Academic literature on the topic 'POLITICAL SCIENCE / Political Process / General'
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Journal articles on the topic "POLITICAL SCIENCE / Political Process / General"
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Klementewicz, Tadeusz. "Political without classesand corporations, political science without political economy. The science of the political or politics?" Studia Krytyczne/Critical Studies, no. 2 (October 29, 2019): 42–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.25167/sk.1389.
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The article shows the weakness of mainstream Polish political science. Its main weakness, according to the author, is omitting the industrial and corporate power conflict among the factors determining the contemporary politics. As a result, the relations between political science and political economy have become weak. Its place as a source of inspiration for political scientists has been taken by social philosophy. It seeks the various non-economic sources of politics. The postulated critical political science puts in the spotlight the main processes of the global capitalist economy located in a phase of stagnation and closing in on the natural limits of its duration. In particular, closer attention should be focused on tracking a new, already the fifth configuration of the market society. It will be the several partial processes weave; the recovery process of autonomy by the state to corporations and the financial sector (deglobalisation); the process of recovering control of the state by the old and new social movements (democracy participatory), and the process of transformation of the energy economy, coupled with the process of changing lifestyles: from consumerism to paideia as a human community responsive to its activity on the development, openness and creativity in shaping new rules for civilization.
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Vonsovych, Sergiy Gennadyevich. "Vectors of interpretation of the political process in political science." Politicus, no. 5 (2021): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.24195/2414-9616.2021-5.1.
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Mazzoccone, Diego, Mariano Mosquera, Silvana Espejo, Mariana Fancio, Gabriela Gonzalez, Tamara Litvinov, and Glenda Margarita Schvetz. "The Political Science Discipline in Argentina: The Political Scientist's National Association's Role." PS: Political Science & Politics 42, no. 03 (June 26, 2009): 616–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049096509220968.
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It is very difficult to date the birth of political science in Argentina. Unlike other discipline of the social sciences, in Argentina the first distinction can be made between political thought on the one hand, and political science in another. The debate over political thought—as the reflection of different political questions—emerged in our country in the nineteenth century, especially during the process of constructing the Argentine nation-state. Conversely, political science is defined in a general way as the application of the scientific method to the studies on the power of the state (Fernández 2001).
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Punina, K. A. "POLITICAL AND NATURAL SCIENCES: TRANSDISCIPLINARY APPROACH IN TEACHING PROCESS." Вестник Пермского университета. Политология 16, no. 2 (2022): 123–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2218-1067-2022-2-123-126.
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The transformation of the understanding and implementation of environmental policy in modern Russia brings the need for an interdisciplinary approach to the training of specialists working in this field to the forefront. Civil society is actively involved in the decision-making process on environmental protection. As a unifying principle for politics and ecology, the public ecology that is still being formed in Russia has been chosen. It actively involves society in generating, solving and evaluating these decisions in the political, social and environmental spheres. In the Perm Region, there are frequent cases of integration of experts from the field of ecology and politics to initiate and make management decisions on the environmental agenda and within the framework of sustainable development. This expert community decided to join forces and develop a joint master program "Public Ecology and Public Policy". Graduates of the program will be able to work in state and local authorities responsible for the environmental situation. They will become versatile specialists and will influence management decision-making, justifying them in a reasoned manner. In addition, they will be able to apply their knowledge in the field of environmental consulting, marketing and communications, as well as journalism that reveals the environmental problems of modern society.
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Moore, John W. "Vote for Science: Science, Education, and the Political Process." Journal of Chemical Education 85, no. 3 (March 2008): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed085p331.
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Petersen, Michael Bang, and Lene Aarøe. "Is the Political Animal Politically Ignorant? Applying Evolutionary Psychology to the Study of Political Attitudes." Evolutionary Psychology 10, no. 5 (December 1, 2012): 147470491201000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/147470491201000504.
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As evidenced by research in evolutionary psychology, humans have evolved sophisticated psychological mechanisms tailored to solve enduring adaptive problems of social life. Many of these social problems are political in nature and relate to the distribution of costs and benefits within and between groups. In that sense, evolutionary psychology suggests that humans are, by nature, political animals. By implication, a straightforward application of evolutionary psychology to the study of public opinion seems to entail that modern individuals find politics intrinsically interesting. Yet, as documented by more than fifty years of research in political science, people lack knowledge of basic features of the political process and the ability to form consistent political attitudes. By reviewing and integrating research in evolutionary psychology and public opinion, we describe (1) why modern mass politics often fail to activate evolved mechanisms and (2) the conditions in which these mechanisms are in fact triggered.
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Lysyi, Andrii. "General theoretical bases of the political decision-making process." Public administration and local government 44, no. 1 (March 10, 2020): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.33287/102002.
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In the framework of reformation changes in the state and society, the issues of the political decision-making theory developing on the basis of neoclassical realism are of particular relevance and determine the directions for research of specialists of different industries.
Domestic and foreign researchers in the field of political science, who study the process of political decision-making, analyze it at three principal levels: global, state and sub-state. The global level reflects the international character of states’ activities; includes the global dependence of political decision-making, in which international organizations, institutions and norms reduce the anarchy of political decision-making in the country; is formed under the influence of the building and distribution of states and international system images. The state-level reflects the degree of unity that is achieved with the joint participation of both the state and the entire national community of people in political decision-making and in responding to the challenge posed by the international environment. Not only the state level, which considers the attributes of the state as a system of different institutions with their peculiarities of political decision-making, should be distinguished, but also the sub-state level, in which the interaction of social, including individual, and state actors in the process of political decision-making takes place.
The issues of population mobilization in the course of implementing a political decision in the Ukrainian context are determined as the presence of various domestic «obstacles» to the implementation of those initiatives that come from the state or public structures. The authors distinguish the most important of them: the bureaucratic nature and corruption of the implementation process of public initiatives in political, social or economic spheres; low political diversity, lack of political party representation in parliament and low functional «maturity» of the legislative branch; an underdeveloped political culture of participation creates burdens when making a political decision since the political system lacks information at its «entrance»; socio-economic problems of the majority of the population that prevent it from responding to political initiatives
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Tereshchenko, V. V. "Political Innovation as a Communicative Process: the receptivity of elites to innovations." Communicology 9, no. 3 (September 29, 2021): 131–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21453/2311-3065-2021-9-3-131-143.
