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Journal articles on the topic 'Politics of urban land tenure'
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1
Hsing, You-tien. "Land and Territorial Politics in Urban China." China Quarterly 187 (September 2006): 575–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741006000385.
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In this article I examine the politics of urban land development in large Chinese municipalities in the 1990s and 2000s. I find that under the state land tenure and socialist legacy, China's urban land lease markets have evolved around two sets of state players: municipal governments and socialist land masters. In their competition for urban land control, municipal leaders' success depends on their political capacity to deal with socialist land masters from above, their organizational capacity to discipline the fragmented sub-municipal units from within to achieve accumulation, and their moral capacity as social protectors and market regulators to maintain legitimacy. In this process, municipal leaders face the challenges and opportunities to define and defend the boundaries of their territorial power, which is not predetermined by the grand scheme of decentralization policies.
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Gebremichael, Brightman. "Heartrending or Uplifting: The Ethiopian Urban Land Tenure System Reform and Its Reflection on Tenure Security of Permit Holders." Journal of Developing Societies 33, no. 3 (August 22, 2017): 291–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0169796x17716995.
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In this article, I reflect on the implication of the urban land tenure systems of the three political regimes of Ethiopia on the objective element of land tenure security of urban landholders, particularly, permit holders. The objective element of land tenure security can be assessed in terms of clarity and breadth, duration, assurance, and enforceability of land rights. On these foundations, I argue that the objective element of tenure security of urban landholders in Ethiopia has been reduced with each subsequent regime. The Imperial regime’s urban land tenure system affected the objective land tenure security of urban landholders in terms of enforceability of land rights—particularly limiting the right to appeal to a presumably independent court of law with regard to the amount of compensation awarded for the loss of land rights through expropriation. The Derg regime’s urban land tenure system, on the other hand, had narrowed the breadth of land rights to possessory right; it introduced other grounds in addition to expropriation, by which a landholder could lose his land rights, it adopted a vague and broad understanding of “public purpose” for expropriation, and it introduced a compensation scheme that left a landholder compensated inadequately; and it totally prohibited bringing a legal action in presumably an independent court of law against the government. Even more, the post-1991 urban land tenure system has perpetuated the objective land tenure insecurity of permit holders by making the land rights unclear until the enactment of regulation; and to be valid for a definite period of time by mandatorily demanding its conversion to lease system.
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Amalinda Savirani and Guntoro. "Between Street Demonstrations and Ballot Box: Tenure Rights, Elections, and Social Movements among the Urban Poor in Jakarta." PCD Journal 8, no. 1 (June 10, 2020): 13–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/pcd.v8i1.414.
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This article investigates the political participation of urban poor through the People's Network of Urban Poor (Jaringan Rakyat Miskin Kota, JRMK) in Jakarta's 2017 gubernatorial election. It also traces the material aspects of this movement, particularly the issues emphasised by the movement: settlement rights, tenure rights, and livelihood rights. Settlement rights reflect a complex system of agrarian laws in Indonesia, and urban development plans in Jakarta, all of which have been shaped by the contestation of economic and political interests. Tenure and livelihood rights for the urban poor, are heavily steeped in history, with constant threat of forced eviction, As a result the three rights became increasingly tangible and movement became ever more urgent. This article argues that the materiality of social movements influences the urban poor movement political strategies. In this case, the movement created a "political contract" with the candidate who ultimately emerged victorious in the election; owing to the complexity of land and settlement issues, electoral politics offered the most promising strategy. However, movements with different types of 'materiality' could employ other approaches.
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Malik, Sana, Ruhizal Roosli, Fariha Tariq, and Muhammad Salman. "Land Tenure Security and Resident’s Stability in Squatter Settlements of Lahore." Academic Research Community publication 3, no. 2 (May 1, 2019): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.21625/archive.v3i2.508.
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Squatters have now become integral part of urban centers in most developing countries like Pakistan, with Lahore experiencing growth of such informal settlements at its peak. A myriad of issues and challenges associated with economic, social, spatial, environmental and political contexts within squatters has become a great hindrance towards home improvement and better life style. Tenure security brings a sense of homeownership to socioeconomically disadvantaged households. Recently, promotion of increased security of tenure of all whether living in formal or informal settlements has been affirmed by New Urban Agenda of Habitat III. Therefore, it is need of the time to look into present tenure types of squatters being offered by the city to solve problem of housing backlog and to provide promote inclusivity ensuring healthy, affordable and sustainable environment for all inhabitants.Proposed argument has got stronger foundation due to comparative analysis of squatter having secured land tenure with squatter of unsecure tenure. In this paper we explore that tenure security is one of the key factors which leads to resident’s stability, through case study approach by investigating two squatters based on their tenure types. The data collected through questionnaire will help us to identify other key factors associated with resident stability in squatters. Study reveals that limited secured tenure options and poor governance in present urban scenario projects as major obstacles in coping with urban sprawl and squatter settlements. Findings help us to understand the phenomena of inter-connection of land tenure security and residential stability of squatters in Lahore, suffering from housing shortage and informal settlements.
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Peters, Pauline E., and Daimon Kambewa. "Whose security? Deepening social conflict over ‘customary’ land in the shadow of land tenure reform in Malawi." Journal of Modern African Studies 45, no. 3 (July 16, 2007): 447–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x07002704.
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ABSTRACTMalawi, like other countries in Africa, has a new land policy designed to clarify and formalise customary tenure. The country is poor with a high population density, highly dependent on agriculture, and the research sites are matrilineal-matrilocal, and near urban centres. But the case raises issues relevant to land tenure reform elsewhere: the role of ‘traditional authorities’ or chiefs vis-à-vis the state and ‘community’; variability in types of ‘customary’ tenure; and deepening inequality within rural populations. Even before it is implemented, the pending land policy in Malawi is intensifying competition over land. We discuss this and the increase in rentals and sales; the effects of public debates about the new land policy; a new discourse about ‘original settlers’ and ‘strangers’; and political manoeuvring by chiefs.
