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Neshkova, Milena Ivanova. "The influence of subnational interests in supranational regulation." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2008. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3331261.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, School of Public and Environmental Affairs, 2008.<br>Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Jul 23, 2009). Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 69-11, Section: A, page: 4497. Adviser: Evan J. Ringquist.
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Bronk, R. Christopher. "In confidence information technology, secrecy and the state /." Related electronic resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available full text, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/syr/main.
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Genneby, Johan. "Hard Decisons, Soft Laws : Exploring the authority and the political impact of soft law in international law." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Management and Economics, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-1864.
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<p>The question of whether there is soft law in international law has been as much the subject of contemporary debate as whether or not there is private legal authority in the international society. The legal boundaries seem to be blurred by the process of globalisation and the recent shift in international law. The traditional definition of international law has been outdated as new forms of treaties has introduced new subject of law to the judicial arena. At the same time a supplementary map of law has been added to the cartography of international law, soft law. These correlating processes have comprehensive political and legal consequences at both the international and national levels. This essay examines and identifies soft law from a legal-political perspective and locates and explores private forms of legal authority on the map of contemporary international law. In respect to theory, it accounts for an interdisciplinary approach involving issues of both international law and international relations. In the process this study examines issues regarding the relative legal normativity and the blurring of legal authority in international law. The focus is on the legal character, the constitutive practices and the legal and political influence of soft law. It discusses the influence and power exerted by soft law over state actors in the international system and at the national level. The essay finds that soft law is of substantial relevance in the international ambit. To some extent a limited normative force of certain norms is recognized in soft law even though it is conceded that those norms would not be enforceable by an international court or other international organ. To say that it does not exist because it is not of the enforceable variety, might blind students of international law to another dimension of the landscape of international practice. Soft law does not translate to soft obligations in the reality of international society, and it seems to be some confusion surrounding the obligations conceived by it. The research here presented suggests that its political and legal power is substantial. The researched examples do not display any real private legal authority in soft law. This is because soft law is found to be a separate phenomenon from international law proper. However, soft law’s impact on national governments combined with the wider acceptance of the presence of private actors in the creation of soft law suggests that private power is noteworthy in comparison. In one of the studied examples, the soft law is concluded by private business representatives solely, but in requiring the status of soft law it is dependant on the recognition of the international and national legal bodies.</p>
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Schelb, Simone-Ariane. "The Syrian Refugee Crisis and the European Union: A Case Study of Germany and Hungary." FIU Digital Commons, 2017. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3543.
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This thesis explores the impact of the Syrian refugee crisis on the Common European Asylum System. It evaluates the extent to which the European Union was able to implement a common asylum system, identifies discrepancies between different European countries, primarily Germany and Hungary, and briefly examines the roots of these differences. To this end, the structure of the international refugee protection regime and the German and Hungarian asylum systems are analyzed. Furthermore, the thesis explores how the governments of the two countries perceive the rights of refugees and how their views have affected their handling of the crisis. The case studies of Germany and Hungary have revealed that the treatment of Syrian refugees varies enormously within the EU. Hence, the implementation of the Common European Asylum System has not been achieved, which can be attributed to the deficiencies within the system and the growing ideological rifts within the EU.
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Lerner, Stephen 1966. "Toronto's Pearson International Airport : airport commercializationprivatization." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=20156.
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Government ownership of airports is inefficient and has led to large financial deficits in Canada. Terminals I and 11 at Pearson Airport are in desperate need of redevelopment. The Pearson Airport Agreements between the Federal Government and the Pearson Development Corporation ("PDC") to redevelop and operate Terminals I and II at Pearson Airport pursuant to a long term lease would have benefitted the Government through the receipt of the proceeds from the sale of the airports while being relieved of the burden of financing airport expansion. The cancellation of the Pearson Airport Agreements based on the faulty reasoning of the Nixon Report was contrary to the public interest.<br>The Canadian Government plans to "commercialize" Airports which involves leasing them to Airport Authorities. The federal government has reached an agreement on terms for transfer of Pearson Airport to the Greater Toronto Airport Authority ("GTAA"). Pearson airport will be one of the first airports to be transferred to local control under the Liberal governments Canadian Airport Authority model. Commercialization amounts to a transfer of Airports from one part of the public sector to another. It is plagued by many of the inefficiencies that characterize Government operated Airports.<br>Pearson Airport has significant market power. Pearson Airports market power can effectively be diffused by separating the airport's airside and groundside functions, and basing airside ownership on slots. Terminals I, II and III will be sold separately and will become the responsibility of several airport companies who will compete for Airlines and Passengers. Runways, taxiways and the apron would be owned and operated by a Corporation made up of investors and third party brokers.
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Lowe, Sabine. "Responsibility and liability in general public international law and in the law of outer space." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=60670.
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Just as the actions of individuals often conflict with the legally protected interests of others, States may embark on activities which jeopardize the integrity of other States' rights. The new relationship evolving between the risk-creators and the potential victims is governed by social responsibilities as well as rules of law.<br>In the first part of the thesis, the concept of responsibility for internationally wrongful acts is contrasted with that of liability sine delicto. The examination seeks to define the principles upon which each is based and to determine the respective legal significance, scope and applicability. The analysis of both concepts is guided and influenced by the work of the International Law Commission.<br>The second part focusses on the law of outer space. A scrutiny of the relevant norms reveals which stage of development this fairly new subdivision of international law has reached with regard to responsibility and liability.
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Von, Erlach Burkhart. "Public law aspects of lease, charter and interchange of aircraft in international operations." Thesis, McGill University, 1990. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=59586.
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Lease, charter and interchange have become more and more important throughout the last decades. The International Civil Aviation Organization could not ignore that reality. In 1980 after a long preparatory work Article 83bis, an amendment to the Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation was adopted by the 23rd Assembly without any negative votes. Yet, in 1990, this amendment, which enables the State of Registry, which is responsible for the operation of the aircraft even if flying with an operator of another state, to transfer its functions and duties to the State of the Operator.<br>This thesis takes a closer look on the history of that amendment. The reasons why Article 83bis is still not in force shall also be discussed. An attempt shall further be made to analyze the provisions of Article 83bis more thoroughly and to explain why states should no longer hesitate to ratify that amendment. Article 83bis has no controversial content and is very important for the safety of international air transportation, in establishing clearly who is responsible for a leased, chartered or interchanged aircraft.