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The paper is dedicated to the analysis of political innovations in the context of the general theory of innovation. The author defines the main scientific approaches used in social sciences and humanities to innovations, identifies the political features of the introduction of innovations, and, based on the examination of the problems of innovations introduction from the standpoint of political science, analyzes the role of Russian elites in the development of modern Russia. The study reveals the content of the concepts of innovation in the political sphere and political innovation, which are not that much the innovations per se, but the political processes determined by these innovations, as well as the associated political decisions and applied innovative political technologies. The article reveals the role of Russian elites in the innovative development of Russia, analyzes the susceptibility of Russian elites to innovations on the basis of the Elite Quality Index, and shows their ability to implement policies for the innovative development of Russia.
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Moshak, Daria Stanislavivna. "Institutional and organizational principles of political manipulation in the modern political process." Politicus, no. 5 (2021): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.24195/2414-9616.2021-5.10.
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Dmytrashko, S. A. "Analysis of negotiation cases: political and cultural influences on the political process." Politicus, no. 2 (2023): 96–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.24195/2414-9616.2023-2.14.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "POLITICAL SCIENCE / Political Process / General"
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Roy, Jason. "How we vote: information heterogeneity, process and choice." Thesis, McGill University, 2009. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=40748.
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Do more informed voters take account of a wider range of factors in formulating their vote choice? Do differences in the considerations employed in the vote calculus lead to different vote outcomes? Do political institutions and electoral complexity affect the relationship between information and the vote decision process and vote choice? Using survey data from the Australian, British, Canadian, New Zealand, and U.S. election studies (21 studies in total), this research tests how political information heterogeneity affects both the vote decision process and choice. In addition, this relationship is examined according to the complexity of the decision environment in which the decision is made. The primary proposition tested contends that information heterogeneity produces differences in the vote calculus that in turn lead to systematic and significant variation in vote choice. Secondly, this work tests the assumption that the magnitude of information effects will be a function of context complexity, with increased complexity resulting in greater information- based differences. The findings support the proposition that differences in political information lead to alternative decisions processes and vote outcomes. However, the difference in vote outcome across information cohorts does not increase with context complexity as expected. In fact, the opposite relationship is found. Under the most complex conditions vote choice differences between the most and least informed is nearly eliminated. This counter-intuitive finding is dissected using a series of simulations that compare actual vote choice to the choice individuals would have made had they all pursued the same decision calculus. The results reveal a significant divergence between high and low information vote choices given alternative decision processes that hold important implications for election outcomes.Est-ce que les électeurs informés prennent compte d'un plus grand nombre de facteurs quand vient le temps de voter? Est-ce que les variations quant aux choix des considérations prises en compte mènent à des choix électoraux différents? Est-ce que les institutions politiques et la complexité électorale ont une incidence sur les processus de décision des électeurs et le choix du vote? À l'aide de données recueillies en Australie, en Grande-Bretagne, au Canada, en Nouvelle-Zélande et aux États-Unis (21 enquêtes au total), cette recherche examine comment l'hétérogénéité dans le niveau d'information des électeurs influence le choix du vote ainsi que le processus qui y mène, le tout en tenant compte de la complexité de l'environnement de l'électeur.Nous testerons d'abord si l'hétérogénéité du niveau d'information des électeurs entraîne des différences dans le processus de décision du vote et si ces différences influencent de façon significative le choix du vote comme tel. Deuxièmement, nous verrons si l'effet du niveau d'information de l'électeur est fonction du contexte et si un environnement complexe entraîne de plus grandes différences entre électeurs.Les résultats tendent à démontrer que les variations dans le niveau d'information mènent à des différences dans le calcul du vote, et du choix du vote des électeurs. Par contre, contrairement à ce qui était attendu, le niveau de complexité de l'élection n'affecte pas davantage le choix du vote. C'est plutôt l'opposé qui est observé. En effet, c'est lors des situations les plus complexes que l'effet d'information est le moindre. Ce résultat est disséqué à l'aide d'une série de simulations où l'on compare le vote reporté des électeurs avec celui que l'on aurait observé si tous les électeurs avaient suivi le même processus décisionnel. Une différence significative est observée dans le choix du vote entre les électeurs très informés et peu informés da
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Steketee, Deborah Meadows. "Making connections environmental NGOs and cross-scale linkages in Ecuador's tropical forests policy process /." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2006. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3219904.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of Political Science and the School of Public and Environmental Affairs, 2006.Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 67-06, Section: A, page: 2308. Adviser: Emilio F. Moran. "Title from dissertation home page (viewed June 21, 2007)."
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Hall, Andrew. "The Candidate Supply: How the Costs and Benefits of Running for Office Shape the Democratic Process." Thesis, Harvard University, 2015. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:17467312.
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Dominant theories of U.S. elections focus on how candidates fluidly change positions based on the demands of voters. I argue instead that candidates' positions are more rigid. As a result, the supply of candidates, and not just the demands of voters, helps determine the ideological composition of the legislature. I describe a simple theory of the candidate supply, and I argue that when the costs of running for office are high, and/or the benefits of holding office are low, the supply of candidates will be more ideologically extreme.
I then ground this theoretical argument empirically. First, using estimates of candidate positions based on campaign contributions, I show that candidates rarely change positions over time, and that incumbents do not change positions even when challenged by primary candidates with contrasting ideologies. Next, I validate the two key predictions of the theory. To investigate the varying costs of running for office, I compare state legislators who must give up their seat in order to run for the House to those who do not have to do so. Moderate state legislators are sensitive to this cost, while more extreme ones are not. To explore the expected benefits of holding office, I show how the candidate supply in one party becomes more ideologically extreme when the other party ``as-if" randomly takes office in a district. Having validated the theory, I then show descriptive evidence that the costs of running for the House have gone up over time, and the benefits down, thus helping to explain why polarization has risen in recent decades.
