Academic literature on the topic 'Political parties Political parties Political parties Political parties'

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Journal articles on the topic "Political parties Political parties Political parties Political parties"

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Sayers, Anthony. "Political Parties." Canadian Journal of Political Science 38, no. 4 (December 2005): 1061–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423905219972.

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Political Parties, William Cross, The Canadian Democratic Audit series; Vancouver, UBC Press, 2004, pp. 218.Political Parties is part of the Canadian Democratic Audit series. The expressed aim of the series is to “examine the way Canadian democracy functions” using three benchmarks, “public participation, inclusiveness and responsiveness,” with the principle output being not so much a report card but the desire to “encourage ongoing discussion of how best to fashion Canada's democratic institutions and practices well into the new century” (http://www.mta.ca/faculty/arts-letters/canadian_studies/cda/pdf/demaudit_overview_15aug.pdf). Cross's short, readable volume achieves these objectives.
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Bailey, Christopher J. "Political parties." Contemporary Record 3, no. 3 (February 1990): 12–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13619469008581066.

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Marume, Dr S. B. M., Dr A. S. Chikasha, and Prof D. Ndudzo. "Political Parties." IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering 13, no. 04 (April 2016): 140–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/1684-130407140152.

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Сморгунов, Леонид. "Network political parties." Полис. Политические исследования (Polis. Political Studies), no. 4 (July 23, 2014): 21–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17976/jpps/2014.04.03.

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Page, Sam, and Jason Dittmer. "Assembling Political Parties." Geography Compass 9, no. 5 (May 2015): 251–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gec3.12208.

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Collins, Neil, and Patrick Butler. "Positioning Political Parties." Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics 1, no. 2 (March 1996): 63–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1081180x96001002006.

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Mungiu, Alina. "Assisting Political Parties." Journal of Democracy 18, no. 2 (2007): 167–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jod.2007.0031.

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Childs, Sarah L., and Miki Caul Kittilson. "Feminizing political parties." Party Politics 22, no. 5 (July 9, 2016): 598–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354068816654320.

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Holmberg, Sören. "Polarizing Political Parties." Tidsskrift for samfunnsforskning 45, no. 02 (June 24, 2004): 355–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.18261/issn1504-291x-2004-02-12.

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Conway, M. Margaret. "Political Parties and Political Mobilization." American Review of Politics 14 (January 1, 1994): 549–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.15763/issn.2374-7781.1993.14.0.549-563.

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One of the tales told about American political parties is that Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, desiring to create an institution uniting sup-porters of their beliefs about the means and ends of government, set off from their Virginia plantations on what was described to inquisitive journalists as an expedition to gather botanical specimens. Instead of collecting specimens, however, they are alleged to have created the original specimen of the modern political party.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Political parties Political parties Political parties Political parties"

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Maciel, Elda Maria Freire. "Caminhos e Descaminhos de um Pensar Plural: o pensamento polÃtico do partido dos trabalhadores." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2009. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=3050.

