists, or some such reorganization of the link between scientific research and the management of natural resources, merits serious and open debate.
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Shevlyakov, E. A., M. G. Feldman, V. I. Ostrovsky, V. V. Volobuev, A. M. Kaev, E. V. Golub, E. I. Barabanshchikov, and I. S. Golovanov. "LIMITS AND OPERATIONAL EVALUATION OF THE SPAWNERS ESCAPEMENT TO THE SPAWNING GROUNDS AS TOOLS FOR PROSPECTIVE AND SHORT-TERM MANAGEMENT OF THE PACIFIC SALMON STOCKS IN THE RIVERS OF THE FAR-EASTERN FISHERIES BASIN." Izvestiya TINRO 196 (April 5, 2019): 23–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.26428/1606-9919-2019-196-23-62.
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The major aspects of density regulation of the pacific salmons spawning are analyzed. Uncertainty of the ecological parameters considered traditionally as indicators of the salmons reproduction efficiency is discussed. If the method of the efficient spawning density is applied to the whole area of spawning grounds, without examination of conditions for spawning, false conclusions on optimum abundance of the spawners could be made. Clear criteria of the spawning grounds environments suitable for spawning are necessary for correct evaluation of the density factor for regulation the population abundance. Efficient escapement to the spawning grounds could be determined adequately by analysis of the reproduction curve. Critical analysis of tools for short- and long-term management of the salmon fishery is presented. Variants of compromise decisions for the multispecies fishery are discussed. The optimal escapement to the spawning grounds in not an absolute norm, but is a statistical parameter used for reaching the maximum production. Conflict between the strategies of saving the reproduction basis of salmon populations and the landing increase by fishing companies is demonstrated. Criteria and algorithm of short-term corrections of the salmon catches during the fishery campaign are provided. Major local units of the pacific salmon stocks in the Far East of Russia are outlined; biological parameters necessary for management of their exploitation are defined. Numbers of the spawners necessary for local and general support of spawning stocks for 5 commercial species of pacific salmons are evaluated to provide the most effective and sustainable natural reproduction of the stocks in the Russian part of the North Pacific.
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Ritchie, Morgan, and Bill Angelbeck. "“Coyote Broke the Dams”: Power, Reciprocity, and Conflict in Fish Weir Narratives and Implications for Traditional and Contemporary Fisheries." Ethnohistory 67, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 191–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00141801-8025268.
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Abstract This article examines the social and political implications of the geographically widespread and cross-cultural oral narratives related to the releases of salmon into the rivers of the Pacific Northwest through the destruction of weir-dams. Key themes in these narratives provide insights into indigenous concepts of reciprocity and authority, which in turn reveal dimensions of social organization and intercommunity interactions from a new perspective. These narratives explicitly foreground the inevitable tensions between communities that relied on salmon and also sought to prioritize their own interests, seeking exclusive use of weirs, occasionally to the detriment of other groups. This study illustrates how these narratives convey episodes of contradictory interests, exploitation, social struggle, reconciliation, and a moral charter for communities over a broad area. The analysis also highlights how the messages of these narratives are just as pertinent today as they were in the past.
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Brooks, J. L., J. M. Chapman, A. N. Barkley, S. T. Kessel, N. E. Hussey, S. G. Hinch, D. A. Patterson, et al. "Biotelemetry informing management: case studies exploring successful integration of biotelemetry data into fisheries and habitat management." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 76, no. 7 (July 2019): 1238–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2017-0530.
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Biotelemetry data have been successfully incorporated into aspects of fishery and fish habitat management; however, the processes of knowledge mobilization are rarely published in peer-reviewed literature but are valuable and of interest to conservation scientists. Here, we explore case examples from the Ocean Tracking Network (OTN), including Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) in British Columbia, Canada; Greenland halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides) in Cumberland Sound, Canada; and lemon sharks (Negaprion brevirostris) in Florida, USA, to document key processes for science integration. Typical recommendations documented in the literature (e.g., co-production of knowledge, transdisciplinary methodologies, applied research questions) were recorded to have had successful fisheries management integration, although we documented some exceptions. In each case, it was early, active, and ongoing communication outside of traditional science communication and the visual evidence of fish movement that were critical in engaging all parties with a vested interest. Networks offer forums for knowledge sharing on lessons learned and development of skills to engage in active communication. Greater investments and attention to develop these skills are needed to foster positive and active relationships that can impart real change in management and conservation.