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Bassett, Ellen. "Reform and resistance: The political economy of land and planning reform in Kenya." Urban Studies 57, no. 6 (April 4, 2019): 1164–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098019829366.
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In August 2010, Kenyans voted to adopt a new Constitution. Amongst its many provisions was devolved governance, which established 47 independent counties each led by a directly elected governor and legislative assembly. The Constitution also sought to address the country’s ‘land question’ by radically reworking land institutions and administration. The Constitution introduced an independent body, the National Land Commission, empowered to oversee public land management and allocation. Constitutional provisions devolved significant powers and responsibilities in land management and planning to the county level. These reforms – stressing transparency, accountability and greater community participation in land planning and administration – were intended to halt endemic corruption at the Ministry of Lands, address land injustices, enhance tenure security, and facilitate better-functioning land markets. This paper examines the unfolding institutional reform around land pursuant to the 2010 Constitution. It explores the political economy of land in Kenya by examining incentives for and impediments to institutional change toward better land management and long sought-after land justice. As with many reforms adopted throughout the Global South, Kenya’s land reforms were premised on ‘getting the incentives right’. Incentivising behaviour is extremely complicated in a sector as complex, dynamic and profitable as the land sector. The research highlights the role of urban planners, actors rarely examined in the literature on Kenya’s land politics. Kenya’s faltering land reform is a result of the internal conflicting incentives of land actors and the fact that no legal reform will be sufficient to alter entrenched behaviour without renewed pressure from a broad-based land justice/human rights movement.
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Coulibaly, Brahima, Gideon Sagoe, and Li Shixiang. "Towards poverty alleviation in developing countries: An empirical study of the impact of land tenure reforms in Kati, Mali." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 4, 2021): e0246502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246502.
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Post-colonial land tenure reforms in emerging countries have partly aimed at poverty reduction through equitable land access. However, the poverty rate keeps rising in rural and peri-urban settings in Sub-Saharan Africa dominated by agricultural activities. This article reviews land tenure reforms in Mali, from the year 2000 to 2017 regarding poverty alleviation and evaluates their impacts on indigenous smallholder farmers, using multiple linear and logistic regression models and local experts’ elicitations. The results indicate that the advent of land titles as the only definitive evidence of land ownership, following the reforms, has generally weakened customary land management. Smallholder farmers face several barriers to obtaining land titles, limiting equity in land access and security. This has paved way for land markets marred by irregularities and resulted in colossal loss of agricultural lands, which are the main source of rural livelihood. Thus, the reforms have not yielded the intended poverty reduction outcomes. The study recommends that land transfers must be authorised by a single institution, represented at the various administrative levels, which issues an authentic and incorruptible document using appropriate technology. Moreover, since pro-poor provisions in the reforms usually lack implementing decrees in Mali, political will is key to achieving equitable land access and security.
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Mackenzie, Fiona. "Land and territory: the interface between two systems of land tenure, Murang'a District, Kenya." Africa 59, no. 1 (January 1989): 91–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1160765.
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Introduction: ‘Land Reform’ and Rural SecurityThe objective of this paper is to examine the nature of the interface between two systems of land tenure in an area of smallholdings, Murang'a District, Central Province, Kenya. The first, the ng'undu system, evolved in the fertile, dissected plateau area east of the Nyandarua Range since the Kikuyu migrated there in the early seventeenth century (Muriuki, 1974: 62–82; Government of Kenya, 1929: 6); the second, a freehold system of individual land tenure, was introduced by the colonial state in the mid-1950s as a political instrument to counter the force of Mau Mau (Lamb, 1974; Leys, 1975). The latter system, it was intended, would replace the former, thereby laying the basis for an intensification of African agriculture which was also, under the Swynnerton Plan, to include production for the urban and export markets (Heyer, 1981; House and Killick, 1983). Commitment to this same principle continues to inform present agricultural policy (Government of Kenya, 1984a, Kenya Development Plan 1984–1988, p. 187; 1986,: 88).
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Alvarez Rivadulla, María José. "Clientelism or Something Else? Squatter Politics in Montevideo." Latin American Politics and Society 54, no. 1 (2012): 37–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-2456.2012.00142.x.
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AbstractThrough the in-depth ethnographic study of one squatter neighborhood in Montevideo and its leader’s political networks, this article illustrates a successful strategy through which some squatter neighborhoods have fought for their right to the city. This consists of opportunistic, face-to-face relationships between squatter leaders and politicians of various factions and parties as intermediaries to get state goods, such as water, building materials, electricity, roads, and ultimately land tenure. Through this mechanism, squatters have seized political opportunities at the national and municipal levels. These opportunities were particularly high between 1989 and 2004, years of great competition for the votes of the urban poor on the periphery of the city, when the national and municipal governments belonged to opposing parties. In terms of theory, the article discusses current literature on clientelism, posing problems that make it difficult to characterize the political networks observed among squatters.
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Ubink, Janine M. "Negotiated or Negated? The Rhetoric and Reality of Customary Tenure in an Ashanti Village in Ghana." Africa 78, no. 2 (May 2008): 264–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/e0001972008000168.
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Customary land tenure is seen as a field in which social and political relationships are diverse, overlapping and competing. Property regimes are, therefore, often analysed in terms of processes of negotiation, with people's social and political identities as central elements. This article studies the negotiability of customary tenure in peri-urban Ghana where land is at the centre of intense and unequal competition and closely tied up with struggles over authority. It focuses on one village to provide a grassroots view of processes of contestation of customary rights to land. The analysis of how and to what extent local actors in this village deal with, negotiate and struggle for rights to land confirms that contestants for land never operate on a level playing field. Postulating the social inequalities of local communities, the article analyses whether it is useful to place all local land dealings under the term ‘negotiations’, or whether such a characterization stretches the boundaries of the term too far and risks undermining the significance of local stratification and ignoring the winners and losers in a contest with uncertain rules.