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FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico
RESUMO Este trabalho analisa a formaÃÃo e o desenvolvimento do pensamento polÃtico do Partido dos Trabalhadores (PT) no perÃodo compreendido entre sua fundaÃÃo em 1980 à realizaÃÃo de seu 1Â. Congresso Nacional em 1991. A escolha desse tema se deu ao refletir sobre como o PT construiu o seu corpo simbÃlico ou o seu capital polÃtico no decurso de sua trajetÃria de lutas e como se capacitou para efetivÃ-lo atravÃs do conjunto partidÃrio. Tal dÃvida se manifestou quando analisava documentos (resoluÃÃes de encontros, congressos, reuniÃes etc.) dessa organizaÃÃo, inclusive de suas vÃrias tendÃncias e percebia como enfatizavam o fato do PT ter incorporado ânovas teoriasâ, ânovas prÃticasâ, ânovos rumosâ durante sua trajetÃria e por isso, ser um ânovo partidoâ ou um partido diferente do projeto originÃrio. A inquietaÃÃo com tal leitura me levou a refletir sobre uma premissa que considero fundamental para a vida das organizaÃÃes sociais como um todo, qual seja, que toda organizaÃÃo polÃtica necessita de uma referÃncia teÃrica sÃlida para formar-se e desenvolver-se. E claro isso advÃm de um processo de produÃÃo e de re-significaÃÃo de idÃias e prÃticas que de forma alguma sÃo absolutamente ânovasâ, mas que se articula com experiÃncias vividas por outras organizaÃÃes polÃticas em meio a novas realidades, a novos contextos sociais e tambÃm, a determinados tempos histÃricos. Os dados da pesquisa foram coletados nas resoluÃÃes partidÃrias aprovadas desde o surgimento do Movimento prÃ-PT, passando pelos 07 encontros nacionais e um extraordinÃrio e pelo 1Â. Congresso Nacional. Contudo, foram consultados tambÃm artigos de militantes petistas, boletins, folhetos de propaganda eleitoral, programa de governo do PT e outros materiais. Ao todo foram analisados 53 documentos partidÃrios. Como procedimento teÃrico-metodolÃgico optei pela anÃlise das categorias bÃsicas do pensamento petista, dos fenÃmenos sociais privilegiados por ele, da ontologia de suas idÃias, de sua pretensÃo crÃtica, das escolas de pensamento e Ideologia ao qual o PT se identificava. Para analisar o material coletado me orientei pela perspectiva teÃrico-metodolÃgica de Antonio Gramsci sobre sua concepÃÃo de partido polÃtico. Mas tambÃm a instrumentaÃÃo fornecida pela AnÃlise de Discurso (AD) foi fundamental. A conclusÃo deste estudo fornece indicaÃÃes sobre a construÃÃo do pensamento polÃtico petista em meio à conturbada dÃcada de 80, percebendo-o como uma sÃntese de rupturas, de superaÃÃo e ao mesmo tempo de continuidade com o pensamento dos partidos de esquerda que o precederam demonstrando assim, caracteres ambÃguos, conflituosos e contraditÃrios que concretamente incidiram para a prÃtica petista.
RESUMO Este trabalho analisa a formaÃÃo e o desenvolvimento do pensamento polÃtico do Partido dos Trabalhadores (PT) no perÃodo compreendido entre sua fundaÃÃo em 1980 à realizaÃÃo de seu 1Â. Congresso Nacional em 1991. A escolha desse tema se deu ao refletir sobre como o PT construiu o seu corpo simbÃlico ou o seu capital polÃtico no decurso de sua trajetÃria de lutas e como se capacitou para efetivÃ-lo atravÃs do conjunto partidÃrio. Tal dÃvida se manifestou quando analisava documentos (resoluÃÃes de encontros, congressos, reuniÃes etc.) dessa organizaÃÃo, inclusive de suas vÃrias tendÃncias e percebia como enfatizavam o fato do PT ter incorporado ânovas teoriasâ, ânovas prÃticasâ, ânovos rumosâ durante sua trajetÃria e por isso, ser um ânovo partidoâ ou um partido diferente do projeto originÃrio. A inquietaÃÃo com tal leitura me levou a refletir sobre uma premissa que considero fundamental para a vida das organizaÃÃes sociais como um todo, qual seja, que toda organizaÃÃo polÃtica necessita de uma referÃncia teÃrica sÃlida para formar-se e desenvolver-se. E claro isso advÃm de um processo de produÃÃo e de re-significaÃÃo de idÃias e prÃticas que de forma alguma sÃo absolutamente ânovasâ, mas que se articula com experiÃncias vividas por outras organizaÃÃes polÃticas em meio a novas realidades, a novos contextos sociais e tambÃm, a determinados tempos histÃricos. Os dados da pesquisa foram coletados nas resoluÃÃes partidÃrias aprovadas desde o surgimento do Movimento prÃ-PT, passando pelos 07 encontros nacionais e um extraordinÃrio e pelo 1Â. Congresso Nacional. Contudo, foram consultados tambÃm artigos de militantes petistas, boletins, folhetos de propaganda eleitoral, programa de governo do PT e outros materiais. Ao todo foram analisados 53 documentos partidÃrios. Como procedimento teÃrico-metodolÃgico optei pela anÃlise das categorias bÃsicas do pensamento petista, dos fenÃmenos sociais privilegiados por ele, da ontologia de suas idÃias, de sua pretensÃo crÃtica, das escolas de pensamento e Ideologia ao qual o PT se identificava. Para analisar o material coletado me orientei pela perspectiva teÃrico-metodolÃgica de Antonio Gramsci sobre sua concepÃÃo de partido polÃtico. Mas tambÃm a instrumentaÃÃo fornecida pela AnÃlise de Discurso (AD) foi fundamental. A conclusÃo deste estudo fornece indicaÃÃes sobre a construÃÃo do pensamento polÃtico petista em meio à conturbada dÃcada de 80, percebendo-o como uma sÃntese de rupturas, de superaÃÃo e ao mesmo tempo de continuidade com o pensamento dos partidos de esquerda que o precederam demonstrando assim, caracteres ambÃguos, conflituosos e contraditÃrios que concretamente incidiram para a prÃtica petista.
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Bourgeois, David Y. "The Politics and Values of Individualists and Collectivists: A Cross-Cultural Comparison." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2002. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/BourgeoisDY2002.pdf.