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Stocks, Allison P., Evgeny A. Pakhomov, and Brian P. V. Hunt. "A simple method to assess the marine environment residence duration of juvenile sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) using laser ablation." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 71, no. 10 (October 2014): 1437–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2014-0073.
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Monitoring habitat utilization and early marine growth of sockeye salmon juveniles (Oncorhynchus nerka) in fjords of the Pacific Northwest is currently hampered by difficulties in estimating residence times, limiting scientific advances in certain aspects of this species’ fisheries management and conservation. Combining otolith microchemistry and conventional daily ring counts, we were able to obtain the date of first entry and the residence time of sockeye juveniles in Rivers Inlet, British Columbia. This operationally inexpensive method builds upon variable microelement concentrations in fresh- and saltwater environments: barium (Ba) and strontium (Sr) concentrations within the sockeye otoliths differed between the freshwater and seawater growth zones; Ba concentrations in the freshwater growth zone were significantly higher than those in the seawater growth zone, while Sr concentrations in the former were significantly lower than in the latter. The concentrations of these elements within otoliths were determined quantitatively at high spatial resolution using in situ laser ablation inductively coupled with a plasma mass spectrometer (ICPMS) providing a record of the ambient environmental conditions experienced by individual fish. Exploratory analysis of a 3-year data set showed that the mean residence time of sockeye juveniles in Rivers Inlet varied between 3 and 6 weeks between years.
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Botsford, Louis W., Matthew D. Holland, John C. Field, and Alan Hastings. "Cohort resonance: a significant component of fluctuations in recruitment, egg production, and catch of fished populations." ICES Journal of Marine Science 71, no. 8 (April 24, 2014): 2158–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsu063.
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Abstract Hjort (1914. Fluctuations in the great fisheries of northern Europe. Rapport et Procès-Verbaux des Réunions du Conseil Permanent International pour l'exploration de la Mer, XX: 1–228) identified two important aspects of the early life of fish as being important determinants of fluctuations in year-class strength: changes in nutrition and transport. He dismissed a third possible influence, changes in the abundance of the reproductive stock. Here, we describe how a recently discovered characteristic behaviour of age-structured populations termed cohort resonance, which does involve changes in adult abundance, can have a substantial effect on fluctuations in fished populations. Cohort resonance involves selectively greater sensitivity of age-structured populations to generational frequencies and to very low frequencies in the environmental signal influencing a population. This frequency-dependent selectivity has been shown to increase with fishing, as do the total amounts of variability in recruitment, egg production, and catch. Cohort resonance differs from other recent model mechanisms proposed to explain the observed increase in variability with fishing in that it does not require over-compensatory density-dependence. It stems from the compensatory ascending limb of the egg–recruit relationship, and is a characteristic of a stable population driven by a random environment. We demonstrate the differences in frequency selectivity and increases in variability with fishing among three different Pacific coast species with different longevity: coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch; ∼3 years), Pacific hake (Merluccius productus; ∼25 years), and Pacific Ocean perch (Sebastes alutus; ∼90 years). The shortest lived, coho salmon is the most sensitive to environmental variability, but variability in egg production and catch both increase more rapidly with fishing in the longer-lived species. Understanding cohort resonance will aid in anticipation of predicted potential changes in the frequency content of the physical environment with changing climate (e.g. more frequent El Niños), and it provides a warning regarding the possible confounding of increasing sensitivity to slow change due to fishing with actual slow change of population parameters due to climate change. Our understanding of the role of cohort resonance in population variability will be enhanced by further identification of empirical examples. We describe some of the challenges in this effort.
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Doumenge, François. "Les relations extérieures de l’halieutique japonaise." Études internationales 18, no. 1 (April 12, 2005): 153–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/702131ar.
