Journal articles on the topic 'Politics/sport in the G.D.R'

During COVID-19, early-childhood school closings led to higher levels of stress in parents when compared to childless adults. In addition, lack of time to prepare, as well as mental-health problems, worry, and stress in parenting, may have hampered parents' ability to support their children's educational needs. The research aims to solve the problem of early childhood parenting during learning from home and improve the quality of early childhood parenting. The research method uses the research and development stage of the Borg & Gall model. Participants are mothers who have children aged 5-6 years. The data collection technique was done through expert validation and effectiveness testing with a quasi-experimental design. The data analysis used paired t-test statistical analysis. The findings show that the validity of the results of the material expert's test is 96%, and the media expert's test is 94% in the very good category. The effectiveness test based on the pre-test and post-test results showed that Sig. (2-tailed) <0,05 (α), which means that the parenting e-book media significantly increases mothers' understanding of parenting well-being practices in early childhood. The implications of this multimedia-based anyflip e-book can be downloaded via gadgets, android, laptop, practical, easy to read and repeated to accompany childcare activities from home.
 Keywords: Anyflip E-book, Early Childhood, Parenting
 References
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 Bruni, O., Sette, S., Fontanesi, L., Baiocco, R., Laghi, F., & Baumgartner, E. (2015). Technology Use and Sleep Quality in Preadolescence and Adolescence. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 11(12), 1433–1441. https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.5282
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 Dong, C., Cao, S., & Li, H. (2020). Young children’s online learning during COVID-19 pandemic: Chinese parents’ beliefs and attitudes. Children and Youth Services Review, 118, 105440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105440
 Ebert, S. (2020). Theory of mind, language, and reading: Developmental relations from early childhood to early adolescence. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 191, 104739. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2019.104739
 Evans, M. A., Nowak, S., Burek, B., & Willoughby, D. (2017). The effect of alphabet eBooks and paper books on preschoolers’ behavior: An analysis over repeated readings. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 40, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2017.02.002
 Fry, A. (2020). Use patterns for ebooks: The effects of subject, age and availability on rate of use. The Journal of Academic Librarianship, 46(3), 102150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acalib.2020.102150
 Gerber, L. A., Guggenheim, M., Pang, Y. C., Ross, T., Mayevskaya, Y., Jacobs, S., & Pecora, P. J. (2020). Understanding the effects of an interdisciplinary approach to parental representation in child welfare. Children and Youth Services Review, 116, 105163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105163
 Lau, E. Y. H., & Lee, K. (2020). Parents’ Views on Young Children’s Distance Learning and Screen Time During COVID-19 Class Suspensio. Early Education and Development, 19. https://doi.org/10.1080/10409289.2020.1843925
 Lee, S. J., Ward, K. P., Chang, O. D., & Downing, K. M. (2021). Parenting activities and the transition to home-based education during the COVID-19 pandemic. Children and Youth Services Review, 122, 105585. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105585
 Morawska, A., Dittman, C. K., & Rusby, J. C. (2019). Promoting Self-Regulation in Young Children: The Role of Parenting Interventions. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 22(1), 43–51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-019-00281-5
 Mourlam, D. J., DeCino, D. A., Newland, L. A., & Strouse, G. A. (2020). “It’s fun!” using students’ voices to understand the impact of school digital technology integration on their well-being. Computers & Education, 159, 104003. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2020.104003
 Nuñez, B., Stuart-Cassel, V., & Temkin, D. (2020). As COVID-19 spreads, most states have laws that address how schools should respond to pandemics. 66.
 Paredes, E., Hernandez, E., Herrera, A., & Tonyan, H. (2020). Putting the “family” in family childcare: The alignment between familismo (familism) and family childcare providers’ descriptions of their work. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 52, 74–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2018.04.007
 Rosen, L. D., Felice, K. T., & Walsh, T. (2020). Whole health learning: The revolutionary child of integrative health and education. EXPLORE, 16(4), 271–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.explore.2020.05.003
 Thomas, V., De Backer, F., Peeters, J., & Lombaerts, K. (2019). Parental involvement and adolescent school achievement: The mediational role of self-regulated learning. Learning Environments Research, 22(3), 345–363. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10984-019-09278-x
 Tran, T., Hoang, A.-D., Nguyen, Y.-C., Nguyen, L.-C., Ta, N.-T., Pham, Q.-H., Pham, C.-X., Le, Q.-A., Dinh, V.-H., & Nguyen, T.-T. (2020). Toward Sustainable Learning during School Suspension: Socioeconomic, Occupational Aspirations, and Learning Behavior of Vietnamese Students during COVID-19. Sustainability, 12(10), 4195. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12104195
 Troseth, G. L., & Strouse, G. A. (2017). Designing and using digital books for learning: The informative case of young children and video. International Journal of Child-Computer Interaction, 12, 3–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcci.2016.12.002
 UNESCO, U. (2020). COVID-19 impact on education. United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization. https://en. unesco.org/covid19/educationresponse
 Webster, E. K., Martin, C. K., & Staiano, A. E. (2019). Fundamental motor skills, screen-time, and physical activity in preschoolers. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 8(2), 114–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2018.11.006

Dietary protein intake should be optimized in all athletes to ensure proper recovery and enhance the skeletal muscle adaptive response to exercise training. In addition to total protein intake, the use of specific proteincontaining food sources and the distribution of protein throughout the day are relevant for optimizing protein intake in athletes. In the present study, we examined the daily intake and distribution of various proteincontaining food sources in a large cohort of strength, endurance and team-sport athletes. Well-trained male (n=327) and female (n=226) athletes completed multiple web-based 24-hr dietary recalls over a 2-4 wk period. Total energy intake, the contribution of animal- and plant-based proteins to daily protein intake, and protein intake at six eating moments were determined. Daily protein intake averaged 108±33 and 90±24 g in men and women, respectively, which corresponded to relative intakes of 1.5±0.4 and 1.4±0.4 g/kg. Dietary protein intake was correlated with total energy intake in strength (r=0.71, p <.001), endurance (r=0.79, p <.001) and team-sport (r=0.77, p <.001) athletes. Animal and plant-based sources of protein intake was 57% and 43%, respectively. The distribution of protein intake was 19% (19±8 g) at breakfast, 24% (25±13 g) at lunch and 38% (38±15 g) at dinner. Protein intake was below the recommended 20 g for 58% of athletes at breakfast, 36% at lunch and 8% at dinner. In summary, this survey of athletes revealed they habitually consume > 1.2 g protein/kg/d, but the distribution throughout the day may be suboptimal to maximize the skeletal muscle adaptive response to training.

Mapy kosmosu wewnętrznego. Opowiadanie J. G. Ballarda „The Reptile Enclosure” w świetle traktatu R. D. Lainga Polityka doświadczenia
 W roku 1962 J. G. Ballard opublikował manifest artystyczny „Which Way to Inner Space?”, w którym postulował, by twórcy ambitnej science fiction odeszli od powtarzalnych historii o galaktycznych przygodach, a zajęli się kosmosem wewnętrznym człowieka. Dwa lata później pisarz opublikował opowiadanie „The Reptile Enclosure” („Wybieg dla gadów”, nie tłumaczone na polski), które, choć pozornie poświęcone umieszczeniu na orbicie nowego satelity, stanowi dogłębne studium kosmosu wewnętrznego – bezczasowej przestrzeni pradawnych instynktów Człowieka z Cro-Magnon, odziedziczonej przez współczesnych ludzi.
 Artykuł interpretuje „The Reptile Enclosure” w kontekście tez Ballarda wyrażonych w manifeście oraz traktatu R. D. Lainga Polityka doświadczenia. Zarówno Ballard, jak i Laing starają się wytłumaczyć niezrozumiałe z pozoru ludzkie odruchy, odwołując się do przeszłości ewolucyjnej rasy ludzkiej, fizycznego i społecznego środowiska, które już nie istnieje, ale które – ich zdaniem – wciąż nosimy w pamięci genetycznej.

The purpose of this paper is to contextualize and analyze the lyrics of Tupac Shakur by using the research methodological approach of concatenation to merge hip-hop and sport so that the qualitative data from these songs might serve as a cultural map to constructs of identity, race, social class, and black masculinity in the context of sport and the black male athlete experience in America. Applying critical race theory and White’s framework of black masculinity and the politics of racial performance, a connection is made with themes of the artists’ (rapper) social commentary and the athlete (baller). The themes from Tupac Shakur’s lyrics are follows: (a) Trapped, (b) Against the World, (c) The Streetz R Death, and (d) Ambitionz. Synergy with the rapper and baller are articulated, as well as implications for scholars and practitioners that work with high school, collegiate, and professional black male athletes, along with other men of color.

The latest findings of scientists and literature, pay attention to the important role of fascia in the human body. The fascia is supplied with blood, innervated a n d b e c a u s e o f c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s construction, also very plastic. During d i a g n o s i s o f d y s f u n c t i o n o f m u s c u l o s k e l e t a l s y s t e m , it is important to look at the patient in a holistic way. In practice the fascial dysfunction is far away from the place of issue and is crucial to the impaired function. This thesis is a response for patients and therapists, who have problem with the scope of the traffic and local acting method of relaxing tight muscles does not bring the desired effects. The aim of this work is to evaluate the efficacy of a single therapy fascial method (TASK) to increase the range of motion of flexion during forward bend. The aim of researchers was to carry out the theraphy of the part of superficial back line - sacrolumbar fascia of erector spinae. Before and after therapy has been measured to lumbar flexion range of motion, bend the total spine and Thomayers test. A group of test subjects were 30 students of physiotherapy (18 women and 12 men) from the Academy of Physical Education and Sport in Gdansk. Improving the range of motion was reported in the whole group of patients.The latest findings of scientists and literature, pay attention to the important role of fascia in the human body. The fascia is supplied with blood, innervated a n d b e c a u s e o f c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s construction, also very plastic. During d i a g n o s i s o f d y s f u n c t i o n o f m u s c u l o s k e l e t a l s y s t e m , it is important to look at the patient in a holistic way. In practice the fascial dysfunction is far away from the place of issue and is crucial to the impaired function. This thesis is a response for patients and therapists, who have problem with the scope of the traffic and local acting method of relaxing tight muscles does not bring the desired effects. The aim of this work is to evaluate the efficacy of a single therapy fascial method (TASK) to increase the range of motion of flexion during forward bend. The aim of researchers was to carry out the theraphy of the part of superficial back line - sacrolumbar fascia of erector spinae. Before and after therapy has been measured to lumbar flexion range of motion, bend the total spine and Thomayers test. A group of test subjects were 30 students of physiotherapy (18 women and 12 men) from the Academy of Physical Education and Sport in Gdansk. Improving the range of motion was reported in the whole group of patients.

