Dissertations / Theses: 'Political science. Evolution (Biology)'

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Smirnov, Oleg. "Formal evolutionary modeling and the problems of political science /." view abstract or download file of text, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p3190550.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2005.
Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 113-131). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.

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Mainville, Sebastien. "The International System and Its Environment: Modern Evolutionary, Physiological and Developmental Perspectives on Change in World Politics." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1468866930.

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Nash, Hassan Khalid. "POLITICAL EVOLUTION:A Theory on the Phenomenon of Political Change in a Social Construct." Ohio University Art and Sciences Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ouashonors1493399185427214.

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Araghchi, Seyed Abbas. "The evolution of the concept of political participation in twentieth-century Islamic political thought." Thesis, Online version, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=1&uin=uk.bl.ethos.296718.

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Handtmann, Henry H. "The Evolution of Political Marketing: 1952 to Present." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/360.

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According to the American Marketing Association (AMA), marketing is defined as the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large.[1] To do this, marketing institutions have developed systematic processes for evaluating the wants and needs of the masses, and designed mechanisms to persuade large groups of people, as well as smaller targeted markets. If the "product" is a presidential candidate…. The marketing objective of a political party / candidate is to communicate, deliver, and exchange offerings (policies for votes). Hence, political campaigning and traditional marketing have similar objectives. For clarity, the term candidate and political party are synonymous when applied to marketing concepts. In the 1950s, marketing experts realized the potential of selling the value of their candidate, party, and specific initiatives, through a systematic process now known as "political marketing."[2] This study will review the evolution of political marketing, evaluate how several presidential candidates gained a competitive advantage over their opponents by both utilizing traditional marketing practices, and, with social marketing, gained leverage with the Internet. It concludes with the significance of the Internet, online campaigning, social media, and their collective effects on the current and future of the political system. [1] "Definition of Marketing," The American Marketing Association, http://www.marketingpower.com/AboutAMA/Pages/DefinitionofMarketing.aspx. [2] Dominic Wring, "The Marketing Colonization of Political Campaigning," in The Handbook of Political Marketing, ed. by Bruce I. Newman. (London: Sage Publications, Inc, 1999), 44-45.

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Vicoso, Beatriz. "X chromosome evolution in Drosophila." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/3183.

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Although the X chromosome is usually similar to the autosomes in size, gene density and cytogenetic appearance, theoretical models predict that its hemizygosity in males may cause unusual patterns of evolution. The sequencing of several genomes has indeed revealed differences between the X chromosome and the autosomes in the rates of gene divergence, patterns of gene expression and rates of gene movement between chromosomes. In this thesis, I have attempted to investigate some of these patterns and their possible causes. The first two chapters consist of theoretical and empirical work intended to analyse the rates of evolution of coding sequences of X-linked and autosomal loci, with particular emphasis on faster-X evolution, the theory that more effective selection on the X can lead to higher rates of adaptive evolution on this chromosome. By analyzing X-linked and autosomal coding sequence in several species of Drosophila, we found some evidence for more effective selection on the X, particularly evident in the higher levels of codon usage bias detected at X-linked loci. We argue that this could be due to higher levels of recombination on the X chromosome increasing its effective population size (NeX) relative to the autosomal effective population size (NeA). To further investigate this hypothesis, we have modeled the effect of increased NeX/NeA on rates of evolution and confirmed that this can contribute to faster-X evolution. The last two chapters deal with the evolution of sex-biased genes and the possible causes for their differential accumulation on the X. We used EST data to create expression profiles for D. melanogaster male-, female- and unbiased genes. Our results suggest that the expression levels of sex-biased genes are incompatible with the accepted iii model of sex-biased gene evolution. We also show that the deficit of testis-expressed genes that is observed in Drosophila seems to be stronger for highly expressed genes. In fact, for very lowly expressed genes, we observe a small excess of testis-expressed genes on the X. We attempt to discuss this pattern in view of what is currently known about the evolution of sex-biased gene expression.

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Anucha, Dominic Uka. "The impact of constituent assemblies (1978- 1995) on nigerian constitutions and political evolution." DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 2010. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/dissertations/218.

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This dissertation addresses the issues of crafting a constitution for Nigeria that would meet the criteria of being visible, sustainable, and durable for national political unity, social and economic development. Specifically, it focuses on the years 1978 — 1995 during which several high profile systematic, constitution crafting exercises were undertaken. These included the establishment of a Constitution Drafting Committee to craft a constitution, and a Constituent Assembly. Ultimately, these exercises have proven to be only partially successful. The goal of producing an endurable constitutional framework for Nigerian politics remains elusive. The two core questions pursued in this dissertation focus on: Why did the military pursue these constitution crafting activities? What are the pressing political issues that the constitutional framework will have to manage? The dissertation pursued these issues through surveys, interviews, a review of government documents and reports, participant observation, and a review of existing literature regarding constitution development, federalism and Nigerian history and politics. Key research findings uncovered pressing political concerns ranging across ethnic fears, gender and youth concern, institutional restructuring and economic subordination. Our findings also related to the elite background of participants in these constitutional exercises, and the intrusion of religion, class, and geographical interests into the deliberations of the assemblies. The continued violation of constitutional provisions by the military was highlighted. The widespread call for a Sovereign National Constitutional Conference to shape a new popular constitution for the country was also a prominent concern. Key recommendations focus on the need for a national constitutional conference free of political interference and constricting mandates.