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Japan's distant seafishing industry provides opportunities for supergains, y et it still remains dependent on the internal market. Its activities which are directed by the State, and implemented by the large industrial and commercial enterprises, are part of the whole evolution of the traditional corporations of the Kumiai. A study of the political, technical, and economical conjuncture and balance of power at the international level show three important periods. 1904-1941 : The imperialistic policy of the military-industrial complex supports the operations of the large enterprises. Between 1933 and 1940, Japan has several hundreds of fishing plants along the coasts of the Russian Far East; factory vessels are used for the canning of salmon and crabs in the Sea of Okhostk and the Behring Sea, and for whaling in the Antarctic and North Pacific ; industrial trawling is carried on along the coasts of the Asian continent while numerous enterprises are set up in Indo-Malaysia for coastal tuna fishing. 1948-1973 : Within the framework of the reconstruction of its economy, Japan at first resumes the same campaigns as those of the pre-War period; to these are added drifting long line fishing of tuna in the intertropical grounds and a powerful industrial trawling in North Pacific. By 1960, these activities are curtailed due to regulations imposed by USSR, USA, and the International Whaling Commission for stock protection. And then there are new competitors (Taiwan, South Korea). A general fail off after 1965 is partly compensated by the industrial trawling in the Behring Sea. 1974-1986: Significant geopolitical and economic changes force Japan to define and to redeploy its foreign fisheries. Pressured by waterside States, Japan gradually withdraws from traditional fishing grounds and endeavours to find new resources in waters which have remained international so as to maintain a balance with its internal market (tuna drifting long lines and seiners, squid fishery). New technology and profits from the internal market allow the industrial armaments to keep their competitive edge. The State strongly supports this sector through its diplomacy and the provision of funds for research and redeployment and by planning the integration of the distant fishing industry within the economical and social development of the traditional fishing cells of the Archipelago.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Political aspects of Pacific salmon fisheries"
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Urquhart, Ian Thomas. "Interdependence, state competition, and national policy : regulating the British Columbia and Washington Pacific salmon fisheries, 1957-1984." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/27555.
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This study explores the politics of regulating the British Columbia and Washington commercial salmon fisheries between 1937 and 1984. The principal focus of this comparative-historical study is upon one particularly striking exception to the tendency of regulators to tighten commercial salmon fishing restrictions over time - the persistence of liberal offshore trolling regulations. The dissertation argues that the anomalous treatment of the offshore troll fishery during this period may be ascribed to the competition between states for the right to harvest salmon - a common property resource.
In making this claim, the study questions the adequacy of the interest-group driven explanations of policy which figure prominently in the literature on regulation. Two pillars of interest group theory, the tendencies to explain national policy only through reference to domestic politics and to reduce state behaviour to little more than the product of the demands of private sector interests, are challenged in this comparative case study.
The challenge to the first tendency of interest group theory is sustained by examining the relations between national regulatory preferences and the foreign fishery policy goals of Canada and the United States. The pursuit of two goals - Asian exclusion and North American equity - in bilateral and multilateral negotiations demanded the adoption of particular regulatory profiles. Liberal offshore troll regulations may be explained according to the legitimacy and bargaining advantages they lent to Canadian and American efforts to incorporate these two goals into modifications to the traditional fishery regime.
The study also suggests that, in a setting characterized by intergovernmental competition, regulatory policies may not always be equated with the preferences of interested private parties. In this setting the state's ability or willingness to respond to even the most influential private sector interests may be limited by the state's evaluation of its bargaining resources and requirements. State competition created a context where government attitudes towards offshore salmon fishing could be understood in terms of state preferences, preferences derived from officials' perceptions of the legitimacy of various national regulatory policies in the context of valued international institutions.
While state competition is the centrepiece of the explanation of national fishery policy developed in this study its explanatory power is mediated by two intervening institutional variables - the capacities of states to formulate and implement policies and the structure of the international regime itself. The level of knowledge regarding the salmon resource played an instrumental role in the formulation of regime goals and of pertinent national policies. The extent to which state management in offshore waters was fragmented between different bureaus affected the ability of officials to adopt national policies which suited their international purposes. The redistribution of the American state's fishery management capacity in the 1970s was a catalyst for the severe restrictions visited upon Washington trailers at that time.