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Castellino, Joshua. "International law and self-determination : the interplay of the politics of territorial possession with formulations of national identity." Thesis, University of Hull, 1998. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:8038.
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The principle of self-determination has great pedigree. It is a norm that had at heart, the foundations of the concept of democracy - based on the idea that the consent of the governed alone, could give a government legitimacy. These noble ideas, expressed in the American and French Declarations form the cornerstone to the principle of self-determination. This is the principle that, through changes influenced by various political factors. was primarily responsible for the decolonisation process that has shaped the current international community. Self-determination has been used in equal rhetorical brilliance by a number of great leaders - some meritorious, with a genuine concern for human emancipation, others dubious, with the vested interest of ascendancy to power at the heart of their project. In any case, 'self-determination' has come to mean different things in different contexts. It is this particular issue that this thesis wishes to tackle. Being a vital principle, especially in the context of the post-colonial state, it is one factor that at once, represents a threat to world order, while at the same time holding out the promise of a longer-term peace and security based on values of democracy, equity and justice. This thesis looks at the intricacies of the norm in its current ambiguous manifestation and seeks to deconstruct it with regard to three particularly inter-linked discourses: that of minority rights. statehood & sovereignty and the doctrine of uti possidetis which shaped the modern post-colonial state. IN analysing these factors we shall focus specifically on the option of secession from the modern post-colonial state - one of three options stated explicitly by General Assembly Resolution 1514 (XV) as constituting the act of self-determination. These norms are then sought to be analysed further within two case studies. The first of these looks briefly at the situation concerning the creation of Bangladesh - a case of self-determination achieved. The second case study, much more complex in itself, looks at the situation concerning the Western Sahara where self-determination (whatever its manifestation) is yet to be expressed. In the course of this latter case study we shall seek to highlight the problematic nature of 'national identity' and the 'self in settings far removed from post-Westphalian Europe from where these norms originate, and which remain so integral to the modern discourse of international law.
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King, Samantha Jane. "Locating moral responsibility for war crimes : the new justiciability of 'system criminality' and its implications for the development of an international polity." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/421.
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This thesis examines the question of international responses to system criminality. It argues that the assignation of moral responsibility, expressed in the act of prosecuting individuals, expresses a fundamental conceptual shift towards an international polity. Although political rhetoric, the media and international legislation express the moral dimension of system criminality, the character of humanitarian law and the contingency of its operation is the most concrete indicator of such a development. The status of an embryonic international polity becomes particularly evident- with 'individual responsibility' being a criminally liable offence, as set against 'collective responsibility' which entails 'civil', (non-penal) liabilities. However, the principle of individual criminal responsibility, and therefore the expression of a nascent international polity, is by no means as well developed as it may appear because the moral consensus necessary to fully support this shift is still undeveloped. A thoroughly radical re-orientation to a potential international polity had not fully arrived with the Nuremberg Principles and a paucity of individual prosecutions for system crimes indicates the limits of this development. Nevertheless, the contribution to knowledge of this thesis lies in its finding that with the radical developments of criminal tribunals and the International Criminal Court there has been a qualitative shift in the structure of international legal norms.
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Berrisch, Georg Matthias. "The application of the concept of "common heritage of humankind" to the protection of the global environment : our response of public international law to global environmental threats." Thesis, McGill University, 1991. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=60445.
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The world faces an environmental crisis which can only be resolved through global co-operation and solidarity. Traditional international environmental law, based on the positivist notion of sovereignty, cannot offer adequate solutions. International environmental law must be based on a global approach founded on the notion of a common concern of humankind. This global approach has to provide a legal framework for the protection of the global environment. But it also must take into account the diverging needs and expectations of the different states. Furthermore, it must be realistic and cannot simply demand the replacement of sovereign states by a world government. The Common Heritage of Humankind concept, developed to regulate the use of common-space areas, is based on the notion of solidarity and the duty to co-operate. It can be applied mutatis mutandis to the protection of the global environment.
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Tournefier, Laure. "La Banque Européenne pour la reconstruction et le développement." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=26224.
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On May 29, 1990 the Agreement establishing the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) was signed in Paris.<br>As an international institution with a regional purpose, as a mixture of a private and development bank, the EBRD is without doubt a novel organisation.<br>But almost three years after its creation what is the assessment of this institution?<br>This thesis attempts not only to explain the existence of the Bank, the reasons which led to its creation but also to make explicit its mode of operation while casting a critical eye on its actions in Eastern Europe.
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Hotchkiss, Nikole. "Taking aim a comparative study of target groups and the formation of contemporary counterterrorism policy in France and the United States /." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2009. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3378354.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of Sociology, 2009.<br>Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Jul 6, 2010). Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 70-10, Section: A, page: 4073. Adviser: Clem Brooks.
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Doyle, Kevin. "Faculty internationalization| Experiences, attitudes, and involvement of faculty at public universities in South Dakota." Thesis, University of South Dakota, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3607699.
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<p>Internationalization in higher education is an issue of growing importance as the forces of globalism continue to push both social and economic connections from local to global. While this topic is becoming increasingly vital to the health and influence of educational institutions, many, including those within South Dakota, are unaware of the foreign language capabilities or international experiences and attitudes toward internationalization of their full-time faculty members. </p><p> This study investigated the attitudes of, experiences in, and exposure toward internationalization by faculty members across the six public universities within the South Dakota Board of Regents system. Faculty members’ foreign language background and ability, as well as both their perceptions on the value of internationalization of higher education and their perceptions on institutional receptivity toward internationalization were also examined. Data collected from SD faculty members (n=479) were then compared by demographic factors including gender, age, academic travel, and home institution to discover any trends or connections within these subgroups. </p><p> The findings of this study suggest that South Dakota faculty members not only have a vast and varied background in internationally related experience, but they also overwhelmingly express a desire to further their academic–k international connections through teaching, research, and service. Results also showed significant differences among faculty perceptions among the six state institutions and between groups of faculty who have traveled for academic purposes and those who have not. </p><p> Along with the findings and discussion of the results of this study, recommendations for improving practice are provided, as are suggestions for future research. </p>
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Humele, Peter Francis. "The withering of foreign ownership restrictions and the rise of competition in the North American Airline Industry." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=23972.