Kibria, N.; Bowman, C., and O’Leary, M. (2014). Race and Immigration. Cambridge: Polity Press. 297 pages. (ISBN: 9780745647913)Vollmer, B. A. (2014) Policy Discourses on Irregular Migration in Germany and the United Kingdom. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 297 pages. (ISBN: 9781137307552)Biradavolu, M. R. (2008) Indian Entrepreneurs in Silicon Valley, the Making of a Transnational Techno-Capitalist Class. Cambria Press, 237p. (ISBN: 9781604795277)Sirkeci, I., Elcin, D., Seker, G. (ed.) (2015) Politics and Law in Turkish Migration. London, UK: Transnational Press London, 190p. (ISBN: 978-1-910781-00-5)Hackett, S. (2013) Foreigners, Minorities and Integration: The Muslim Immigrant Experience in Britain and Germany. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 277 pages. (ISBN – 978-0-7190-8317-4)

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan model tes fisik pencarian bakat cabang olahraga bulutangkis usia di bawah 11 tahun. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian R and D (Research and Development). Dalam penelitian pengembangan ini, langkah-langkah yang harus ditempuh meliputi: (1) studi pendahuluan (studi pustaka dan studi lapangan), (2) perencanaan (melakukan analisis), (3) desain draft awal, (4) validasi draft (5) ujcoba produk kelompok kecil dan revisi, (6) uji coba kelompok besar dan revisi, (7) hasil akhir. Validitas menggunakan validitas isi, reliabilitas menggunakan test retest Conbrach’s Alpha dan Z skor untuk menyamakan satuan. Uji reliabilitas diperoleh hasil (a) tes kelentukan (sit and reach) 0,743; (b) tes kecepatan (lari 30 m) 0,844; (c) tes power otot tungkai (vertical jump) 0,663; (d) tes kelincahan (lari 4 sudut) 0,848; (e) tes power otot lengan (lempar bola) 0,943; (f) tes reaksi (step test) 0,987; (g) tes daya tahan (lari 600 m) 0,861. Produk yang dihasilkan berupa sebuah model tes dan norma tes untuk pencarian bakat. A MODEL OF PHYSICAL TEST FOR TALENT SCOUTING IN BADMINTON SKILL UNDER 11 YEARS OLD IN DIY Abstract The purpose of the research it to develop a model of physical test in looking for a sport talent in badminton skill under 11 years old. The type of this research is R and D (Research and Development) in this development research, the steps are (1) introduction study (bibiliography study, and field study), (2) planning (doing analysis), (3)introduction draft design, (4) validation draft, (5) trying out product in small group and revision, (6) trying out product in big group and revision, (7) final result. Validation used content validation, reliability used test retest and Z score to the same the unit. The model of the test that has been arranged is suitable to be to look for talent in badminton skill. Reability test shows that: (a) sit and reach 0.743; (b) sprint 30 m 0.844; (c) vertical jump 0.663; (d) run 4 corner 0.848; (e) throw ball 0.943; (f) steps test 0.987; and (g) endurance 0.861. Validity test shows that: (a) sit and reach 0.601; (b) sprint 30 m 0.731; (c) vertical jump 0.496; (d) run 4 corner 0.741; (e) throw ball 0.894; (f) steps test 0.975; and (g) endurance 0.756. Key words: development, model of test, looking talent, badminton

Purpose:To examine physiological responses to submaximal feld running with changes of direction (COD), and to compare two approaches to assess running economy (RE) with COD, ie, during square-wave (SW) and incremental (INC) exercises.Methods:Ten male team-sport athletes performed, in straight-line or over 20 m shuttles, one maximal INC and four submaximal SW (45, 60, 75 and 90% of the velocity associated with maximal pulmonary O2 uptake [vVO2pmax]). Pulmonary (VO2p) and gastrocnemius (VO2m) O2 uptake were computed for all tests. For both running mode, RE was estimated as the O2 cost per kilogram of bodyweight, per meter of running during all SW and INC.Results:Compared with straight-line runs, shuttle runs were associated with higher VO2p (eg, 33 ± 6 vs 37 ± 5 mL O2·min–1·kg–1 at 60%, P < .01) and VO2m (eg, 1.1 ± 0.5 vs 1.3 ± 0.8 mL O2·min–1·100 g–1 at 60%, P = .18, Cohen’s d = 0.32). With COD, RE was impaired during SW (0.26 ± 0.02 vs 0.24 ± 0.03 mL O2·kg–1·m–1, P < .01) and INC (0.23 ± 0.04 vs 0.16 ± 0.03 mL O2·kg–1·m–1, P < .001). For both SW and INC tests, the changes in RE with COD were related to height (eg, r = .56 [90%CL, 0.01;0.85] for SW) and weekly training/competitive volume (eg, r = –0.58 [–0.86;–0.04] for SW). For both running modes, RE calculated from INC was better than that from SW (both P < .001).Conclusion:Although RE is impaired during feld running with COD, team-sport players of shorter stature and/or presenting greater training/competitive volumes may present a lower RE deterioration with COD. Present results do not support the use of INC to assess RE in the feld, irrespective of running mode.

Background:Physical activity has a positive impact on health, but adolescent athletes often report musculoskeletal pain (MP) which is negative in the aspect of sustaining physical activity over time. There is a lack of longitudinal assessments of MP and potential risk factors, such as timing of physical maturation, in adolescent athletes.Objectives:To identify risk factors associated with the persistence or development of frequent MP at a 2-year follow-up in adolescent sport school students.Methods:Fourteen-year-old sport school students (n=233) were invited to participate in this 2-year longitudinal study. Self-reports of MP was assessed as frequency, distribution, and intensity, and health status by EQ-5D. Physical maturation was calculated by the Mirwald equation (height, weight, and sitting height) (1), and categorized as early (>1 year), average (±1 year), or late (<–1 year). Students were grouped at baseline and follow-up into infrequent (never to monthly) or frequent (weekly to daily) MP groups. Logistic regression analysis was used to study associations between frequent MP at follow-up and baseline variables.Results:131 students (79 boys and 52 girls) were included in the study. Development or persistence of frequent MP at follow-up (n=61) was associated with being a girl, late physical maturation (only boys were categorized as late), non-contact sports participation, frequent MP at baseline, and reporting ≥2 MP sites at baseline. Students with a better health status at baseline were less likely to belong to the frequent MP group at follow-up (Table).Conclusion:Frequent MP is common in sport school students. MP in young athletes may become a future health problem and there is a need for recognition and interventions by coaches and health services to prevent MP from becoming persistent.References:[1]Mirwald, R. L., Baxter-Jones, A. D., Bailey, D. A., & Beunen, G. P. (2002). An assessment of maturity from anthropometric measurements.Med Sci Sports Exerc, 34(4), 689-694.Table.Associations between background variables at baseline and frequent MP at follow-up based on crude logistic regression analysis controlling each variable for sex.Baseline variablesModelInfrequent MP vs. Frequent MPOR(95% CI; p-value)SexBoys1.00Girls2.76(1.34–5.68; p<0.01)Physical maturationAverage (±1 year)1.00Early (>1 year)0.41(0.05–3.65; p=0.42)Late (<–1 year)3.83(1.13–12.95; p=0.03)Sport categoriesContact1.00Non-contact5.16(2.07–12.88; p<0.001)MP groupsInfrequent1.00Frequent2.74(1.31–5.72; p<0.01)MP intensity last week (NRS 0–10, best to worst)1.15(0.98–1.35; p=0.10)Number of MP sites01.0012.32(0.71–7.58; p=0.16)≥22.87(1.32–6.25; p<0.01)EQ-5D (0.00–1.00, worst to best)0.03(0.001–0.58; p=0.02)Disclosure of Interests:None declared

Hop Tests (unipodal horizontal jumps) have been recommended as one of the reliable assessment tests when allowing a return to competition for a sportsperson after an anterior cruciate ligament injury1,2,3,4. Currently, comparison is made of the results with the contralateral limb through the symmetry index, a method which might not provide sufficient security upon the return to competitive sport5. Hop tests can be used in preseason to gain reference values prior to a possible injury. The objective of this review is to analise the scientific literature such as the F-Marc6 (reference manual of FIFA) to confirm whether include said tests in preseason for football teams. A search was conducted in the Pubmed y Cochrane databases (17/04/17) with the search terms “Hop Test”, “Football”, “Soccer”, and “Preseason”. Articles in English and Spanish were both accepted. Articles excluded were those that did not make reference to the knee, to football, and those that did not conduct tests during preseason. From a total of 33 articles, 4 with these search criteria were included, 5 articles were added trough the bibliography of other studies, and the F-Marc manual was analised. 4 of the articles used the hop tests in preseason for some type of study, of which 3 were used as part of a prospective assessment for the season. On the other hand, the F-Marc does not consider Hop Tests as an assessment test. Hop tests were not found to be used in preseason as reference values prior to possible future injuries, data which could be beneficial for a safe return to sport. Harris J, Abrams G, Bach B, Williams D, Heidloff D, Bush-Joseph C, Verma N, Forsythe B, Cole B. Return to Sport After ACL Reconstruction. ORTHOPEDICS. 2014; 37: e103-e108. Barber-Westin SD, Noyes FR. Factors used to determine return to unrestricted sports activities after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy. 2011 Dec;27(12):1697-705. Thomeé R, Kaplan Y, Kvist J, Myklebust G, Risberg MA, Theisen D, Tsepis E, Werner S, Wondrasch B, Witvrouw E. Muscle strength and hop performance criteria prior to return to sports after ACL reconstruction. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2011 Nov;19(11):1798-805. Bolgla LA, Keskula DR. Reliability of lower extremity functional performance tests. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1997 Sep;26(3):138-42. Wellsandt E, Failla MJ, Snyder-Mackler L. Limb Symmetry Indexes Can Overestimate Knee Function After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2017 Mar 29:1-18. F-MARC. Football Medicine Manual. 2nd Edition. Available from: http://f-marc.com . 2017.