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Laciner, Sedat. "From Kemalism to Ozalism : the ideological evolution of Turkish foreign policy." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2001. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/from-kemalism-to-ozalism-the-ideological-evolution-of-turkish-foreign-policy(55e5d147-992b-4516-8b87-a215bfff71d0).html.

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Allgaier, Joachim. "Representing science education in UK newspapers : a case study on the controversy surrounding teaching the theory of evolution and creationism in science classes." n.p, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/.

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Odell, Rachel Esplin. "Mare interpretatum : continuity and evolution in States' interpretations of the Law of the Sea." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130597.

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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Political Science, September, 2020
Cataloged from the official PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 481-509).
Disagreements over how to interpret the international law of the sea have caused contention among the United States, China, and other Asian nations as the regional balance of power has shifted in recent decades. This dissertation examines the sources of those disagreements, investigating why states favor mare liberum ("the free sea"), claiming limited jurisdiction over the oceans, or mare clausum ("the closed sea"), claiming expansive authority at sea, and how their interpretations change over time. I argue that countries interpret the law of the sea in ways that serve their strategic interests, treating the ocean as neither mare liberum nor mare clausum, but instead mare interpretatum. In their legal interpretations, states balance their interests in protecting against perceived threats along their own coasts with their interests in conducting operations near other states' coasts, while also seeking legitimacy in the international community.
States are reluctant to change their interpretations lest they incur hypocrisy costs, but they still often find ways to adapt to shifting material circumstances by exploiting ambiguity in their past rhetorical positions to alter their claims subtly. I illustrate this argument by analyzing how countries have interpreted the law of the sea across time and space, coupled with in-depth qualitative case studies of China, Japan, the United States, and the Soviet Union, drawing upon archival materials, government statements, legal commentaries, and interviews with more than 100 officials and experts in six countries. My principal case study traces evolution in China's interpretations of the law of the sea governing foreign military activities in territorial seas, straits, and exclusive economic zones; maritime entitlements of islands; and historic rights and waters.
I find that despite the history of U.S.-China competition over the meaning of "freedom of navigation," China's interpretation of this principle has begun converging with the U.S. interpretation as its own naval power has grown. At the same time, facing perceived threats to its maritime interests, Beijing has made expansive legal claims in the South China Sea, damaging its legitimacy among its neighbors. These dynamics will play a crucial role in shaping prospects for maritime peace and security in Asia.
by Rachel Esplin Odell.
Ph. D.
Ph.D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Political Science

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Cotton-Barratt, Rebecca. "Modelling biological form in evolution." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2013. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/70973/.

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How are processes working at the individual level, the species level and the macro-ecological level connected? This thesis explores the theoretical and structural constraints on biological evolution. It does this by developing an evolutionary program to model biological form. This development was necessary as the existing models of evolution are poorly suited to modelling morphological constraint. The model of biological form developed in this thesis uses graphs to abstractly represent organisms and the relationships of their internal structure. We show that by increasing the number of degrees of freedom, or by increasing the ruggedness of the fitness landscape, higher levels of diversity are supported - particularly when there is strong directional selection. We explore whether meta-regulation is bounded in the model by using an analytical framework. We show that there is no analytical steady state, but that one can be induced in the model by selection effects. We find that a mixed strategy between increasing object complexity and increasing hierarchical complexity maximises the average degree of a vertex. This agrees with the evolutionary history of meta-regulation. We claim that the macro-ecological response to environmental perturbation is determined by both the characteristic time scale of mutation and the time scale of the environmental change. We show that for high amplitude changes the system can adapt provide the mutation time scale is smaller than the environmental change. We also show that low amplitude environmental changes cause rapid turnovers in species' diversity. Finally, we show that mass extinctions can be the result of species' interactions and background rates of extinction, and do not need large external perturbations to occur. This, combined with the results above, suggests that many of the trends seen over geologically long time periods can be explained as a result of the interacting processes at the individual and species level.

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Kuhn, Katherine. "Identity-Based Appeals| Explaining Evolution in the Strategic Rhetoric of Social Movements." Thesis, The George Washington University, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3593107.

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Current social movement literature does not adequately analyze how a movement's strategies may change once a member or even leader of that movement assumes the country's highest office. Movements, especially those in which identity plays a key role, gain the tool of identity-based appeals once their leader takes office, that is, claiming that the new leader should act favorably to the movement because of their common characteristics. Analysis of the Bolivian indigenous movement shows that since indigenous leader Evo Morales has assumed the presidency, the movement has used this tactic toward various audiences in response to Morales' incomplete meeting of their policy demands. The movement first appealed directly to Morales, but has since shifted its focus to the public, attempting to increase agitation by emphasizing the contrast between Morales' discourse and actions. This case shows that contrary to assumptions made in the ethnic parties literature, an ethnic leader will not necessarily favor his base uniformly once he takes office. Rather, the movement continues, but now with a different type of "target"—one which had previously been an ally. The relationship between the Ecuadorian indigenous movement and president Rafael Correa also demonstrates how a movement targets appeals first at the president and then at the public. Analysis of the women's movements in Argentina and Chile, on the other hand, highlights two factors that can cause identity-based appeals to deviate from this pattern: a leader not embracing his or her shared identity with the social movement, and a leader facing policy constraints from other actors, respectively.