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Wilson, Kenneth. "Russia's political parties : party-system development and the 2001 law 'On political parties'." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.423333.

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Blew, Dennis Jan. "The Europeanization of Political Parties: A Study of Political Parties in Poland 2009-2014." PDXScholar, 2015. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/2567.

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On May 1st 2004, Poland entered the European Union (EU), introducing new variables into the domestic politics of the Polish Republic. Since gaining its independence from Soviet control in 1989, Poland’s political landscape can be described as a dynamic and ever changing force towards democratic maturation. With the accession of Poland to the EU, questions of European integration and Europeanization have arisen, most specifically with how these two processes effect and shape the behaviors of domestic political actors. With Poland entering its second decade of EU membership, this study attempts to explain how, and if, further European integration has had any effect on the Europeanization of political parties in Poland. Building upon the work of various scholars, most notably Aleks Szczerbiak, this study examines the years 2009-2014, and examines Poland’s political parties through Robert Ladrech’s framework of Europeanization.
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Grosse, Ingrid. "Political parties and welfare associations." Doctoral thesis, Umeå : Department of Sociology, Umeå University, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-1466.

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Kim, Jongcheol. "Constitutionalising political parties in Britain." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1998. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1510/.

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Although Britain has developed a reasonably successful model of party democracy, there is little legal recognition of political parties in the constitutional order. My hypothesis is that the legal status of political parties relates to deep-seated political and social theories subsisting in British society. Britain's self-regulating political parties still adhere to the liberal theory of parliamentary democracy. However, there is increasing dissatisfaction with this status quo, which tends to ignore the pluralist reality. Therefore, demands are now being made for the creation of a new theory of democracy and for a range of constitutional reforms which such a theory requires. I propose to adopt a model of double democratisation which implies a refocusing of the liberal distinction between state and society. This model develops an equilibrium between state and society within a constitutional framework which can be called 'constitutionalised democratic autonomy'. I seek to argue that all agencies of power should be regulated within a constitutional framework which allows public scrutiny of the political system as a whole while affording, on the one hand, the greatest measure of freedom to civil society and, on the other, parity of autonomy to the state. The fact that political parties now play a powerful role within the state adds additional urgency to the task of reformulating the democratic agenda. In connecting a new perspective on political parties to the reformulated theory of democracy, the dual relationship of political parties to the state and civil society, i.e., their character both as a social sphere and as a political sphere, will be stressed. Based on these theoretical arguments, this dissertation critically analyses British law relating to political parties and maintains that there is a need for the legal institutionalisation of political parties. It discusses various possibilities for the constitutionalisation of political parties, which are envisaged to encourage in a balanced way inter- and intra-party democracy. This constitutionalisation will require, inter alia, (a) intra-party democracy, (b) electoral reform and (c) the juridification of the financial affairs of political parties. This dissertation concludes that the constitutionalisation of political parties is part and parcel of the modernisation of the British political system in the direction of correcting a divergence between the pluralist reality and the liberal constitutional ideal.
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Teorell, Jan. "Demokrati eller fåtalsvälde om beslutsfattande i partiorganisationer /." Uppsala : Distributor, Universitetsbiblioteket, 1998. http://books.google.com/books?id=qbSIAAAAMAAJ.

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Lees-Marshment, Jennifer. "Political parties and political marketing in Britain since 1979." Thesis, Keele University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.302275.

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Freij, Martin, and Andreas Gartnell. "Political Parties in Social Media : A case study of political parties’ crisis management in social media." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för marknadsföring (MF), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-35242.