Overall, the book points towards the importance of considering both the supply of candidates and the demands of voters, jointly, in order to understand the electoral process and the roots of polarization in our legislatures.Government
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González, Peña Andrea Del Pilar. "Exploring the impact of the disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration process on post-conflict peace." Thesis, University of Essex, 2018. http://repository.essex.ac.uk/22364/.
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Disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) is a milestone towards lasting peace, but not the solution for the roots of a conflict. It is considered a highly politicised process because DDR is a cost-increasing provision that not only contributes to the security, but also builds confidence among warring parties. The United Nations has highlighted that without DDR, and specifically demobilisation, civil wars cannot end. Thus, DDR is a crucial aspect of any peace settlement; its greatest challenge is to design a programme and a strategy that convinces both parties that they have guarantees for surrender and disbanding and that their vulnerability and limits will be respected. This study tries to explain why not all agreements include DDR provision during peace negotiation, what determines this, and whether the DDR can explain the resumption of war or the emergence of new types of violence in post-conflict societies. This study contributes to a broader understanding of how DDR provision is determined by specific characteristics of the rebel group, country and conflict; how various components of DDR can have different impacts on the failure of peace and the new type of violence. The findings suggest that including DDR within a peace agreement, especially a reintegration programme, has a significantly positive impact on peace and shows evidence of the importance of military reintegration in the process of peace consolidation.
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Unruh, Jon Darrel 1958. "Land tenure and the peace process in Mozambique: The role of land dispute resolution in "critical resource" areas." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282497.
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The recent 16 year civil war in Mozambique dislocated approximately six million people (primarily small-scale agriculturalists) from land resources to which they are now returning and re-claiming; comprising the largest return and re-integration of refugees and displaced persons in the history of Africa. The UN expects to continue its resettlement activities in Mozambique until the year 2000. However re-access to land resources is problematic due to overlapping land claims stemming from the reforming state land tenure system, including a reformulating land law. Land concessions are being granted from different ministries at the national, provincial, and district level with no coordination, enforcement, or mechanisms to resolve competing claims between smallholders and concessionaires. Disputes over land resources between participants in a national versus customary tenure system, and the inability of the two to connect in terms of how such disputes are resolved in ways that are viewed as secure and legitimate (and therefore respected) by participants in both systems, can have especially serious repercussions in periods of recovery from armed conflict. The intersection of land tenure system (including formal and customary "laws") and identity is crucial in this regard. This dissertation examines the role "critical resource" tenure following Mozambique's war, and how the conflict between reformulating customary and state land tenure systems aggravates the 'disconnect' between state and customary identities, and works against the peace process underway in the country. In the wake of the Somalia debacle, the UN and the international community are compelled to examine new operational modalities that specifically address the issues that can jeopardize a peace process. This dissertation makes the argument that land tenure in critical resource areas following armed conflict is such a problematic issue, and that attention to this issue needs to become an integral part of the peace process in societies where agriculture is fundamental to recovery.
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Escobar-Lemmon, Maria Cecilia. "The causes and process of decentralization in Latin America." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/289193.
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This dissertation examines the causes and the process of decentralization in Latin America. Decentralization, the transfer of functions from higher levels of government to lower ones, has both political and fiscal forms. The current literature suggests ten possible explanations for both political and fiscal decentralization. Using data from 18 Latin American countries between 1985 and 1995, I tested these different explanations. Political decentralization (measured as the election rather than the appointment of governors) resulted from federalism, legitimacy, presidential power, democracy, economic conditions, level of development and ethnic diversity. Economic and social factors including structural adjustment, level of development, urbanization, and social and religious diversity, in addition to presidential decree authority, played a strong role in predicting the election of mayors. Federalism, presidential power, structural adjustment, level of development, and social and religious diversity were all predictors of the level of subnational expenditures (a measure of fiscal decentralization). As a companion to the region-wide statistical analysis conducted above, I also studied the process of decentralization in Colombia, Costa Rica, and Venezuela. These case studies allowed me to observe the broader variables studies above "in action." In each of the case studies I traced the path decentralization has taken and I considered the major actors in the process of decentralization. I found that decentralization in both Colombia and Venezuela is relatively advanced. In contrast, decentralization in Costa Rica is not nearly as advanced. Among the most important causes of these differences is the absence, in Costa Rica, of strong local actors demanding decentralization and the fact that while presidents have supported decentralization, they are weak relative to the congress. In Colombia and Venezuela, the opposite is true, in part explaining the higher levels of decentralization.
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Ozer-Afsar, Kivanc. "A Normative and An Empirical Analysis on Conflicts Between Turkey and European Union During The Ongoing Process of Turkey's Membership To The Union." Thesis, Nova Southeastern University, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3572388.
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Fletcher, S. M. G. "'It's not a protest, it's a process' : a critical analysis of state power, class struggle, and the Occupy movement." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2018. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/9695/.
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In September 2011, over 2000 people set up a protest camp in Zuccotti Park, New York, to contest the increasing inequality and social injustices, they argued to have been brought about by the few, at the expense of the many. This camp along with thousands of other camps worldwide, that would emerge thereafter, would come to be known as the Occupy movement. This thesis offers an examination of the Occupy movement by way of considering this phenomenon through a neo-Marxist framework, concerning, in particular the matter of class struggle. The research contained within, offers a series of elucidations regarding key theoretical and conceptual concerns, pertaining to matters of state power, in the context of the war of position in the advanced capitalist state and the neoliberal conjuncture. Presented within this specific depiction of the convoluted process that is class struggle, there is also a consideration of potential strategies for alliance. These strategies for alliance are by way of seeking to realise the making of a social class force of 'the people', on the terms of the exploited classes, that would bring with it, a material change within the state, and to that end, greater forms of equality and social justice.
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Emens, J. D. "A FUNCTIONAL APPROACH TO UNDERSTANDING PANEL DYNAMICS IN THE W.T.O. DISPUTE SETTLEMENT PROCESS." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1140809808.