Background: Gaining a better understanding of head impact exposures may lead to better comprehension of the possible effects of repeated impact exposures not associated with clinical concussion. Purpose: To assess the correlation between head impacts and any differences associated with cognitive testing measurements pre- and postseason. Study Design: Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A total of 34 National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I men’s lacrosse players wore lacrosse helmets instrumented with an accelerometer during the 2014 competitive season and were tested pre- and postseason with the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool (SCAT 3) and Concussion Vital Signs (CVS) computer-based neurocognitive tests. The number of head impacts >20 g and results from the 2 cognitive tests were analyzed for differences and correlation. Results: There was no significant difference between pre- and postseason SCAT 3 scores, although a significant correlation between pre- and postseason cognitive scores on the SCAT 3 and total number of impacts sustained was noted ( r = –0.362, P = .035). Statistically significant improvements on half of the CVS testing components included visual reaction time ( P = .037, d = 0.37), reaction time ( P = .001, d = 0.65), and simple reaction time ( P = .043, d = 0.37), but no correlation with head impacts was noted. Conclusion: This study did not find declines in SCAT 3 or CVS scores over the course of a season among athletes who sustained multiple head impacts but no clinical concussion. Thus, it could not be determined whether there was no cognitive decline among these athletes or whether there may have been subtle declines that could not be measured by the SCAT 3 or CVS.

ABSTRACT
 Parents and early childhood educators still find it difficult to find ways to self-identify children's motor development, there needs to be innovation that measures motoric development can be easily used by parents The purpose of this study is to identify indicators of motor development in early childhood, make measuring instruments, and create a web-based measurement application. This Research and Development methodology uses mix method data analysis. This research is located in Indonesia with a sample of 590 participants. The results of the study show that valid and reliable measurement instruments for motoric development from the results of testing as many as 97 indicators are considered high value. Applications made by Information Technology experts to produce a systematic performance measurement system, making it easier for users, teachers / parents who are famous to get the results of the examination quickly and accurately. The implications of research are expected to be able to build a measuring device with the application of technology that is more developed in aspects of child development in addition to motor development, to become a facility for assessing early childhood development that makes it easier for educators to use it.
 Keywords: Early Childhood, Motoric Development, Web Based Application Instrument.
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THE REFUGEE CRISIS AND RELIGION: Secularism, Security and Hospitality in Question Edited by Luca Mavelli and Erin K. Wilson. London and New York: Rowman and Littlefield International, 2017. 305 pages, ISBN 9781783488940MUSLIMISCHE DIVERSITÄT: Ein Kompass zur religiösen Alltagspraxis in Österreich [Muslim Diversity: A Guide to Religious Everyday Practices in Austria] Wiener Beiträge zur Islamforschung series. Edited by Ednan Aslan, Jonas Kolb, and Erol Yildiz. Wiesbaden: Springer VS, 2017. 506 pages, ISBN 9783658175535 (print); 9783658175542 (e-book)BUREAUCRACY, LAW AND DYSTOPIA IN THE UNITED KINGDOM’S ASYLUM SYSTEM John R. Campbell. London: Routledge, 2017. 202 pages, ISBN 978113821495ETHNIC CHURCH MEETS MEGACHURCH: Indian American Christianity in Motion Prema A. Kurien. New York: New York University Press, 2017. 281 pages, ISBN 9781479804757 (hardback); 9781479826377 (paperback)FORGING AFRICAN COMMUNITIES: Mobility, Integration and Belonging Edited by Oliver Bakewell and Loren B. Landau. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018. 321 pages, ISBN 9781137581938 (hardcover); 9781137581945 (e-book)DETAINING THE IMMIGRANT OTHER: Global and Transnational Issues Edited by R. Furman, D. Epps, and G. Lamphear. New York: Oxford University Press, 2016. 220 pages, ISBN 9780190222574 (hardback)THIS IS LONDON: Life and Death in the World City Ben Judah. London: Picador, 2016. 423 pages, ISBN 9781447272441 (hardback); 9781447274797 (paperback)THE ROAD TO SOMEWHERE: The New Tribes Shaping British Politics David Goodhart. London: Penguin Books, 2017. 278 pages, ISBN 9780141986975 (paperback); 9780141986982 (e-book)THE GOOD IMMIGRANT Edited by Nikesh Shukla. London: Unbound, 2017. 254 pages, ISBN 9781783522958 (hardback); 9781783522965 (e-book) THE SOVIET PASSPORT: Its History—Structure—Practices Albert Baiburin. St. Petersburg: Publishing House of the European University in St. Petersburg, 2017. 488 pages, ISBN 978-94380-232-4 (In Russian: Советский паспорт. История- структура- практики. СпБ: Издательство Европейского университета. Альберт Байбурин, 2017. 488. / Sovetskiy pasport. Istoriya- strukturapraktiki. SpB: Izdatel’stvo Yevropeyskogo universiteta, Albert Baiburin, 2017. 488)

THE REFUGEE CRISIS AND RELIGION: Secularism, Security and Hospitality in Question Edited by Luca Mavelli and Erin K. Wilson. London and New York: Rowman and Littlefield International, 2017. 305 pages, ISBN 9781783488940MUSLIMISCHE DIVERSITÄT: Ein Kompass zur religiösen Alltagspraxis in Österreich [Muslim Diversity: A Guide to Religious Everyday Practices in Austria] Wiener Beiträge zur Islamforschung series. Edited by Ednan Aslan, Jonas Kolb, and Erol Yildiz. Wiesbaden: Springer VS, 2017. 506 pages, ISBN 9783658175535 (print); 9783658175542 (e-book)BUREAUCRACY, LAW AND DYSTOPIA IN THE UNITED KINGDOM’S ASYLUM SYSTEM John R. Campbell. London: Routledge, 2017. 202 pages, ISBN 978113821495ETHNIC CHURCH MEETS MEGACHURCH: Indian American Christianity in Motion Prema A. Kurien. New York: New York University Press, 2017. 281 pages, ISBN 9781479804757 (hardback); 9781479826377 (paperback)FORGING AFRICAN COMMUNITIES: Mobility, Integration and Belonging Edited by Oliver Bakewell and Loren B. Landau. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018. 321 pages, ISBN 9781137581938 (hardcover); 9781137581945 (e-book)DETAINING THE IMMIGRANT OTHER: Global and Transnational Issues Edited by R. Furman, D. Epps, and G. Lamphear. New York: Oxford University Press, 2016. 220 pages, ISBN 9780190222574 (hardback)THIS IS LONDON: Life and Death in the World City Ben Judah. London: Picador, 2016. 423 pages, ISBN 9781447272441 (hardback); 9781447274797 (paperback)THE ROAD TO SOMEWHERE: The New Tribes Shaping British Politics David Goodhart. London: Penguin Books, 2017. 278 pages, ISBN 9780141986975 (paperback); 9780141986982 (e-book)THE GOOD IMMIGRANT Edited by Nikesh Shukla. London: Unbound, 2017. 254 pages, ISBN 9781783522958 (hardback); 9781783522965 (e-book) THE SOVIET PASSPORT: Its History—Structure—Practices Albert Baiburin. St. Petersburg: Publishing House of the European University in St. Petersburg, 2017. 488 pages, ISBN 978-94380-232-4 (In Russian: Советский паспорт. История- структура- практики. СпБ: Издательство Европейского университета. Альберт Байбурин, 2017. 488. / Sovetskiy pasport. Istoriya- strukturapraktiki. SpB: Izdatel’stvo Yevropeyskogo universiteta, Albert Baiburin, 2017. 488)