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Title: Political Parties’ in Social Media - A case study of political parties’ crisis management in social media Introduction: The emergence of social media platforms has transformed how organizations communicate with stakeholders. The concept of social media is top of agenda for many business executives today. While some argue social media to provide unique opportunities for organizations, others argue the opposite. The rise of social media enables crises to escalate, implying that organizations need to have well-established crisis management strategies. In the Swedish election of 2014, social media is predicted to have enormous influence on the end result for the political parties. Prior to this thesis, no previous research has looked deeper into the context of crisis management in social media for political parties in Sweden. It is in the political context where this study contributes to the research area. Purpose: The aim of this paper is to investigate political parties’ crisis management in social media, using strategies developed for commercial organizations, and thereby contribute to the research of non-commercial organizations. Methodology: A triangulation method was used of semi structured interviews and archival analysis on four crises of political parties. Eight parties in the Swedish parliament where deliberately selected. However, only four of the parties, Socialdemokraterna (S), Sverigedemokraterna (SD), Vänsterpartiet (V) and Centerpartiet (C), had the possibility to participate in the study. Conclusion: (S), (V) and (C) all used both Facebook and Twitter as a crisis communication channel especially due to its speed and spread. However, (SD) did not use social media as crisis communication channel. The crisis management in social media of each party could improve immensely, however limited resources of employees and finance was found to be the main reasons holding the progress back. Conclusively, dialogue strategies and to some extent response strategies used by commercial organizations are indeed frequently used by political parties as well.
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Karadag, Yelda. "Political Parties And Democratization In Georgia." Master's thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614006/index.pdf.

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ABSTRACT THE POLITICAL PARTIES IN GEORGIAN DEMOCRATIZATION Karadag, Yelda M.S., Department of Eurasian Studies Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ayç
a Ergun Ö
zbolat December 2011,181 Pages This thesis analyzes the development of the multi-party system and the role of political parties in the process of democratization in Georgia during both pre-independence and post-independence periods. The conditions shaping both the multi-party system and democratization are analyzed in the light of findings obtained through in-depth interviews with the representatives of political parties, civil society organizations and academicians in Georgia. In accordance with the post-Soviet political system, the nature of the relationship between the ruling party and the opposition is crucial. The diversification among the elite groups and the lack of pact formation among the political elite is the main reason which hinders the process of democratization. Hence, despite the Georgian political party system has numerous political parties
it is shaped in accordance with the dominant political party system.
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Books on the topic "Political parties Political parties Political parties Political parties"

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Burgan, Michael. Political parties. Mankato, Minn: Capstone Press, 2008.

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David, Simpson. Political parties. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 2000.

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P, Cross· William. Political parties. Vancouver· BC: UBC Press·, 2003.

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Lindop, Edmund. Political parties. New York: Twenty-First Century Books, 1996.

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Eldersveld, Samuel James. Political parties in American society. 2nd ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2000.

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Garner, Robert. British political parties today. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1993.

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Garner, Robert. British political parties today. 2nd ed. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998.

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Political parties in the American mold. Madison, Wis: University of Wisconsin Press, 1986.

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Hopwood, Graham. Strengthening political parties. Windheok, Namibia: Namibia Institute for Democracy, 2008.

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Fisher, Justin. British political parties. London: Prentice Hall, 1996.

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Book chapters on the topic "Political parties Political parties Political parties Political parties"

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Kirkland, Christopher. "Political Parties." In Classifying Elections in Britain, 57–74. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32556-5_4.

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Coxall, Bill. "Political Parties." In Contemporary British Politics, 227–63. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-19867-2_11.

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Lewis, Paul G. "Political Parties." In Developments in Central and East European Politics 5, 186–203. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-26300-1_11.

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Shiraev, Eric. "Political Parties." In Russian Government and Politics, 155–73. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-16899-3_7.

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Jillson, Cal. "Political Parties." In American Government, 199–238. Eleventh edition. | New York, NY : Routledge, 2021.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003041764-7.

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Hague, Rod, and Martin Harrop. "Political parties." In Comparative Government and Politics, 169–89. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-31786-5_10.

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Deschouwer, Kris. "Political Parties." In The Politics of Belgium, 78–112. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-03025-2_4.

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McSweeney, Dean. "Political Parties." In Developments in American Politics 4, 35–52. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-56849-5_3.

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Griffiths, Simon, and Robert Leach. "Political Parties." In British Politics, 286–305. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-93976-3_14.

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Heywood, Andrew. "Political Parties." In Essentials of UK Politics, 107–45. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-61146-8_5.

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Conference papers on the topic "Political parties Political parties Political parties Political parties"

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Ihsan, A., and M. Nawiruddin. "Nationalism and Political Parties." In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Social and Political Sciences, ICSPS 2019, 12th November 2019, Jakarta, Indonesia. EAI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.12-11-2019.2293550.

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Sihidi, Iradhad, Laeli Khanifah, and Achmad Romadhan. "The Politics of Gender in Indonesia’s Political Parties." In Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Sustainable Innovation 2019 – Humanity, Education and Social Sciences (IcoSIHESS 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icosihess-19.2019.62.