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Amo, Courtney. "Investigating the relationship between process use and use of evaluation findings in a government context." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/28077.
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Despite support for the notion that evaluation utilization is facilitated by stakeholder engagement, evaluation practice in the Government of Canada may not be conducive to such engagement. This mixed-methods study explores the extent to which process use is manifest within government; the conditions, influences and factors that enhance process use; and the relationship between process use and findings use. The study supports the notion that process use and its consequences are important predictors of findings use in government. The level of stakeholder engagement present in this context appears to support the development of knowledge/skills, which may not be sufficient in enhancing findings use; changes in attitude/affect and in actions/behaviours may be of greater importance. This study highlights the importance of timely, higher-level engagement over frequent, surface-level engagement, as well as the importance of organizational learning capacity and conditions mediating evaluation use in setting the stage for process use to occur.
Books on the topic "POLITICAL SCIENCE / Political Process / General"
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A, Sabatier Paul, ed. Theories of policy process. Boulder, Colo: Westview Press, 2007.
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Grant, Alan R. The American political process. 4th ed. Aldershot, Hants, England: Dartmouth, 1991.
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A, Sabatier Paul, ed. Theories of the policy process. Boulder, Colo: Westview Press, 1999.
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nyi, Andra s. Ko ro se. Government and politics in Hungary. Budapest, Hungary: CEU Press, 1999.
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Morton, Rebecca B., Bernhard Kittel, and Wolfgang J. Luhan. Experimental political science: Principles and practices. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.
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Wittkopf, Eugene R. American foreign policy: Pattern and process. 6th ed. Belmont, Calif: Thomson/Wadsworth, 2003.
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Wittkopf, Eugene R. American foreign policy: Pattern and process. 6th ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning, 2002.
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Garreton, Manuel Antonio. Chilean Political Process. Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "POLITICAL SCIENCE / Political Process / General"
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Xhindi, Nevila, and Blerjana Bino. "Removing Political Barriers to Engagement: The Advisory Roles of Political Scientists in Albania." In The Advisory Roles of Political Scientists in Europe, 67–83. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86005-9_4.
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AbstractThis chapter analyzes Albania’s policy advisory system focusing on the advisory roles of political scientists. Albania’s political science discipline is relatively new, as it has mainly developed since the turn of the century. After exploring how the policy development process happens and how different factors may hinder the demand for Albania’s policy advice, this chapter considers political scientists’ role within the national context. Political barriers limit the role of political scientists in the policy process. In general, Albanian political scientists do engage in policy advice, but not in a structured and well-organized way. Mostly it is informal and based on a network of connections. Also, in the Albanian system, they have little incentives for such engagement external to their university work. Political scientists engage in policy advice more with societal actors than directly with legislative or executive institutions and officials. Future research may include the demand side of policy advice to understand the role of political scientists better and provide clues for their future engagement.
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Flinders, Matthew, Justyna Bandola-Gill, and Alexandra Anderson. "Making Political Science Matter: The Advisory Roles of Political Scientists in the United Kingdom." In The Advisory Roles of Political Scientists in Europe, 333–59. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86005-9_15.
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AbstractThis chapter seeks to explore the role of political scientists within the UK’s policy advisory system through a three-stage process. The first stage seeks to map out the topography of the policy advisory system and assess the extent and nature of the discipline’s historical role and position. It concludes that a combination of demand-side and supply-side variables generally ensured that political scientists played a fairly limited role during the second half of the twentieth century. The second stage explores the twenty-first-century shift driven by the meta-governance of higher education that focuses on non-academic impact and engagement through the analysis of data collected from the impact case studies submitted to the Politics and International Studies panel within the 2014 Research Excellence Framework. This data provides significant insights into the role that political scientists have played within the UK’s policy advisory system. The third section presents, analyses and compares the data collected by the ProSEPS survey of political science with the REF2014 data. This chapter not only provides another layer to our understanding of the role that political scientists play in terms of policy advice but also broadens the analytical lens to a wider cross-section of scholars in its exploration of motivational drivers.
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Molnár, Gábor Tamás. "Coping with a Closed and Politicized System: The Advisory Roles of Political Scientists in Hungary." In The Advisory Roles of Political Scientists in Europe, 181–203. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86005-9_9.
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AbstractThis chapter provides a first look at the policy advisory system of an illiberal-populist democracy, Hungary, asking how can we explain the low level of advisory engagement of Hungarian political scientists? and how can we apply our theoretical framework to describe the patterns of policy advisory activities of Hungarian political scientists? Based on an overview of Hungarian policymaking, we expect a closed, politicized policy advisory system dominated by the central government and its externalized structures of advice. Access is expected to be selective, based on personal connections. We find that policy advice is neither especially restricted nor incentivized by professional norms and academic career considerations, but there is a general lack of fit between knowledge demand from policymakers and traditional areas of political science. The decisive factor in explaining the low level of engagement in Hungary seems to be demand from the potential recipients and the selective access to the policymaking process. Advice is institutionalized outside of academia and the internal governmental arena, with (consulting) firm membership being the strongest predictor of advisory engagement and think tanks being the most frequent recipient. The advisory strategies observable are often highly informal, while those lacking personal connections utilize alternative, more formal means.
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Hawkins, Benjamin, and Kathryn Oliver. "Select Committee Governance and the Production of Evidence: The Case of UK E-cigarettes Policy." In Integrating Science and Politics for Public Health, 187–208. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98985-9_9.
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AbstractThis chapter examines the process of evidence use within the Westminster select committee system and the potential this offers for health-harming industries to influence the evidentiary content of policy debates. It introduces these issues through the example of the regulatory debate on electronic cigarettes and the 2018 Science and Technology enquiry into their regulations. Through this we identify a more general set of issues around the governance of select committees, and their generation and promotion of policy-relevant evidence, which is under-explored in the current research literature. The currently opaque accountability mechanisms create a significant opportunity for well-resourced policy actors, including trans-national corporations, to shape the evidentiary content of policy debates, via committee evidence gathering and synthesis processes and the potentially influential reports generated from this. Studies of the tobacco and other health-harming industries identify a long-standing strategy of seeking to ‘capture’ apparently independent bodies to generate research amenable to their underlying policy objectives. Such outputs are particularly valuable to corporate political actors, as they have the appearance of separation from the industry and enjoy the kudos associated with entities at the heart of the body politic. As such, it raises important questions about the oversight of evidence production by government bodies.