A second institutional factor, the structure of the international fishery regime, also mediated the competition between states. The series of reciprocal fishing privileges agreements between Canada and the United States was particularly important in maintaining established offshore regulatory preferences during the 1970s when the clash between American and Canadian salmon fishery perspectives was intensifying.Arts, Faculty of
Political Science, Department of
Graduate
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Robertson, Stephen. "Contesting modernism : communities and the pacific salmon revitalization plan." Thesis, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/9112.
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This thesis explores the role for social work in addressing government policies that
threaten the sustainability of small coastal communities. The response of government and
industry to the globalization of trade and resource degradation is at odds with the needs of people.
Utilizing a case study methodology the development and implementation of the Pacific Salmon
Revitalization Plan is explored. This department of fisheries plan to rationalize the fishery was
highly contested on the grounds that it took jobs out of small coastal communities. It was accused
of benefiting the large fishing corporations and the urban based fishing fleet, which had the
capital to profit from the plan. Concentrated opposition from coastal communities, fishers,
advocacy groups and academics was unsuccessful in changing the plan. The assumptions of
modernism - expert knowledge, scientific rationality and orthodox economics - as well as
distorted communications, were postulated to be behind this lack of success. A post modern
analysis suggests that a successful challenge to the plan would have incorporated the local
knowledge of fishers and coastal communities within a process of fair and equitable public
discourse aimed at reaching intersubjectively mediated understanding. For social work this
demonstrates the need to work conjointly with communities and affected groups to identify the
modernist assumptions on which policy decisions are based and develop locally derived
alternatives to these assumptions. And most importantly, that the focus of social change efforts be
on demanding a process for discussion and decision-making that ensures that the concerns of
effected individuals will be fairly addressed.
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Evans, Paul L. "Treaty past, treaty present : an interdisciplinary analysis of the Pacific Salmon Treaty through examination of the values, culture and political structures that provide definition." Thesis, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/33563.
Full textAbstract:
The Pacific Salmon Treaty was established by Canada and the United States
to secure sustainability of salmon harvests within the Pacific Northwest. Renewed
in June 1999, the treaty functions to legitimize and empower the Pacific Salmon
Commission as the agent of fishery sustainability. The Pacific Salmon
Commission serves as a bilateral recommendation-making body. Through its
formal and informal, communications, the commission suggests action and defines
regional salmon policy. Over the past decade pressures related to overharvest,
changing oceanic conditions, and an increasing demand for production have
challenged the commission and the fishery as never before.
The Pacific Salmon Treaty was officially signed into existence in 1985. It
was supposed to be re-ratified in 1992. This did not occur. From 1992 until 1999
numerous ratification processes were attempted, all but one failed. During this
time tensions mounted and expressed frustrations nearly prompted overt violence.
In August 1997 Canadian fishermen angered at the lack of a solution blockaded a
U.S. passenger ferry thrusting the issue onto the world stage. In response to the crisis Canada and the U.S. empowered a joint commission to find resolution.
While the resultant Strangway-Ruckelshaus Initiative proved to be a failure, its
findings paved the way for eventual re-ratification.
The Pacific Salmon Treaty exists because salmon within the Pacific
Northwest represent different but simultaneous values within rooted world view
orientations. The respective political cultures of Canada and the U.S. have
sustained administrative regimes consistent with their dominant understanding of
salmon and its values. Divergent cultural expectations and shared economic
pressures have sustained conflict over the fishery and led to political and economic
uncertainty. The Pacific Salmon Treaty is a work in progress. Understanding the
treaty's context, historical development and function is vital for the sustainability
of the fishery.
The recent ratification of the Pacific Salmon Treaty represents an evolution
in shared resource management. Based upon an "abundance-based management"
regime the 1999 agreement provides the Pacific Salmon Commission with more
discretionary capacity. However, the new pact may prove to be incomplete in form
and function because of contradictory world view orientations. This research
suggests that an emphasis on struggle management instead of conflict avoidance
coupled with an enhanced bilateral commitment to the sustainability of the fishery
may prove most helpful for the long-term outlook of the salmon. It also suggests
that it is simply too early to tell whether this most recent attempt can or will "save
the salmon."Graduation date: 2001
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Power, Melanie Deanne. "Fishing for justice : an ethical framework for fisheries policies in Canada." Thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/14810.