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Kannegaard, Josef Sandoval. "The press of a people : the evolution of Spanish-language news and the changing political community." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/53255.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Political Science, 2008.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 60-65).
Spanish-language news in the United States has grown over the last 20 years into a significant economic and social force. This growth has heightened concerns about the integration of Spanish-speaking groups into American political life and the ability of the media to affect democratic values. Evidence from other countries shows the dangers of fractured mass communication, and a theory based on (a) the treatment of minorities by the state, (b) the special functions demanded by consumers of the ethnic media, and (c) the norms held by both journalists and the community reveals deficiencies in the existing thinking on the mass media. Using content analysis and elite interviews with journalists and editors at a leading Spanish-language newspaper, this thesis examines the potentially polarizing effects of market forces on the Latino media. I find that, after the onset of competition and the transition to a new ownership structure, La Opinidn of Los Angeles changed the information presented to minority audiences, pushing away from its mainstream counterpart and toward more community-based journalism. The most significant findings involve how ethnic groups and their interests are balanced in coverage, as seen through the selection of front-page topics and the representation of said groups within articles. The assignment of causal influence is not, however, as clear-cut as it initially seems; journalistic practices and dynamics with the news organizations shaped how competition would influence coverage.
by Joseph Sandoval Kannegaard.
S.M.

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Phillips, Richard Hyland. "The evolution of Soviet military and civilian threat assessment in the Gorbachev era : fragmentation and competition." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1991. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/126351.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Political Science, 1991.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 276-334).
by Richard Hyland Phillips.
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Political Science, 1991.

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Manente, Aurelio. "The evolution of the Italian Communist Party : the search for a new identity." Thesis, University of Kent, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.267402.

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Cooksey, Christy Edmondson. "Questioning the role of evolution in understanding ourselves a critical discourse analytic study of scientific articles in Time magazine /." Auburn, Ala., 2007. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2007%20Spring%20Theses/COOKSEY_CHRISTY_44.pdf.

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Young, Alasdair R. "Institutional evolution and multiple modes of cooperation : explaining adaptation in European foreign economic policy." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.313946.

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Pungong, Victor P. "The United Nations in the political evolution of Cameroon : (from trusteeship to reunification, 1946-1961)." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.361757.

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Söder, Helen. "Federalism : A study of evolution and consequences." Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Political Science, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-9316.

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Federalism is an important and broadly implemented feature in today's international community of polities. Around 70% of the world states are believed to have at least some element of federalism, and around 20 of the world's nations are considered to be federal states, and 40% of the world's population lives in these countries.

The purpose of this thesis is therefore to investigate federalism. To see what reasons that is behind federalism and if federalism itself have any effects on issues such as democracy and participation.

First of all it is important to understand what federalism is, and as mentioned above countries can have different degrees of federalism; however, two very important aspects are division of power and self rule. Division of power means that the governing power is divided, the federation as a whole has its governing system and the regions or states have their own.

Self rule is given in a federation, the goal here is to create a system where regions and states can have their sovereignty and make decisions that they believe are the best for their region, but at the same time they belong to a bigger system and have to obey the rules of the national government as well. This often becomes a source of disagreement, what should be the responsibility of the region and what should the national government control.

Political scientists have over time been discussing what the reasons for a country become a federation might be. I will in this thesis discuss five hypothetical reasons: 1) A practical reason- Countries becomes federal because of their areal size and population size 2) historical circumstances- influences from former colonial powers 3) ethical diversity 4) the will to expand territory and 5) the will to give up territory.

After looking at different countries evolvement towards federalism it is justified to say that all of the hypotheses, to some degree are correct. All of them do have an effect when it comes to why a country becomes federal.

There are reasons to believe that a higher level of democracy, political participation and conservatism are consequences of federalism. After doing some statistical test it can beconcluded that democracy and political participation are somehow correlated to federalism, but it is not justified to say that a country is democratic because of federalism, other factor have to be taken into consideration. Conservatism however can be seen as a result offederalism.

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Moroney, Jennifer D. Patterson. "Ukraine and the new frontier of East-West relations : dynamics of regional and pan-European policy evolution." Thesis, University of Kent, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.322154.

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Tu, Yaa-Lirng. "A framework for teaching biology using StarLogo TNG : from DNA to evolution." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/53182.

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Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2009.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 65-66).
This thesis outlines a 10-unit biology curriculum implemented in StarLogo TNG. The curriculum moves through units on ecology, the DNA-protein relationship, and evolution. By combining the three topics, it aims to highlight the similarities among different scales and the relationships between them. In particular, through the curriculum, students can see how small-scale changes in molecular processes can create large-scale changes in entire populations. In addition, the curriculum encourages students to engage in problembased learning, by which they are trained to approach questions creatively and independently.
by Yaa-Lirng Tu.
M.Eng.