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Toshkov, Dimiter. "Theory in the Research Process." In Research Design in Political Science, 56–82. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-34284-3_3.
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Muala, Abdulsalam. "Diagnosing the Palestinian-Israeli Conflict and an Analysis of the Relevant Negotiating Process." In SpringerBriefs in Political Science, 17–32. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8794-4_2.
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Beach, Derek. "Case Studies and Process Tracing." In The SAGE Handbook of Political Science, 288–304. 1 Oliver's Yard, 55 City Road London EC1Y 1SP: SAGE Publications Ltd, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781529714333.n20.
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Johannsen, Margret. "The Peace Process." In Springer Texts in Political Science and International Relations, 23–37. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-43901-9_3.
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Dall’Agnola, Jasmin, and Aijan Sharshenova. "The Central Asian Research Setting: An Introduction." In SpringerBriefs in Political Science, 1–8. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-39024-1_1.
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AbstractResearching Central Asia can be interesting, entertaining, life-changing, traumatising and, at the very least, thought provoking. The way we, Central Asians and Central Asianists, experience the region differs, but it certainly impacts our lives in a multitude of small and not-so-small ways. In this chapter, the editors reflect on the reasons why the Central Asian research setting has become more popular, and what this means both for individual researchers and the study area in general. The need to systematise and structure the diverse experiences of insiders and outsiders, the attraction of the region against the background of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, as well as the ongoing discussions of Russian colonialism and decolonisation in Central Asia have all contributed to the urgency of this book.
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Drees, Willem B. "Justifying Sustainability: Scientific Necessity, Sacred Duty, or Political Process?" In Issues in Science and Religion: Publications of the European Society for the Study of Science and Theology, 17–24. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-41800-6_2.
Full textConference papers on the topic "POLITICAL SCIENCE / Political Process / General"
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Peitao, Huang. "THE COUNTRY NAME AND POLITICAL RECONSTRUCTION OF AFGHANISTAN." In SSHRA 2024 – Social Science & Humanities Research Association International Conference, 07-08 May, Kuala Lumpu. Global Research & Development Services, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.20319/icstr.2024.289.
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Looking back at the history of regime changes in Afghanistan, Afghanistan's political reconstruction after political instability is often accompanied by renaming the country. This phenomenon reflects the close connection between political reconstruction and the name of the country. A hypothesis was proposed to explain this phenomenon: The renaming of the country is a microcosm of Afghanistan's political reconstruction process. By analyzing the composition of the country's name, we can generally understand the country's political reconstruction process. The analysis of the country's name helps to explain the results of the political reconstruction of Afghanistan in history and to make a reasonable prediction of the results of the ongoing political reconstruction. To test this hypothesis, this paper made a historical analysis of the period of the Afghan People's Democratic Party in power and the US-backed bourgeois-democratic political period. It reviewed the composition of the country's name and the goals and results of political reconstruction in these two historical periods. Finally, this paper, in light of the elements in the name of “The Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan”, envisioned the current Taliban-led political reconstruction in Afghanistan.
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Ketners, Karlis. "Spending review as essential part of public sector budgeting: Latvian experience." In 21st International Scientific Conference "Economic Science for Rural Development 2020". Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Economics and Social Development, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/esrd.2020.53.011.
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One of the modern trends in public sector budget governance is evaluation of allocation of the resources, re-allocation of budget resources to achieve political goals and ensure sustainable financing for different public needs. This study is the first analysis of Latvian experience of public spending reviews in 2016 – 2019, characterises present patterns and proposes changes for future spending reviews. In general, the Ministry of Finance is conducting public spending review as quite technocratic exercises – an opportunity to make sure that existing public institutions’ budgets are being spent as efficiently as possible and conduct decision making on the civil service level. However, involvement of political level is a possibility to ensure that public spending objectives are met and the allocation of public resources reflects policy goals. The main task of the paper is to analyse the Latvian experience of regular public spending reviews and generalize recommendations for other countries and future development of the spending reviews. It can be concluded that increasing prioritization of budgetary spending and its relation with economic development can be supported by spending reviews as a mechanism to increase government spending in priority policy areas and to ensure reallocation of resources for underfinanced budget programmes through improvement of the efficiency of expenditures. Recommendations on improvement of the spending review process and possible changes to the budget law legislation are worked out.
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Turaeva, Shakhnoza. "PECULARITIES OF TRANSLATION OF PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS FROM ENGLISH INTO UZBEK." In Modern approaches and new trends in teaching foreign languages. Alisher Navo'i Tashkent state university of Uzbek language and literature, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.52773/tsuull.conf.teach.foreign.lang.2024.8.5/tvbk2123.
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This article discusses themain ways and means of translating phraseological combinations into English and Uzbek languages. Phraseologies cannot be considered only as a separate part of linguistic science, which can or may not be used, because they constitute an important part of the general vocabulary of the languages. Currently, it is very important to monitor the replenishment of the phraseological fund of the Uzbek and English languages, since idioms appear very quickly, which is associated with the development of branches of science, the introduction of new technologies, political games and military conflicts, the influence of which is also significant for both peoples. It should be noted that phraseological units are common. Phraseological units in the source text and the ability to find the appropriate equivalent in the translation process are the most tangible steps for a translator. However, the translator must use phrasebooks for adequate oral and written translation of phraseological units and, in addition, context plays animportant role in the translation process.
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George Saadé, Raafat, Harshjot Nijher, and Mahesh Chandra Sharma. "Why ERP Implementations Fail – A Grounded Research Study." In InSITE 2017: Informing Science + IT Education Conferences: Vietnam. Informing Science Institute, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/3762.