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Attua, Emmanuel M., and Joshua B. Fisher. "Historical and Future Land-Cover Change in a Municipality of Ghana." Earth Interactions 15, no. 9 (February 1, 2011): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010ei304.1.
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Abstract Urban land-cover change is increasing dramatically in most developing nations. In Africa and in the New Juaben municipality of Ghana in particular, political stability and active socioeconomic progress has pushed the urban frontier into the countryside at the expense of the natural ecosystems at ever-increasing rates. Using Landsat satellite imagery from 1985 to 2003, the study found that the urban core expanded by 10% and the peri-urban areas expanded by 25% over the period. Projecting forward to 2015, it is expected that urban infrastructure will constitute 70% of the total land area in the municipality. Giving way to urban expansion were losses in open woodlands (19%), tree fallow (9%), croplands (4%), and grass fallow (3%), with further declines expected for 2015. Major drivers of land-cover changes are attributed to demographic changes and past microeconomic policies, particularly the Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP); the Economic Recovery Programme (ERP); and, more recently, the Ghana Poverty Reduction Strategy (GPRS). Pluralistic land administration, complications in the land tenure systems, institutional inefficiencies, and lack of capacity in land administration were also key drivers of land-cover changes in the New Juaben municipality. Policy recommendations are presented to address the associated challenges.
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Korbéogo, Gabin. "Ordering urban agriculture: farmers, experts, the state and the collective management of resources in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso." Environment and Urbanization 30, no. 1 (November 28, 2017): 283–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956247817738201.
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This article explores the way land tenure, water flows, and water quality are legally, politically and socially framed in a site in Ouagadougou. It shows that urban agriculture is an important source of revenue for various individuals and groups, and a socio-political arena for state representatives, experts and farmers. The main stakes in these power relationships are the regulation, control and use of natural resources (especially water and land), but also residents’ nutrition and health interests. Public authorities produce and monitor the enforcement of legal standards of water use and hygiene, while farmers struggle individually and collectively to ensure efficient use of land and multiple water sources, sometimes challenging official norms. These competing interests lead sometimes to conflicts – over the use of the resources or the legitimacy of rules that regulate urban farming processes – that are negotiated through institutional or informal bargaining. Urban farming is thus a marker of socio-political and economic dynamics in Ouagadougou.
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Obeng‐Odoom, Franklin. "Private Urban Land Tenure: Revisiting Anne Haila’s Work on its Nature, Critique, and Alternatives." American Journal of Economics and Sociology 80, no. 2 (March 2021): 291–324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajes.12398.
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Baker, Melvin. "Absentee Landlordism and Municipal Government in Nineteenth Century St. John's." Articles 15, no. 2 (September 25, 2013): 164–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1018621ar.
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This paper examines the influence of the leasehold system of land tenure on the structure of municipal government in 19th century St. Johns. This influence can be seen in the shaping of St. John's streets and physical growth, regulations governing building, property assessments levied to pay for local services, and even in the formation of municipal institutions themselves. It was also evident in the failures of the Newfoundland legislature and the St. John's Municipal Council to successfully tax the annual ground rents the predominantly British absentee landlords received from leasing their land in St. John's. These efforts to assess the ground rents of the absentees were motivated by the desire of local tenants to make them pay their share of municipal taxation. There was naturally bitter resentment in St. John's against the absentee landlords and their agents. Tenants were also angered by the value of land in the town which was constantly being raised without contribution from the absentees. This situation was of considerable significance in the development of St. John's, for the system of land tenure not only discouraged the imposition of property taxes but also worked against the establishment of municipal government. Consequently, St. John's municipal government in the 19th century differed from the more traditional route of local government that was followed, for instance, by Canadian cities such as Halifax or Toronto. In St. John's the Municipal Council, established in 1888, had control of the water supply, streets, sewers, parks, the fire brigade, and building regulations only, while the Newfoundland legislature retained responsibility over the city's other institutions and services. The history of the Municipal Council after 1888 was one of limited self-rule, characterized by inadequate administrative, legislative power, political interference from the government, and insufficient revenue.
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Njoh, Ambe J. "“The Right-To-The-City Question” and Indigenous Urban Populations in Capital Cities in Cameroon." Journal of Asian and African Studies 52, no. 2 (July 27, 2016): 188–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021909615570954.
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This paper explores the implications of state land tenure modernization and urbanization-promotion initiatives for human rights in Cameroon. The aim is to promote understanding of the implications of these initiatives for the right-to-the-city of indigenous urban residents. It is argued that the implications are more severe in politico-administrative headquarters than elsewhere in the country. Three different cities have served, at some point, as national politico-administrative headquarters in Cameroon, the study’s empirical referent. The designation of any city as a politico-administrative headquarters invariably creates a land scarcity problem in that city. The problem is aggravated for the city’s indigenous population by colonial and post-colonial planning policies. For this reason, the policies are said to be in violation of basic human rights as stipulated by the UN Declaration of Universal Human Rights as well as the African Charter.
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Elfversson, Emma, and Kristine Höglund. "Home of last resort: Urban land conflict and the Nubians in Kibera, Kenya." Urban Studies 55, no. 8 (April 4, 2017): 1749–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098017698416.
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Amid expansive and often informal urban growth, conflict over land has become a severe source of instability in many cities. In slum areas, policies intended to alleviate tensions, including upgrading programmes, the legal regulation of informal tenure arrangements, and the reform of local governance structures, have had the unintended consequence of also spurring violence and conflict. This paper analyses the conflict over a proposed ‘ethnic homeland’ for the Nubian community in the Kibera slum in Nairobi, Kenya, in order to advance knowledge on the strategies communities adopt to promote their interests and how such strategies impact on urban conflict management. Theoretically, we apply the perspective of ‘institutional bricolage’, which captures how actors make use of existing formal and informal structures in pragmatic ways to meet their conflict management needs. While previous research focuses primarily on how bricolage can facilitate cooperation, the case analysis uncovers how, over time, the land issue has become closely intertwined with claims of identity and citizenship and a political discourse drawn along ethnic lines. In turn, such processes may contribute to the intractability of conflict, causing significant challenges for urban planning.
