Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Politique énergétique européenne'
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Lombardo, Marco. "Les Principes généraux de la politique énergétique européenne." Strasbourg, 2010. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/restreint/theses_doctorat/2010/LOMBARDO_Marco_2010.pdf.
Full textThe thesis analyzes the link between the internai and the external dimension of EU energy law with the alm to evaluate the efficacy and the coherence of the EU energy policies in a global and integrated approach. To this extent, the research deals with the evolution of the EU competence on the ground of energy matters and try to define the main principle of the EU energy policv and the limits of the national regulatlOn In the energy field. Despite the role of energy goods for the workable competition, for the envlronmental protectIOn goals and for secunty of supplies, this work underlines the absence in the doctnnal debate of a sufficlent elaboration of energy matters in an systematic and organic context
Pradel, Nicolas. "La politique énergétique extérieure de l'Union Européenne et le droit." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM1074.
Full textSince 2006, the European Union’s external energy policy has been strengthening significantly. This ambitious EU policy is aimed at ensuring the security of energy supply in the EU and to contribute to more sustainable use of energy around the world. If political dialogue and economic aid are essential, the EU resorts principally to the law in order to liberalise energy markets of the third States in its periphery and to spread its vision of sustainable energy on the international stage. For which reasons does the EU use primarily the law in this policy? Is this instrument efficient? It is these two majors questions that this study addresses
Campaner, Nadia. "Les fondements de l'interdépendance énergétique entre l'Union européenne et la Fédération de Russie." Paris 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA030068.
Full textThis thesis explores the origin and development of the EU-Russia energy trade and cooperation. The comprehensive analysis of international relations in the field of energy necessitates an interdisciplinary approach where both political and economic factors are taken into account. Firstly, we review the background and historical development of trade in oil and gas between the largest founding states (West Germany, France and Italy) and the Soviet Union in the context of the Cold War. A brief outlook at the spectacular development of the Soviet oil and gas industry between the sixties and the eighties is presented as well. The impact of the break-up of the USSR on the production of hydrocarbons and exports to the EU has been assessed. The privatisation and liberalisation of the Russian oil sector have not brought about much needed investments and modernisation, but contributed to the formation of an oligarchy. The evolution and the perspectives of the Russian oil and gas industry since the presidential elections of 2000 are analysed. Secondly, we examine the energy strategies of the EU and post-Soviet Russia. While the EU and Russia share common interests in developing a strategic partnership in the energy sector, their priorities and policies are diverging. One major issue addressed in this work is the analysis of the EU-Russia energy dialog launched in 2000. It is concluded that mutually beneficial and non-politicised areas of cooperation such as energy efficiency and technologies can substantially contribute to the security of energy supplies of the EU in the long term
Zhang, Ding. "L'évolution de la politique énergétique du Royaume-Uni de 1945 à 2007 : enjeux politiques, économiques et écologiques." Thesis, Paris 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA030145.
Full textOver a decade, world economy has been characterised by three intense tendencies in the field of energy: (1) the energy consumption, which had been slowed down following the two oil crises, has tremendously increased, essentially due to the fast development of China; (2) the constantly-Aggravating greenhouse effect and the global warming are threatening the survival of our planet; (3) the energy supply security has been less and less guaranteed as a result of the exacerbation of the nationalism in many oil-Producing countries. When New Labour came to power in 1997, the UK was independent in its hydrocarbon production. Seven years later in 2004, it became a net gas importer, and in 2006, a net oil importer. Most of its energy infrastructures are nowadays obsolete. The UK is thus facing a triple challenge: environment, energy supply security and energy infrastructures modernisation, which all engulf great investments. These challenges are common to all European countries. In June 2007, the government published an important Energy White Paper on the challenges that the British energy policy was facing.The doctoral thesis studies the evolution of the UK energy policy since the end of the Second World War. Two questions are essential to this study. What are the great evolutions of the UK energy policy? What are the convergences and divergences between the UK energy policy and the European energy policy, of which the creation of the Common Market is only one of the aspects?
Kubota, Justine-Kozue. "Sécurité énergétique et intérêt commun : Recherches sur la politique européenne de l'énergie." Thesis, Cergy-Pontoise, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CERG0736.
Full textThe emergence of a European energy policy has been observed from the beginning of European integration, particularly by the creation of the European Communities. However, the difficulties encountered by both sectorial Communities have led the European Union to attempt to drive its action under the Treaty establishing the European Community, in which none of its articles was concerning the energy sector. However, many elements can attest of the renewal of the European energy policy in recent years, confirming that energy is a strategic sector, as is its funding principle: the energy security. The concept of energy security is unique because each state is, through its national policy, ensuring the security of its energy supplies. In this domain, local notional policies meet with the European Union energy policy purpose. However, energy security cannot be defined only as an objective. It has different understandings which are much more complex than could suggest its function in the European energy policy concept. As the basis for European Union action in the energy sector, energy security has created the momentum that enabled the development of European initiatives beyond the simple framework outlined by Article 194 TFEU, which finally allowed the primary law to provide an explicit European competence in this area. Beyond its function to ensure energy supply in the European Union, energy security enforces its final goal - the development of a stronger European action – and provides the foundation for European subsidiary actions
Azébazé, Labarthe Danielle. "Quelle nouvelle politique européenne de l'énergie ?" Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GREND017.