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Aim/Purpose: A grounded research study to understand ERP implementation failure. This study was done in a United Nations agency. Background: An organization mid-size ERP system (AGRESSO) was implemented over a period of 6 years in a United Nations agency, under conditions of political pressures and limited budget. Methodology : Observations and quasi-structured interview method was used to collect the data. Contribution: ERP implementation success is still difficult to frame. This study looks at this problem in terms of the causes of failure. Moreover, ERP research studies are relatively few and dispersed, especially for the UN context – which to our knowledge has not been published. Findings: The major finding is that the political nature of the UN fosters a hierarchical culture that is detrimental for Information Systems implementation in general, excluding the end-user from the functional requirements engineering process. There seems to be a lack of vision and strategic direction for ERP implementation in the UN. The context of the UN makes the strategic direction the more difficult of formulate and implement. Recommendations for Practitioners: For the UN, a cultural paradigm shift is necessary whereby the end-user must be included in any information systems development and implementation initiative. End-user development (although not a new approach) needs to be adopted for the UN. Recommendation for Researchers: Information systems development and deployment studies for the UN should take front stage as it represents an underlying stream of high complexity on all research in the field. Understanding ERP implementation in the UN has the potential to enhance its success in all other industries. Impact on Society: Any progress of the UN impacts positively the whole world since 193 countries are members of the UN. As such, ERP implementation is primarily about increasing operational efficiencies, it and promises transparency with regards to the member states financial contributions. Future Research: More ERP implementation studies on the different types of UN organizations. Also studies that address appropriate ERP systems for the various types of UN organization do not exist. The UN provides many research opportunities as it is hardly being studied.
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Resetnic, Elena. "Moldovan village between popular calendar and centralized planning in the second half of the twentieth century." In Ethnology Symposium "Ethnic traditions and processes", Edition II. Institute of Cultural Heritage, Republic of Moldova, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52603/9789975333788.19.
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The traditional calendar had a great importance in the village’s life in the past because it indicated the optimal time for plowing and sowing, for the sheep to go to the pasture, the days favorable for collecting medical herbs, weddings, etc. But over time, it has undergone countless changes caused by various factors. First of all, it is about the role of science and its intense development since in the modern era, which had in the transformation of the traditional calendar into one of a more symbolic character. Secondly, it is about changing the political context: Bessarabia becomes the Moldovan Soviet Socialist Republic as part of U.S.S.R. and is subjected to ideological policies according to the instructions issued by Moscow, which aimed to Russify and denationalize the occupied peoples and form a new soviet consciousness. Last but not least, we must take into account the economic policy of U.S.S.R., which translated into life by applying a planned economy and, in general, a centralized planning in all spheres of life. Obviously, in such conditions, a large part of our ancestral traditions have not been passed down to us.
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Latkovska, Inga. "Strategic Communication and Its Application in Public Administration in Latvia." In International scientific conference of the University of Latvia. University of Latvia Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/ms23.05.
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Strategic communication research has received increased attention during the last 10–15 years, predominantly viewing the it as an interdisciplinary concept and employing various theoretical concepts as a basis for research – communication and media theories, organizational and management theories, as well as sociological and political science theories. Strategic communication is still used in different senses and meanings, however, most frequently it is applied as a synonym for purposeful management of the communication process in general, or management of specific communication disciplines. The most important aspect in this is being purposeful and tied to the strategic goals of the organization. Public sector organizations manage, lead and ensure the functionality of the public sector and provide services to citizens, including supplying the information process. In the tense situation of today, strategic communication is especially important for public administration in the context of ensuring national security. Latvia has a relatively good experience in this regard due to “The National Concept on Strategic Communication and Security of the Information Space 2023–2027” approved by the Cabinet of Ministers of Latvia in early 2023. The concept has been approved, but, of course, it is impossible to fully implement the concept in less than a year. Nevertheless, the Department of the Strategic Communication Coordination of the State Chancellery is actively working to make strategic communication an understandable, valued and professionally performed public administration function.
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Kadir, Andi Gau, Dr Nurlinah, and Mr Rahmatullah. "Political Socialization Media of Selayar Islands General Election." In Unhas International Conference on Social and Political Science (UICoSP 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/uicosp-17.2017.4.
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Mutaeva, I. Sh, I. G. Gerasimova, A. S. Seliverstov, and A. H. Gizatullina. "THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF SPORTS TRAINING IN CYCLIC SPORTS." In Х Всероссийская научно-практическая конференция. Nizhnevartovsk State University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36906/fks-2020/37.
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The article presents the results of the theoretical analysis of the main aspects of sports training in cyclic sports. To effectively solve the problem of training in cyclical sports, it is necessary to study the laws of the reaction of the body of athletes, including the processes of fatigue and recovery in response to the physical exertion of various directions. It is very important to individualize the training process, taking into account the functional state and reserve adaptive capabilities of the body. The authors identify such reasons that influence the development of cyclical sports as socio-economic and political transformations that are constantly taking place in Russia; demographic changes caused by the decline in the population of Russia due to the collapse of the Soviet Union; structural and organizational reasons that suggest the existence of an outdated system for training highly qualified athletes, the lack of modern centers and bases for Olympic training, an effective management system for Olympic training in General, and a targeted policy for training coaches and sports and medical personnel. The technological reasons that arose as a result of a sharp reduction in targeted research in all branches of sports science and an archaic mechanism for the development and implementation of effective innovative technologies are revealed. There is a significant lag in the medical and biological provision of training for Olympic athletes, etc. The analysis showed that the lag in the structural, organizational, and technological blocks of Olympic training is caused by a decrease in the effectiveness of scientific research.
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Zouch, Mariem. "Data Science Adoption and Operationalization in the O&G Industry: Challenges and Solutions." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-22172-ms.