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Adam, Achamyeleh Gashu. "Land Tenure in the Changing Peri-Urban Areas of Ethiopia: The Case of Bahir Dar City." International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 38, no. 6 (April 11, 2014): 1970–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.12123.
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Panday, Uma Shankar, Raja Ram Chhatkuli, Janak Raj Joshi, Jagat Deuja, Danilo Antonio, and Stig Enemark. "Securing Land Rights for All through Fit-for-Purpose Land Administration Approach: The Case of Nepal." Land 10, no. 7 (July 16, 2021): 744. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10070744.
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After the political change in Nepal of 1951, leapfrog land policy improvements have been recorded, however, the land reform initiatives have been short of full success. Despite a land administration system based on cadaster and land registries in place, 25% of the arable land with an estimated 10 million spatial units on the ground are informally occupied and are off-register. Recently, a strong political will has emerged to ensure land rights for all. Providing tenure security to all these occupants using the conventional surveying and land administration approach demands a large amount of skilled human resources, a long timeframe and a huge budget. To assess the suitability of the fit-for-purpose land administration (FFPLA) approach for nationwide mapping and registration of informality in the Nepalese context, the identification, verification and recordation (IVR) of the people-to-land relationship was conducted through two pilot studies using a participatory approach covering around 1500 and 3400 parcels, respectively, in an urban and a rural setting. The pilot studies were based on the FFPLA National Strategy and utilized satellite imageries and smartphones for identification and verification of land boundaries. Data collection to verification tasks were completed within seven months in the urban settlements and for an average cost of 7.5 USD per parcel; within the rural setting, the pilot study was also completed within 7 months and for an average cost of just over 3 USD per parcel. The studies also informed the discussions on building the legislative and institutional frameworks, which are now in place. With locally trained ‘grassroots surveyors’, the studies have provided a promising alternative to the conventional surveying technologies by providing a fast, inexpensive and acceptable solution. The tested approach may fulfill the commitment to resolve the countrywide mapping of informality. The use of consistent data model and mapping standards are recommended.
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Khalaf, Issa. "The Effect of Socioeconomic Change on Arab Societal Collapse in Mandate Palestine." International Journal of Middle East Studies 29, no. 1 (February 1997): 93–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800064175.
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Between December 1947 and the first four months of 1948, the fabric of a centuries-old Palestinian Arab society unraveled with astounding rapidity, producing 750,000 refugees. The collapse occurred within the context of widespread socioeconomic disruption and dislocation among peasants and migrant and urban workers. The eroding socioeconomic foundation severely weakened this lower stratum's defense against Zionist settlement, colonial state policies, and military pressures. Beginning in late Ottoman times and throughout the British Mandate period (1918–48), the agrarian social economy had been slowly undermined by the urban landowning class and oppressive tax and land-tenure systems. Peasant dispossession, begun in the 19th century and aggravated by Zionist land-buying in the 20th, created a significant landless rural population that was increasingly dependent on wage labor in scattered rural locations and in the cities. During the British Mandate, as Palestine was rapidly incorporated into the world market, communal harmony and social integration were further strained by urban–rural and peasant–landowner tensions, disjointed urban–working–class development, unemployment, and overcrowding. As a result, by the late 1940s Palestinian Arab society was on the brink of disintegration.
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Tati, Gabriel. "Informal Land Sale and Housing in the Periphery of Pointe-Noire." Africa Spectrum 51, no. 1 (April 2016): 29–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000203971605100103.
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This article examines the relations between practices in informal land transactions under customary tenure and spatial differentiation among suburbs in the periphery of the city of Pointe-Noire, Congo-Brazzaville. Urban sprawl is a permanent feature of urbanisation in Congo-Brazzaville that not only propagates slums for low-income dwellers but also entails locally embedded ways of building the city in the absence of state-led planning. The case of Pointe-Noire shows that large tracts of customary land are sold without public control, a process accompanied by the emergence of new suburbs with different stylistic patterns of housing. While suburbanisation does carry the potential to improve the quality of housing by attracting wealthy residents, it exacerbates spatial fragmentation and the exclusion of certain groups in the population from access to both land for housing in upmarket suburbs and public services. Powerful actors tend to profit most from informality.
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Kokdas, Irfan. "Land ownership, tax farming and the social structure of local credit markets in the Ottoman Balkans, 1685–1855." Financial History Review 24, no. 1 (April 2017): 53–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565017000099.
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This article studies how the emergence of new political elites and changes in land tenure relationships shaped the socio-economic profile of local credit markets in the Ottoman Balkans between the late seventeenth and early nineteenth centuries. By using probate inventories and court records for the cities of Salonika (including Karaferye), Vidin and Ruse, I compare how the expansion of tax-farming institutions and the concentration of land ownership influenced the social characteristics of lending activities. I find that, in spite of institutional and political similarities, the evolution of local credit markets did not follow a homogeneous pattern. Contrary to the consensus view in the existing literature, local political and military elites, which most tax farmers and large landowners belonged to, did not play a dominant role as moneylenders. Civilians (such as merchants and artisans) together with other social groups, including janissaries and religious functionaries, provided the bulk of informal credit to local communities (including elites) in the three urban areas.
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Bonnet, Charlotte, Erik Bryld, Christine Kamau, Mohamed Mohamud, and Fathia Farah. "Inclusive shelter provision in Mogadishu." Environment and Urbanization 32, no. 2 (July 28, 2020): 447–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956247820942086.