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Powerful forces are transforming the air transport industry's structure. Airline deregulation, privatization, competition and globalization are forcing carriers and regulatory authorities to re-examine historically accepted beliefs. These developments are occurring within the broader context of States pursuing political and economic interdependence and free trade. As such, many nations have abandoned policies that protected specific industries from competition. Instead, countries the world over seek to enhance competition and increase consumer welfare through greater reliance on the marketplace. As governments relinquish their economic control over many industries, business's seek opportunities worldwide.<br>Civil aviation regulation is based upon the rule that each and every airline must be owned and controlled by a single State, or its nationals. True multinational airline companies are illegal. Thus, to gain the benefits associated with large scale operations and to better serve their customers, airlines are circumventing this restrictive rule through cross-border alliances.<br>Alliances are taking international co-operation to heights previously unknown. Carriers are rapidly integrating their operations and functioning as single economic units offering seamless air services. From such assimilations emerge de facto multinational airlines.<br>The global political and economic environments within which civil aviation functions have been radically altered in recent years. Air transport economics have also changed significantly since aviation's current regulatory framework was created in 1944. This increasingly dynamic industry is rapidly evolving beyond the existing legal regime based as it is upon strictly national carriers.<br>This thesis argues that regulatory authorities must act now and eradicate the anachronistic nationality rule. Permitting multinational airline ownership would eliminate the anti-competitive and highly restrictive bilateral exchange of air traffic rights, bring about free trade in air services and increase consumer benefits.
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Leon, Joshua K. "The Rise of Global Health: Consensus, Expansion and Specialization." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2010. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/72941.
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Political Science<br>Ph.D.<br>This dissertation examines the rise of global health assistance among states, multilateral institutions and NGOs. Resources devoted to global public health expanded rapidly in the 1990s and 2000s, outpacing other areas of development. New agencies have emerged to address public health issues, and existing organizations such as the UNDP, World Bank and EU have expanded their global health operations. Critics fear that the global health regime will become inefficient as it grows, duplicating tasks and skewing resources. The regime complex literature predicts similar suboptimal outcomes. These fears are overblown. While certain inefficiencies are likely as any regime expands, data shows that the allocation of resources generally reflects global health needs. Increased competition, thought to lessen efficiency, has actually pressured multilateral actors to specialize. Specialization offsets the problem of overlapping tasks.
The modern global health regime is characterized by increased size, competition, specialization, and a prevailing consensus that emphasizes health as a central component of international development. This consensus holds that societal health prefigures economic growth. The international community, moreover, should cost effectively use increased aid to address the worst disease burdens in the poorest countries. In the cases of states, domestic interests play a role in shaping specialization patterns. Pressure from increased international competition has pressed multilateral institutions to reform and adapt to changing conditions in order to remain relevant in a denser global environment. The diverse cases explored in this dissertation (US, Japan, Sweden, Canada, World Bank, WHO, UNDP and EU) show high degrees of specialization and a surprisingly similar adherence to the consensus.<br>Temple University--Theses
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Hoffman, Steven Justin. "Evaluating Strategies for Achieving Global Collective Action on Transnational Health Threats and Social Inequalities." Thesis, Harvard University, 2015. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:23845489.
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This dissertation presents three studies that evaluate different strategies for addressing transnational health threats and social inequalities that depend upon or would benefit from global collective action. Each draws upon different academic disciplines, methods and epistemological traditions.
Chapter 1 assesses the role of international law in addressing global health challenges, specifically examining when, how and why global health treaties may be helpful. Evidence from 90 quantitative impact evaluations of past treaties was synthesized to uncover what impact can be expected from global health treaties, and based on these results, an analytic framework was developed to help determine when proposals for new global health treaties have reasonable prospects for yielding net positive effects. Findings from the evidence synthesis suggest that treaties consistently succeed in shaping economic matters and consistently fail in achieving social progress. There are three differences between these domains which point to design characteristics that new global health treaties can incorporate to achieve positive impact: 1) incentives for those with power to act upon them; 2) institutions designed to bring edicts into effect; and 3) interests advocating for their negotiation, adoption, ratification and domestic implementation. The chapter concludes by presenting an analytic framework and four criteria for determining which proposals for new global health treaties should be pursued. First, there must be a significant transnational dimension to the problem being addressed. Second, the goals should justify the coercive nature of treaties. Third, proposed global health treaties should have a reasonable chance of achieving benefits. Fourth, treaties should be the best commitment mechanism among the many competing alternatives. Applying this analytic framework to nine recent calls for new global health treaties reveals that none fully meet the four criteria. This finding suggests that efforts aiming to better utilize or revise existing international instruments may be more productive than advocating for new treaties. The one exception is the additional transnational health threat of antimicrobial resistance, which probably meets all four criteria.
Chapter 2 builds on this work by evaluating a broad range of opportunities for working towards global collective action on antimicrobial resistance. Access to antimicrobials and the sustainability of their effectiveness are undermined by deep-seated failures in both global governance and global markets. These failures can be conceptualized as political economy challenges unique to each antimicrobial policy goal, including global commons dilemmas, negative externalities, unrealized positive externalities, coordination issues and free-rider problems. Many actors, instruments and initiatives that form part of the global antimicrobial regime are addressing these challenges, yet they are insufficiently coordinated, compliant, led or financed. Taking an evidence-based approach to global strategy reveals at least ten options for promoting collective action on antimicrobial access, conservation and innovation, including those that involve building institutions, crafting incentives and mobilizing interests. While no single option is individually sufficient to tackle all political economy challenges facing the global antimicrobial regime, the most promising options seem to be monitored milestones (institution), an inter-agency task force (institution), a global pooled fund (incentive) and a special representative (interest mobilizer), perhaps with an international antimicrobial treaty driving forward their implementation. Whichever are chosen, this chapter argues that their real-world impact will depend on strong accountability relationships and robust accountability mechanisms that facilitate transparency, oversight, complaint, and enforcement. Such relationships and mechanisms, if designed properly, can promote compliance and help bring about the changes that the negotiators of any new international agreement on antimicrobial resistance will likely be aspiring to achieve. Progress should be possible if only we find the right mix of options matched with the right forum and accountability mechanisms, and if we make this grand bargain politically possible by ensuring it simultaneously addresses all three imperatives for antimicrobials – namely access, conservation and innovation.