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Abstract The Oil and Gas (O&G) industry is used to cycles of lows and highs due to different challenging economic and political situations. Yet the challenges caused by the sanitary crisis due to the covid-19 pandemic are certainly like no others. The shutdown of a large number of social activities had a direct impact on energy consumption. Many studies [1], [2] and [3] have been published at the beginning of the covid-19 pandemic to predict impacts of the restrictions imposed on a global scale: decline in global oil demand, saturation of storage capacities and delay of exploration and production projects. Companies facing this unprecedented crisis had no option but to adopt innovative ways of driving costs lower and maximizing operational efficiency. As a consequence, the pace at which Data Science (DS) is finding its way to O&G applications has been noticeably accelerated although the O&G industry is one of the latecomers to digitalization [4]. The adoption of DS and data-driven solutions has moved from gaining acceptance in the industry to becoming a necessity to many companies. According to a Gartner survey [5], the O&G industry commitment to investment in digital transformation in general had become the first priority in 2021 while it was third-highest priority in 2019 and not even funded in 2014. This involves investments in data acquisition techniques through innovative sensing technologies but also investments in advanced data aggregation and analytics platforms. AI/ML/analytics are listed in the same survey [5] as "top game-changing technologies in 2021". The 2021 survey also states that 50% of the O&G companies have plans to increase their investments in AI/ML and related fields such as cloud-computing. But adoption and operationalization of DS does not come with no challenges. Acceptance and reliance on data-driven models need a favorable cultural and technical environment that is not necessarily compatible with the conventional corporate-like outlook of O&G companies: Data privacy and ownership regulations can diminish DS efforts. Security restrictions can prevent deployment of ML models to end users. All of these challenges are accentuated by the absence of a clear process model to implement and manage DS projects. In this paper, we survey the actual challenges the O&G industry is facing and present a number of corresponding solutions. The paper is structured as follows. The first section explores the state of the art of data-driven models in the O&G industry. The second section lists the challenges DS is facing within the O&G industry and proposes a classification of these challenges into three main classes, namely: human, data and infrastructure related challenges. The paper also proposes an O&G specific framework for DS projects to overcome these identified challenges.
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Li, Jiangfeng. "Re-understanding the Process Law of Ideological and Political Education." In 4th International Symposium on Social Science (ISSS 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/isss-18.2018.130.
Full textReports on the topic "POLITICAL SCIENCE / Political Process / General"
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Scartascini, Carlos. The Institutional Determinants of Political Transactions. Inter-American Development Bank, September 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010982.
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Public policies are the outcome of the interaction among a variety of key political actors, each with its own preferences and incentives, who meet in different arenas and interact within the constraints of the institutions that frame their engagement. Therefore, to recognize the reasons behind the success or failure of any public policy it is necessary to understand the countrys political institutions and the policymaking process they in turn help shape. This document looks at a number of those key actors, institutions, and arenas, with the aim of examining the roles, incentives, and capabilities of each of the actors in the policymaking process, by drawing from an extensive literature in political science and political economy. Each of the actors is looked at individually but connected to the other actors by linking the impact of political institutions on their incentives to the features of the policymaking game. Hopefully, this document will provide researchers with the tools necessary to embark in the fascinating analysis of policymaking processes not only for Latin American countries but also for other parts of the world.
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Haider, Huma. Constitutional Courts: Approaches, Sequencing, And Political Support. Institute of Development Studies, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.097.
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This rapid review looks at various constitutional courts established in transitional, fragile and conflict-affected contexts—the approaches adopted, sequencing in their establishment, and experiences with political support. There are few comprehensive accounts in the literature, however, of constitutional courts and their role in judicial review in the contexts of transition and/or as key actors in ‘building democracy’ (Daly, 2017a; Sapiano, 2017). Further, scholars have tended to focus on a relatively small number of case studies from the immediate post-Cold War era, such as South Africa and Colombia (Daly, 2017a). Discussion on the sequencing and steps adopted in establishing a constitutional court in fragile and conflict-affected states (FCAS), or on incentives that have swayed political elites to support these courts, is even more limited. Nonetheless, drawing on various academic and NGO literature, including on countries that transitioned from authoritarianism, this report offers some discussion on sequencing in relation to the constitution-making process and the establishment of the courts; and general reasoning for why constitutional courts may be supported by political actors.
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Molinas, José R., and Aníbal Pérez-Liñán. Who Decides on Public Expenditures?: A Political Economy Analysis of the Budget Process in Paraguay. Inter-American Development Bank, November 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008733.
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Over the last decade, every Paraguayan administration has faced greater political challenges and financial pressures than its predecessor. The result has been a chronic fiscal deficit since 1995. This study disentangles the budget-making process in Paraguay by studying the key players influencing the budget cycle (preparation, approval, execution, and control), their powers, and their incentives. The document discusses how the incentives for cooperation affect the conditions for the sustainability of public expenditures, the efficient allocation of resources, and the representative quality of the spending. First the general theoretical framework based on both a transaction cost theory of the policymaking process and the public expenditure management literature is introduced. The authors emphasize the interactions between historical legacies, the overall institutional design, and budgetary procedures as factors that shape politicians' incentives to display cooperative behavior in the elaboration of the budget. Then, Paraguay's historical background, its current institutional framework, and the emerging features of the policymaking process are described. The formal and informal rules that guide the budget policy-making process are also addressed. The analysis is based on the formal instruments (the constitution and related laws) and on in-depth interviews with several policymakers in the executive branch and in Congress. Finally, it is discussed how the generally low incentives for cooperation have created negative conditions for the sustainability of public expenditures, the efficient allocation of resources, and the representative quality ofthe spending.
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Bonvecchi, Alejandro, Juan C. Gómez Sabaini, Elssy Bonilla-Castro, Javier Alvaredo, Ernesto Calvo, and Maximiliano Castillo Carrillo. Measuring the Political Economy of Tax Lawmaking: A Methodology and Evidence from Argentina. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011521.
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Although recent research has shed new light on the political determinants and economic consequences of tax lawmaking, existing analyses rely on coarse data measuring political aggregates. Consequently, little is known about the political processes determining how tax legislation is written or their effect on the nature of tax reforms. This paper therefore develops a methodology to examine how Congress edits the content of tax legislation by measuring the ways Deputies, Senators, Presidents, and Ministers propose and amend such legislation. The Legislative Substance Scale proposed here measures the distance between a bill's original position and the actual outcome of the legislative process by comparing the differences in content according to coding of the main tax policy dimensions. The scale is used to build the first systematic database of tax lawmaking in Argentina, and to describe its general patterns of authorship, approval and substantive content across presidencies in the current democratic period.