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This article is based on a research project led by the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) on shelter in East Africa. It explores Mogadishu’s history, political settlements and variations in housing to inform more inclusive, affordable shelter interventions. MAIN FINDINGS: • Connection between urban poverty and internal displacement. Mogadishu’s informal settlements are inhabited by people displaced from other regions and poor urban residents. As the urban poor live in areas with high tenure insecurity and can be evicted without notice, there are migration flows both into the city and within Mogadishu itself. • Role of informal networks and relations. As access to land and shelter is governed by a complex system of formal and informal rules, having contacts with powerful actors in the informal settlements is key to finding shelter. • Vulnerabilities of women, people with disabilities, and young single men. In Somalia’s patriarchal society, the male-headed family is the fundamental social unit; people who fall outside this category are heavily disadvantaged when accessing housing.
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Kato, Yuki, Scarlett Andrews, and Cate Irvin. "Availability and Accessibility of Vacant Lots for Urban Cultivation in Post-Katrina New Orleans." Urban Affairs Review 54, no. 2 (July 12, 2016): 322–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1078087416659157.
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Based on interviews with 44 urban growers in New Orleans, this study examines their experiences of establishing urban agriculture (UA) projects on publicly and privately owned lots, either through purchase or lease. Publicly owned lots are easier to identify, but bureaucratic application processes and unpredictable policy changes made access less predictable and insecure, especially in terms of purchasing. Leasing privately owned lots is often a straightforward procedure, but these lots are difficult to identify without a comprehensive list, and were rarely available for purchase. Ultimately, neither type of vacant space produces significantly more security in land tenure for UA projects. The findings indicate that availability of vacancy does not equal initial or long-term access to the growers, and the current system of making vacant properties available for UA raises concerns about the long-term sustainability of UA projects.
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Gallagher, Kathleen M. "The Conundrum of Kamaiya: Ex–Bonded Laborers, Local Leaders, and the Construction of Claims and Profit in a Nepalese Squatter Settlement." Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 46, no. 6 (May 4, 2016): 748–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0891241616643590.
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The following article seeks to explain how the relocation of former bonded laborers ( kamaiya) into a preexisting Nepalese squatter settlement confounded conventional approaches used by local leaders in profiting from the controlled distribution of unregistered government land. I argue that while liberated bonded laborer populations provide an exceptional moral high ground from which to defend the use of land in the absence of legal tenure, the basis for their claims is not easily co-opted and therefore creates liability for leaders. I suggest that this liability is related to the content and lack of equivocation in ex–bonded laborer claims. The difficulties of constructing and utilizing claims to land associated with kamaiya are also linked to the complicated history of caste and ethnic relations informing the relationship between former bonded laborers and the higher castes that have historically dominated many regions of Nepal and comprise much of the squatter settlement leadership. Simultaneously providing legitimacy as well as liability, the liberated kamaiya were a conundrum in their new place of residence.
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Houessou, Mawuna Donald, Mirte van de Louw, and Ben G. J. S. Sonneveld. "What Constraints the Expansion of Urban Agriculture in Benin?" Sustainability 12, no. 14 (July 17, 2020): 5774. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12145774.
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Propelled by rapid urbanization, city administrations in low- and middle-income countries face a raft of challenges to secure food and nutrition for its poor urban dwellers. Urban agriculture (UA) seems a viable intervention to address urban food insecurity, however, experience has shown that urban gardens do not expand at the expected rate. Tackling this issue requires a deeper understanding of the main constraints that block UA expansion. Benin is not an exception; the country witnesses a breathtaking growth of its main cities that is in synchronization with a mounting food insecurity. Our research aims, therefore, to identify the main constraints for the expansion of UA in Benin, and adopt a three-pronged approach combined with a systematic literature review, a survey held among experienced urban gardeners, and in-depth interviews with stakeholders. Altogether, the synthesis shows a predominance of five main constraints: lack of land and tenure insecurity, insufficient government support, restricted market access, limited access to productive factors, and inequality issues. Specifically, while the review showed that most barriers are linked and could be tackled together, the survey indicated a political unwillingness which in our in-depth interviews is explained by the unperceived benefits of investing in UA and the lack of enforcement of urban development plans. We suggest that Beninese authorities and academics move in synchronization where the former coordinates the planning of urban gardens and the latter provides evidence to trigger public and private investments in UA. The findings could be the basis for further research on UA in West Africa and the wider continent.
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Manona, C. W. "Land tenure in an urban area∗." Development Southern Africa 4, no. 3 (August 1987): 569–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03768358708439344.
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Jenkins, D. P. "Peri‐urban land tenure: Problems and prospects." Development Southern Africa 4, no. 3 (August 1987): 582–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03768358708439345.
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Redwood, Mark. "Tenure and Land Markets for Urban Agriculture." Open House International 34, no. 2 (June 1, 2009): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-02-2009-b0002.
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Cities are shaped by many elements, but undoubtedly one of the most significant factors is the urban land market. Urban farmers, often producing food on land with limited or no security of tenure, are exposed to the risk of being evicted in order for land to be used for more profitable uses such as housing development. In the absence of a system of land titling, advocacy groups, or secure tenure, urban farmers are pushed to the margins. It then becomes difficult to support, manage and/or regulate the sector. More importantly, without legal status, most forms of credit are inaccessible to farmers and they must rely on kinship and illicit sources for credit. The influence of land tenure on the security of urban farmers to practice their livelihood is significant. Recent IDRC supported projects suggest that banking systems and economists need to develop a methodology to value lands that are informally controlled by farmers or where there are customary legal systems in place. Moreover, evidence suggests that advocacy groups have manage to increase security and access to land for urban farmers.
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Dachaga, Walter, and Walter Timo de Vries. "Land Tenure Security and Health Nexus: A Conceptual Framework for Navigating the Connections between Land Tenure Security and Health." Land 10, no. 3 (March 3, 2021): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10030257.