Full textThe European Union construction has its origins in adoption by six European States of the ECSC Treaty. However, it will be necessary to wait until 2009, when a policy in the field of energy was integrated in the primary law by the treaty of Lisbon. Despite this late consecration, the activism of the Union in the field of energy is evident, even if it is far from being uniformly comprehended within the doctrine. One part of them considers, that the European energy policy still does not exist, while others consider that the European policy exists but that it should not be qualified as a “common policy”. This doctrinal debate, which is inserted as a part of the legal theory of polices in the European Union law, addresses a question on the nature and precise significance of the intervention of the Union in energy field.En fact, the analysis of actions undertaken by the EU in the energy sector since the ECSC Treaty up to the beginning of the nineties, reveals an increasing power of these last, ending up as a first mutation trying to substitute a number of partial actions by a first global vision of energetic policies within the Community. This was taking place without any energy policy introduction the TEC. The Member states were in reality very reluctant to acknowledge that the EU has a competence in this domain. This was due to numerous reasons linked to multiple dimensions: economic, social, environmental, and security issues of an energy policy, as well as their energetic dependence, which was quite varying. This embryo of an energy policy, inserted in particularly strong constraints, finds therefore its legal frame in indirect or subsidiary legal bases and especially in those relating to the establishment of the internal market (Part I). However, energy is far from being an “ordinary economic good” and the submission of this sector to market rules could generate multiple threats, notably for public service missions, environmental requirements or the security of supply. It would therefore have been necessary, on the occasion of introduction in the treaties of an energy policy, to better admit the specificity of this sector and to envisage in this field the establishment of a real common policy. But the primary law inherited from Lisbon Treaty is disappointing: the new article 194 of the TFUE relating to energy, seems to make the choice of status quo and even seems to put back some aspects of this policy. However, the Community dynamism is functioning. And either as a part of the internal market of energy, via common regulation of markets and taking into consideration of its specific characteristics (social, security, environmental), or in the one of external aspect, by reinforcing energy relations with third States, the European energy policy turns progressively into a real common policy (Part II)
Zhang, Ding. "L'évolution de la politique énergétique du Royaume-Uni de 1945 à 2007 : enjeux politiques, économiques et écologiques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA030145.
Full textOver a decade, world economy has been characterised by three intense tendencies in the field of energy: (1) the energy consumption, which had been slowed down following the two oil crises, has tremendously increased, essentially due to the fast development of China; (2) the constantly-Aggravating greenhouse effect and the global warming are threatening the survival of our planet; (3) the energy supply security has been less and less guaranteed as a result of the exacerbation of the nationalism in many oil-Producing countries. When New Labour came to power in 1997, the UK was independent in its hydrocarbon production. Seven years later in 2004, it became a net gas importer, and in 2006, a net oil importer. Most of its energy infrastructures are nowadays obsolete. The UK is thus facing a triple challenge: environment, energy supply security and energy infrastructures modernisation, which all engulf great investments. These challenges are common to all European countries. In June 2007, the government published an important Energy White Paper on the challenges that the British energy policy was facing.The doctoral thesis studies the evolution of the UK energy policy since the end of the Second World War. Two questions are essential to this study. What are the great evolutions of the UK energy policy? What are the convergences and divergences between the UK energy policy and the European energy policy, of which the creation of the Common Market is only one of the aspects?
Beers, Marloes. "Le choc pétrolier, nouvelle impulsion ou ralentissant pour la politique énergétique commune? Les politiques énergétiques de la Communauté européenne autour le premier choc pétrolier." Thesis, Cergy-Pontoise, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CERG0885/document.
Full textThis thesis aims to contribute to the history of the European communities and to the understanding of the decision-making process within this cooperation. More specifically, it seeks an answer to the question of what immediate and short-term effects he oil shock had on the development of a common energy policy: Was the oil crisis a lever or a barrier for the development of a common European energy policy? On the one hand, the oil shock may have possibly accelerated the decision-making process because it created an urgency to deal with the current supply problems and to change the European dependency on Middle Eastern oil on the longer term. On the other hand, the oil shock may have slowed down the development of a common energy policy by escalating a confrontation between the diverging perspectives of the Nine, blocking, in this way, a compromise. In this context, questions arise about the reasons why member states were searching for cooperation in the field of energy without searching for a compromise for their diverging interests.This thesis gives insight into different aspects of the decision-making process at the European communities. The European Commission emerges from the research as an active actor in the development towards a common energy policy after the merger of the communities' executives in 1967. The failure to reach consensus in May 1973 shows, however, that the need from national governments for a joint energy cooperation was less significant than the mutual differences of interest. Moreover, it might be concluded that the Nine deemed the OECD a more appropriate body to face the current tensions in the oil market. Two weeks after the Energy Council, they had committed themselves to the consumer cooperation at the OECD, just like the other member countries of this organisation. The idea for such a closer cooperation had been pushed by the United States since 1972. Within the OECD's Oil Committee, the theme of a worldwide apportionment scheme was being discussed as well as the danger of outbidding prices. The most important questions of the time were thus already discussed within this forum which maintained the large advantage of including the United States.After the start of the oil shock, cooperation at supranational level was significantly minimised, although the Commission did certainly not remain apathetic towards the oil problems. The institution swiftly reacted to the oil producer countries' announcements with new proposals for jurisdiction on short-term oil policy and letters insisting on a joint position faced with the oil supply problems. Within the Commission several committees and groups were created, and existing committees met more regularly, and focused on different aspects of the oil shock. The oil shock was not an accelerator for the processing of jurisdiction at common level. Noteworthy is the fact, however, that the Energy Group of the Council surprisingly provided a forum for the discussion of possible common actions to counter the current oil problems. Moreover, the creation of this Energy Committee signified an important change within the European decision-making process. Thirdly, the OECD had a more important role than assumed in other studies in this field, as an actor in the European decision-making process on energy.During the oil shock the European Commission was not attributed a role in the policy making concerning the current oil problems. In a first phase, the Council refused to such a role for the Commission because of the Arab measures on production cuts and a fear to aggravate the situation. But even when this argument no longer applied the proposals for jurisdiction of the Commission were not accepted. By contrast, at that time the Commission was given the assignment of elaborating a mid- and long-term programme for a common energy policy until 1985. In that respect, the oil shock seems to have been a catalyst for a common energy policy
Belyi, Andrei. "La dimension énergétique de la Sécurité pan-européenne et son impact sur la politique extérieure de l'Union européenne." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211092.