Chapter 3 takes this dissertation beyond traditional Westphalian notions of collective action by exploring whether new disruptive technologies like cheap supercomputers, open-access statistical software, and canned packages for machine learning can theoretically provide the same global regulatory effects on health matters as state-negotiated international agreements. This kind of “techno-regulation” may be especially helpful for issues and areas of activity that are hard to control or where governments cannot reach. One example is news media coverage of health issues, which is currently far from optimal – especially during crises like pandemics – and which may be difficult to regulate through traditional strategies given constitutional freedoms of expression and the press. But techno-regulating news media coverage might be possible if there was a feasible way of automatically measuring desirable attributes of news records in real-time and disseminating the results widely, thereby incentivizing news media organizations to compete for better scores and reputational advantage. As a first move, this third chapter presents a relatively simple maximum entropy machine-learning model that automatically quantifies the relevance, scientific quality and sensationalism of news media records, and validates the model on a corpus of 163,433 news records mentioning the recent SARS and H1N1 pandemics. This involved optimizing retrieval of relevant news records, using specially tailored tools for scoring these qualities on a randomly sampled training set of 500 news records, processing the training set into a document-term matrix, utilizing a maximum entropy model for inductive machine learning to identify relationships that distinguish differently scored news records, computationally applying these relationships to classify other news records, and validating the model using a test set that compares computer and human judgments. Estimates of overall scientific quality and sensationalism based on the 500 human-scored news records were 3.17 (“potentially important but not critical shortcomings”) and 1.81 (“not too much sensationalizing”) out of 5, respectively, and updated by the computer model to 3.32 and 1.73 out of 5 after including information from 10,000 records. This confirms that news media coverage of pandemic outbreaks is far from perfect, especially its scientific quality if not also its sensationalism. The accuracy of computer scoring of individual news records for relevance, quality and sensationalism was 86%, 65% and 73%, respectively. The chapter concludes by arguing that these findings demonstrate how automated methods can evaluate news records faster, cheaper and possibly better than humans – suggesting that techno-regulating health news coverage is feasible – and that the specific procedure implemented in this study can at the very least identify subsets of news records that are far more likely to have particular scientific and discursive qualities.
Prospects for achieving global collective action on transnational health threats and social inequalities would be improved if greater efforts were taken to systematically take stock of the full-range of strategies available and to scientifically evaluate their potential effectiveness. This dissertation presents three studies that do so, which together showcase the diversity of approaches that can be mustered in pursuit of this goal.<br>Health Policy
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Ali, Shaheen Sardar. "Equal before Allah, unequal before man? : negotiating gender hierarchies in Islam and international law." Thesis, University of Hull, 1998. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:3876.
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This study engages in a conceptual analysis of human rights in Islam and international law, and the application of this analytical discourse to explore the nature of women's human rights in the Islamic tradition. It has been argued that women's human rights in Islam are not entirely irreconcilable with current formulations of international human rights instruments emanating from the United Nations. The basic premise of the argument stems from a recognition that the Islamic legal tradition is not a monolithic entity. On the basis of its main sources, namely the Quran, Hadith, Ijma and Qiyas, Islamic law lends itself to a variety of interpretations that have far reaching implications for women's human rights in Islam. (Part I)A further factor raised in this study is the disparity between the theoretical perspectives on women's human rights, and, its application to Muslim jurisdictions determined by elements of cultural practices, socio-economic realities and political expediencies on the part of governments. The present study uses the example of Pakistan to demonstrate the divergence between theory and practice of Islamic law in these jurisdictions. The concept of what has been termed an emerging 'operative' Islamic law, consisting of a combination of elements including principles of Islamic law, secular codes of law and popular custom and usage has also been introduced. (Part II)Part III of the thesis is devoted to an evaluation of the development of the international norm of non-discrimination on the basis of sex and some 'Islamic' human rights documents affecting women's human rights. The analysis provides an insight into the response of Muslim States to international human rights instruments affecting women through a discussion in the light of reservations to the Women's Convention. The study concludes by posing the question whether a move towards convergence between international and Islamic schemes of women's human rights is discernible or not.
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Elkins, Alex Gregory. "How the City State Fares Under State Capitalism in the PRC: Local and State-Wide Reform." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1364384598.
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McQuilkin, Christopher R. ""An excellent laboratory"| U.S. foreign aid in Paraguay, 1942-1954." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1568769.
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<p> After the United States entered World War II, the nation began a technical assistance program and a military aid program in Paraguay as part of its Latin American foreign policy. The U.S. rooted its technical assistance program in an idealized narrative of U.S. agricultural history, in which land-grant colleges and the agricultural reforms of the New Deal had contributed to prosperity and democracy. The extension of this American Way to other countries would strengthen prosperity, encourage democratic reforms, and prevent fascist and Communist subversion. The U.S. also extended military aid to Paraguay to draw Paraguay's military away from its fascist sympathies. Over the next twelve years, policymakers debated the relationship between technical assistance and military aid, their effects on Paraguay, and their compatibility with U.S. foreign policy. Initially, U.S. policymakers saw the programs as mutually reinforcing. By the mid-1950s, however, the promise of agrarian democracy remained unfulfilled in Paraguay.</p>
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Acosta, Fuller Jose Blas 1956. "NAFTA, globalization, and higher education departments of business administration: Case studies from northwestern Mexico." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282587.
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One of the major developments marking the global economy is the emergence of regional trading blocks. This study takes into account this trend and it addresses a question about business administration departments in Mexican universities: To what extent and in what ways do they reflect the influence of NAFTA and globalization on their curriculum, structure, and mission? Conceptually, the study draws on dependency theory and institutional theory. Dependency theory was useful for understanding globalization in Mexican business administration as affected through business and linkages to the U.S. Institutional theory was useful in understanding and explaining specific mechanisms experienced by the departments as they relate to the different professional organizations in society. This study considered four departments located in large public and private universities in Northwestern Mexico. Documents and interviews were the two principal sources of data. This investigation involved the analysis of 46 documents, and 26 interviews conducted with administrators and faculty in Business Administration programs. The analysis of data indicated that private departments hold national and international relationships that influence curriculum change while the public departments are more nationally oriented in relationships and curriculum change.
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Gurbin, Jennifer. "(Mis)placing race: Deconstructing myth in televised advertisements for three child sponsorship organizations." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/27766.
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Direct Response Television (DRTV) programming for child sponsorship is an extremely effective form of fundraising in Canada. However, it also proves to be one way in which racialized knowledge is being reproduced. This project deconstructs the DRTV for three child-sponsorship NGOs: World Vision Canada, Plan Canada, and Christian Children's Fund. What the analysis reveals is a type of advertising dependent on antiquated dynamics of colonial dominance between Canada and Africa. This project also explores the reasons for its success despite Canada's anti-racist rhetoric. Drawing from the works of Roland Barthes, Pierre Bourdieu, Fances Henry and Carol Tator, and others, this study draws conclusions about the cultural identity of the Canadian mainstream, and proposes critical consumption and the questioning of sociocultural norms as a way forward.