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The rise of urban populations has rendered cities in both developed and developing countries vulnerable to poor health and diseases that are associated with urban living conditions and environments. Therefore, there is a growing consensus that while personal factors are critical in determining health, the urban environment exacerbates or mitigates health outcomes, and as such the solution for improving health outcomes in urban settings can be found in addressing socio-environmental factors that shape urban environments. Land tenure security is a social environmental factor of health that has been understudied by urban geographers despite its obvious role in shaping urban environments, housing conditions, and health. We interpret literature and infer possible pathways through which land tenure security connects to health and propose a land tenure security and health nexus conceptual framework for modeling and investigating the extent of this connection. Based on a narrative review of literature, this inter-disciplinary paper shows that land tenure security can influence health outcomes via four pathways—infrastructure access, environmental justice, psycho-ontological security, and social cohesion. Going forward, a subsequent investigation can focus on developing an index of land tenure security health insults, based on which an empirical investigation of the relationship between land tenure security and health disease is possible.
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Uwayezu, Ernest, and Walter de Vries. "Indicators for Measuring Spatial Justice and Land Tenure Security for Poor and Low Income Urban Dwellers." Land 7, no. 3 (July 17, 2018): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land7030084.
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There exist various indicators that measure land tenure security for urbanites. Most of those indicators measure the degree to which land titling promotes the security of tenure. Based on the reviewed literature, it is admitted that land titling is not a panacea to land tenure security. Measuring the degree of land tenure security should not rely only on the legalisation of landownership. This paper makes a meta-analysis and conceptual modelling to connect spatial justice and land tenure security. It discusses the potential of inclusive urban development grounded on the claim that spatial justice enhances land tenure security. A comprehensive framework of indicators which can measure the degree of land tenure security from a spatial justice lens is thereafter derived. The meta-analysis and conceptual modelling were coupled with research synthesis to perform an in-depth review and qualitative content analysis of the literature on concepts of spatial justice, land tenure security, and urban (re)development processes. This study proposes 60 indicators which measure the degree of spatial justice and land tenure security along a continuum of spatial justice and land tenure security. Those indicators provide a more holistic approach for measuring land tenure security from a spatial justice lens than the separated sets of existing indicators.
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Cox, Bruce, and Edwin V. Wilmsen. "We Are Here: Politics of Aboriginal Land Tenure." Anthropologica 31, no. 2 (1989): 270. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25605549.
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Keen, Ian, and Edwin N. Wilmsen. "We Are Here: Politics of Aboriginal Land Tenure." Man 25, no. 3 (September 1990): 562. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2803764.
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Pratiwi, Pravitasari Anjar, and Mohammad Rondhi. "Distribusi Kepemilikan Lahan Pertanian Dan Pendapatan Usahatani Di Wilayah Perkotaan Kabupaten Jember." SEPA: Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian dan Agribisnis 15, no. 1 (November 1, 2018): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/sepa.v15i1.25056.
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<em>Conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural becomes unavoidable, given the high demand for land use to promote economic development. Conversion of agricultural land mostly occurs in urban areas affecting the changing patterns and distribution of agricultural land tenure in urban areas. Higher rents for land in urban areas will trigger land conversion and lead to imbalances in agricultural land tenure. Changes in the distribution of agricultural land will affect farm income, because agricultural land is a valuable asset for farmers and affects their farm income. The purpose of this study was to determine the inequality of agricultural land tenure and farm income in urban areas of Jember. Using analytical method with gini index and descriptive method. Samples were determined by simple random sampling and 43 samples were obtained. The result of the research shows that: (1) land tenure index of agricultural land is 0.52 which means that farm ownership in Jember urban areas is unequal, (2) farm income with gini index 0.46 means that income of farming activity in urban area is uneven.</em>
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Payne, Geoffrey. "Urban land tenure policy options: titles or rights?" Habitat International 25, no. 3 (September 2001): 415–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0197-3975(01)00014-5.
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Olima, W. H. A., and L. M. Obala. "The effect of existing land tenure systems on urban land development." Habitat International 23, no. 1 (March 1999): 113–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0197-3975(98)00024-1.
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Teklemariam, Addiswork, and Logan Cochrane. "The Rush to the Peripheries: Land Rights and Tenure Security in Peri-Urban Ethiopia." Land 10, no. 2 (February 14, 2021): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10020193.
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As the global population continues to urbanize, increasing pressure is put upon urban centers and the carrying capacity of the already built-up areas. One way to meet these demands is horizontal expansion, which requires new lands to become incorporated into urban centers. In most cases, this demand is met by converting peri-urban land into urban land as the urban center expands. These processes of expansion into the peri-urban, however, create tension regarding land use and land rights, and may foster tenure insecurity if not well managed. As in many countries, Ethiopia is experiencing extensive urban population growth and the peri-urban areas at the edge of urban centers are under pressure. This study investigates land rights issues and tenure security conditions of peri-urban farmers in the case study sites of Addis Ababa and Hawassa. The findings reveal that urban expansion into the peripheral agricultural lands and the resulting tenure system change has caused intense perceived tenure insecurity among peri-urban farmers. The range of land rights exercised differs in these two sites, as measured by the property rights analytical framework. Peri-urban farmers in Hawassa hold weak owner positions, enabling them to exercise thicker rights. However, peri-urban farmers in Addis Ababa hold weak claimant positions, which is slightly above the operational level right of an authorized user. This analysis suggests that the urban development and expansion strategies adopted by the respective city administrations are impacting land rights of the peri-urban farmers and their tenure security, albeit in unique ways, from which lessons can be drawn about how urban expansion policies can be more appropriately designed and implemented.
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Du Plessis, Elmien. "Untitled: Securing Land Tenure in Urban and Rural South Africa." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal / Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 21 (January 16, 2018): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2018/v21i0a3406.
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This contribution provides a review of the book edited by Donna Hornby, Rosalie Kingwill, Lauren Royston and Ben Cousins. It deals with the topic of land tenure in urban and rural South Africa and challenges the requirement of title deeds to secure land tenure.