-Alan L. Karras, Lauren A. Benton, Law and colonial cultures: Legal regimes in world history, 1400-1900. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. xiii + 285 pp.-Sidney W. Mintz, Douglass Sullivan-González ,The South and the Caribbean. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2001. xii + 208 pp., Charles Reagan Wilson (eds)-John Collins, Peter Redfield, Space in the tropics: From convicts to rockets in French Guiana. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000. xiii + 345 pp.-Vincent Brown, Keith Q. Warner, On location: Cinema and film in the Anglophone Caribbean. Oxford: Macmillan, 2000. xii + 194 pp.-Ann Marie Stock, Jacqueline Barnitz, Twentieth-century art of Latin America. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2001. 416 pp.-Ineke Phaf, J.J. Oversteegen, Herscheppingen: De wereld van José Maria Capricorne. Emmastad, Curacao: Uitgeverij ICS Nederland/Curacao, 1999. 168 pp.-Halbert Barton, Frances R. Aparicio, Listening to Salsa: Gender, latin popular music, and Puerto Rican cultures. Hanover NH: Wesleyan University Press, 1998. xxi + 290 pp.-Pedro Pérez Sarduy, John M. Kirk ,Culture and the Cuban revolution: Conversations in Havana. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2001. xxvi + 188 pp., Leonardo Padura Fuentes (eds)-Luis Martínez-Fernández, Damián J. Fernández, Cuba and the politics of passion. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2000. 192 pp.-Eli Bartra, María de Los Reyes Castillo Bueno, Reyita: The life of a black Cuban woman in the twentieth century. Durham NC: Duke University Press, 2000. 182 pp.-María del Carmen Baerga, Felix V. Matos Rodríguez, Women and urban change in San Juan, Puerto Rico, 1820-1868. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1999. xii + 180 pp. [Reissued in 2001 as: Women in San Juan, 1820-1868. Princeton NJ: Markus Weiner Publishers.]-Kevin A. Yelvington, Winston James, Holding aloft the banner of Ethiopa: Caribbean radicalism in early twentieth-century America. New York: Verso, 1998. x + 406 pp.-Jerome Teelucksingh, O. Nigel Bolland, The politics of labour in the British Caribbean: The social origins of authoritarianism and democracy in the labour movement. Kingston: Ian Randle; Princeton NJ: Marcus Weiner, 2001. xxii + 720 pp.-Jay R. Mandle, Randolph B. Persaud, Counter-Hegemony and foreign policy: The dialectics of marginalized and global forces in Jamaica. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2001. xviii + 248 pp.-Patrick Bellegarde-Smith, Mary A. Renda, Taking Haiti: Military occupation and the culture of U.S. imperialism, 1915-1940. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001. xvi + 414 pp.-James W. St. G. Walker, Maureen G. Elgersman, Unyielding spirits: Black women and slavery in early Canada and Jamaica. New York: Garland, 1999. xvii + 188 pp.-Madhavi Kale, David Hollett, Passage from India to El Dorado: Guyana and the great migration. Madison NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1999. 325 pp.-Karen S. Dhanda, Linda Peake ,Gender, ethnicity and place: Women and identities in Guyana. London: Routledge, 1999. xii + 228 pp., D. Alissa Trotz (eds)-Karen S. Dhanda, Moses Nagamootoo, Hendree's cure: Scenes from Madrasi life in a new world. Leeds, UK: Peepal Tree, 2000. 149 pp.-Stephen D. Glazier, Hemchand Gossai ,Religion, culture, and tradition in the Caribbean., Nathaniel Samuel Murrell (eds)-Michiel van Kempen, A. James Arnold, A history of literature in the Caribbean. Volume 2: English- and Dutch- speaking regions. (Vera M. Kuzinski & Ineke Phaf-Rheinberger, sub-eds.).Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 2001. ix + 672 pp.-Frank Birbalsingh, Bruce King, Derek Walcott: A Caribbean life. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000. ix + 714 pp.-Frank Birbalsingh, Paula Burnett, Derek Walcott: Politics and poetics. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2001. xiii + 380 pp.-Jeanne Garane, Micheline Rice-Maximin, Karukéra: Présence littéraire de la Guadeloupe. New York: Peter Lang, 1998. x + 197 pp.-Jeanne Garane, Marie-Christine Rochmann, L'esclave fugitif dans la littérature antillaise: Sur la déclive du morne. Paris: Karthala, 2000. 408 pp.-Alasdair Pettinger, Lizabeth Paravisini-Gebert ,Women at sea: Travel writing and the margins of Caribbean discourse. New York: Palgrave, 2001. x + 301 pp., Ivette Romero-Cesareo (eds)

En el presente trabajo se plasman los resultados del análisis del estrés laboral en servidores públicos. Tomando en cuenta las variables sociolaborales presentes en el período de pandemia ocasionado por la Covid-19. Se expone el modelo demanda-control-apoyo social para determinar el estrés laboral en este contexto en dos gobiernos locales de la ciudad de Arequipa- Perú. Para este trabajo se consideró la participación de 286 colaboradores, y se utilizó un instrumento de recolección de información con 29 ítems que permitieron medir el estrés laboral. Los resultados muestran que existe un nivel medio de estrés en el trabajo, considerando que se trata de un trabajador activo y que en su trayecto al trabajo y durante las jornadas laborales, está expuesto a situaciones de riesgo. El estudio permitió concluir que las situaciones de salud actual son un condicionante del estrés en los servidores públicos.
 Palabras Clave: Estrés laboral, Covid-19, situaciones de riesgo, situaciones de salud.
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The present work is a revision of corruption and the social effects it has on culture, poverty, gender and social organizations, interpreting these instances as integrative for the understanding of corruption as a phenomenon. Furthermore, the present work analyses the legal context of corruption in Paraguay. To address this, a literature review of current and topical research was carry it out, contextualizing the problem from a regional South American perspective and relating it to the efforts of the Paraguayan state with a focus on social corruption as described by various experts on the matter. In terms of the latter, the revision of the legal context of corruption in Paraguay creates an overview of the phenomenon, thus not only identifying the principal institutions, but also exposing their institutional evolution and the changes they represent in reality.
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RESUMENLa historia del cristianismo no se entiende sin el complejo fenómeno mariano. El culto mariano ha afianzado la construcción de identidades colectivas, pero también individuales. La figura de la Virgen María estableció un modelo de conducta desde cada contexto histórico-cultural, remarcando especialmente los ideales de maternidad y virginidad. Dentro del imaginario católico, la Europa contemporánea ha estado marcada por la formación de una cultura aparicionista que se ha generadoa partir de diversas apariciones marianas que han establecido un canon y un marco de interpretación que ha alimentado las guerras culturales entre secularismo y catolicismo.PALABRAS CLAVE: catolicismo, Virgen María, cultura aparicionista, Lourdes, guerras culturales.ABSTRACTThe history of Christianity cannot be understood without the complex Marian phenomenon. Marian devotion has reinforced the construction of collective, but also of individual identities. The figure of the Virgin Mary established a model of conduct through each historical-cultural context, emphasizing in particular the ideals of maternity and virginity. Within the Catholic imaginary, contemporary Europe has been marked by the formation of an apparitionist culture generated by various Marian apparitions that have established a canon and a framework of interpretation that has fuelled the cultural wars between secularism and Catholicism.KEY WORDS: Catholicism, Virgin Mary, apparicionist culture, Lourdes, culture wars. BIBLIOGRAFÍAAlbert Llorca, M., “Les apparitions et leur histoire”, Archives de Sciences Sociales des religions, 116 (2001), pp. 53-66.Albert, J.-P. y Rozenberg G., “Des expériences du surnaturel”, Archives de Sciences Sociales des Religions, 145 (2009), pp. 9-14.Amanat A. y Bernhardsson, M. T. (eds.), Imagining the End. Visions of Apocalypsis from the Ancient Middle East to Modern America, London and New York, I. B. Tauris, 2002.Angelier, F. y Langlois, C. 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Physical activity is very important for early childhood, especially outdoor activities that add a lot of new experiences. This study aims to check the relationship of children's outdoor activities and parenting styles and children's social skills. The participants are 125 parents of early childhood who attend kindergarten. The research method is a descriptive study using the relational screening model. The results showed that there was a relationship between outside play and parenting style on the social skills of children in their childhood. Democratic parenting styles are found to promote children's social skills, while authoritative parenting styles have a negative correlation with interpersonal skills, the ability to express verbally, self-control, listening skills, emotional management and adaptation to change. In the sub-dimensions of anger management and adaptation to changing skills is a significant difference between authoritative parenting styles and not permissive parenting with children's social skills.
 Keywords: Early Childhood Social skills, Outdoor Activities, Parenting Styles
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RESUMENEl nacimiento en la Antigua Roma de niños con rasgos sexuales masculinos y femeninos a la vez, los llamados andróginos o hermafroditas, eran considerados como un gravísimo prodigio. Su expiación, necesaria para el restablecimiento de las buenas relaciones entre los hombres y los dioses, quedó en manos exclusivamente de mujeres: ancianas, matronas y virgines.PALABRAS CLAVE: Antigua Roma, Matrona, prodigio, expiación, andróginoABSTRACTThe birth in ancient Rome of children with both male and female sexual features, so-called androgynes or hermaphrodites, was regarded as a an extraordinary phenomenon. Their expiation, necessary for the restoration of good relations between men and gods, remained exclusively in the hands of women: old women, midwives and virgines.KEY WORDS: Ancient Rome, midwife, prodigy, expiation, androgynus BIBLIOGRAFÍAAbaecherly Boyce, A. (1937), “The expiatory rites of 207 B. C.”, TAPhA, 68, 157-171.Allély, A. 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Se estudió la satisfacción laboral en tiempos de Covid-19 en colaboradores de gobiernos locales según variables sociolaborales. Se exponen los elementos más relevantes que permiten caracterizar la situación laboral actual de la población en dos gobiernos locales de la ciudad de Arequipa- Perú. Para el análisis se consideró una muestra de 500 participantes, y se utilizó un instrumento de recolección de información con 27 ítems que hicieron posible la comprensión de las exigencias laborales y de la satisfacción en el trabajo de las personas. Los resultados muestran que existe regular satisfacción laboral con tendencia a la insatisfacción durante el año 2020, además, las condiciones de trabajo y el temor al contagio han impactado considerablemente en la conducta de las personas y sus diversas problemáticas familiares.
 Palabras Clave: Satisfacción laboral, Covid-19, gobiernos locales, colaboradores.
 Referencias
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RESUMENDe entre todos los objetos, tiempos, espacios, palabras y seres que componen el mundo físico, algunos están investidos de un valor especial por cuanto se les atribuye la virtud de visibilizar las instancias invisibles de las que dependemos los mortales. Es lo sagrado. A lo sagrado se le depara un trato singular hecho de respeto, veneración o miedo, pero en ocasiones también de rencor y de odio por lo que encarna o representa. Es adorado, pero también, y acaso por las mismas razones, puede ser insultado, destruido, objeto de burla y, si tiene forma humana, martirizado o asesinado. La violencia contra lo sagrado puede caber en sistemas religiosos que le otorgan a la agresión un papel central en su universo mítico o ritual. También se ofende u agrede lo santo para grupos o pueblos a someter, puesto que en ello está resumido su orden del mundo. Desde esta perspectiva, el agravio, la irreverencia y el daño pasan a reclamar un lugar protagonista en los estudios sobre la institución religiosa de la cultura bajo las figuras del sacrilegio y la profanación.PALABRAS CLAVE: sagrado, profanación, sacrilegio, violencia religiosa, iconoclastia.ABSTRACTOf all the objects, times, spaces, words and beings that make up the physical world, some are invested with a special value because they are attributed the virtue of making visible the invisible instances on which we mortals depend. This is the sacred. The sacred is given a singular treatment combining respect, veneration or fear, but sometimes also resentment and hatred of what it embodies or represents. It is adored, but also, and perhaps for the same reasons, it can be insulted,destroyed, mocked and, if it has a human form, martyred or killed. Violence against the sacred can fit into religious systems that give aggression a central role in their mythical or ritual universe. Also offended or attacked is what is sacred for groups or peoples to be subdued, since in it an embodiment of their world order. From this perspective, aggravation, irreverence and damage occupy a central place in the studies on the religious institution of culture under the figures of sacrilege and profanation.KEY WORDS: sacred, profanation, sacrilege, religious violence, iconoclasm. BIBLIOGRAFÍAAgamben, G. (2005), Profanaciones, Barcelona, Anagrama.Arbeola, V. M. (1973), Socialismo y anticlericalismo, Madrid, Taurus.Arce Fustero, G. (2018), De espaldas a Cristo. Una historia del anticlericalisme en Colombia, 1849-1948, Medellín, Editorial Universidad de Medellín.Aston, M. (1988), England’s Iconoclasts, Oxford, Oxford University Press.Auzépy, M. F. (1987), “L’iconodulie: Défense de l’image ou de la devotion de l’image”, en Boesfplug, F. y Lossy, N. (comp.), Nicée II, 787-19 87. Douze siecles d’imagerie religieuse, París, Cerf, 157-164.Bataille, G. 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El objetivo del estudio fue analizar el nivel de satisfacción con la vida en grupos etarios según variables sociodemográficas, se realizó en 1661 sujetos (adolescentes, jóvenes, adultos y adultos mayores) de 3 distritos de la ciudad de Arequipa, a quienes se les aplicó el cuestionario de satisfacción con la vida. Se encontró que el nivel de satisfacción de los participantes es moderado con tendencia a ser alta. Según grupo etario, los adultos mayores presentan niveles altos de satisfacción con la vida en comparación a los otros grupos y las personas que presentan mayor nivel educativo se encuentran más satisfechos con la vida. Se concluye que, los resultados guardan relación con el nivel de bienestar y calidad de vida que experimentan las personas haciendo una evaluación global positiva de su experiencia en la vida.
 Palabras Clave: satisfacción con la vida, grupos etarios, variables sociodemográficas.
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The article presents the semantic history of the word flapper that denotes social stereotype of American culture. Being a multifaceted phenomenon of semantic cognition, a sociocultural stereotype presents a condensed and coded information that develops on the background of a cultural context. The semantic analysis from diachronic perspective sets up a correspondence of Latin origin of the word flapper with Indo-European stem that produced a number of words in Germanic languages. The cognate words of related languages reveal conformity of negative connotations determined by attitude to human weakness in different forms of its manifestations. This presumes historically determined negative connotation of the word flapper. The initial designation was motivated by kinetic characteristic of the object – a vertical movement. The meaning “a young and daring American girl of the 1920s” of the word flapper was semantically motivated. As it was stated, at the moment of designation, youth and immaturity of a girl were conceived of a fledgling image, that traditionally symbolizes inexperience of a youngster. This zoomorphic metaphor acts as the source of categorization of a cultural and social phenomenon “Flapper”.
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Research suggests that child independence is more popular in countries with greater wealth and a higher percentage of the educated population. Various research implications expect children's independence and compliance to increase over time in developing countries. This study aims to describe the independence of early childhood who comes from low-income families or at low socioeconomic environment. Using quantitative descriptive, data collection techniques are carried out through a questionnaire. The study population was 30 respondents from the ECE institution who were included in the list of low-income families in 2018, using an area sampling technique. Overall, the teacher stated that all indicators of dependence on children from low-income families had reached the high category, which was 75%. The implication of further research is that aspects of independence in physical abilities, self-confidence, responsibility, discipline, sociability, sharing, and independence in terms of emotional control in early childhood can develop better in a low socio-economic environment.
 Keywords: Early Childhood, Independence skills, low-socioeconomic environment 
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La investigación –cuantitativa, descriptiva, correlacional y transversal– pretendió conocer si las dimensiones del liderazgo directivo –transformacional, transaccional y laissez-faire– predicen significativamente el desempeño docente, de acuerdo con la percepción de 105 docentes de un grupo de nueve colegios privados salvadoreños, quienes respondieron (a) el Cuestionario Multifactorial (MQL), de 45 ítems, y (b) el Cuestionario de Autoevaluación Docente, para medir la variable desempeño docente, de 20 ítems. Se utilizó el análisis de regresión múltiple. De las tres dimensiones del liderazgo del director, el liderazgo transaccional mostró una correlación positiva con el desempeño docente. La predicción es significativa para todas las dimensiones del desempeño docente, excepto emocionalidad. Los docentes que laboran en colegios cuyos directores están en función por más de siete años mostraron un desempeño significativamente mejor en las dimensiones de capacidad pedagógica y emocionalidad. A la vez, demostraron una percepción del liderazgo transformacional más baja en términos de motivación por inspiración.
 