Full textAbstract:
Canadian fisheries are in crisis. On both the Pacific and Atlantic coasts, stories abound
of fisheries closures or failures and coastal communities in difficulty. A new approach to
fisheries policy is required, one which recognises the intrinsic value of all participants in the
fisheries ecosystem and is capable of providing guidance on how to make policy decisions. The
principles of environmental ethics provide a framework for developing justice-based fisheries
policies.
The environmental ethics literature is first explored, with special attention to fisheries
issues. From this review, a justice-based framework is identified, in which five types of justice
are viewed as pertinent to fisheries concerns. This framework is then translated into an
assessment tool, based upon the Rapfish method for rapid appraisal of fisheries and using a set
of justice-based ethical criteria. These criteria are evaluated and, through a paired comparison
survey, further explored. An assessment of a range of Canadian marine fisheries is conducted
using these ethical criteria. Subsequently, a modified Rapfish assessment, using the original
criteria supplemented with additional customised criteria, is conducted for Aboriginal fisheries
for Pacific salmon in British Columbia. Additionally, a study is conducted which explores
preferences regarding the abundance and diversity of fisheries ecosystems.
Finally, the commercial fishery for Pacific salmon in British Columbia is presented as a
case study. The Rapfish assessment results are presented, and considerations as to how to
operationalise just policies for this fishery are suggested. Recommendations include: balancing
the composition of the commercial fleet, based upon ecological impacts of the various gear
types; encouragement of local stewardship and community involvement; and inclusion of
various forms of knowledge in fisheries management and decision-making.
Books on the topic "Political aspects of Pacific salmon fisheries"
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Emery, Claude. Pacific salmon: The Canada-United States dispute. [Ottawa]: Library of Parliament, Research Branch, 1996.
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The great salmon hoax: An eyewitness account of the collapse of science and law and the triumph of politics in salmon recovery. Aurora, Or: Iconoclast Pub. Co., 1997.
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Bruce, Brown. Mountain in the clouds: A search for the wild salmon. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1995.
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Bruce, Brown. Mountain in the clouds: A search for the wild salmon. New York: Collier Books, 1990.
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Alkire, Carolyn L. Wild salmon as natural capital: Accounting for sustainable use. Washington, D.C: Wilderness Society, 1993.
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Alkire, Carolyn. Wild salmon as natural capital: Accounting for sustainable use. Washington, D.C. (900 17th St. N.W., Washington 20006-2596): Wilderness Society, 1993.
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Tobolski, Jeffrey Joseph. Evaluation of the economic impacts due to the offshore fisheries supported by salmon hatcheries on the Oregon Coast. [Newport, Or.]: The Association, 1988.
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Melvin, Edward F. Seabird bycatch reduction: New tools for Puget Sound drift gillnet salmon fisheries : 1996 sockeye and 1995 chum salmon test fisheries final report. Seattle, WA: Washington Sea Grant Program, University of Washington, 1997.
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Olsen, Darryll. The economic costs of fisheries management actions for the Columbia River. Portland, Or: Northwest Irrigation Utilities, 1992.
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Emery, Claude. Driftnet fishing in the north Pacific Ocean. 2nd ed. [Ottawa]: Library Parliament, Research Branch, 1992.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Political aspects of Pacific salmon fisheries"
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"Pacific Salmon: Ecology and Management of Western Alaska’s Populations." In Pacific Salmon: Ecology and Management of Western Alaska’s Populations, edited by Marc Gaden, Charles C. Krueger, and Christopher I. Goddard. American Fisheries Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874110.ch43.