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Backstrom, Jeremy R. "Clenching the Fists of Dissent: Political Unrest, Repression, and the Evolution to Civil War." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2016. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc862817/.

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Previous scholarship has long concentrated on the behaviors of belligerents during regime-dissident interactions. While much of the progress in the literature concentrated on the micro-level processes of this relationship, little research has focused on providing a theoretical reasoning on why belligerents choose to act in a particular manner. This project attempts to open the black box of decision making for regimes and dissidents during regime-dissident interactions in order to provide a theoretical justification for the behaviors of the belligerents involved. Moreover, this project argues that there is a relationship between the lower level events of political violence and civil war as the events at earlier stages of the conflict influence the possible outcome of civil conflict. Regimes and dissidents alike are strategic actors who conduct themselves in a manner to ensure their survival while concurrently attempting to succeed at achieving their respective goals. Although all authoritarian regimes are similar in their differences to democracies, there are significant differences between the regimes, which influence the decision making of the regime leader to ensure the survival of the political institution. In addition to influencing the decision calculus of the regimes, the behavior of the regimes impacts the probability of civil war at later stages of the interaction. Conversely, dissidents also perform as strategic actors in an attempt to gain their preferred concessions and outcomes. Although their comprehension of the coercive capacity of a regime is limited, their knowledge of the repressive capacity of the regime provides them with the understanding of their future fate if they escalate to violence against the regime. This project is conducted using two theories on regime and dissident actions and responses, two large-N empirical analyses of regime and dissident behaviors during nonviolent and violent dissident campaigns from 1945-2006, and two historical case studies of Egypt and Syria during the Arab Spring as well as the period preceding the uprising.

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Hanson, Marianne. "The conference on security and cooperation in Europe : the evolution of a code of conduct in East-West relations." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.334948.

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Bard, Susanne Clara. "A Matter of Life and Death: Rethinking Evolution and the Nature of Science on Television." Thesis, Montana State University, 2006. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2006/bard/BardS0806.pdf.

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In a world where antibiotic resistance can make bacterial infections deadly and the HIV virus constantly mutates inside the human body, an understanding of evolution and its mechanisms is increasingly important. Yet much of the public is still either hostile to or misunderstands evolution and its mechanisms. Television provides the bulk of the general public's exposure to science once formal education has ended. The rhetorical strategies employed by much of science and evolution programming, along with an emphasis on content over process, delivers the message that science is a search for absolute truths rather than a dynamic process relying on falsification and tentative knowledge. The way in which science and evolution is presented parallels failures in the educational system to teach science as more than just a collection of absolute truths and unassailable facts. In both science teaching and science television, critical thinking often loses out. Science television, especially that dealing with evolutionary themes from the distant past, tends to reinforce an authoritarian view of science by using visual images that are difficult to argue with, and an omniscient narrator. Evolution, and much of science, is counterintuitive and difficult to learn. Presenting subject matter in the absence of context is inadequate for building epistemological structures. Producers, like teachers, must first gain a mastery of the true nature of science in addition to the subject matter they cover, in order to encourage critical thinking in their audiences. Several television programs do an excellent job of this, even though they are far removed from the beautiful and expensive "blue chip" films normally considered to be high-quality offerings in science and natural history programming.

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Stevens, Charles John 1950. "The political ecology of a Tongan village." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/290684.

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This dissertation presents a political ecological case study of a Tongan village. Political ecology includes the methodological approaches of cultural ecology, concerned with understanding human/resource relations, and political economy, concerned with the historical examination of the political and social organization of production and power. The ethnography of political ecology is primarily interested in understanding how certain people use specific environmental resources in culturally prescribed and historically derive ways. With this in mind, the research provides an historical and ethnographic account of a diversified, local economic system characterized by a highly productive but depreciating smallholder agriculture once regenerative and sustainable. The smallholders in the Kingdom of Tonga are imperfectly articulated with market systems and rely on agricultural production for a significant proportion of household consumption and ceremonialized obligations to kin, and community. The dissertation presents an historical account of the political economic changes in Tonga beginning in the nineteenth century and culminating in recent alteration of traditional farming techniques and the loss of economic self-sufficiency and agricultural sustainability.

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Velasquez, Raul. "Agency, institutional constraints and law in the creation of Bogota's new local governments, and in the evolution of local government policies." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.365606.

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Gwon, Misook. "Measuring and Understanding Public Opinion on Human Evolution." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1353342586.

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Ramsay, Gordon N. "The evolution of election coverage on British television news, 1979-2005." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2011. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2982/.