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The challenge for rural communities to provide quality education for early childhood in Indonesia is difficult. National politics, policies, and economic and cultural conditions affect the Early Childhood Education system, and Indonesia is a large multicultural country, so, even the quality of education is difficult. This study aims to look at the quality of children's education in Pandalungan. Using qualitative methods with ethnographic design, data collection techniques using interviews, observation, and documentation. The results showed that educational institutions for children in urban areas can be categorized quite high. However, for early childhood education services in Desa Sukorambi Pandalungan, the quality is quite poor. Research suggestions are the need for follow-up related to social, economic, cultural and environmental factors at the level of Pandalungan community awareness of early childhood education.
 Keywords: Early Childhood, Learning Quality, Pandalungan Community
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Background: Although sleep has been identified as an important modifiable risk factor for sports injury, the effect of decreased sleep on sports injuries in adolescents is poorly studied. Purpose: To systematically review published literature to examine if a lack of sleep is associated with sports injuries in adolescents and to delineate the effects of chronic versus acute lack of sleep. Methods: PubMed and EMBASE databases were systematically searched for studies reporting statistics regarding the relationship between sleep and sports injury in adolescents aged <19 years published between 1/1/1997 and 12/21/2017. From included studies, the following information was extracted: bibliographic and demographic information, reported outcomes related to injury and sleep, and definitions of injury and decreased sleep. Additionally, a NOS (Newcastle-Ottawa Scale) assessment and an evaluation of the OCEM (Oxford Center for Evidence-Based Medicine) level of evidence for each study was conducted to assess each study’s individual risk of bias, and the risk of bias across all studies. Results: Of 907 identified articles, 7 met inclusion criteria. Five studies reported that adolescents who chronically slept poorly were at a significantly increased likelihood of experiencing a sports or musculoskeletal injury. Two studies reported on acute sleep behaviors. One reported a significant positive correlation between acutely poor sleep and injury, while the other study reported no significant correlation. In our random effects model, adolescents who chronically slept poorly were more likely to be injured than those who slept well (OR 1.58, 95% CI 1.05 to 2.37, p = 0.03). OCEM criteria assessment showed that all but one study (a case-series) were of 2b level of evidence—which is the highest level of evidence possible for studies which were not randomized control trials or systematic reviews. NOS assessment was conducted for all six cohort studies to investigate each study’s individual risk of bias. Five out of six of these studies received between 4 to 6 stars, categorizing them as having a moderate risk of bias. One study received 7 stars, categorizing it as having a low risk of bias. NOS assessment revealed that the most consistent source of bias was in ascertainment of exposure: all studies relied on self-reported data regarding sleep hours rather than a medical or lab record of sleep hours. Conclusions: Chronic lack of sleep in adolescents is associated with greater risk of sports and musculoskeletal injuries. Current evidence cannot yet definitively determine the effect of acute lack of sleep on injury rates. 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The pandemic of COVID-19 has afflicted every individual and has initiated a cascade of directly or indirectly involved events in precipitating mental health issues. The human species is a wanderer and hunter-gatherer by nature, and physical social distancing and nationwide lockdown have confined an individual to physical isolation. The present review article was conceived to address psychosocial and other issues and their aetiology related to the current pandemic of COVID-19. The elderly age group has most suffered the wrath of SARS-CoV-2, and social isolation as a preventive measure may further induce mental health issues. Animal model studies have demonstrated an inappropriate interacting endogenous neurotransmitter milieu of dopamine, serotonin, glutamate, and opioids, induced by social isolation that could probably lead to observable phenomena of deviant psychosocial behavior. Conflicting and manipulated information related to COVID-19 on social media has also been recognized as a global threat. Psychological stress during the current pandemic in frontline health care workers, migrant workers, children, and adolescents is also a serious concern. Mental health issues in the current situation could also be induced by being quarantined, uncertainty in business, jobs, economy, hampered academic activities, increased screen time on social media, and domestic violence incidences. The gravity of mental health issues associated with the pandemic of COVID-19 should be identified at the earliest. Mental health organization dedicated to current and future pandemics should be established along with Government policies addressing psychological issues to prevent and treat mental health issues need to be developed.
 