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Du, Toit Roscar. "Regulation of competition in a global economy." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0022/MQ50929.pdf.
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Jenkins, Sara Anne. "Gendered hierarchies and world order: A critical analysis of the instrumentalization of gender within the UN discourse on gender vulnerability to AIDS." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/28059.
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This thesis is primarily concerned with the concept of gender. It is interested in gender both insofar as it shapes vulnerability, as well as the degree to which particular understandings of gender are instrumental to the functioning of the current world order. This thesis argues that the UN discourse on gender vulnerability to AIDS is an example of the manner in which gender is instrumentalized and made to support a neoliberal globalized model of development and thus of a neoliberal world order. This argument is based upon a discourse analysis of key UN documents on the topic of gender vulnerability to AIDS which is guided by a critical gendered theoretical framework. While it is clear that no established counter-hegemonic or transformative discourse which would appreciably threaten the status quo is present, the existence of spaces for critique points to the potential for the emergence of sites of resistance within the UN.
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Ally, Sherry L. "Towards the definition of concepts in international health intervention: Participation, efficiency, equity, sustainability and scaling up." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/27794.
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This thesis explores definition of five concepts central to international health intervention, participation, efficiency, equity, scaling up and sustainability, within the case study of the Tanzanian Essential Health Interventions Project (TEHIP). Developed in response to the 1993 World Development Report and implemented in Tanzania during the era of health sector reform under structural adjustment, TEHIP offers an especially pertinent case within which to explore the language and health practices resulting from this particular history and ideology. Using key informant interviews and literature review, conceptual and applied definitions of the concepts were analyzed. A theoretical framework of health equity as social justice, offered by Amartya Sen, Fabienne Peter, and Thomas Pogge, was employed to examine assumptions and biases inherent in these concepts and their application. Despite significant health gains achieved by TEHIP, this theoretical analysis raises important questions and concerns about the rationale, design and implementation of the project.
Keywords. Participation, efficiency, equity, sustainability, scaling up, health intervention, health system reform, Tanzania.
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Glennon, Colin. "The Worst Supreme Court Decisions Ever! An Experimental Investigation of Agreement When the Supreme Court has Erred." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2014. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/530.
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Hyperbole is the common response in the wake of any Supreme Court decision, but which cases have a lasting negative impression and why? This work seeks to clarify which rulings of the Court cause consternation among several different audiences. Through an experimental framework I conduct an examination of reactions to rulings in controversial cases among political scientists, legal scholars, and the public. I discover that there are some commonalities among the respondents, but also significant disagreement along issue areas, particularly cases decided based on economic property rights. Additionally I observe that partisan ideology has little impact on the perception of historic decisions, but in contemporary rulings the opposite is discovered. This finding suggests that time serves to mitigate partisan bias in evaluating the Supreme Court. Ultimately this work details information concerned with responses to previous Court decisions, but also provides context clues for predicting various reactions to future controversial rulings.
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Boon, Jan. "Corporate social responsibility (CSR) in the mineral exploration and mining industry---perspectives on the role of "home" and "host" governments." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/28049.
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CSR may be a means of dealing with human rights abuses and negative environmental and socio-economic impacts associated with mining in developing nations. Little research has been published on how "host" and "home" governments can help make CSR initiatives in this industry more effective. This study obtained perspectives on their roles through a study of the academic and secondary literature on CSR and its application in exploration and mining. Four literature case studies of exploration projects and mines in Peru (Tambogrande, Tintaya, Rio Blanco, and Antamina) were followed up with field studies of the Rio Blanco project and Antamina mine through interviews with community members, authorities at various levels of government, NGOs and industry representatives. The study showed the effect of mining cycle stage and regional differences on dynamics, power relations, and perspectives; and the importance of governments as players. It presents a list of options for their action.
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Keeler, Rebecca L. "Bridging the Gap with Public Value and Corporate Social Responsibility." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/650.
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Keeler, Rebecca L. "A Career of Research in Public Administration." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2013. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/652.
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Beckfield, Jason. "The consequences of regional political and economic integration for inequality and the welfare state in Western Europe." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3183488.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of Sociology, 2005.<br>Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 66-08, Section: A, page: 3111. Adviser: Arthur S. Alderson. Title from dissertation home page (viewed Oct. 5, 2006).
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Glennon, Colin. "An Experimental Invetigation of Opposition to Landmark Supreme Court Decisions." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/532.
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Garosi, Ingrid. "The European Union Strategy for International Cultural relations : Origins and response to the role of the EU in cultural diplomacy." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-449853.
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After years of fragmented and unsuccessful attempts to put culture at the top of the EU agenda for external relations, on the 8th of June 2016 something changed. That day the HR/VR Federica Mogherini addressed the European Parliament and the Council with the 2016 Joint Communication ‘Towards an EU strategy for international cultural relations’. With this document the European Union aimed at providing culture with a new and more important role as a soft power instrument in its external relations. However, its approval came in times of identity crisis and political insecurity for the Union. The Brexit vote and the rise of Euroscepticism highlighted the fragile foundations of the policy and the still divided European scenario. This thesis analyses the historical context that led to the approval of the 2016 strategy and provides the reader with a critical analysis of the structural and practical outcomes and challenges of its implementation. Through this research it was highlighted how the Union is still missing a unified and shared cultural identity due to the lack of agreement concerning the so-called ‘European values’. Moreover, due to its objective of promoting the European culture and identity abroad, the strategy risks being seen as an attempt to export and force ‘Europeanness’ on third and partner countries. In addition, this analysis highlighted that also European politicians and relevant personalities still manifest divided opinions concerning the purpose and objectives of the EU international cultural relations and are missing out on the potential of culture for the implementation of larger projects. Finally, the work underlines how current global priorities such as health, sustainability, digitalisation and migration should be considered and included in future attempts to foster international cultural cooperation. The theoretical focus of this analysis includes resources retrieved from EU documents including treaties, communications, agreements and conclusion and from the latest reports concerning data and results of the EU projects implemented under the 2016 Joint Communication.