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This thesis seeks to provide a comprehensive account of the nature and degree of change in British television news coverage of General Elections. By creating and utilising an in-depth content analysis coding frame, the analysis measures news quantitative and qualitative data across 270 bulletins, approximately 148hrs, of news content across the seven elections from 1979 to 2005. In doing so, it fills two gaps in the existing literature. First, it provides the first dedicated and consistent longitudinal analysis of British election news. Given the acknowledged importance of television news in the modern political process, it is important to develop an understanding of how campaign news content has changed, both as a source of information for the public at moments of democratic renewal, and also in terms of the normative role of journalism in British politics. Second, it develops a toolkit by which political news content can be accurately and reliably measured. Most of the existing empirical research into British television election news content has employed inadequate or non-replicable measures, leaving a fragmentary body of data from which longitudinal conclusions cannot be drawn with confidence. By adapting and applying a series of measures based on other longitudinal media content studies, the thesis sets out a means by which future studies of news content can be guided. The thesis thus generates new data on four aspects of election news content. First, it casts serious doubt on the "tabloidisation" thesis, demonstrating that news in British terrestrial news bulletins has retained both an overwhelmingly serious news agenda, and a substantial commitment to election news coverage. Not only have levels of campaign coverage remained steady, but campaign coverage has been given a consistently prominent place in news bulletins, indicating a lasting commitment to a more „sacerdotal‟ approach to campaign coverage on both BBC and ITV, despite increasing competition in the television environment. Second, an analysis of the balance of substantive policy content and strategic campaign coverage shows that journalists on British television news have adopted aspects of an increasingly adversarial approach to covering campaigns, and have tended to view their role ever more as interpreters of political messages and campaign actions. Third, the research shows comprehensive evidence of a dramatic shrinking of political soundbites over the period of study, and a replacement of disappearing politician speech by journalists who feature more and speak progressively more often over the period of study. Finally, in order to determine the effect of technological changes in television news reporting, the thesis compares campaign and non-campaign news output, determining that, while some aspects of change in election news can be ascribed to technological changes, the rise of the journalist as the most prominent speaker in campaign news items cannot.

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Glazier, Amanda E. "Evolution in the deep sea| Scales and mechanisms of population divergence." Thesis, University of Massachusetts Boston, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10245424.

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The deep sea is the Earth’s largest ecosystem and harbors a unique and largely endemic fauna. Although most research has focused on the ecological mechanisms that allow coexistence, recent studies have begun to investigate how this remarkable fauna evolved.. My work quantifies geographic patterns of genetic variation and investigates potential mechanisms that shape evolution in the deep ocean.

Bathymetric genetic divergence is common in the deep sea with population structure typically decreasing with depth. The evolutionary mechanisms that underlie these patterns are poorly understood. Geographic patterns of genetic variation indicated that the protobranch bivalve Neilonella salicensis was composed of two distinct lineages separated bathymetrically. Genetic diversity was greater in the lower-bathyal clade of N. salicensis than the upper to mid-bathyal clade. In a co-occurring mid-bathyal protobranch Malletia johnsoni, population differentiation was greater among samples than the confamilial lower-bathyal Clencharia abyssorum, though, genetic diversity was similar. These patterns suggest general trends do not always hold and fine scale patterns of gene flow need to be thoroughly investigated.

Little is known about the ecological or evolutionary mechanisms that might promote divergence or maintain population structure. Oxygen minimum zones (OMZs), which cover enormous regions of the deep ocean, might hamper gene flow by precluding larval dispersal. To test this, genetic patterns of the wood-boring bivalve Xylophaga washington were quantified across the northeastern Pacific OMZ. Results indicate two clades were apparent, one throughout the OMZ and one within and below it, possibly segregated by a historically stronger OMZ or other environmental factors that vary with depth. A similarly uninvestigated evolutionary factor with potentially large impacts is selection on mitochondrial DNA. Positive selection is apparent in the mitochondrial DNA of shallow water and deep-sea crabs, shrimp, and fishes, possibly related to any of the myriad factors that differ between the two habitats.

The deep sea is biogeochemically important and is highly impacted by climate change and anthropogenic factors. Genetic patterns in this habitat are very complex. This work suggests gene flow is inhibited at many scales, both across bathymetric gradients and within small bathymetric ranges.

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Mau, Tim A. "Whither emotions? The evolution of the nationalist debates in Quebec and Scotland, 1950-1995 : the impact of a changing world economic order." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.285434.

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Dell'Olio, Fiorella. "The significance of the European Union for the evolution of citizenship and immigration policies : the cases of the United Kingdom and Italy." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2001. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1590/.

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This thesis analyses the link that the establishment of European citizenship creates between citizenship, nationality, and immigration policies. To be a European citizen, one needs to be a national of a member state. According to this criterion, nationality and citizenship are bound to each other. There is no possibility of access for those who do not have the status of national citizenship. European citizenship legitimised a privileged position to which not all individuals are entitled, and conditions of access are under the jurisdiction of each member state. It is argued that normatively European citizenship reinforces the ideology of nationality while empirically it has been used to forge a sort of European identity. In other words, the underlying argument is that European citizenship functions to define European identity and nationality functions towards the establishment of national immigration policies. This process leads to the formation of a binary typology of 'us and them', strengthened by legislation and political debates. The formation of the category of 'us' as Europeans does not find a response at the empirical level as the public does not fully identify with the Euro-polity. What emerges instead is that the public regards 'compatibility' between a European and national identity as more optimal. The principal benefit of Euro-citizenship is to re-prioritise the means of citizenship from political rights to social and economic rights. This 'opportunity structure', nevertheless, remains in a void as long as Community membership relies on the condition of nationality. The thesis proposes the introduction of a 'legal subjectivity' based on the redefinition of the concept of legality detached from nationality and grounded in the active exercise of civil, political, and social rights. Such a redefinition is necessary to sidestep the difficulties entailed in any attempt to separate citizenship from nationality in theory and practice. This would deprive citizenship of its regulative functions in terms of inclusion and exclusion, and it would reduce the importance attached to the inherent link between citizenship and nationality.