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В статье рассматривается история раскопок крупнейшей римской гробницы, а именно мавзолея императора Цезаря Августа. Основное внимание уделяется результатам недавних археологических работ и тому, как они повлияли на представление о памятнике. Гробница первого римского императора в пост-античную эпоху претерпела различные трансформации и неоднократные грабежи, в результате которых сильно пострадала. Памятнику находили практическое применение вплоть до 1930-х гг. За многовековую историю мавзолей использовали как каменоломню, крепость, которую не раз разрушали, виноградник, сад, амфитеатр для корриды, театр и концертный зал. Первые археологические работы на территории памятника проводились уже в XVI в. Именно с них начинается история исследования монумента и результаты, полученные тогда, до сих пор имеют большое значение для науки. На протяжении длительного времени после эпохи Ренессанса объект изучался только периодически, в связи с какими-либо строительными работами, проводившимися на его территории. Работы на памятнике активизируются с начала XX в. Масштабные раскопки состоялись в 1920-30-е гг. Их проведение диктовалось не научными целями: Бенито Муссолини стремился использовать римское наследие в своей пропаганде. Тем не менее, в результате проведенных работ мавзолей был не только освобожден от пост-античных наслоений, но полученные тогда результаты заложили современное представление о памятнике. Интерес к мавзолею возобновляется только через семьдесят лет. Непосредственным толчком было решение реконструировать мавзолей и площадь вокруг него. В результате раскопок, проведенных департаментом культурного наследия столицы Рима, были получены археологические данные, изменяющие взгляд на внешний облик монумента и позволяющие поставить точку в дискуссии по данному вопросу.
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RESUMENEl objetivo de este artículo es reflexionar sobre los mecanismos de financiación y de control de las instituciones religiosas por los laicos en las primeras décadas de la conquista y colonización de Hispanoamérica. Investigar sobre la inversión laica en lo sagrado supone en un primer lugar aclarar la historiografía sobre laicos, religión y dinero en las sociedades de Antiguo Régimen y su trasposición en América, planteando una mirada desde el punto de vista de las motivaciones múltiples de los actores seglares. A través del ejemplo de restituciones, donaciones y legados en losAndes, se explora el papel de los laicos españoles, y también de las poblaciones indígenas, en el establecimiento de la densa red de instituciones católicas que se construye entonces. La propuesta postula el protagonismo de actores laicos en la construcción de un espacio cristiano en los Andes peruanos en el siglo XVI y principios del XVII, donde la inversión económica permite contribuir a la transición de una sociedad de guerra y conquista a una sociedad corporativa pacificada.PALABRAS CLAVE: Hispanoamérica-Andes, religión, economía, encomienda, siglos XVI y XVII.ABSTRACTThis article aims to reflect on the mechanisms of financing and control of religious institutions by the laity in the first decades of the conquest and colonization of Spanish America. Investigating lay investment in the sacred sphere means first of all to clarifying historiography on laity, religion and money within Ancien Régime societies and their transposition to America, taking into account the multiple motivations of secular actors. The example of restitutions, donations and legacies inthe Andes enables us to explore the role of the Spanish laity and indigenous populations in the establishment of the dense network of Catholic institutions that was established during this period. The proposal postulates the role of lay actors in the construction of a Christian space in the Peruvian Andes in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, when economic investment contributed to the transition from a society of war and conquest to a pacified, corporate society.KEY WORDS: Hispanic America-Andes, religion, economics, encomienda, 16th and 17th centuries. BIBLIOGRAFIAAbercrombie, T., “Tributes to Bad Conscience: Charity, Restitution, and Inheritance in Cacique and Encomendero Testaments of 16th-Century Charcas”, en Kellogg, S. y Restall, M. 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Paixão mundial seja nas pistas de corrida, seja nos carros de luxo ou mesmo em pequenos acessórios de consumo, a Scuderia Ferrari é uma das empresas mais tradicionais do esporte automotor e da indústria de carros com o seu vermelho vibrante de corrida (rosso corsa) e sua logomarca inconfundível de um cavalo rampante negro em um escudo de amarelo vibrante (cavallino rampante). O presente artigo deseja identificar a lógica de ação social que permite a empresa italiana, sediada em Maranello, tanto lucrar dentro do mecanismo econômico do capitalismo, bem como criar um fandom expressivo, cuja paixão não distingue classe social. Utilizando a lógica de racionalidade social posta por Jürgen Habermas, dividida em Mundo da Vida (ação comunicativa) e Sistema (ação instrumental), vamos esquematizar a ação ferrarista em quatro posições típica-ideais, mostrando a importância da gestão e do marketing esportivo e de bens de luxo para as empresas vinculadas ao automobilismo.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Automobilismo, Marketing Esportivo, Mundo da Vida, Sistema, Scuderia Ferrari. ABSTRACTWorld passion whether on track, in luxury cars or even small accessories consumption, Scuderia Ferrari is one of the traditional businesses of motor sport and car industry with its vibrant red race (rosso corsa) and his unmistakable imprint of a black prancing horse on a vibrant yellow shield (cavallino rampant). This article want to identify social action logic that allows the Italian company, based in Maranello, both profit within the capitalist economic mechanism, as well as create a significant fandom, whose passion does not distinguish social class. Using social rationality logic brought by Jürgen Habermas, divided into World of Life (communicative action) and System (instrumental action), we lay out the Ferrari action in four typical-ideal positions, showing the importance of management and sports marketing and luxury goods for businesses linked to motoring.KEYWORDS: Auto Racing, Sports Marketing, World of Life System, Scuderia Ferrari. RESUMEN Pasión Mundial sea en automovilismo, en coches de lujo o en pequeño consumo de los accesorios, la Scuderia Ferrari es uno de los negocios tradicionales del deporte del motor y la industria del automóvil con su vibrante raza roja (rosso corsa) y su huella inconfundible de un caballo encabritado negro en un vibrante escudo amarillo (cavallino rampante). En este artículo se quiere identificar la lógica de la acción social que permite a la empresa italiana, con sede en Maranello, tanto el beneficio en el mecanismo económico capitalista, así como crear un fandom significativa, cuya pasión no distingue clases sociales. Utilizando la lógica racionalidad social presentada por Jürgen Habermas, dividido en Mundial de la Vida (acción comunicativa) y Sistema (acción instrumental), ponemos a cabo la acción de Ferrari en cuatro posiciones típicas ideales, que muestra la importancia de la gestión y el marketing deportivo y artículos de lujo para las empresas vinculadas al automovilismo.PALABRAS CLAVE: Automovilismo, marketing deportivo, Mundial de vida del sistema, la Scuderia Ferrari. ReferênciasADORNO, Theodor W. & HORKHEIMER, Max. Dialética do Esclarecimento (trad. Guido Antonio de Almeida). Rio de Janeiro: Jorge Zahar Editor, 1985.AUSTIN, J. L. How to do Things with Words. Cambridge: HUP, 1975.BUCCI, Eugênio & VENANCIO, Rafael. D. O. "OValor de Gozo: um conceito para a crítica da indústria do imaginário". Matrizes. Ano 8. Nº 1. São Paulo: PPGCOM-ECA-USP, 2014.HABERMAS, Jürgen. Mudança Estrutural da Esfera Pública (trad. Flávio R. Kothe). Rio de Janeiro: Tempo Brasileiro, 1984.HABERMAS, Jürgen. The Theory of Communicative Action (dois vol.). Boston: Beacon, 1989.HABERMAS, Jürgen. "Progresso técnico e mundo social da vida". In: HABERMAS, Jürgen. Técnica e ciência como "ideologia" (trad. Artur Morão). Lisboa: Ed. 70, 2001a.HABERMAS, Jürgen. "Técnica e ciência como ‘ideologia'". In: HABERMAS, Jürgen. Técnica e ciência como "ideologia" (trad. Artur Morão). Lisboa: Ed. 70, 2001b.HABERMAS, Jürgen. A Ética da Discussão e a Questão da Verdade (trad. Marcelo B. Cipolla). São Paulo: Martins Fontes, 2004.HORKHEIMER, Max. "Teoria Tradicional e Teoria Crítica". In: HORKHEIMER, Max et alli. Os pensadores. São Paulo: Abril Cultural, 1980.KINGSTON, Lewis. "Ferrari is ‘world's most powerful brand'". Autocar.co.uk., 2013. Disponível em: http://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/industry/ferrari-world-s-most-powerful-brand.LOVEJOY, Arthur O. A Grande Cadeia do Ser. São Paulo: Palíndromo, 2005.MAINGUENEAU, Dominique. Termos-chave da Análise do Discurso. Belo Horizonte: Ed. UFMG, 2006.MANTON, David. Enzo Ferrari's Secret War. Bridgehampton: BPL, 2011.MORIN, Edgar. Cultura de Massas no Século XX - O Espírito do Tempo. R. J.: Forense, 1967.MORIN, Edgar. Cultura de Massas no Século XX - O Espírito do Tempo: volume II (Necrose). Rio de Janeiro: Forense, 1977.NOBRE, Marcos. Lukács e os limites da reificação. São Paulo: Ed. 34, 2001.NOBRE, Marcos. A Teoria Crítica. Rio de Janeiro: Jorge Zahar Editor, 2004.SANTOS, Francisco (ed.) Grand Prix. Lisboa: Público, 2003.SKINNER, Quentin. "Meaning and Understanding in the History of Ideas". History and Theory. Vol. 8, nº 1. Middleton: Wesleyan University, 1969.SKINNER, Quentin. "Conventions and the Undestanding of Speech Acts". The Philosophical Quaterly. Vol. 20, nº79. Saint Andrews: St. Andrews, 1970.SKINNER, Quentin. "On Performing and Explaing Linguistic Actions". The Philosophical Quaterly. Vol. 21, nº82. Saint Andrews: St. Andrews, 1971.SKINNER, Quentin. "Motives, Intentions and the Interpretation of Texts". New Literary History. Vol. 3, nº 2. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, 1972.SKINNER, Quentin."Hermeneutics and the Role of History". New Literary History. Vol. 7, nº 1. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, 1975.SKINNER, Quentin. Razão e Retórica na Filosofia de Hobbes. São Paulo: Unesp, 1999.SKINNER, Quentin. Visions of Politics: Regarding Method. Cambridge: CUP, 2002.VENANCIO, Rafael D. O. "Radiojornalismo ativista: um modelo de ação para o jornalismo alternativo". Revista Alterjor. Vol. 2, nº 6. São Paulo: ALTERJOR-ECA-USP, 2012.WRIGHT MILLS, C. A Elite do Poder. Rio de Janeiro: Zahar, 1981. Disponível em:Url: http://opendepot.org/2707/ Abrir em (para melhor visualização em dispositivos móveis - Formato Flipbooks):Issuu / Calameo