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Gruici, Simona. "International Security : Crossing Borders: International Migration and National Security." Thesis, Högskolan i Jönköping, Internationella Handelshögskolan, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-15242.
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One of the most dynamic events of our time is the large extent of population movements within and across national boundaries. The causes of this movement of people include economic hardship due to various natural calamities such as earthquakes, droughts, famine and floods, as well as economic hardship due to lack of income. Political instabilities represent a central factor that is forcing the population movements at both national and international level. In most of the cases, reality is beeing perceived as follows: if international security is enhanced, so is national security. However, the phenomenon of migration is perceived as being a greater challenge in the field of security towards failure states, rather than it might affect any welfare postindustrial states. Nowadays we are facing a more globalized security environment, fact that is actually providing other states with the possibility to create a better security for their own nations. In order to gain this security immunity, the states should be able to enforce and protect the migration policies within international security. The relationship between migration and security became increasingly complex in the new millennium. As it follows, the focus of this theme is the correlation between migration´s consequences, both positive and negative, towards national security of host states. Furthermore, the topic of this paper is extending over ´what terrorism implies´. In order to reach a clear understanding, it has been analyzed the phenomenon of globalization and its forthcoming implications within both terrorism and migration. As a result of this transformation, terrorism has the power now to threat much more countries in the global area. Nevertheless, the purpose of this thesis is to examine which factors have an impact on international security, within a continental similarity. The central focus reflects over the Euro-Mediterranean area and to certain extends over the United States. The considered factors are: migration, loss/gain of governmental control, the political reaction after the attack of 9/11, spread of democracy (e.g. globalization), and creating citizenship.
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Friedner, Parrat Charlotta. "Change, Institutions, and International Organisations : Essays on the English School of International Relations." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-327970.
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The overall topic of this thesis is the English School understanding of international order, which I approach specifically by analysing the English School idea of international institutions and their change. The purpose is to develop the theory in a meta-theoretically conscious and coherent way. The three essays in this volume are independent in relation to each other, yet in some ways cumulative. Essays I and II aim to address primarily the question of how to conceptualise the current international order of multilateralism and international organisations. Essay I uses the empirical issue of UN reform to formulate one English School conceptualisation of international order, building specifically on the School’s central theme of international institutions. Essay II theoretically develops the tools of the English School for capturing how international institutions, according to English School theory the fundaments of international order, might change. Essay III approaches the meta-theoretical question of how change itself is understood in the English School, and how different theoretical readings of what we might mean by change give rise to different approaches to the normative question of what might be improvement in the international order. I argue that an internally coherent understanding of change in international society should emphasise change in institutions, made intelligible by ex-post narratives which contribute to establishing the discursive connection between practices and their normative legitimation, and guided by a sustained normative debate on the nature of improvement. This understanding of change signifies a much-needed addition to the English School toolbox, and brings a promise of a meta-theoretical grounding of the theory. In addition, it opens for similar theoretical inquiries into other IR theories.
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Norris, Mikel, and Colin Glennon. "Analyzing Gendered Vulnerability in State Court Elections." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/7771.
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Glennon, Colin, and Mikel Norris. "Indicators of Judicial Greatness: An Exploration into which Factors Influence or Predict wither Supreme Court Justices Will be Considered Historically Great." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/529.
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While rankings of presidents are quite common, rankings of Supreme Court justices are much rarer. Herein I produce one and make use of both to see if perceived greatness of one actor can effect perceptions of greatness for the other. This work examines those influences that indicate success for Supreme Court Justices by seeking to determine what the historically great justices have in common. I first develop a composite score of all the Supreme Court Justices based on the limited previous ranking research and relevant indictors to rank the Justices 1-112. Next, I examine potential indicators of such success; previous experience, personal characteristics, conformation vote, and most interestingly the perceived greatness of their appointing president. This research finds a direct relationship between perceptions of presidential greatness and perceptions of judicial quality. Overall the great Justices are statistically more likely to be appointed by a great president, consistent with the appointment literature that often describes an appointer-appointee relationship as a legacy impacting one.
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Glennon, Colin, and Logan Strother. "The Maintenance of Institutional Legitimacy in Supreme Court Justices’ Public Rhetoric." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1086/703065.
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Judicial politics scholars routinely posit that the behavior of Supreme Court justices is motivated in important part by concerns of institutional maintenance, that is, by a desire to maintain the Court’s unusually large store of institutional legitimacy. Previous work on this topic, however, has focused almost exclusively on the influence of such motivation on judicial decision making. We contend that if institutional maintenance is an important goal, it should be observable in other contexts as well. We examine televised mass-media interviews with Supreme Court justices from 1998 to 2016 and find that legitimacy reinforcement is the predominant goal reflected in justices’ rhetoric in those interviews.
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Keeler, Rebecca L., Aaron Wachhaus, Bob Cunningham, Tom Barth, Richard Huff, and Michael Howell-Maroney. "David Farmer: Methodologist?" Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2014. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/651.
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Norris, Mikel, and Colin Ross Glennon. "Gendered Vulnerability and State Supreme Court Elections." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/528.
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Keeler, Rebecca L. "Managing Outsourced Administrative Discretion." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2013. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/832.
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An entire body of administrative law exists to guide the administrative discretion of public administrators. Although an increasing share of public services is being outsourced to the private sector, much of administrative law is not applicable to governments’ contracted agents. Alternatively, contracting agencies use the contract instrument to guide and constrain contractors’ exercise of delegated administrative discretion. This essay reports on a study of selected Florida local governments’ contracts for residential trash collection services. Although minimal discretion was placed in contractors’ hands, it still presented opportunities for abuse. The local governments used a variety of ways to manage the administrative discretion, including the imposition of public service ethics and transparency requirements. Upon analysis of contractual grants of and constraints upon administrative discretion, some suggestions are offered for enhancing contractual management of delegated administrative discretion.
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Strother, Logan, and Colin Glennon. "Can Supreme Court Justices Go Public? The Effect of Justice Rhetoric on Judicial Legitimacy." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2019. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/7773.
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Coelho, Carlos Frederico. "In Pursuit of Compliance: Lessons from the World Trade Organization's Dispute Settlement Mechanism." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-10119.