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Soloi, Anton. "Competition between two political parties." In 2011 5th International Conference on Application of Information and Communication Technologies (AICT). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icaict.2011.6110904.

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Saeed, Kurdistan. "The impact of Political Parties Law no. 36 of 2015 on requlatinq political parties pluralism in Iraq." In REFORM AND POLITICAL CHANGE. University of Human Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/uhdiconfrpc.pp48-60.

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This study deals with the political parties’ pluralism in Iraq under the Parties Law No. 36 of 2015. The importance of the study lies in the fact that it looks at a topic that is at the heart of democracy and it is necessary for the success of any democratic processes. The study focuses on parties’ pluralism in Iraq since the establishment of the Iraqi state in 1921 until the end of the Baath Party regime in 2003, it also covers the period after 2003 and pays particular attention to the Parties Law No. 36 of 2015. It focuses on the legal framework of political parties after the adoption of the Political Parties Law and studies the impact of this law on parties’ pluralism in Iraq after its approval in 2015. The study concludes that Law No. 36 of 2015 is incapable of regulating parties’ pluralism for reasons including: the lack of commitment by the political parties to the provisions of the law, the inability of the Parties Affairs Department to take measures against parties that violate the law the absence of a strong political opposition that enhances the role of political parties, the association of most Iraqi parties with foreign agendas belonging to neighboring countries, and the fact that the majority of Iraqi parties express ethnic or sectarian orientations at the expense of national identity.
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Stręk, Natalia. "POPULIST STRATEGY OF POLISH POLITICAL PARTIES." In 52nd International Academic Conference, Barcelona. International Institute of Social and Economic Sciences, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.20472/iac.2019.052.061.

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Filho, Hugo Barbosa, Josemar Faustino, Rafael R. Martins, and Ronaldo Menezes. "Strategies, Political Position, and Electoral Performance of Brazilian Political Parties." In 2013 BRICS Congress on Computational Intelligence & 11th Brazilian Congress on Computational Intelligence (BRICS-CCI & CBIC). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/brics-cci-cbic.2013.115.

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Angin, Ria, and Himawan Bayu Patriadi. "Political Parties and the Indonesian Policy of Women Political Representation." In International Conference on Ethics in Governance (ICONEG 2016). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iconeg-16.2017.92.

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Rachmiatie, Atie, Ferra Martian, and Maman Suherman. "Young Political Afirmations in Accelerating Re-generation in Political Parties." In Social and Humanities Research Symposium (SORES 2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.210617.002.

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Darvina S., Vina Salvina, and Wahyudi Wahyudi. "An Alternative Model of Political Education for Political Parties Towards Human Security." In 1st UPI International Conference on Sociology Education. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icse-15.2016.98.

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David, Muhammad, and Prayoga Bestari. "Strategy of Political Parties in Preventing Corruption Crimes." In 2nd Annual Civic Education Conference (ACEC 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200320.085.

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Reports on the topic "Political parties Political parties Political parties Political parties"

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Blew, Dennis. The Europeanization of Political Parties: A Study of Political Parties in Poland 2009-2014. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.2564.

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Cruz, Cesi, and Philip Keefer. Political Parties, Clientelism, and Bureaucratic Reform. Inter-American Development Bank, June 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0000024.

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Ferreira, Fernando, and Joseph Gyourko. Do Political Parties Matter? Evidence from U.S. Cities. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, October 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w13535.

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Kayaoglu, Barin. Turkish Political parties hit each other with coup allegations. Al-Monitor: The Pulse of the Middle East, August 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.26598/auis_ug_is_2017_08_08.

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Canen, Nathan, Chad Kendall, and Francesco Trebbi. Political Parties as Drivers of U.S. Polarization: 1927-2018. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w28296.

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Lu, Qian, and John Joseph Wallis. Banks, Politics, and Political Parties: From Partisan Banking to Open Access in Early Massachusetts. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, September 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w21572.

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Carlsson, Magnus, Gordon Dahl, and Dan-Olof Rooth. Backlash in Policy Attitudes After the Election of Extreme Political Parties. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w21062.

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Dippel, Christian. Political Parties Do Matter in U.S. Cities ... For Their Unfunded Pensions. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, February 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w25601.

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Alesina, Alberto, and Jeffrey Sachs. Political Parties and the Business Cycle in the United States, 1948-1984. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, June 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w1940.

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Bonilla-Mejía, Leonardo, and Iván Gonzalo Higuera-Mendieta. Political alignment in the time of weak parties : electoral advantages and subnational transfers in Colombia. Bogotá, Colombia: Banco de la República, September 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/dtseru.260.

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