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<em>Abstract.</em>—Jurisdictional boundaries add a layer of complexity to the already difficult task of managing fisheries. This paper outlines the challenges of cross-border management in the Great Lakes of North America and the Arctic-Yukon-Kuskokwim (AYK) region of Alaska and Yukon Territory and discusses the role of governance regimes established to facilitate fishery management in those regions. Management of the multi-jurisdictional Great Lakes fishery occurs without direct federal oversight. Eight Great Lakes states, the province of Ontario, and several U.S. tribes manage the sport, commercial, and subsistence fisheries within their jurisdiction, though the Canadian and U.S. federal governments make important contributions as well. To help in the development of shared fishery policies, the nonfederal jurisdictions, with the support of the federal agencies and the binational Great Lakes Fishery Commission, signed <em>A Joint Strategic Plan for Management of Great Lakes Fisheries</em>, a voluntary, consensus-based agreement. Similar to the Great Lakes, political diffusion is also a characteristic of management of salmon in the AYK region. AYK fishery management must consider state, federal, provincial, territorial, and international treaty jurisdictions. Different from the Great Lakes, federal involvement is much greater in the AYK region because of abundant federal lands combined with federal legislation (e.g., Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act of 1980) and the presence of international waters and treaties. Based on lessons from the Great Lakes, a pathway to increasing cooperation and effectiveness of AYK salmon management includes: identification of common interests; adoption of shared goals; information sharing; building of relationships among agencies and individuals; and use of consensus decision-making and accountability mechanisms. Connecting all of the agencies affecting the salmon life cycle and fisheries in the AYK region through an appropriate forum or institution would enhance cooperative and effective AYK salmon management.
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"Pacific Salmon: Ecology and Management of Western Alaska’s Populations." In Pacific Salmon: Ecology and Management of Western Alaska’s Populations, edited by Allen Gottesfeld, Chris Barnes, and Cristina Soto. American Fisheries Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874110.ch42.
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<em>Abstract.</em>—Pacific salmon are important to the First Nations of the Skeena River watershed in British Columbia. The Skeena Fisheries Commission (SFC) was formed in 1985 through a memorandum of understanding between the watershed’s five First Nations: Tsimshian, Gitxsan, Gitanyow, Wet’suwet’en, and Lake Babine. SFC focuses on salmon management, research, and conservation through governance and technical committees. This paper describes the development of fishery management capacity of SFC within the context of the cultural importance of salmon, the history of salmon management measures, and land claims. Capacity is analyzed in terms of the ability to perform eight management functions: policy making, negotiation and resource planning; stock assessment; fishery monitoring; enforcement and compliance; research, habitat and enhancement activities; data gathering and analysis for resource planning; creating benefits for fishermen and communities; and training and education. Policy making, negotiating, and planning occur between SFC and the Canadian Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO) through formal and informal consultations and monthly technical meetings. SFC also participates in committees at the federal and international levels. Stock assessment activities include spawner enumerations, counting weirs, mark-recapture studies, hydroacoustic surveys, and sampling fish for genetic stock identification. Catch monitoring of the food fishery has been regularly conducted since 1991. First Nation Rangers and federal Fisheries Officers enforce traditional and federal law, respectively. Member First Nations conduct research projects with assistance from SFC staff and infrastructure. Habitat and conservation enhancement projects include road culvert assessments and hatchery rearing of Kitwanga Lake sockeye salmon <em>Oncorhynchus nerka</em>. The creation of benefits for communities occurs through two in-river fisheries. Finally, training and education include SFC-run workshops and specialized training by external sources. SFC will conduct most management functions in the future; however, funding remains a constraint to program expansion. Key elements of the success of the SFC include: the cultural imperative to protect fish, the community origin and leadership of the SFC, a favorable political environment, the early recognition of the need for a watershed-wide organization, and the availability of government funding.
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"Pacific Salmon: Ecology and Management of Western Alaska’s Populations." In Pacific Salmon: Ecology and Management of Western Alaska’s Populations, edited by Michael L. Jones and James R. Bence. American Fisheries Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874110.ch49.