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Schober, Cassandra C. (Cassandra Carolyn). "The Evolution, Applications, and Statistical Interpretations of DNA Typing in Forensic Science." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1997. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc332776/.

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This thesis examines the evolution, applications, and statistical interpretations of DNA typing as a tool in the field of forensic science as well as in our criminal justice system. The most controversial aspect of DNA typing involves the determination of how likely it is that two people share the same DNA profile. This involves the use of population genetics and databases of allelic frequencies as well as some assumptions about population structuring.

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Constantini, Sunthai. "The political communication of Hugo Chávez : the evolution of Aló Presidente." Thesis, University of Kent, 2014. https://kar.kent.ac.uk/48023/.

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Aló Presidente was a weekly television programme anchored and produced by Hugo Chávez during his presidency in Venezuela. The show, a version of a phone-in, was broadcast live on national television at 11am on Sundays and lasted on average six hours. It followed the presidential agenda to a new location every week, where Hugo Chávez would inaugurate factories, read Latin American poetry, interview Fidel Castro, and sing llanero songs. This thesis investigates the role that Aló Presidente played in the making of the “Bolivarian Revolution”, Hugo Chávez’s political project. Through a critical reading of the transcripts of the show, it explores the 378 episodes, or 1656 hours, that aired between 1999 and 2012. Aló Presidente was the cornerstone of Chávez’s political communication, replacing press conferences and interviews. Chávez was known for his continuous presence on radio and television and his daily presidential addresses. However, only on the Sunday show could the audience phone the president and share their ideas, emotions and everyday life concerns. This thesis reviews the narratives that underlined the relationship between the audience/electorate and the host/president on Aló Presidente. It is argued that Aló Presidente played a fundamental role in articulating the identity of a public that shared the values and ideas of Chávez’s hegemonic project. Moreover, it is argued that the show Aló Presidente and the ideological process called the “Bolivarian Revolution” can be read as two co-related arms of a same project, and that they informed and defined each other throughout Chávez’s presidency. In this context, this thesis assesses the evolution of the programme in light of the political events taking place in Venezuela during that time. Aló Presidente is thus seen as a repository, or “black box”, of the discourses that articulated the Bolivarian identity and constructed the legitimacy of Hugo Chávez as the leader of a populist movement in Venezuela. Finally, the core of this thesis is that the co-relation between the show and the hegemonic project evolved over time to strengthen the authoritarian tendencies of Hugo Chávez’s regime. Following the activities of Aló Presidente over 13 years, the investigation charts that evolution in three different stages: 1) participation, 2) education, and 3) obedience, arguing that what started as a seemingly participatory space, progressively became a platform that presented Hugo Chávez’s figure as the ideologue of a populist movement, and ultimately secured his position as the indisputable leader and sole authority of Venezuela’s “Bolivarian Revolution”.

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Mileshko, Roman. "The evolution of the Defense Budget process in Ukraine, 1991-2006." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2006. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/06Jun%5FMileshko.pdf.

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Ellsworth, Ryan M. Palmer Craig. "Evolution and religion theory, definitions, and the natural selection of religious behavior /." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri--Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/6527.

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The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract appears in the public.pdf file. Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on November 13, 2009). Thesis advisor: Dr. Craig T. Palmer. Includes bibliographical references.

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Leeson-Schatz, Joseph. "The technological narrative of biological evolution." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2009.

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Hunt, Robert. "Liberation Ecology of the Border Wall| Biodiversity in the Age of Biopolitics." Thesis, Prescott College, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10689661.

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Conservationists have detailed the potential impacts of the Border Wall on wildlife. The issue with this assertion is that little direct measurements of such impacts have been actually made. To determine the current state of the Wall’s impacts, if any, I have used phenomenology to ascertain the structure and apparent impacts of the Wall. My measurements of the elements of the Wall’s security footprint seem to indicate a potential for impacting wildlife and their habitats, especially if it is to be expanded beyond its current deployment. What I did discover is the full human impacts of the Wall, and these may supersede wildlife impacts and render conservation efforts moot. Conservation of wildlife will need to address the human ecology of the Wall in order to build truly sustainable successes in preservation and restoration projects.

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Fisher, Rachel. "Case Studies in Teaching Evolution: The Intersection of Dilemmas in Practice." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/612569.