Full textAydemir, Melis. "L'Europe, l'énergie et la libéralisation : genèse et intitutionnalisation d'une politique énergétique européenne (1950-2010)." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAG014.
Full textFrom the beginning of the European integration, defining a European energy policy was an important challenge. Despite the Member States who intended to preserve the autonomy of their energy sector, a wave of restructuring has taken place in the European electricity and gas sector through the liberalization. In this context, the third energy package with the unbundling issue which envisaged dismantling the big energy companies, caused great deal of controversy and polemics. In connection with this intensive debate, the genesis and institutionalization of the European energy policy from 1950 to 2010 have been studied. The role of neoliberal ideas, stakeholders’ daily practices (interest groups, officials of the European institutions, MEPs...), their power relations, political struggles in the establishment of this policy were analyzed
Rigamonti, Éric. "De la coalition stratégique : les firmes énergétiques européennes face aux incertitudes réglementaires." Toulouse 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOU10070.
Full textThis thesis explains the part of uncertainty in the formation of strategic alliances and brings to light the impact of such alliances on the competitive dynamics of a sector. The model suggested is validated through a study of the strategy of the European energy firms during the 1993-2004 period
Crisan, Adina. "Le système énergétique européen : européanisation, préférences nationales et contraintes institutionnelles." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015IEPP0048.
Full textConfidential PhD thesis. Our research focused on the Europeanisation of the European energy system. By European energy system, we understand a set of 28 national policies, built in a European normative framework governed by the principle of primacy of EU law. In this energy system, we focused on the issue of energy security. Our research has shown that normative Europeanisation works
Moulim, El Bachir. "L'énergie et la protection de l'environnement dans la Communauté européenne." Tours, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOUR1020.
Full textThe thesis tries to give an essential glimpse of the unfold efforts in the harmonized wrest le with the reaches from the energy to the environment. It applies to show the efforts of the european community to inform, to harmonize, to regulate as far as possible in fields as varied as the quality of air, products, the "clean car", the pollution of sea by the hydrocarbons, the radioactivity, the radioactive waste. . . The recall of different texts carried or simply proposed by the communal authorities, goes with development of the coal, the gas, the oil, the nuclear energy. These technical explanations are often indispensable to understand the stakes of the communal intervention
Palle, Angélique. "L'espace énergétique européen : quelle(s) intégration(s) régionale(s)? : réseaux, normes, marchés, politiques, des intégrations à plusieurs échelles?" Thesis, Paris 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA01H018.
Full textThis research project analyses the European dynamics of integration taking place in the energy domain. It relies on various tools used by geography (such as scale analysis, study of the interaction between players, analytical and synthetic cartography, etc.) and uses the conceptual framework of the studies on regional integration. One of the purposes of this work is to identify whether these dynamics can be considered as a regionalisation of exchanges, a political regionalism or a more complete regional integration. The particularities of the energy sector lead to postulate a layered structure of this integration dynamic. These layers (technical, regulatory, commercial, political …) would characterise the buildingprocess of an « energy region », a notion that this work tries to define. The European energy scene is complex and its balance is currently changing. We propose in thiswork a mapping of its stakeholders interaction evolution and of their impacts : sovereignty transfers,evolutions of governance, rivalries between actors of different nature and interests, etc.We lastly approach these dynamics by asking at which scale they take place. If the European Unionis an obvious scale of reference, we nevertheless suppose that integration happens at a lower level which would be infra European but supra national, bringing together groups of neighbouring countries. The relation between these two levels of integration – either complementarity or opposition – is therefore studied. Through these different elements of analysis, this work proposes a reflexion on the possible existence or construction of a spatial model for the European integration dynamics in the energy sector.Have they been theorised, as the monetary integration has been ? And if yes on which basis ? We alsotry to assess their impact and the coherence of the different goals the EU has set for them, particularly regarding the issue of security of supply
Michalena, Evanthie. "Energie renouvelable et développement touristique durable dans les îles helléniques? : échelles géographiques et enjeux du développement durable." Thesis, Paris 4, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA040130.
Full textThis research discusses the notion of sustainable development, and the way in which this concept is translated in the fields of renewable energies and “sustainable tourism” from the international to the local level. From this starting question, we wished to analyze the challenges of renewable energies regarding sustainability within tourist activity and understand the mechanisms which participate in the introduction of a new energy status compatible with “sustainable development”. The sustainable development not being an accepted concept in a uniform way by all the researchers, our study highlights the diversity of challenges met to various geographical scales. Our work is based on multiple information sources, while trying to distinguish theoretical and empirical analyses and to approach European reality through national and local realities. As field of application in our research, we have chosen the islands of Greece and we sought to see how political decision makers of this country have tried to develop renewable energies allocating them the status of “fundamental energy forms” in compliance with European guidelines. We sought to widen and validate our conclusions through the evaluation of “better and worst practices” among various islands of the world. We revealed that there are several dimensions of the problem: - interactions between actors of different scales, with often different challenges to meet - interactions between sectorial logics - interactions between specific logics applied to certain geographical environments. After our recommendations which insist on the importance of institutional and organisational factors in the process of sustainable development, we conclude that, even if the multiplicity of the scales implies a great complexity in the implementation of sustainable development practices, there is always a hope to transmit the message from Brussels to the local level, under the condition that certain parameters are taken into account
Aykut, Stefan Cihan. "Comment gouverner un 'nouveau risque mondial' ? : la construction du changement climatique comme problème public à l'échelle globale, européenne, en France et en Allemagne." Phd thesis, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00757106.
Full textShabelnikova, Olga. "Evolution de la politique de l'Union Européenne en Azerbaïdjan : 1991-2014." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAG047.
