Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Politique monétaire – Modèles économétriques'
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Auray, Stéphane. "Consommation, persistance des habitudes et effets de la politique monétaire." Toulouse 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003TOU10036.
Full textThis thesis aims at improving the understanding of the monetary transmission mechanisms. Our approach allows to evaluate the importance of certain models of monetary transmission and to understand the mechanisms underlying the effects of monetary policy. In the first chapter, we develop an original econometric methodology to estimate habit formation. We show that this hypothesis is relevant "vis-à-vis" the monetary history. In the second chapter, we show that introducing habit persistence in a limited participation model allows us to reproduce a persistent liquidity effect. Finally, in the third chapter we develop a cash in advance constraint model. We show that the form of the beliefs matters. Money may be neutral when agents do not trust in money, whereas the monetary transmission mechanism and the liquidity effect retrieved when beliefs are positively correlated with money supply shocks
Aleem, Abdul. "Mécanismes de transmission monétaire, inflation sous-jacente et règles monétaires : le cas de l'Inde et du Pakistan." Paris 13, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA131031.
Full textAttioui, Abdelali. "La politique monétaire dans les modèles économétriques : primat de la théorie sur l'empirie." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENE004/document.
Full textThe purpose of this thesis is to show the primacy of the theory over the empirics and prove that econometrics cannot be decisive to question the theory. For this, we rely on the limits of econometrics highlighted in discussions of monetary policy since the 1960s. We adopt an approach based on epistemological arguments to show that these debates go beyond the cleavage theory/empirics and that they integrate a difference of vision as to the usefulness of an empirical model. The research program of the Cowles Commission was formed around a particular articulation of three fundamental elements: a theoretical repository of Keynes' General Theory, a formal model based on the relative consensus on the IS-LM diagram and econometric techniques to estimate the parameters of this model. It is the nature and the degree of interdependence between these three elements that are contested by the monetarists and supporters of the VAR modeling. While Keynesians make a clear distinction between the theoretical model and the estimated model, this distinction is not clear and does not seem relevant to the monetarists. Sims (1980) criticizes the structural models of the Cowles Commission for including too many theoretical hypotheses empirically untested. He proposes to review the exogeneity assumptions through direct and specific econometric tests. However, the empirical indeterminacy of causality in a VAR, linked to the problem of observational equivalence (Basmann, 1965), requires the adoption of an identification scheme on the basis of a theoretical a priori to identify the monetary policy shocks. This is an extreme case of the problem of under-determination of theory by data raised by the Duhem-Quine thesis (Duhem 1906, Quine, 1951). Furthermore, Hoover (2009) notes that the impulse response analysis in a VAR provides a good example of what Cartwright (2007) calls “counterfactual impostor”. The development of the Error Correction Models and cointegrated VAR models has renewed the analysis of monetarist proposals. However, the links between the proposals for cointégration, the notions of long-term equilibrium and short term disequilibrium are rarely interpreted in the context of a rigorous and fully specified theoretical model. According to Faust and Leeper (1994), the identification of a model by imposing constraints may not be fruitful when economic theory does not clearly distinguish the short-term and long-term dynamics. Faust and Whiteman (1997) note the absence of an arbitration criterion in these approaches apparent in the presence of conflict between the theoretical principle and the adjustment to the data; otherwise subordination of the theory to the econometrics. Alongside the issue of identification, the Lucas critique (1976) is the second fundamental criticism facing the use of econometric models. Lucas (1980, 1986) adopts a new epistemological posture considering the theoretical model as a 'fiction' and not as a set of proposals on the behavior of a real economy. He supports the idea of explaining the cycle in terms of discipline of equilibrium (Lucas, 1977). The DSGE models, that constitute the fundamental models of the New Synthesis theory, are strongly influenced by Lucas' methodology and are a continuity of the RBC models (Taouil, 2011). Benati and Surico (2009) demonstrated the superiority of a DSGE model with respect to a structural VAR (SVAR). This failure is a direct consequence of inter-equation restrictions imposed by the rational expectations hypothesis, initially raised by Sargent's critics (1979)
Gallès, Clémentine. "Identification and propagation of monitary policy." Toulouse 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003TOU10066.
Full textThis thesis contributes to recent empirical and theoretical research on monetary policy issues, with a focus on contemporaneous American monetary history. The first chapter re-examines estimates of the Federal Reserve reaction function using GMM and ML estimators. Results differ among estimators, due to a shift in the reaction function since the begin of Alan Greenspan's tenure. The second chapter shows the robutness of estimation of monetary policy shocks in a VAR to the length of the period. Only a theoretical model with a strong propagation mechanism can explain this fact. The third chapter tests habit persistence on consumption on moments conditional to a monetary policy shock, and provides evidence that habit persistence on consumption is a relevant assumption. The last chapter proposes two technology-based explanations of the observed increase of the use of inside. Those technological transformations may have changed the relative weights of an optimal monetary policy rule
Le, Bihan Hervé. "Rigidité des prix, nouvelle courbe de Phillips, politique monétaire : quelques travaux empiriques." Paris 12, 2005. https://athena.u-pec.fr/primo-explore/search?query=any,exact,990002313310204611&vid=upec.