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Despite recent science education reform documents citing evolution as a core concept to be taught in grades K-12, research shows problems with how it is currently taught. Evolution is often avoided, teachers minimize its importance within biology, infuse misconceptions, and/or interject non-scientific ideologies into lessons. My research focused on how teachers in two geographically and culturally distinct school districts in the southwestern U.S. negotiate dilemmas during an evolution unit. One school district was rural and had a large population of Mormon students, while the other district was urban, with a large majority Mexican/Mexican-American students. Using a case study approach, I observed three biology teachers during their evolution lessons, interviewed them throughout the unit, co-planned lessons with them, and collected artifacts from this unit, including anonymous student work. I also included data from four genetics lessons for each teacher to determine if the issues that arose during the evolution unit were a result of the general practice of the teacher, or if they were unique to evolution. Findings showed teachers' backgrounds and comfort levels with evolution, in addition to their perceptions of community context, affected how they negotiated pedagogical, conceptual, political, and cultural dilemmas. This study's findings will inform in-service teachers' future practice and professional development tools to aid with their teaching-this may include methods to negotiate some of the political (e.g. state standards) or cultural (e.g. religious resistance) issues inherent to teaching evolution.

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Swaddle, K. M. O. "Coping with a mass electorate : a study in the evolution of constituency electioneering in Britain, with special emphasis on periods which followed the Reform Acts of 1884 and 1918." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.315955.

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Truman, Julie. "Experimental evolution of parasite life history in bacteriophage Φ2." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2014. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/2007429/.

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Parasite life history theory predicts that lifetime reproductive success evolves through differential allocation of energy to life history traits constrained by trade-offs. These life history traits govern the characteristics of parasites such as their virulence, transmission and infection phenotypes, so understanding their evolution is a key concern for infectious disease prediction and management. This thesis uses the powerful tool of experimental evolution to gain a fuller understanding of the factors and constraints involved in parasite life history evolution, using bacteriophage Φ2 as a model. I found that the evolution of life history in this phage is sensitive to spatial structure, UV-C exposure and coparasitism with plasmids, and evolution can be mediated by co-evolution with the host. The high levels of variance I observed here suggest that evolution of parasite life history is more complex than a single trajectory towards a predicted optimum, and likely involves some degree of epistasis or pleiotropy with genes elsewhere on the genome. There was some degree of independent evolution of individual life-history traits, indicating that simple direct trade-offs were not in operation. I demonstrated that co-evolution with the host provided additional mutational input, resulting in a greater degree of evolution in co-evolved populations than those evolved to a static host. Furthermore, I note that co-parasitism with phage and plasmid may provide the necessary conditions for plasmid persistence under fluctuating selection for plasmid-encoded traits, and that the efficacy and suitability of phage as therapeutic agents against plasmid-encoded antibiotic resistance is complicated. No direct link between mutation and phenotype could be elucidated in this study, suggesting that evolution in life history is either governed by genes not examined in this thesis, or involves epistasis and pleiotropy with genes elsewhere on the genome. I concluded that it is important to consider the specific ecology of the focal parasite, its host and any co-occuring symbionts in order to make informed predictions of life history evolution, and general predictions may not be achievable.

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Nicklin, Sean. "The skies that bind: The evolution of civil aviation in Communist Europe and the role of international agreements." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/28418.

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This thesis examines the development of civil aviation in Communist Europe from 1945 to 1970, focusing on political, legal, economic, and technological factors. Most of that region fell into the orbit of the Soviet Union, which provided aircraft, and encouraged isolation from the West in aviation matters. This isolation was compounded by the United States, which enacted a policy of Containment against Communist nations that enacted restrictions applying to aircraft and access to airspace. This limited the growth of Communist airlines and fostered interdependence within the Soviet sphere. Connections between East and West began to grow by the mid-1950s as restrictions were reduced, opening a market for air travel. The formation of air links and growing tourist travel indicated a current for European unity even during the height of the conflict, suggesting that the end of the Cold War started far earlier than the fall of the Berlin Wall.

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Kreuzer, Michael P. "Remotely piloted aircraft| Evolution, diffusion, and the future of air warfare." Thesis, Princeton University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3642106.

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In the realm of air warfare, no topic has generated more controversy or discussion in recent years than the implications of the increased use and proliferation of remotely piloted aircraft (RPAs). This dissertation seeks to build on existing models of technology, diffusion, and doctrine to examine the present and future role of RPAs in warfare. To do so, I place RPAs in the context of a broader Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA), evaluating their effectiveness relative to other capabilities, modeling their likely diffusion and evolution, and examining the legal implications for conflict. I conclude many of the challenges posed by RPAs will be different than the current debate suggests, with issues like automation the laws of targeted killing being secondary to understanding the distinctions between tactical and strategic RPAs and the potential for escalation of conflict based on limited understanding of the true capabilities of the RPA. Strategic RPAs are revolutionary in their impact to small wars, but are unlikely to diffuse widely given the limited strategic requirements for this type of warfare and the high financial and organizational costs of building such systems. Tactical RPAs will spread globally and rapidly, but will be limited in their military application and are more likely to be problematic for their misuse than for the new capabilities they provide. This perspective will provide policymakers a framework for better understanding both the strengths and limitations of RPA warfare, and outline basic planning considerations for future wars based on the spread of this technology as well as institutional obstacles to diffusion posed to states, including the U.S.

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Wildros, Christian. "The evolution of attitudes toward immigration in Sweden." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-339011.