The paper analyses Syed Amanuddin’s “Don’t Call Me Indo-Anglian” from the perspective of a cultural materialist. In an effort to understand Amanuddin’s contempt for the term, the matrix of identity, language and cultural ideology has been explored. The politics of the representation of the self and the other that creates a chasm among human beings has also been discussed. The impact of the British colonialism on the language and psyche of people has been taken into account. This is best visible in the seemingly innocent introduction of English in India as medium of instruction which has subsequently brought in a new kind of sensibility and culture unknown hitherto in India. Indians experienced them in the form of snobbery, racism, highbrow and religious bigotry. P C Ray and M K Gandhi resisted the introduction of English as the medium of instruction. However, a new class of Indo-Anglians has emerged after independence which is not different from the Anglo-Indians in their attitude towards India. The question of identity has become important for an Indian irrespective of the spatial or time location of a person. 
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RESUMENNuestro conocimiento sobre las religiones protohistóricas se encuentra prejuiciado por categorías de pensamiento presentistas y el recurso a fuentes posteriores. Para lograr una caracterización mínima de la fenomenología de tales manifestaciones se propone una aproximación a partir de los materiales de la Edad del Hierro, con atención a los problemas y metodologías de la arqueología, que privilegie el estudio de casos particulares frente a la generalización céltica. A través del ejemplo de la cultura castreña, se examinará qué elementos constituyeron objeto de atención ritual y sobredimensión simbólica para una sociedad de la Edad del Hierro.PALABRAS CLAVE: Cultura Castreña, Edad del Hierro, protohistoria, ritual, arqueologíaABSTRACTOur knowledge of protohistoric religions is prejudiced by presentist ways of thinking and recourse to later sources. 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(2001): “Uma estrutura funeraria da Idade do Ferro em contexto habitacional no castro de Palheiros – Murça NE de Portugal”, Protohistória da Península Ibérica. Actas do 3º Congresso de Arqueología Peninsular, 5, 23-43.Parcero Oubiña, C. (1997): “Documentación de un entorno castreño: Trabajos Arqueológicos en el Área de Cameixa, Ourense”, Trabajos en arqueología del paisaje, 1, 2-26.Parcero Oubiña, C., Ayán Vila, X., Fábrega Álvarez, P. y Teira Brión, A. (2007): “Arqueología, paisaje y sociedad”, en González García, J. (coord.), Los pueblos de la Galicia céltica, Madrid: Akal, 131-257.Parcero Oubiña, C. y Criado Boado, F. (2013): “Social change, social resistance. A long term approach to the process of transformation of social landscapes in the NW Iberian Peninsula”, en Cruz Berrocal, M., García Sanjuán, L. y Gilman, A. (coords.), The Prehistory of Iberia: Debating Early Social Stratification and the State. London: Routledge, 249-266.Peña Santos, A. de la (1985-86): “Tres años de excavaciones arqueológicas en el yacimiento galaico-romano de Santa Tegra (A Guarda, Pontevedra)”, Pontevedra Arqueológica, 2, 157-189.— (1992): Castro de Torroso (Mos, Pontevedra). Síntesis de las memorias de las Campañas de excavaciones 1984- 1990, Santiago de Compostela, Xunta de Galicia.Quesada Sanz, F. (1997): El armamento Ibérico. Estudio tipológico, geográfico, funcional, social y simbólico de las armas en la Cultura Ibérica (Siglos VI-I a.C.), Montagnac, Éditions Monique Mergoil.Rodríguez Corral, J. y Alfayé, S. (2009): “Espacios liminales y prácticas rituales en el noroeste peninsular”, Actas de paleohispánica, 9, 107-111.Ruíz-Gálvez Priego, M. L. (1980): “Consideraciones sobre el origen de los puñales de antenas gallego-asturianos”, Actas do seminario de arqueología do Noroeste peninsular, 1, 85-112.Santos Cancelas, A. (2015): “La memoria de las piedras. El pasado presente en los guerreiros Castreños”, Antesteria, 4, 167-186.— (2016b): “Muchas teorías y pocas fuentes: religiones castreñas”, en Cisneros, I., Herrera, J. y Lanau, P. (eds.), Problemas y limitaciones en el estudio de las fuentes. Actas de las I jornadas doctorales en Ciencias de la Antigüedad, Zaragoza 18 de Septiembre de 2015, 15-28.— (2017) Ritos, memoria e identidades Castreñas, Tesis doctoral inédita, Universidad de Zaragoza.— (e.p.): “Cambio Cultural e hibridación religiosa: el caso castreño”, Archivo Español de Arqueología.Sastre, I. (2011): “Social inequality during the Iron Age: Interpretation Models”, en T. Moore and X. L. Armada Pita (eds.): Atlantic Europe in the first Millenium BC. Crossing the Divide, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 264-284.— (2008): “Community, identity and conflict. Iron Age Warfare in Iberian Northwest”, Current Antropology 49, 1021-1051.Sastre, I. y Sánchez Palencia, F. J. (2013): “Non-hierarchical approaches to The Iron Age societies: Metals and inequality in the Castro Culture of The Northwestern Iberian Peninsula”, en M. Cruz Berrocal, L. García-Sanjuán, y A. Gilman (eds.): The Prehistory of Iberia. Debating social stratification and the State, London, Routledge 292-310.Suárez Otero, J. (2007): “Hachas de talón decoradas: un fósil de la ritualidad en torno a la producción metalúrgica del Bronce Final Atlántico”, en Celis Sánchez, J., Delibes de Castro, G., Fernández Manzano, J. y Grau Lobo, L. (eds.), El hallazgo leonés de Valdevimbre y los depósitos del Bronce Final Atlántico en la península Ibérica, León, Diputación de León, 290-297.Villa Valdés, A. y Cabo Pérez, L. (2003): “Deposito funerario y recinto fortificado de la Edad del Bronce en el castro de Chao de Samartín: Argumento para su datación”, Trabajos de prehistoria, 60 (2), 143-151.Woolf, G. 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The present writing was elaborated from speculations about possible encounters between philosophy, education and music. On the margins of music, where philosophy seeks some penetration, the theme of a supposed refusal to assimilation is announced, demanding the resumption of questions such as the permanence of a zone of indetermination not reached by the representational effort. This unavoidable opacity of the musical phenomenon moves it to a nocturnal dimension, a common destiny to everything that escapes the totalizing interests of a language committed to the objectifcation and nomination of things and of those conventionally called other. The nocturnal in philosophy and in music is object of reflections of Derrida and other thinkers, from which it is possible to glimpse a widening of the world, just where it is evident the merely formal character of the limits between what is said and unsaid, between what is human and what’s not. The text presented here includes some of these philosophical reflections, compared to musical creations that insinuate this nocturnal character, like those of Debussy. Additionally, possible consequences of the weakening of representational politics to subjectivation processes and alterity relations are highlighted, opening space for a thought about an education not compromised with the centrality of the human.ResumoA presente escrita foi elaborada a partir de especulações sobre possíveis encontros entre flosofa, educação e música. Nas margens da música, onde a flosofa busca alguma penetração, o tema de uma suposta recusa à assimilação se anuncia, exigindo a retomada de questões como a permanência de uma zona de indeterminação não alcançada pelo esforço representacional. Essa opacidade incontornável do fenômeno musical desloca-o para uma dimensão noturna, destino comum a tudo que escapa aos interesses totalizantes de uma linguagem comprometida com a objetivação e nomeação das coisas e dos que, a partir dela própria, se convencionou chamar de outros. O noturno na flosofa e na música é objeto de reflexões de Derrida e de outros pensadores, a partir das quais é possível vislumbrar uma ampliação do mundo, justamente onde se evidencia o caráter meramente formal dos limites entre o que é dito e não dito, entre o que é humano ou não. O texto aqui apresentado inclui algumas dessas reflexões filosóficas, cotejadas com criações musicais que insinuam esse caráter noturno, como as de Debussy. Adicionalmente, são destacadas possíveis consequências do enfraquecimento da política representacional para processos de subjetivação e relações de alteridade, abrindo espaço para um pensamento sobre educação não comprometido com a centralidade do humano.Keywords: Nocturne, Music, Philosophy, Subjectivation.Palavras-chave: Noturno, Música, Filosofia, Subjetivação.ReferencesBACHELARD, Gaston. A água e os sonhos: ensaio sobre a imaginação da matéria. Trad. Antonio P. Danesi. São Paulo: Martins Fontes, 1997.BULANCEA, Gabriel. Conexiones y divergencia entre el pensamiento de Claude Debussy y la estética impresionista y simbolista. Revista Filomusica, n.83, pp.1-4, abr.-jun. 2007.CABRERA, Honatan F. Dar la mano. Sobre algunos trazos y trances del poema en el pensamiento de la alteridade: Levinas, Celan, Derrida. 2013, 173f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Filosofia). Faculdade de Filosofia PUC-RS: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Filosofia, 2013.DERRIDA, Jacques. O animal que logo sou. Trad. Fábio Landa. 2ed. São Paulo: Editora Unesp, 2011.DERRIDA, Jacques. Cette nuit dans la nuit de la nuit… Rue Descartes, n.42, Politiques de lacommunauté, pp.112-127, nov.2003, Disponível em http://www.jstor.org/stable/40978797, acessado em 09/11/2015.DERRIDA, Jacques. A voz e o fenômeno: introdução ao problema do signo na fenomenologia de Husserl. Trad. Lucy Magalhães. Rio de Janeiro: Jorge Zahar Ed., 1994(a).DERRIDA, Jacques. “The Spatial Arts: An Interview with Jacques Derrida”. In: Deconstruction and the Visual Arts: Art, Media, Architecture. Ed. Brunette, Peter y David Willis. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994(b).DERRIDA, Jacques. Points de suspension. Entretiens. Elisabeth Weber (org). Paris: Galilée, 1992.DERRIDA, Jacques. “Cequi reste à force de musique”. In: Psyché. Inventions de l’autre. Paris: Galilée, 1987.DURÁN, Cristóban. Una voz temblorosa. Música y auto-afección en Jacques Derrida. Aisthesis, n.58, pp.45-58, 2015.GRAY, P.M.; KRAUSE, B.; ATEMA, J.; PAYNE, R.; KRUMHANSL, C.; BAPTISTA, L. The Music of Nature and the Nature of Music. Science, v.291, n.5501, p.52-54, jan. 2001.GUIGUE, Didier. Estética da sonoridade: a herança de Debussy na música para piano do século XX. São Paulo: Perspectiva; Brasília: CNPq; João Pessoa: UFPB, 2011.HANDKE, Peter. Numa noite escura saí da minha casa silenciosa. Cruz quebrada, Portugal: Casa das Letras, 2006.HARARI, Yuval N. Sapiens: uma breve história da humanidade. Trad. Janaína Marcoantonio. Editora J&PM, 2015.JANKÉLÉVITCH, Vladimir. La musique et l’ineffable. Paris: Seuil, 1983.JOÃO DA CRUZ, São. Obras completas. Tradução das Carmelitas descalças de Fátima (Portugal) e Carmelitas descalças do convento de Santa Tereza (Rio de Janeiro). Petrópolis: Vozes, 2002.LAMUR, Jorge P. Entre a vanguarda e a tradição: considerações sobre dois momentos na obra musical de Claude Debussy (1894-1915). Curitiba: Faculdade de Letras e Artes, Universidade Federal do Paraná, 2010. Monografia.MALLET, Marie L. La musique en respect. París: Galilée, 2002.NIETZSCHE, Friedrich. Aurora: reflexões sobre preceitos morais. Tradução, notas e posfácio de Paulo César de Souza. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2004.OLIVEIRA, Clovis S. G. Nietzsche e a experiência musical: três momentos, três luminosidades. Primeiro momento A música: espelho da noite. II Colóquio Internacional Nietzsche, Pessoa, Rosa, Freud. Belo Horizonte: PUC Minas Gerais, 2015(a).OLIVEIRA, Clovis S. G. Atributos privativos e musicais do fenômeno noturno. Aletria, Belo horizonte, v.25, n.1, pp.165-182, 2015(b).OLIVEIRA, Clovis S. G. O elogio à noite em Vladimir Jankélévitch (1903-1985). Mirabilia, n.20. Arte, crítica e mística, pp.414-424. Jan.-jun. 2015(c).RODRIGUES, Felipe V. Fisiologia da música: uma abordagem comparativa. Revista de Biologia, v.2, pp.12-17, jun.2008.SCHOPENHAUER, Arthur. O mundo como vontade e representação. Coleção Os Pensadores. São Paulo: Abril Cultural, 1980.SEEGER, Anthony. Por que os índios Suyá cantam para suas irmãs? In: VELHO, G. (Org.) Arte e Sociedade: ensaios de sociologia da arte. Rio de Janeiro: Zahar Editores, 1977.THOREAU, Henry D. Walden ou a vida nos bosques. Trad. Astrid Cabral. São Paulo: Ground, 2007.