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<p>The purpose of this thesis is to examine if there is a problem with compliance in the World Trade Organization, to investigate the validity of the managerial and the political economy approaches to compliance and to analyze reform proposals that tackle the issue of compliance, pursuing improvement of the system.</p><p>Drawing on the scenario of increasing legalization and cooperation in trade, the first question is examined by way of interviewing trade experts and officials as well as analyzing case studies that are pertinent to the research at hand. The second question – if management is preferred to enforcement as to induce compliance – is answered by analyzing official WTO Dispute Settlement reports, interviews, case reviews and articles on retaliation and compliance written by different authors. The third question is answered as a reflection of the findings of the first two questions.</p><p>Analysis on the managerial theory of compliance examine whether enforcement plays a minor role in inducing compliance in the WTO, if there is a propensity to comply amongst states and if noncompliance is inadvertent rather than a result of calculation of interests. In the other hand, tests conducted on the enforcement approach to compliance investigate the importance of retaliation in WTO Dispute Settlement, the necessity of an enforcement tool and the claim that noncompliance is a political decision.</p><p>Tests conducted suggest that the enforcement school of compliance is correct when stating that noncompliance is a political decision, resulted from careful calculation of interests. The research indicates that the WTO Dispute Settlement presents a dual facet of compliance, in which the enforcement tool is responsible for allowing the managerial effects to take place. In this regard, the enforcement tool alone is seen as inappropriate, especially if economic asymmetries are present. An approach that accommodates both enforcement and managerial aspects is prescribed.</p><p>The research has indicated that successful reform proposals should aim at increasing the credibility of the threat of retaliation as to follow the diagnosis verified by the tests conducted.</p>
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Keeler, Rebecca L. "Toward Common Ground: Public Value and Corporate Social Responsibility Scholarship." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/649.
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Keeler, Rebecca L. "Democratic Accountability for Outsourced Government Services." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2011. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/654.
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Souri, Eirini. "Global Civil Society : A Study on the Transformative Possibilities of Civil Society as an Agent in International Relations." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-8530.
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<p>Global Civil Society is a spectrum of diverse social actors, which offers an alternative to the making of contemporary politics, and towards social change; it provides us with a new approach to change the existing global order through development rather than confrontation. For this reason, global civil society has recently attracted increased interest in the academic and political discourse and consequently has left the margins and is placed in the centre of contemporary International Relations and political theory.</p><p>Utilizing neo-Gramscian ideas this study examines global civil society’s concept and core features and focuses on its role as well as transformative possibilities as an agent in contemporary world politics. This thesis demonstrates through the findings of our</p><p>case study on "Civil Society Organisations" Response to the Fourth European Union – Latin America and the Caribbean Summit in Vienna 2006” the alternative approach in dealing with political issues and actively working towards those ends.</p><p>This research’s conclusions designate the great potentialities of civil society’s organizations, if carefully managed to transform the contemporary world; as well as the necessity of addressing global civil society in order to understand the role of the social realm in reducing the gap of legitimacy in the contemporary world order.</p>
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Everly, Macklin Keith. "Multicultural Public Policy and Homegrown Terrorism in the European Union." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1409088787.
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Jonsson, Frida. "How different third party interveners affect the duration of civil war." Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Political Science, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-456.
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<p>There is a great variety of research about civil war and peacemaking. This thesis also deals with those topics, however, it focuses on one specific area about how different third-party interveners affect the duration of civil war.</p><p>Since the main goal of an intervention is to terminate the civil war as fast as possible, it is of great importance to be able to know which type of intervener can terminate it fastest. Throughout the modern history third-party interveners have been a mix of international organizations and major- and minor powers. These different types of interveners and what characterize them will here be discussed, compared and analyzed.</p><p>From a data set containing information about all civil wars between 1945 and 1999 six conflicts have been chosen for further examination. Two of the civil wars are wars where an international organisation was the intervener, two conflicts where major powers where the interveners and two where minor powers where the intervener. These six civil wars are viewed upon with characteristics of the conflict and intervener as basis.</p><p>Important to take into account is the aspect when international organizations in general tend to intervene. A scholar, Regan, pointed out that international organizations tend to intervene in already long lasting civil wars where states have chosen not to intervene or have failed. The result in this thesis shows that depending upon how forceful the intervention is, the shorter the duration of the civil war will be. What shows how forcefull an intervention can be is how strong the intervener is, on which side the intervention takes place and which strategy it choses.</p><br><p>Det finns en uppsjö av akademisk forskning om inbördeskrig och fredskapande. Denna uppsats avhandlar också dessa ämnen men fokus ligger istället på ett speciellt område; hur olika typer av interventionsparter påverkar längden av inbördeskrig.</p><p>Målet med en intervention är att få slut på inbördeskriget så fort som möjligt. För att kunna nå det målet så är det av yttersta vikt att ha kunskap om vilken typ av interventionsparter som gör det snabbast. Interventionsparterna har sedan den moderna tiden varit internationella organisationer, stormakter och småstater. I denna uppsats kommer de olika typerna att diskuteras, jämföras och analyseras. Allt för att sedan kunna dra slutsatser om vad som karaktäriserar dem och vad de har för inflytande på längden av inbördeskrig.</p><p>I uppsatsen kommer sex olika inbördeskrig att analyseras. Dessa fall är hämtade från ett data set som innehåller information om alla inbördeskrig mellan åren 1945 och 1999. Två utav inbördeskrigen är krig där en internationel organisation var interventionspart.</p><p>I två andra inbördeskrig är interventionsparten en stormakt och i de resterande två inbördeskrigen är interventionsparten en småstat. Dessa sex inbördeskrig är sedan analyserade med hjälp av karaktären utav kriget och typen av interventionspart.</p><p>En viktig aspekt för analysen rör internationella organisationer och när de gör interventioner. En forskare, Regan, påpekar att internationella organisationer tenderar att intervenera i inbördeskrig som redan har pågått under en längre tid och där enskilda stater har valt att inte ingripa eller har misslyckats. Analysen i denna uppsats visar att beroende på hur kraftfull interventionen är desto kortare blir längden utav inbördeskriget. Vad som avgör vad som är kraftfullt är hur stark interventionsparten är, vilken sida interventionen sker på och vilken strategi som används.</p>
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Keeler, Rebecca L. "William Wilberforce Trafficking Victims Protection and Reauthorization Act of 2008." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/483.