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<em>Abstract.</em>—Many fishery management decisions continue to be guided by science only through “best guess” interpretation of assessment information and deterministic models of fisheries and food webs; until very recently this was true of nearly all fishery management in the Great Lakes. However, fishery management decisions can be improved by formally considering uncertainty when evaluating management options; practical tools for doing this have become increasingly available. Accounting for uncertainty is important because acting as though the best guess is true may be substantially suboptimal if this leads to poor performance for other less likely, but still plausible, “states of the world.” For a variety of critical Great Lakes fishery management issues, including determining appropriate investments in sea lamprey <em>Petromyzon marinus </em>control, setting suitable levels of salmonine stocking, and establishing percid harvest policies, are considered. In each case, the authors worked closely with fishery managers to conduct a decision analysis of management options they identified, using contemporary statistical methods to formally assess uncertainty about key fishery parameters and stochastic simulation to compare management options. These decision analyses were used by fishery managers to develop policies that more objectively account for uncertainty and to garner support from stakeholders and policy makers. The approach shows considerable promise for future fishery management in the Great Lakes, but may face substantial challenges as managers seek to more effectively involve stakeholders throughout the process, foster the requisite technical expertise within their agencies, and communicate the results of highly technical analyses to both stakeholders and decision makers. Three important aspects of salmon Arctic-Yukon-Kuskokwim region management for which a decision analysis approach would be particularly valuable are (1) the evaluation of different options for assessment sampling of returning adult salmon, used to determine whether escapement targets are being met; (2) strategies for in-season management of salmon harvest; and (3) setting annual escapement goals for individual stocks.
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Hilborn, Ray, and Ulrike Hilborn. "Enhancement and Aquaculture." In Ocean Recovery, 163–72. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198839767.003.0015.
Full textAbstract:
Enhancement and Aquaculture. Fish stock enhancement involves growing small fish in a hatchery and releasing them in the wild to augment natural fish production. It is widely practiced for Pacific salmon and hundreds of other marine species, especially in China. Aquaculture is the raising of fish from egg to adult in ponds, net pens, or other controlled conditions, and its harvest now exceeds capture fisheries. Aquaculture impacts wild fish production through disease transmission, genetic impacts from escaped fish, and introduction of exotic species. As fish stocks decline and the political, social, and economic pains of ever-reducing harvests increases, the idea of hatcheries becomes irresistible. Why regulate fisheries when you can produce more fish in a hatchery?
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"From Catastrophe to Recovery: Stories of Fishery Management Success." In From Catastrophe to Recovery: Stories of Fishery Management Success, edited by Charles C. Krueger, William W. Taylor, and So-Jung Youn. American Fisheries Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874554.ch1.
Full textAbstract:
<i>Abstract</i>.â€â€Success achieving fishery management goals is possible but often requires concurrent strategies addressing ecology, politics, and public communication combined with some level of good fortune. As an introduction to this book, we identify several themes consistently highlighted among the fish management stories that follow, regardless of species, their life history, habitat needs, or type of waters they live inâ€â€streams, lakes, or ocean. In almost every case, success of management relied first and foremost on the abilities of professionals to restore the quality and quantity of a fish’s habitat. The success of these efforts varied in magnitude but was accomplished by a combination of effective environmental regulation, substantial public and private investment, and direct habitat manipulationâ€â€whether in Lake Erie (Canada and USA), the Vindeln River in northern Sweden, an Adirondack Mountain lake of New York (USA), or Sea Lamprey <i>Petromyzon marinus</i> along the Atlantic coast (USA). Fish need acceptable water quality and habitat for living: simply stated and obviousâ€â€fish need water! When water and fish habitat are restored, fish populations can naturally recover through colonization from remnant populations, as was experienced in the Scioto River, Ohio. In some cases, populations were restored by stocking fish, using careful genetic considerations, such as told for Snake River Sockeye Salmon <i>Oncorhynchus nerka</i>. Public engagement was a common theme among case studies presented in this text. Public support for management yielded the political will to provide funding, regulation, and enforcement. Public involvement was a critical component of stories told about Great Smoky Mountains Brook Trout <i>Salvelinus fontinalis</i>, Pacific salmon in British Columbia and Idaho, and Tonle Sap fisheries of Cambodia. Consistently, management success came when goals were clearly articulated and combined with an effective consensus-built management plan that had the long-term commitment of personnel and support of their agencies. These attributes yielded programs where actions were taken and long-term monitoring and assessment were implemented to gauge success. Assessment information allowed programs to be adaptive over time to changes in the ecological system and society and thereby helped address new, as well as ongoing, challenges the fish and fishery were experiencing. The stories in this text provide incontrovertible evidence that good things can happen with the development and implementation of effective fish management programs, demonstrating the value of our profession and providing clear evidence that success is not an impossible allusion but rather an achievable event. These success stories of restored fish and fisheries throughout the world should be celebrated within fishery science.