Full textThe PhD thesis considers the European Union’s policy towards the Republic of Azerbaijan (1991-2014). It studies the evolution of the EU - Azerbaijan relationship and the main factors that influence on its dynamics. Special attention is given to the main programs of the cooperation - the «European Neighborhood Policy» and the «Eastern Partnership». The main documents regulating the relations are reviewed
Eyl-Mazzega, Marc-Antoine. "L'Ukraine, entre la Russie et l'Union européenne : acteurs, règles et organisation des échanges gaziers." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010IEPP0069.
Full textThe subject matter of this dissertation is Ukraine's gas policies between 1998 and 2009. It assesses the nature and the scope of challenges the country has been facing in this sector. A key issue is about determining why, since its independence, this country has not been able to overcome the vulnerabilities which come from its very high gas consumption and dependence from Russian imports. The methodological approach is based on the sociology of organizations, the political economy and the concept of Europeanization. The analysis concentrates on actors (identities, interests and constraints), their power and negotiations, and their outcomes in terms of conflicts and agreements. It examines the system in which these policies take places, that is the underlying rules which shape actors' decisions, such as neo-patrimonialism, for example. The concept of Europeanization helps to assess the influence of path dependency, the role of domestic factors as well as of the European Union (EU) as a driver of transformation. Various case studies form the empirical background and support for the analysis, based on the available literature, press articles or the author's interviews with experts and actors of the gas sector. This analysis highlights the extent to which the country's leaders and their close associates set the gas market's rules. The national interests are neglected while corruption and patrimonialism determine actors' decisions. This leads to a high energy insecurity and the stalling of reforms, while Russia's role is predominant. The Europeanization process has failed due to the domestic obstacles to changes as well as EU's lacking credibility, determinacy and power
Russo, Eleonora. "L'Union européenne et le changement climatique : aspects juridiques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA020032.
Full textOver the last fifty years, climate change has acquired a political and a legal dimension. In 2009, the Lisbon Treaty included combating climate change among the objectives of the European Union’s international environmental policy, demonstrating the will of the EU to play a leading global role in this domain. This thesis studies the development of the fight against climate change in EU law. In Part I we analyse European ambitions within the framework of international negotiations, where climate governance originally emerged. Then, we examine the European system of competence in order to better understand whether or not it actually serves as the most effective approach to tackling climate change issues. Part II concerns the implementation of the EU climate change policy. Here, we present its main instruments, i.e. the climate and energy package, and examine the mechanisms that the EU uses to give coherence to this cross-cutting policy and influence global climate action by way of internal measures taken. Our analysis furthers the understanding of European contributions, both past and present, to the construction of effective international climate governance. Moreover, the subject of climate change, a major global challenge with an array of specific characteristics, provides us with a privileged point of view to examine several dynamics of the construction of European integration
Kedidir, Mansour. "Le gaz naturel algérien dans la sécurité énergétique de l'Union Européenne : un enjeu géopolitique." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO20033.
Full textAfter the National Independence (1962), Algeria was dealing with the difficulties of developing its gas potential. In order to escape the French hegemony of its hydrocarbons resources, Algeria decided to place and invest its gas resources in the US market. This economic option was motivated by the urgent need to develop the LNG industry and to maximize incomes in order to improve the national economic development. After the failure of this economic option, Algeria got back to the European market. Since then, EU – Algeria economic relations have been intensified. Nowadays, Algeria is considered as a strategic EU partner, in the field of energy resources. Does this situation enable Algeria to supply the European economy with gas for a long time? Given the international constraints related to the management of the energy sector, competition from both Russia and Qatar and the new discovered gas reserves in Eastern Mediterranean basin, does the Algerian gas and its importance in EU energy security represent a geopolitical issue?This thesis aims to examin the pertinence of this issue. It seeks to respond to questions related to the various policies initiated by Algeria for more than half a century, to Algeria’s strategy to maintain its position as the third strategic gas supplier of Europe, and to the European energy dependence and its geopolitical perceptions towards its suppliers (especially Russia and the South side of Mediterranean basin producers)
Boisgibault, Louis. "Territoires et transition énergétique : l’exemple de la Métropole Européenne de Lille et du Pays de Fayence ; les espoirs de Ouarzazate et de l’Union Économique et Monétaire Ouest-Africaine." Thesis, Paris 4, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA040098/document.
Full textThis thesis investigates territorial energy decentralization. It advocates the greater involvement of territories in the energy transition. Should this evolution be driven from the top by global, European and national decisions and targets, which are then transposed in the territories? Would it be better for territories to initiate local sustainable projects, which can then be approved on a regional and national level and then aggregated? How can intercommunal and regional levels increase their influence in energy and climate matters? How do regional schemes and plans interact with local planning documents? Is territorial Energy Independence feasible, and is it compatible with solidarity? The methodology is based on analysis of the corpus, statistical computation and field work. The field work was conducted in four different spatial typologies: the new European Metropolis of Lille, an urban space, the Pays de Fayence, a Southern France rural space, Ouarzazate, Morocco, a desert space and the West African Economic and Monetary Union. These different typologies have allowed us to draw a vertical line guiding the research conducted given the evolving context post-COP 21, the new European Commission initiatives and the 2015 French laws on territorial organization and energy transition. These factors are grouped into three pairs to interpret the results on France’s carbon constraints, the Mediterranean region and Africa, which will only be subject to carbon constraints when the COP 21 Paris agreement has entered into force
Diese Doktorarbeit befasst sich mit der regionalen Dezentralisierung der Energiegewinnung und -verteilung. Sie untersucht die Beziehungen zwischen der öffentlichen Politik, der Planung für Energie, Luft und Klima, sowie der Entwicklung der Gebiete hin zu einer positiven Energiebilanz. Sollte diese Evolution von Oben angestoßen werden, durch weltweite, europäische und nationale Entscheidungen und Ziele, die anschließend regional umgesetzt werden? Oder sollten nachhaltige Projekte regional initiiert werden, sodass „Régions“ und Nation sie genehmigen und in eine größerräumige Entwicklung eingliedern können? Inwiefern gewinnen Gemeindeverbände, Metropolen und Regionen in Energie-und Klimafragen an Macht? Wie fügen sich die neuen regionalen Konzepte und Planungen mit den Stadtentwicklungspapieren zusammen? Ist eine regionale energetische Autonomie möglich und mit dem Solidargedanken vereinbar? Die Arbeit beruht auf einer Korpusanalyse, der Verarbeitung statistischer Daten, der Teilnahme an Kolloquien und einer Arbeit vor Ort im städtischen Raum der Métropole Européenne de Lille, dem ländlich geprägten Pays de Fayence in Südfrankreich, mit einer Erweiterung in Richtung Ouarzazate in der Wüste Marokkos und zur Westafrikanischen Wirtschafts- und Währungsunion. Diese vier Gebiete liegen auf einer Forschungsvertikalen, und das in einem Kontext sich ändernder Gesetze im Zusammenhang mit den Fortschritten der COP21, mit den Initiativen der Europäischen Energie-und Klimakommission und mit der französischen Gesetzesänderungen im Sommer 2015, die die Neuverteilung der französischen Regionen und die Energiewende betrafen. Diese Gebiete sind in drei Paare aufgeteilt, um verschiedene Ergebnisse zu erbringen: einerseits in Frankreich, für das die Kohlendioxidgrenze gilt, anderseits der Mittelmeerraum und Afrika, die dieser Grenze noch nicht unterworfen sind, solange die Pariser Vereinbarung der COP21 noch nicht in Kraft getreten ist
Waciega, Kamila Olga. "Regional policies of decarbonisation in Europe : case of Silesia in Poland and Nord-Pas-de-Calais in France." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014IEPP0012.