In the last eighty years, an enormous amount of scholarly attention has been devoted to explaining why Europe was at the centre of two cataclysmic conflicts in the first half of the twentieth century. The books considered here represent part of a resurgence of interest in British foreign policy in the interwar period and are primarily concerned with the policy of reconciliation towards the former Central Powers after the First World War, especially the appeasement of Germany. They offer a further opportunity to challenge the still-held misapprehension that appeasement was a strand of British policy that only appeared after Hitler's rise to power. They also offer a means of examining British foreign policy through sources inside and outside the government. Gordon Martel's volume illustrates the amount of journalistic pressure that was put on the British government to recognize and act on the likely threats to international peace. Austen and Neville Chamberlain, the sons of the great nineteenth-century Conservative politician, Joseph Chamberlain, were at the centre of the British foreign policy making process during the interwar period. Indeed, Robert Self's two volumes of letters written by Neville Chamberlain to his sisters illustrate how steeped in foreign and domestic politics the whole Chamberlain family was. Richard Grayson sees a long, unbroken attempt to accommodate Germany diplomatically starting with Austen Chamberlain and the treaty of Locarno. The importance of Neville Chamberlain's contribution to the history of British foreign policy is offered further recognition through surveys of the historiography of his premiership by David Dutton and Robert Caputi.

Topics describe the main issue discussed in an article, for example: Does an article deal with politics, economics or sports? Field of application/theoretical foundation: In the context of “Agenda Setting”, studies analyze which issues are on the public agenda. In the context of “News Values”, studies may analyze why some topics are more prominently covered than others. References/combination with other methods of data collection: Many studies combine manual inspection of topics with their automated detection. Quinn et al. (2010) demonstrate for their analyses of legislative speeches how manual inspection may increase the validity of results. Similarly, Hase et al. (2020) use automated content analysis to find and map similar topics for which manual coding is then conducted. Such combinations may contribute to a better and more detailed understanding of topics than automated analyses by themselves. The datasets referred to in the table are described in the following paragraph: Puschmann (2019a) uses New York Times articles (1996-2006, N = 30,862) as well as articles from Die Zeit (2011-2016, N = 377) to identify topics using supervised machine learning. In another tutorial, Puschmann (2019b) uses Sherlock Holmes stories (18th century, N = 12), articles from Die Zeit (2011-2016, N = 377) and debate transcripts (1970-2017, N = 7,897) to apply LDA and structural topic modeling. In her tutorials, Silge (2018a, 2018b) also uses Sherlock Holmes stories (18th century, N = 12) and a news corpus also containing comments (2006-ongoing, N = 100,000). Silge and Robinson (2020) apply LDA topic modeling on news stories by the Associated Press (1992, N = 2,246) as well as books by Dickens, Wells, Verne and Austen (18th century, N = 4). Roberts et al. (2019) use blogposts (2008, N = 13,248) for structural topic modeling. Watanabe and Müller (2019) apply LDA topic modeling on newspaper articles from The Guardian (2016, N = 6,000). Van Atteveldt and Welbers (2019, 2020) use State of the Union speeches (1981-2017, N = 10 and 1789-2017, N = 58) for their analyses. Lastly, Wiedemann and Niekler (2017) use the same data containing State of the Union speeches (1790-2017, N = 223). Table 1. Measurement of “Topics” using automated content analysis. Author(s) Sample Procedure Formal validity check with manual coding as benchmark* Code Puschmann (2019a) (a) Newspaper articles (b) Newspaper articles Supervised machine learning Reported http://inhaltsanalyse-mit-r.de/maschinelles_lernen.html Puschmann (2019b) (a) Sherlock Holmes stories (b) Newspaper articles (c) United Nations General Debate Transcripts LDA topic modeling; structural topic modeling Not reported http://inhaltsanalyse-mit-r.de/themenmodelle.html Silge (2018a) & Silge (2018b) (a) Sherlock Holmes stories (b) News stories and comments t Structural topic modeling Not reported https://juliasilge.com/blog/sherlock-holmes-stm/ & https://juliasilge.com/blog/evaluating-stm/ Silge & Robinson (2020) (a) News articles (b) Books LDA topic modeling Not reported https://www.tidytextmining.com/topicmodeling.html Roberts et al. (2019) Blogposts Structural topic modeling Not reported https://www.jstatsoft.org/article/view/v091i02 Watanabe & Müller (2019) Newspaper articles LDA topic modeling Not reported https://tutorials.quanteda.io/machine-learning/topicmodel/ van Atteveldt & Welbers (2019) State of the Union speeches Structural topic modeling Not reported https://github.com/ccs-amsterdam/r-course-material/blob/master/tutorials/r_text_stm.md van Atteveldt & Welbers (2020) State of the Union speeches LDA topic modeling Not reported https://github.com/ccs-amsterdam/r-course-material/blob/master/tutorials/r_text_lda.md Wiedemann & Niekler (2017) State of the Union speeches LDA topic modeling Not reported https://tm4ss.github.io/docs/Tutorial_6_Topic_Models.html Wiedemann & Niekler (2017) State of the Union speeches Supervised machine learning Reported https://tm4ss.github.io/docs/Tutorial_7_Klassifikation.html *Please note that many of the sources listed here are tutorials on how to conducted automated analyses – and therefore not focused on the validation of results. Readers should simply read this column as an indication in terms of which sources they can refer to if they are interested in the validation of results. References Hase, V., Engelke, K., Kieslich, K. (2020). The things we fear. Combining automated and manual content analysis to uncover themes, topics and threats in fear-related news. Journalism Studies, 21(10), 1384-1402. Puschmann, C. (2019). Automatisierte Inhaltsanalyse mit R. Retrieved from http://inhaltsanalyse-mit-r.de/index.html Quinn, K. M., Monroe, B. L., Colaresi, M., Crespin, M. H., & Radev, D. R. (2010). How to analyze political attention with minimal assumptions and costs. American Journal of Political Science, 54(1), 209–228. Roberts, M. E., Stewart, B. M., & Tingley, D. (2019). stm: An R Package for Structural Topic Model. Journal of Statistical Software, 91(2), 1–40. Silge, J. (2018a). The game is afoot! Topic modeling of Sherlock Holmes stories. Retrieved from https://juliasilge.com/blog/sherlock-holmes-stm/ Silge, J. (2018b). Training, evaluating, and interpreting topic models. Retrieved from https://juliasilge.com/blog/evaluating-stm/ Silge, J., & Robinson, D. (2020). Text Mining with R. A tidy approach. Retrieved from https://www.tidytextmining.com/ van Atteveldt, W., & Welbers, K. (2019). Structural Topic Modeling. Retrieved from https://github.com/ccs-amsterdam/r-course-material/blob/master/tutorials/r_text_stm.md van Atteveldt, W., & Welbers, K. (2020). Fitting LDA models in R. Retrieved from https://github.com/ccs-amsterdam/r-course-material/blob/master/tutorials/r_text_lda.md Watanabe, K., & Müller, S. (2019). Quanteda tutorials. Retrieved from https://tutorials.quanteda.io/ Wiedemann, G., Niekler, A. (2017). Hands-on: a five day text mining course for humanists and social scientists in R. Proceedings of the 1st Workshop Teaching NLP for Digital Humanities (Teach4DH@GSCL 2017), Berlin. Retrieved from https://tm4ss.github.io/docs/index.html