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Achiba, Gargule A., and Monica N. Lengoiboni. "Devolution and the politics of communal tenure reform in Kenya." African Affairs 119, no. 476 (May 25, 2020): 338–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adaa010.
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Abstract Increased legal access and the devolution of natural resource administration are generally seen as sources of power for local communities and their institutions. However, beyond this widely held expectation, the politics of land reform suggest that legal recognition of rights and devolution is not the only issue with implications for communal tenure reforms. Misconceptions about communal tenure, which are rooted in history, and their appropriation by local elites in the processes of communal tenure reform are characteristic of both colonial and post-colonial governments in Kenya. Although typically articulated and promulgated to enhance political representation and to devolve control over resources to the local level, unresolved issues in the reform process have worked to undermine the legitimacy of communal land rights in contemporary Kenyan society. A case study of the post-2010 community land legislation process demonstrates the continuing relevance of historically conditioned political and ideological representations of communal tenure built during the colonial period and reproduced in policy in independent Kenya. This paper offers reflections on the centrality of sustained communal tenure misconceptions, fetishization of formal governance institutions, and the institutional and power configurations that primarily benefit powerful stakeholders as sources of the current breakdown in the implementation of community land law.
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Barry, Michael, and Ephraim Kwame Danso. "Tenure security, land registration and customary tenure in a peri-urban Accra community." Land Use Policy 39 (July 2014): 358–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2014.01.017.
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Doumbia, Lamine. "Land Tenure and the Grassroots’ Concern in Bamako." Modern Africa: Politics, History and Society 6, no. 2 (December 10, 2018): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.26806/modafr.v6i2.207.
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The question of the practice of urban land in Bamako is the subject of a crucial (in-)security, which is based both on bureaucratic imbroglio and on an epistemological difference of regularisations of access to the ground through national, regional, municipal institutions and the grassroots. To put an end to the illegal occupation of urban land by the population in need of housing, the state and its representatives have undertaken urban redevelopment measures. Land speculation is taking hold where the State’s intervention capacities do not seem capable to control demographic pressure. Households have been and continue to be evicted by the authorities for projects deemed as “urban redevelopment” or “public utility.” Some citizens have regrouped in Associations that have set themselves the task of combating abuses by the state.
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Firmin-Sellers, Kathryn. "The Politics of Property Rights." American Political Science Review 89, no. 4 (December 1995): 867–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2082514.
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The study of land tenure polarizes the field of development. Neoclassical scholars lobby for a move toward private property rights, while other economists and historians defend the maintenance of customary land tenure. I argue that the development scholars' focus on the structure of property rights obscures a more fundamental problem of land reform—that of enforcement. Property rights will not inspire individual investment and economic growth unless political institutions give the ruler of a local community or nation-state sufficient coercive authority to silence those who advocate an alternative, more distributionally favorable property rights system. At the same time, political institutions must force the ruler to establish a credible commitment to that property rights system. I illustrate this theoretical argument through an analysis of property rights institutions in Akyem Abuakwa, a traditional state in colonial Ghana.
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Ubink, Janine M. "Tenure Security: Wishful Policy Thinking or Reality? A Case from Peri-Urban Ghana." Journal of African Law 51, no. 2 (September 25, 2007): 215–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021855307000307.
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AbstractMany areas in Africa facing land shortage and competition witness increasingly restricted and insecure access to land for the poor majority. Mounting evidence of reduced tenure security shows that customary systems are often unable to evolve equitably. In contrast with this crisis in customary land administration, current international land policy is witnessing renewed interest in customary tenure systems. Ghana's current land policy resonates with this international trend. This article focuses on peri-urban Kumasi, Ghana, to acquire an insight into struggles and negotiations over customary land tenure in a rapidly urbanizing area. It then tries to explain why policymakers, in Ghana and in general, do not yet seem to have reflected the crisis in customary land management in their policies. The article concludes with some recommendations as to how policymakers could respond.
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Boone, Catherine. "LAND REGIMES AND THE STRUCTURE OF POLITICS: PATTERNS OF LAND-RELATED CONFLICT." Africa 83, no. 1 (January 22, 2013): 188–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001972012000770.
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ABSTRACTThis article proposes an analytic framework to describe variation in forms of land-related conflict that emerge in widely varying circumstances and settings. Focusing on conflict among smallholders, the article suggests that these social processes can often be thought of as redistributive conflicts that are shaped by the land tenure regimes that govern land access and allocation. Land tenure regimes can be conceptualized schematically as constituted by rules about property, authority, jurisdiction and citizenship, and as differentiated along these dimensions. They define a locus of political authority over land rights at the local level, a territorial arena, social groups with different land rights and interests, and the distribution of political and economic powers and rights among them. These arrangements vary across space and over time, shaping the political arenas in which land rights are contested and producing different forms of land-related conflict. In many situations, these dimensions of land regimes are blurred, layered and changing, adding additional dimensions of complexity to land politics that the analysis proposed here may help to illuminate.
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Mitchell, David, Bernhard Barth, Serene Ho, M. Siraj Sait, and Darryn McEvoy. "The Benefits of Fit-for-Purpose Land Administration for Urban Community Resilience in a Time of Climate Change and COVID-19 Pandemic." Land 10, no. 6 (May 27, 2021): 563. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10060563.
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The major global pressures of rapid urbanization and urban growth are being compounded by climate impacts, resulting in increased vulnerability for urban dwellers, with these vulnerabilities exacerbated during the COVID-19 pandemic. Much of this is concentrated in urban and peri-urban areas where urban development spreads into hazard-prone areas. Often, this development is dominated by poor-quality homes in informal settlements or slums with poor tenure security. Lessons from a resilience-building project in the Pacific shows that a fit-for-purpose (FFP) approach to land administration can provide solutions by increasing the number of households with security of tenure, and consequently, improving resilience outcomes as informal settlements grow. This paper specifically discusses the influence of FFP land administration on reducing vulnerabilities to external shocks, such as climate change and COVID-19. It proposes ways to be better manage urban growth through the responsible governance of land tenure rights and more effective land-use planning to improve resilience to multiple shocks and stresses, hence, delivering improved access to safe land and shelter. Land administration systems can contribute to enhanced resilience to the shocks of climate extremes and pandemics by improving tenure security and enhancing land-use planning controls. It is argued that climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction need to be better mainstreamed into two major elements of land governance: (i) securing and safeguarding of land rights, and (ii) planning and control of land use.