Full textThe object of the study is a comparative examination of two regions' adaptation to the new political, legal and financial context that results from the development and extension of the EU integration in the field of energy and climate change – or decarbonisation agenda. The ‘usages’ refer to stakeholders’ ability and willingness to take advantage of the European opportunities and constraints provided to them to shape national (and in this case regional) policies. In addition to the intentional dimensions ‘usages’ also cover the actual practices observed in each region. We search to determine to what extent the ability of the regional executives to mobilise EU resources for the purpose of pursuing their strategies in the field of decarbonisation depends on whether they are situated in an ‘old’ or a ‘new’ member state of the EU. We attempt to assess to what extent their ability to innovate and to organise a territorial resilience is related to the East/West divide.The analysis is conduced on two case studies: two European regions that are today major CO2 emitters, because they are still industrialized, densely populated, they host energy production sites, and their housing requires deep and extensive thermal renovation. Two regions in Europe appeared particularly fitting that description, and cumulate all disadvantages (as regards the importance of CO2 emissions). Upper Silesia in Poland and Nord-Pas-de-Calais in France can still be considered as industrialized territories that can be compared in a “new/old” member state of the EU perspective. The present research looks at differences in usages in the two case studies. We search for pertinent explanatory variables for those divergences to be found in each region’s past, deconstructed in institutional, interest-related and ideational components. We place our model in a path-dependence perspective and we look at how it is relevant in a regional setting
Benhassine, Wassim. "Le processus de libéralisation des industries électriques et gazières européennes à travers les stratégies de fusion acquisition et d'investissement des firmes : propositions pour une sécurité énergétique renforcée." Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00408083.
Full textWeber, Bernd. "The EU external energy governance and the neighbouring gas suppliers Azerbaijan and Algeria : ensuring European gas supply security at the borderline between markets and geopolitics." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016IEPP0006.
Full textThe export of EU norms to regulate gas markets and transnational infrastructure has become the leitmotif of EU external energy policy in the neighbourhood. This thesis unpacks the underlying energy policy challenge of the EU, before analysing its approach to ensure energy security towards Azerbaijan and Algeria and examining the Union’s transformative influence. The major question of the research is: How and to which extent can the EU export its energy norms and policies towards both strategic neighbouring suppliers of natural gas, which represent least likely cases of EU external energy governance? The analytical framework sheds light on the limits of major rationalist and constructivist institutionalist explanations in accounting for convergence with EU energy norms and addresses them by drawing on insights from diffusion studies and the decentring framework. Relying on qualitative document and data analysis as well as extensive fieldwork and 85 interviews carried out with EU, Azerbaijani and Algerian officials as well as representatives of energy companies in Brussels, Baku, and Algiers, the research accounts for a varying degree of convergence as the result of an unstable and conflictual process. Examining energy cooperation with the EU, domestic energy sectors and major infrastructure projects within six case studies, the analysis sheds light on EU norm export from a bottom-up perspective of neighbouring public actors. The thesis broadens the scope of existing studies by factoring in geopolitical and market-based constraints and influences, which often outweigh EU coercion and depicts that EU external energy governance can only be sustainable, if it is ‘decentred’
Russo, Eleonora. "L'Union européenne et le changement climatique : aspects juridiques." Thesis, Paris 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA020032/document.
Full textOver the last fifty years, climate change has acquired a political and a legal dimension. In 2009, the Lisbon Treaty included combating climate change among the objectives of the European Union’s international environmental policy, demonstrating the will of the EU to play a leading global role in this domain. This thesis studies the development of the fight against climate change in EU law. In Part I we analyse European ambitions within the framework of international negotiations, where climate governance originally emerged. Then, we examine the European system of competence in order to better understand whether or not it actually serves as the most effective approach to tackling climate change issues. Part II concerns the implementation of the EU climate change policy. Here, we present its main instruments, i.e. the climate and energy package, and examine the mechanisms that the EU uses to give coherence to this cross-cutting policy and influence global climate action by way of internal measures taken. Our analysis furthers the understanding of European contributions, both past and present, to the construction of effective international climate governance. Moreover, the subject of climate change, a major global challenge with an array of specific characteristics, provides us with a privileged point of view to examine several dynamics of the construction of European integration
Waciega, Kamila Olga. "Regional policies of decarbonisation in Europe : case of Silesia in Poland and Nord-Pas-de-Calais in France." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014IEPP0012.