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This study tested if intergenerational differences in attitudes toward immigration in Sweden exist due to different early life socialization experiences across generations with cohort analysis. Also, if shock effects which are defined as large scale shifts in society affected different age-groups differently? As socioeconomic status was positively related to both proimmigration attitudes and age, age could be excluded from the model assuming aging affected attitudes only indirectly due to increased financial security, this avoided collinearity between age, period and cohort. Assuming that aging does not affect attitudes toward immigration the conclusion was made that intergenerational differences in attitudes exist due to a difference in early life socialization across generations. Observing the trends of different age-groups between 2002 and 2016 a pattern emerged where shock effects like the refugee crisis in 2015 seemed to affect all cohorts with similar force contrary to prior research and the impressionable years and later-life decline models.

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Hudson, Geoffrey Stephen. "The Evolution of American Foreign Policy in Southeast Asia." Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 1990. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1373975377.

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Chandler, Miryam D. F. "LEVERAGE, LEGITIMACY, AND THE LEGISLATURE: INSTITUTIONAL EVOLUTION UNDER MEXICO’S PRI, 1929-2000." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1373898631.

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Scott, Matthew D. "Evolution of the Gulf, U.S.-Gulf Relations, and Prospects for the Future." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2016. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1440.

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The focus of this thesis is the establishment and evolution of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). Furthermore, analyzing the U.S. relations with the GCC multilaterally and the Gulf States bilaterally. The final phase is to analyze the prospects of future relations between the U.S. and GCC collectively and individually.

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Owen, Walter Lee. "A new model of evolution education for middle school science." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2006. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2999.

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Proposes a new model for teaching inquiry and critical thinking in the middle school science classroom. This model will assist students in learning the evidence for evolution for themselves, as well as assisting them in developing skills in critical thinking and inquiry. The objective of this model is to create a more scientifically literate student body who can go on to pursue an even greater understanding of the nature of science.

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Alsubaie, Saad Ali. "The impact of regional political developments on the evolution of transnational terrorism in Saudi Arabia." Diss., Kansas State University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/15169.

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Doctor of Philosophy
Security Studies
Dale R. Herspring
Since the late 1970s Saudi Arabia has experienced transnational terrorism in sporadic waves whose character has evolved over time. While most of the literature on these waves of terrorism focuses on religious extremism this dissertation argues that terrorism in Saudi Arabia, although framed in religious terms, is not the result of religious factors alone, but more importantly a function of external variables. Taking the role of religious extremism into consideration, this dissertation underlines the importance of external factors on the mobilization of transnational terrorist groups throughout the Islamic world and particularly in Saudi Arabia. It argues that religious extremist terrorism cannot be examined in isolation from the context of the developments that ignite it and revolutionize its doctrine. This dissertation examines three key regional political developments – the Iranian revolution, the 1990 Gulf war, and the 2003 Iraq war – together with terrorist violence in their aftermath to show how the significant political events transformed extremist worldviews from passive to violent to organized terrorism. Though the character of these three political events and the terrorist acts that they unleashed differ widely in context, scope, and character, there are common threads among all three that illuminate how different dynamics contribute to the evolution of transnational terrorist mobilization. The dissertation identifies how the development of a politico-religious ideology, shaped and revolutionized by the presence of political crises, became a driving force behind much of the terrorism following these major political events. By exploring the interplay of popular perceptions, political entrepreneurs, and state responses, this dissertation seeks to better understand the complex dynamics involved in the evolution of transnational terrorism in Saudi Arabia.

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Campbell, Donald Scott. "A student's guide to Creationism a response to evolutionism /." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1992. http://www.tren.com.

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Chang, Kelly N. "Family Matters: An Analysis of Genetic Relatedness of Tetraclita rubescens (The Pink Volcano Barnacle) Over Several Spatial Scales at Monterey and Bodega Bay, California." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/298.

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Inbreeding involves the mating of closely related individuals at a higher frequency than at random; this can decrease the average fitness of populations and individuals by reducing the presence of heterozygotes and augmenting the expression of deleterious genes. Since marine invertebrates exhibit widespread dispersal, their potential for inbreeding is often disregarded. The adult sessile state of barnacles creates the potential for inbreeding as a result of necessary copulation between neighboring individuals. Depending on the degree of mixing that occurs during dispersal, closely related individuals or siblings may settle in close proximity, generating the possibility of kin aggregation and consequent inbreeding. Despite the high probability of closely related or sibling barnacles to settle contiguously, their genetic relatedness and potential for inbreeding remain relatively understudied. We examined genetic relatedness between individuals of Tetraclita rubescens at Monterey and Bodega Bay to elucidate the potential for nonrandom dispersal and subsequent inbreeding. Genetic relatedness was assessed through microsatellite analysis, and correlated with geographic distance, and size. There was a significant association between geographic distance and genetic relatedness at Bodega Bay, which may be attributed to lower densities of individuals, frequency of settlement events and oceanographic conditions. The results of this study demonstrate high genetic relatedness at small spatial scales, bolstering the potential for nonrandom dispersal and subsequent inbreeding of T. rubescens.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Political science. Evolution (Biology)'

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