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Price, Roz. Overview of Political Economy Analysis Frameworks in the Area of Climate Governance and Key Issues to Consider. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.088.
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Despite global recognition of the urgency of climate action and the need to transition to a low-carbon economy, greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise, and adaptation needs remain urgent. For a number of years, there have been calls for greater attention to political economy in tackling climate change and development outcomes. The political economy analysis is important as it can be used to assess the factors that may enable or constrain the implementation of climate change policies and actions and sustain political commitment. A framework can guide the process of political economy analysis, identifying relevant stakeholders, their incentives and motives, and other structural factors. This rapid review summarises several such frameworks specifically aimed at climate governance issues developed in recent years, some of these also include useful guidance and steps on the implementation of the framework. The review focuses strictly on the literature around political economy analyses in relation to climate change. It does not explore the history of and rationale for political economy analysis in development in general, nor the accompanying frameworks or operational How-To guides. Another K4D helpdesk by Lucas (2019) looking at what factors affect the political will of African governments to address climate change highlights a number of political economy frameworks that may also be useful to draw on.
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Cornick, Jorge, and Alberto Trejos. Building Public Capabilities for Productive Development Policies: Costa Rican Case Studies. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011774.
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This paper explores the development of public sector capabilities for Productive Development Policies in Costa Rica through four case studies of successful experiences, with less successful cases presented as counterfactuals. To some extent the paper tests the Technical, Organizational and Political Capabilities (TOP) conceptual framework of Cornick (2013), suggesting adjustments and extensions of that framework. Strong commonalities are found among the cases, notably high technical and political capabilities. All cases likewise involve well-managed organizations, but identifying organizational capabilities proved difficult. While the TOP Capabilities framework may be useful for understanding institutional performance, it has three major weaknesses: i) organizational capabilities are not clearly defined; ii) it does not provide tools for identifying and measuring capabilities ties independently of institutional performance; and iii) it needs to be integrated into a more general framework that takes into account the interactions among the political economy, the Policy Making Process, the institutional setup and TOP capabilities.
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Morón, Eduardo, and Cynthia Sanborn. The Pitfalls of Policymaking in Peru: Actors, Institutions and Rules of the Game. Inter-American Development Bank, April 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011297.
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Policymaking in Peru over the last 25 years has been largely dominated by the Executive, and has been influenced by a variety of structural and political factors as well as by the personal ambitions of presidents and the public perception of crisis. With few exceptions, neither the Congress nor the other branches and levels of government have played effective roles in defining the national policy agenda, promoting inter-temporal cooperation and providing checks and balances on executive power. Although this situation has been partially modified since 2001, it is not clear that the general pattern has changed. While certain arenas of decision-making have been reformed in recent years, in many spheres policymaking remains an arbitrary and unpredictable process, resulting in policies that are of low quality, poorly enforced and easily reversed. Although reforming aspects of the political and electoral systems could contribute to improving this outcome, the instability of the political regime per se has been a deterrent to longer-term institutional development.
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Racu, Alexandru. The Romanian Orthodox Church and Its Attitude towards the Public Health Measures Imposed during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Too Much for Some, Too Little for Others. Analogia 17 (2023), March 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55405/17-3-racu.
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This paper discusses the religious dimension of the public debate concerning the public health measures adopted by the Romanian authorities during the pandemic and focuses on the role played by the Romanian Orthodox Church within this context. It delineates the different camps that were formed within the Church in this regard and traces their evolution throughout the pandemic. It contextualizes the position of the Church in order to better understand it, placing it within the broader context of the Romanian society during the pandemic and integrating it within the longer history of post-communist relations between the Romanian Orthodox Church, the Romanian state and the Romanian civil society. It analyses the political impact of the public health measures and the role of the Church in shaping this impact. Finally, starting from the Romanian experience of the pandemic and from the ideological, theological and political disputes that it has generated within the Romanian public sphere, it develops some general conclusions regarding the relation between faith, science and politics whose relevance, if proven valid, surpasses the Romanian context and thus contributes to a more ecumenical discussion regarding the theological, pastoral and political lessons that can be learned from an otherwise tragic experience.
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Keefer, Philip, and Razvan Vlaicu. Research Insights: Does Voting Eligibility Foster Interest in Electoral Issues and Candidates? Inter-American Development Bank, November 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005298.
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Age-based voting eligibility in Mexicos 2018 general election shows that the just-eligible score higher on several measures of low-cost political engagement compared to the just-ineligible. Exposure to information that the youth vote will be pivotal in the election increases eligible respondents interest in the presidential debate and in the election result. Information about current policy outcomes affects eligible voters future policy priorities in ways consistent with the incentives of eligible respondents to collect and process electorally relevant information on salient policy issues.
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Valencia, Alexis, Luis A. Arias, Luiz Arruda Villela, and Alberto Daniel Barreix. The Harmonization of Indirect Taxes in the Andean Community. Inter-American Development Bank, February 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008682.
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The approval of Decisions 599 and 600 on the Harmonization of Substantial and Procedural Aspects of Value Added Taxes and the Harmonization of Excise Type Taxes (VAT and selective taxes) by the Commission of the Andean Community is a notable victory for the Andean integration process and sets a precedent in the developing world. The Decisions amount to an agreement on how to design national laws on a modern and administratively coordinated VAT, as well as joint rules on excise taxes. These accords sprang from the political will of the Andean authorities working in this field, the countries¿ technical capacities, and the catalyzing role played by the political authority of the Andean Community¿s General Secretariat (GS), which received technical support from the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB). Representatives of the five member countries¿ Finance Ministries and Taxation Directorates participated actively and enthusiastically in these efforts. The process began with a background study commissioned using funds from an IDB regional technical cooperation project, followed by three negotiating rounds and eight meetings of experts and officials organized by the GS (With the financial and technical support of the IDB through the Special Initiative on Trade and Integration).