Full textThe object of the study is a comparative examination of two regions' adaptation to the new political, legal and financial context that results from the development and extension of the EU integration in the field of energy and climate change – or decarbonisation agenda. The ‘usages’ refer to stakeholders’ ability and willingness to take advantage of the European opportunities and constraints provided to them to shape national (and in this case regional) policies. In addition to the intentional dimensions ‘usages’ also cover the actual practices observed in each region. We search to determine to what extent the ability of the regional executives to mobilise EU resources for the purpose of pursuing their strategies in the field of decarbonisation depends on whether they are situated in an ‘old’ or a ‘new’ member state of the EU. We attempt to assess to what extent their ability to innovate and to organise a territorial resilience is related to the East/West divide.The analysis is conduced on two case studies: two European regions that are today major CO2 emitters, because they are still industrialized, densely populated, they host energy production sites, and their housing requires deep and extensive thermal renovation. Two regions in Europe appeared particularly fitting that description, and cumulate all disadvantages (as regards the importance of CO2 emissions). Upper Silesia in Poland and Nord-Pas-de-Calais in France can still be considered as industrialized territories that can be compared in a “new/old” member state of the EU perspective. The present research looks at differences in usages in the two case studies. We search for pertinent explanatory variables for those divergences to be found in each region’s past, deconstructed in institutional, interest-related and ideational components. We place our model in a path-dependence perspective and we look at how it is relevant in a regional setting
Le, Tarnec-Hennequin Fred́érique. "Les mutations de la gestion européenne de l'électricité dans un contexte de mondialisation." Paris 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA020046.
Full textTsuchiya, Miyuki. "Gouverner l'énergie : la dynamique de changement des politiques publiques de l'électricité d'origine nucléaire et renouvelable. Une comparaison entre la France et le Japon." Thesis, Paris 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA020075.
Full textWhile a widespread crisis would cause significant changes in public policies, nuclear accidents underline an inertia effect in the energy system in France and Japan. These cases lay out the maintenance of the position of dominant stakeholders within the system. Nevertheless, the particular focusing event of Fukushima appears to be an important driver of change in a system with strong path dependency, and disrupts the power balance of stakeholders. The change then goes beyond energy issues. In addition to the governance stakes, this thesis examines the significant alterations of the electricity market under the liberalisation dynamics . It also analyses the governance of energy policy and the consequences of the electricity market from domestic and European perspectives
Lymperopoulou, Ira. "La réforme du secteur de l'énergie en Grèce dans le contexte de la crise de la dette." Thesis, Paris 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA01D019.
Full textA new market design is taking place during the economic crisis for the Greek energy market. Greece, in order to able to receive loans of money, signed memorandums of understanding with the Troika, which included major reforms in the energy sector. Energy is a liberalized sector at European level, and Greece in addition to European and national legislation, had to apply measures imposed by the memorandums of understanding. These measures, on the one hand, aim to restructure the energy market, with the use of various instruments to consolidate competition. On the other hand, they envisage a metamorphosis of the role of the Greek state in the energy market. In this study we analyze at which extent the introduced reforms achieve a transition from a market closed to competition with monopoly rights of incumbent operators, towards a competitive Europeanized market for the benefit of consumers while contributing to the exit of the country from the economic crisis
Meyer, Teva. "Une analyse comparative des géopolitiques du nucléaire civil en Allemagne, en France et en Suède." Thesis, Paris 8, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA080024.
Full textThe Fukushima atomic disaster had different political fallouts in the thirty-one countries where nuclear power is exploited. In Europe, while Germany decided to accelerate the phase-out engaged ten years before, the Swedish government repealed the moratorium on new nuclear reactors introduced in 1981 and France only committed to reduce marginally the share of nuclear electricity. Three European countries, facing the same event, took three different directions. In the past, differences between countries’ nuclear policies have been explained by economic, geographical or cultural determinism. This work offers to go beyond these approaches and to consider energy policies as the result of power struggles between opponents and supporters of atomic energy who fight to control the territory. Thanks to the local geopolitical approach, this thesis aims at highlighting the rivalries and the representation which structure the actors’ systems in each country as well as the strategies used in the conflict. In a context where nuclear energy is portrayed as a potential solution to mitigate climate change, the purpose of this work is to identity the elements which led to the elaboration of diametrically opposed energy policies in France, Germany and Sweden
Gasimova, Esmira. "La politique étrangère de l'Azerbaïdjan entre grandes puissances et puissances régionales (1993-2003)." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAG014.
Full textThis thesis deals with the Azerbaijan policy between great powers and regional powers. Since its independence in 1991 the country of South Caucasus asserted its singularity. It sometimes confronts, sometimes cooperates with its neighbors. The key question is, therefore, how Azerbaijan can justify and possibly strengthen its presence on the international stage as it stands at the heart of great geopolitical and economic issues. Because of its location it is the center of rivalries between powers such as Russia, Iran and Turkey or the United States and the European Union. The country is compelled to a balanced foreign policy not to lose the support of either western or eastern partners. Baku also attempts to use the exploitation of Caspian oil in order resolve the crucial issue of the conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh
Bros, Aurélie. "Good bye Ukraine ! : How does Gazprom aim to ensure the security of demand in a context where Europe is reshaping its energy architecture ?" Thesis, Paris 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA010582.