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Book Summary: Spanning three volumes, this comprehensive encyclopedia of over six hundred entries covers the full range of civil rights and liberties in America from the antecedents of the Bill of Rights through the most recent controversies over political and social issues, including abortion, free speech, religious liberty, voting rights, and the guarantees of equality. It also addresses the civil rights and liberties issues stemming from America's ongoing war on terrorism. Detailed entries include key concepts, historical events and developments, major trials and appellate court decisions, landmark legislation, legal doctrines, important personalities, and key organizations and agencies. Entries have an objective tone, allowing readers to draw their own conclusions.Designed as an up-to-date reference source for students, scholars, and citizens, the encyclopedia will help broaden and heighten understanding and appreciation for the wide range of issues associated with civil rights and liberties in the United States, and is the most sophisticated treatment available. The volumes of the encyclopedia consist of original entries, arranged alphabetically, on many current hot-button issues as well as in-depth coverage of the rights Americans hold sacred. Written by experts in the field, including attorneys, judges, and legal scholars, the encyclopedia takes a historical-legal approach, providing important information on the background and development of an issue or event. The third volume concludes with over three dozen essential primary documents, including landmark statutes, key court decisions, and influential essays.
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Keeler, Rebecca L. "Analysis of Proposed Revisions to Ethics Code of American Society for Public Administration." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2012. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/653.
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Keeler, Rebecca L. "Corporate Rights." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/449.
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Book Summary: Spanning three volumes, this comprehensive encyclopedia of over six hundred entries covers the full range of civil rights and liberties in America from the antecedents of the Bill of Rights through the most recent controversies over political and social issues, including abortion, free speech, religious liberty, voting rights, and the guarantees of equality. It also addresses the civil rights and liberties issues stemming from America's ongoing war on terrorism. Detailed entries include key concepts, historical events and developments, major trials and appellate court decisions, landmark legislation, legal doctrines, important personalities, and key organizations and agencies. Entries have an objective tone, allowing readers to draw their own conclusions.
Designed as an up-to-date reference source for students, scholars, and citizens, the encyclopedia will help broaden and heighten understanding and appreciation for the wide range of issues associated with civil rights and liberties in the United States, and is the most sophisticated treatment available. The volumes of the encyclopedia consist of original entries, arranged alphabetically, on many current hot-button issues as well as in-depth coverage of the rights Americans hold sacred. Written by experts in the field, including attorneys, judges, and legal scholars, the encyclopedia takes a historical-legal approach, providing important information on the background and development of an issue or event.
The third volume concludes with over three dozen essential primary documents, including landmark statutes, key court decisions, and influential essays.
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Sadikot, Minaz. "International Law : The Issue of Rape." Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Political Science, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-12008.
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<p><strong>Varför har FN inte kunnat erkänna våldtäkt som ett krigsbrott?</strong></p><p>Denna studie har ägnats åt att upplysa användning av våldtäkt och andra former utav sexuella övergrepp under krig och dess konsekvenser för utsatta kvinnor. Studien har tillämpat en kvalitativ och litterär metod. Den största delen av materialet har tagits ur diverse artiklar, dokument och tidsskrifer. Uppsatsen upplyser kvinnors rättigheter inom den internationella arenan och studien ifrågasätter varför Förenta Nationerna (FN) har dröjt (ca.50 år) med att identifiera våldtäkt som ett krigsbrott inom internationall lagstiftning.</p><p>Första delen av uppsatsen kommer att presentera de underliggande teorierna som preciserar konceptet sexuellt övergrepp och mer djupgående, också förklara anledningar bakom anvädning av våldtäkt, därav begränsa dess anvädning inom krigsförhållanden.</p><p>Andra delen av uppsatsen sätter fokus på termen våldtäkt och dess utveckling inom den juridiska ramen. Den behandlar folkrätt, och framhäver även orsaker till FN’s svaghet och svårighet att kunna erkänna, inte bara våldtäkt som ett krigsbrott, utan också andra frågor som är problematiska för FN att kunna hantera. Eftersom begreppet ’våldtäkt’ är relativt brett, faller det både under kvinnors rättigheter och i sin tur under mänskliga rättigheter. Av denna anledning kommer uppsatsen att ta upp de möjliga anledningar om varför det har dröjt för FN, men också dess svårighter, att kunna erkänna anvädning av våldtäkt som ett vapen inom krig.</p><p>Tredje delen av uppsatsen tar upp några av de möjliga problem som är ohanterliga för FN, bland annat kulturella skillnader och individuella åsikter mellan medlems staterna, vilket medför brist på konsensus. Uppsatsen ifrågasätter även om kvinnors rättigheter är del av mänskilga rättigheter. Utöver det kommer även uppsatsen resonera kring FN’s dilemma att kunna särskilja sin roll som ett mellanstatligt och transnationellt organ. Och sist men inte minst kommer suveräniteten, som varje stat har rätten till att erhålla, att diskuteras. Denna punkt kommer att klargöra den oenighet som förekommer mellan medlems staterna, vilket ännu än gång har resulterat i det dröjsmål som uppstått i att kunna indentifiera våldtäkt som ett krigsbrott.</p><br><p><strong>Why haven’t the UN been able to recognise rape as a weapon of war?</strong></p><p>The thesis enlightens the usage of rape in war and the consequences this has brought on women who have been subjected to rape. The bulk of the information is taken from various articles, documents and journals and the method used is of a qualitative nature. The thesis sheds light upon women’s rights in the international arena and questions why it took so long (almost 50 years) for the United Nations (UN) in addressing rape as a war crime within international law.</p><p>The first part of the thesis will present various theories that elucidate the word sexual violence and more accurately ‘rape’ in the context of war. The second part generates the judicial part that will depict the difficulty for the international community to address rape as a war crime within international law.</p><p>Furthermore the thesis takes the approach in presenting obstacles faced by the UN, within the framework of human rights, to handle delicate issues such as rape and sexual violence. Since rape is, to a large extent, complicated and a broad concept, and since it falls under the category of women’s rights and under human rights, the thesis will explain reasons behind the dawdling and the hurdles faced by the UN in accepting rape under the category of war crime.</p><p>The third part of the thesis will present possible predicaments that are unmanageable for the UN. Some possible issues that the thesis has touched upon, is cultural diversity and differing opinions among the member states which has resulted in lack of consensus. Furthermore, the study will present the notion of women’s rights, and question if they are part of human rights. The thesis will also discuss the dual role of the UN and its struggle for the past decade to uphold its role both as an intergovernmental as well as a transnational body. Lastly the thesis will enlighten sovereignty that each state must enjoy. Sovereignty has resulted in lack of agreement among the member states which again has caused delay in recognising rape as a war crime.</p>