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Oduro, C. Y., and R. Adamtey. "The vulnerability of peri-urban farm households with the emergence of land Markets in Accra." Journal of Science and Technology (Ghana) 37, no. 1 (February 12, 2018): 85–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/just.v37i1.8.
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Accra, the capital of Ghana, is a fast-growing African city. Its growth has brought in its wake an ever-increasing demand for land, which has in turn led to the emergence of a land market that is increasingly supplanting the age-old customary land tenure system. The customary land tenure system is based on communal, rather than individual ownership of land. However, over the last few decades, the system has come under pressure from the forces of rapid urbanization, city expansion and increasing demand for land for urban development. The purpose of this paper was to examine the vulnerability of residents of indigenous communities in peri-urban Accra due to the emerging urban land market. The case study approach has been used to explore vulnerability among residents of two indigenous communities in peri-urban Accra in respect of their ability to access land. Household surveys, focus group discussions and key informant interviews involving community members, leaders and municipal officials were the main techniques used to collect data. The study revealed that indigenous and long-term residents had their farmlands converted to urban development without any measures in place to protect them from the collapsing customary land tenure system and the evolving urban land market. This has negatively impacted their quality of life, especially with respect to livelihoods. There is therefore the need for municipal assemblies to include the preservation of farmlands in the management of physical growth and land use so as to minimize the rate at which farmlands are being converted to urban development. Measures should also be put in place to restore farm households that have lost their land to urban development in the form of compensation and provision of alternative livelihoods. Keywords: Vulnerability; customary; land tenure; urban growth; land market
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Mullan, Katrina, Pauline Grosjean, and Andreas Kontoleon. "Land Tenure Arrangements and Rural–Urban Migration in China." World Development 39, no. 1 (January 2011): 123–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2010.08.009.
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Ingwani, Emaculate. "Struggles of Women to Access and Hold Landuse and Other Land Property Rights under the Customary Tenure System in Peri-Urban Communal Areas of Zimbabwe." Land 10, no. 6 (June 18, 2021): 649. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10060649.
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The struggles of women to access and hold landuse and other land property rights under the customary tenure system in peri-urban communal areas is increasingly becoming a cause for concern. These debates are revealed using a case study of a peri-urban communal area called Domboshava in Zimbabwe. Women living in this peri-urban communal area struggle to access and hold landuse and other land property rights registered under their names. The aim of this paper is to present an analysis of the struggles faced by women to access and hold landuse and other land property rights in Domboshava. This paper is a product of a literature review on land property rights, land tenure systems, and peri-urbanity more generally. Field data was intermittently collected in the peri-urban communal area of Domboshava over a period of four years from 2011 to 2014, as well as through post-research social visits stretching to 2019. Thirty-two women were conveniently selected and interviewed. I applied Anthony Giddens’ structure-agency theory as a framework of analysis. The struggles to access and hold landuse and other land property rights by women are rooted in land transactions, social systems including the customary land tenure, patriarchy, as well as the peri-urban context of Domboshava. Responsible authorities on land administration in communal areas need to acknowledge the existence of new and invented ways of accessing and holding landuse and land property rights under the customary land tenure system, as well as to find ways to mobilize more opportunities for women on the peri-urban land market.
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Boone, Catherine, Arsene Brice Bado, Aristide Mah Dion, and Zibo Irigo. "Push, pull and push-back to land certification: regional dynamics in pilot certification projects in Côte d'Ivoire." Journal of Modern African Studies 59, no. 3 (August 26, 2021): 247–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x21000124.
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AbstractSince 2000, many African countries have adopted land tenure reforms that aim at comprehensive land registration (or certification) and titling. Much work in political science and in the advocacy literature identifies recipients of land certificates or titles as ‘programme beneficiaries’, and political scientists have modelled titling programmes as a form of distributive politics. In practice, however, rural land registration programmes are often divisive and difficult to implement. This paper tackles the apparent puzzle of friction around rural land certification. We study Côte d'Ivoire's rocky history of land certification from 2004 to 2017 to identify political economy variables that may give rise to heterogeneous and even conflicting preferences around certification. Regional inequalities, social inequalities, and regional variation in pre-existing land tenure institutions are factors that help account for friction or even resistance around land titling, and thus the difficult politics that may arise around land tenure reform. Land certification is not a public good or a private good for everyone.
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MacWilliam, Scott. "Smallholdings, land law and the politics of land tenure in Papua New Guinea." Journal of Peasant Studies 16, no. 1 (October 1988): 77–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03066158808438383.
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Rakodi, C. "Urban Land Policy in Zimbabwe." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 28, no. 9 (September 1996): 1553–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a281553.
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Related to the functions of the central state and local state, a range of interventions in the urban land-development process may be pursued. Typically, policies and practices related to land are devised at different times for different purposes and are administered by different agencies. Rarely are the relationships between them, their implementation, and their overall impact considered systematically, especially for developing countries. In this paper I evaluate urban land policy in Zimbabwe. I consider tenure, land-use planning and development control, taxation, and direct public sector intervention in the land market. Particular attention is given to the local administrative context and to the relationship between central and local government as portrayed in the paths of land delivery for private developers, municipalities, and central government. The overall conclusion is that Zimbabwe's urban land administration system works effectively. However, it is formal and complex, which is restricting its ability to play an appropriate role in catering for rapid urban growth and the needs of low-income residents.