Full textThe history of Gazprom is a series of constant adaptations – with varying degrees of success – to both European market conditions and the format of dialogue with all parties involved in the gas business across the continent. The company thrived during the 1990s and the 2000s in an environment where the main characteristics of the former model were retained. At the same time, Gazprom constantly seized any new opportunity which was offered by the liberalization and opening up of national gas markets. This has not prevented the company from encountering a few difficulties, illustrating that adaptation can be difficult from time to time. Gazprom is facing structural challenges that have been of particular concern over the last few years. The major difficulty is that this occurs at a time when the wider EU-Russia energy dialogue is highly fraught due to severe tensions which are more broadly affecting the dialogue between the European Union and the Russian Federation
Bousrih, Myriam. "Les motivations des alliances stratégiques : Application au secteur électrique européen : cas du rapprochement EDF ENBW." Paris 9, 2007. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=2007PA090001.
Full textThe electric power industry is witnessing significant transformations dealing with the principles of the market organization. The reforms of the sector regulations modify the functioning rules, and in reply, the firms adapt their strategic behaviour through partner policies and alliances. Since 1996, several alliances cases have emerged. The present research work consists in the examination of motivations that are the origin of these partnerships inciting the big power companies to set off on a race to external growth. The first part of the thesis tackles the reconfiguration of the power industry in Europe and clarifies the different motivations of companies that decide to form an alliance (to get into a new market, pass the overcapacities, search considerable effect engendering important economies and synergies, base an effect power and a safety motivation). The second part focuses on the study of Edf and Enbw links through the analysis of synergies brought out by such alliance and the construction of possible progress scenarios for this alliance (starting from the analysis of strategic intentions of both Allies, a scenario of success or break down is built up)
Vlachou, Charikleia. "La coopération entre les autorités de régulation en Europe (communications électroniques, énergie)." Thesis, Paris 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA020055/document.
Full textThe cooperation among regulatory authorities in the field of electronic communications and energy takes place against the background of the transformation of the european administration in the last two decades. Its institutional design bears the mark of the europeanisation of regulators through the harmonisation brought about by EU law and the diffusion of best practices. The cooperation among regulatory authorities is formalised on the basis of a primary law that is vague. It is also marked by ambiguity with regard to the delegation of pouvoirs on a European level. In the sectors of energy and electronic communications, it reflects the « hybrisation » of two models of governance, European agencies and networks, giving birth to a powerful « network agency » in the field of energy-the ACER- and a weak « agenciarised network » in the field of electronic communications- the BEREC. The control of the acts of these two organisms in a « Union of law » is ensured by the Cour of justice of the European Union which is, however, difficult to accessfor individuals. In this context, the European Ombudsman demonstrates a real potential as a complementary forum of control. Against a priori hypotheses with respect to the democratic deficit of the European Union, the European Parliament effectively ensures the democratic control of ACER and BEREC. Even if its means of political control are largelyinformal and should be better defined, the control it exercices in the context of the budgetary discharge procedure is capable of transforming the institutional design of the above mentioned organisms
Rossetti, di Valdalbero Domenico. "La recherche économique et le processus décisionnel européen : Le cas des politiques relatives à l'énergie." Paris 9, 2008. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=2008PA090024.
Full textThis thesis aims to demonstrate the use of quantitative tools, Top-down and Bottom-up models in up-stream European decision-making process through five case studies: energy taxation, climate change policies, renewable energy promotion, energy efficiency and internalisation of external costs. The European Commission defends the credibility of its policy initiatives, like energy and environment targets or new market mechanism, by scientific reports. Facing strong stakeholders, an elected European Parliament and a Council representing the national interests, the Commission founds its legitimacy in the "objectivity of the figures". Almost twenty years before the formal Impact Assessment, most of the Commission proposals were already submitted to Economy-Energy-Environment modelling analysis. Scientific results are used by the Commission - technocracy by excellence - in its preparatory legislation to justify economically and to support politically its initiatives
Zobu, Burcu. "La comparaison des processus juridiques de la libéralisation des secteurs électrique et gazier : en France et en Turquie." Thesis, Paris 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA01D007/document.
Full textThe liberalization of energy markets is primary objective for each member and candidate State of the European Union. In order to achieve an internal energy market, European Commission set up three energy packages for electricity and gas market complete opening up to the competition step by ste^p. For a better understanding of the energy legislations and policies in France and in Turkey, it is essential to have a main knowledge related to the organisation and operation of their electricity and gas markets from the beginning by examining the institutions and monopolistic companies such as EDF, TEK, GDF, BOTAS, and their historical evolution period until the european energy directives implementation. Thereafter, it is prominent to examine chronologically every step of the liberalisation enforced by the energy packages (internal energy market 1996-2000, second energy package 2000-2007, third energy package 2007-2011, next step Energy 2020), and compare the legal procedure of the energy market liberalization process by analyzing their legislations in place and modifications during the european energy directives implementation process
Viallet-Thévenin, Scott. "Structurer un secteur industriel : le rôle de l’Etat dans la recomposition du secteur de l’énergie en France, de 1986 à 2016." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016IEPP0068.
Full textThe dissertation deals with the conception of control (Fligstein, 1996) dynamics of state-oxned firms in the energy industry (EDF, GDF, Areva, and in a copmparative capacity, Total, Elf and Technip) from 1986 to 2016. It shows how the change is initiated by the liberalization of energy markets and fuelled by a change in the way executive committees and high civil servants perceive the firms and their organizational form (part I). The dynamics of the energy industry depend on those caracterizing the bureaucratic field and the European Commission. Firms concentrate and compete with one another, with the supervision of the bureaucratic field and the European commission (part II). The – partial and differenciated - estrangement of the energy industry from the bureaucratic field goes together with a rapprochement in a financial environment and the European field of energy via a internationlization of the firms (part III). The dissertation relies on archives from the public administration for energy, 75 interviews with hitg ranking executives from the firms and civils servants ; and a quantitative analysis of their career patterns
Bégué, Marie-Cécile. "La politique française de l'électricité à l'épreuve de l'intégration communautaire et du droit de l'environnement." Nantes, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004NANT4003.
Full textThe French electricity policy is traditionally defined by public authorities. The preference for nuclear power implies great risk and severe damage to the environment. These features of French electricity policy are however questioned by the increasing influence of European law and the (relatively) recent recognition of the environmental issues of such policy. This thesis intends to study the consequences of two 'new' tendencies that seen-1 to be inevitable in the field of electricity policy : the decreasing role of national public authorities and the diffusion of the concept of sustainable development. The theorical model which underlies the organization of commercial exchanges is replacing the traditional intervention of the State regarding of this basic good. The adoption of legal rules to organize the electricity market has involved the development of many economic instruments. Those instruments aim at modifying the electricity policy in accordance with the principle of integration of environmental dimension in sectoral policies. The main object of our work is to analyse the consequences of these changes in the concept of public utility as well as in the importance given to environmental protection in the new forms of electricity policies
Authier, Felix. "Territorialisation des politiques énergétiques et développement local en Europe : une étude comparée de la contribution des initiatives locales de production d'énergie renouvelable à la multifonctionnalité des espaces ruraux." Thesis, Perpignan, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PERP0003/document.
Full textIt is indisputable that renewable energies contribute to the struggle against climate change but their influence on the development of rural space remains to be further explored. The aim of this comparative study is to analyse the effect of local initiatives and projects in the domain of renewable energies on French and German rural areas. Using the concepts of Social Capital, territorial capital and multifunctionality, we show that the implementation of endogenous photovoltaic- and windpowerplant projects contribute to push the development of these areas and reinforce their resilience. On the base of the noted principle, two forms of development can be identified: an intuitional territorial development and a citizen territorial development
Es ist unstrittig, dass erneuerbare Energien zum Kampf gegen den Klimawandel beitragen, aber ihr Einfluss auf die Entwicklung ländlicher Räume verdient es dennoch weiter erforscht zu werden. Das Ziel dieser vergleichenden Studie ist es, den Einfluss lokaler Initiativen und Projekte im Bereich der erneuerbaren Energien auf ländliche Räume in Frankreich und Deutschland zu erforschen. Unter Verwendung der Konzepte von Sozialkapital, territorial capital und Multifunktionalität wird gezeigt, dass raumbezogene Faktoren eine entscheidende Bedeutung für die Verwirklichung der Projekte haben. Weiterhin geht aus der empirischen Untersuchung hervor, dass die Verwirklichung von endogenen Photovoltaik- und Windprojekten dazu beiträgt, die Entwicklung der betreffenden Räume voranzutreiben und deren Resilienz zu stärken. Ferner konnten auf Grundlage der untersuchten lokalen Merkmale zwei Entwicklungstypen identifiziert werden: eine institutionalisierte Regionalentwicklung und eine bürgernahe Regionalentwicklung
Blottin, Benoît. "Le rôle des autorités de concurrence et des autorités de régulation sectorielle dans la surveillance de la libéralisation des marchés de l'énergie." Thesis, Paris 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA020085.
Full textThe opening to competition of the markets in gas and electricity has hardly produced the desired impact. To a large extent, the directives flowing from the third package have been transposed amongst the Member States. However, the effective implementation of a European energy is still facing several challenges ahead. With this nebulous background, supervision has become all-seeing, Argus-like. In fact, while competitions authorities and sectoral regulators are significantly stepping up theirs efforts so as to push forward the liberalization process towards the swift completion of the internal energy market, they seem, at times, to work against the grain of their original assignment. On the one hand, competition authorities appear to be increasingly willing to act as « builders » for the energy markets as they tackle market structures rather than harmful behaviours. Conversely, sectoral regulators, with their ever-strengthening powers, are more and more incited to track down and take sanctions against barriers to competition. Such bicephalous management has resulted in a confusion of roles which has not been alleviated by the « bridges »built between both types of regulators. At any rate, in the face of such a tangled web of competences, operators find themselves in markets that are not very conducive to competition and in a regulatory framework which is both volatile and complex, thereby paralysing the investments required to render such markets more dynamic. The system as it stands may still be improved and many would like to see it clarified. Although the prospect is not very realistic, some commentators have called for the merger of authorities. It appears nonetheless that reworking the supervision framework with a view to strengthening inter-regulation but also implementing actual European regulations is a route that has not yet been sufficiently explored
Solier, Boris. "Une analyse économique et ex-post des effets du prix du carbone sur le secteur électrique européen." Thesis, Paris 9, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA090026.
Full textThis thesis is an evaluation of the interaction between the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme and electricity markets over the period 2005-2012. It rests on econometric and modelling instruments to both explain the development of markets and draw lessons for the conduct of future policies. The ex-post analysis of the introduction of a carbon price into electricity markets in Europe unveils three types of interactions with: the formation of electricity prices; the technical and economic choices and CO2 emissions; the formation of electricity rents. Empirical estimates show that the degree to which the carbon cost is passed on through electricity prices is generally not homogeneous but rather varies over both time and markets, contingent upon a combination of factors. The impacts of the carbon price on both the technological mix and the CO2 emissions from the power sector are estimated using the simulation model ZEPHYR-Elec, which aims at replicating the short-term equilibrium between electricity supply and demand. Emission reductions in the electricity sector induced by the European carbon market amount to between 3% and 5% of counterfactual emissions. From 2012 on, the carbon price has not been high enough to compensate for the gas-to-coal price differential in Europe. Distributional effects of the carbon price on the electricity sector are introduced into the ZEPHYR-Elec model using an analytical representation of the formation of rents. Estimates suggest that profits made by the electricity sector are generally higher with a carbon price in place, including when allowances are auctioned
Lessard, Samuel. "La dépendance européenne au gaz naturel russe : analyse comparée de la sécurité de l'approvisionnement en Allemagne, en Ukraine et en Turquie." Mémoire, 2010. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/2845/1/M11350.pdf.
Full textBeekmann, Peter. "The future position of the European Union in free markets for sustainable fuel ethanol : a normative approach for evaluating the feasability of EU policy objectives." Mémoire, 2009. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/2966/1/M11328.pdf.
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