Full textThis dissertation brings together six empirical essays on price rigidity, the New Phillips curve, and monetary policy, which fit in the "New keynesian" framework. The first essay documents heterogeneity in price stickiness using French consumer price individual data. The second estimates New Keynesian Phillips curves and evaluates the respective role of backward and forward looking components in inflation. The third essay relies on misspecification to propose a rationalization for the conflict across econometric approaches observed when estimating New Phillips curves. The fourth one compares indicators of core inflation in the case of France, and rank them according to various criteria. The fifth essay reexamines the Federal Reserve reaction function using a maximum likelihood as well as various GMM estimators. The last essay estimates macroeconomic models for the US and Germany, and then determines and compares optimal monetary policy rules in the two countries
Ducoudré, Bruno. "Structure par terme des taux d'intérêt et anticipations de la politique économique." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2008. https://spire.sciencespo.fr/notice/2441/5221.
Full textThe thesis deals with the formation of expectations of economic policy in the term structure of interest rates. The first chapter studies the determination of the term structure of interest rates in a macroeconomic framework. The second chapter studies the Central banks’ communication effects on interest rates. We explain why they refuse to unambiguously announce the future level of the funds rate. Then we distinguish the effect of decisions from the effect of future monetary policy announces on the term structure of interest rates in the Euro Zone and the United States. In the third chapter, we assess the fiscal policy effects on interest rates. According to us, fiscal policies would not have had any effect on the short term rate set by Central banks. Fiscal policies would also not have raised real long term interest rates over the studied period. The fourth chapter deals with explanations of the low level of the US long term interest rate. We quantify the Conundrum, and we show that the strong rise in Foreigners’ long-term Federal debt purchases can explain a part of the Conundrum. In the fifth chapter, we study the links between the equilibrium exchange rate, the long term rate and economic policy in a small open economy. We build up a theoretical model with time consistent economic policies. We show that the equilibrium real exchange rate and the equilibrium long term rate are contingent on policymakers’ preferences
Mésonnier, Jean-Stéphane. "Taux d'intérêt naturel et politique monétaire : quatre essais." Paris 13, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA131023.
Full textSince Wicksell (1898), the natural rate of interest (NRI) is frequently defined as the real short term interest rate consistent with stable inflation, This PhD dissertation aims both to re-interpret the concept in a history-of-thought perspective and to assess the practical usefulness of empirical estimates of the NRI for monetary policy. The first essay is devoted to Henry Thornton (1760-1815), who is commonly seen as a precursor of Wicksell’s model. Three empirical studies follow. In the second one, a time-varying natural rate of interest is estimated for the euro area with the Kalman filter. Using the same model, the third essay investigates on the basis of simulations whether the multifaceted uncertainty that blurs the perception of changes in the NRI should deter the central bank from using such estimates. Finally, the fourth essay assesses the leading indicator properties of the estimated gap between the real interest rate and its natural level for key macroeconomic variables
Rusuhuzwa, Kigabo Thomas. "Intégration, cointégration avec rupture structurelle : application à l'estimation d'une fonction de demande de monnaie : cas du Rwanda et du Burundi." Lyon 2, 2004. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/sdx/theses/lyon2/2004/rusuhuzwa-kigabo_t_notice.
Full textThe steady steam of theoretical and empirical research, which is observed over the past several decades have been influenced by the major role of demand for money in selecting appropriate money policy actions. Most of that research took place in industrialised countries, though they are now increasingly emerging in developing countries. This trend is explained by the impact of liberalization of economics, globalisation of capital markets, financial liberalization and innovation in domestic markets. The econometric problems associated with the partial adjustment models like non-stationarity of variables led to Error Correction Model, which emphasises on time series on time series characteristics of data. Since the paper of Nelson and Plosser (1982), the problem about unit root hypothesis has received a lot of attention from both theoretical and empirical perspectives. By using ADF test, they argued that current shocks have permanent effects on level of most macroeconomic series. In contrast to that idea, Perron (1989) argued that macroeconomic fluctuations are most likely stationary if allowance is made for breaks in the deterministic components of economic time series. In our research, we present important tests of stationarity and cointegration with break structure, before estimating the demand for money in Rwanda and Burund
Héricourt, Jérôme. "Essais sur la pratique de la politique monétaire sous différents régimes monétaires : de la zone euro à la Turquie." Paris 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA010037.
Full textIdier, Julien. "Intégration financière, Comouvements et Politique Monétaire." Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00402439.
Full textDe ce fait, la multiplication des dynamiques de transmission, de plus en plus rapides se présente comme un enjeu majeur pour les décideurs politiques (banques centrales) en termes de modélisation financière pour permettre un suivi de la stabilité du système financier dans son ensemble.
Le premier objectif de cette thèse est d'utiliser plusieurs techniques innovantes de l'économétrie financière (notamment les modèles multifractals) qui permettent de prendre en compte à la fois les dynamiques de long terme entre différents actifs (liées par exemple à l'avènement de la zone euro) sans pour autant négliger les dynamiques de très court terme. Un second objectif est de mettre en évidence l'apport pour les décideurs politiques de l'utilisation des données à haute fréquence. Nous montrons que l'utilisation de ces données permet notamment un éclairage nouveau sur l'évaluation du cadre opérationnel de la Banque Centrale Européenne et de son interaction avec l'ensemble des marchés financiers.
Sidiropoulos, Moïse. "Changes flexibles et coordination des politiques monétaires : une application économétrique au cas France-RFA." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989STR10020.
Full textThe world's industrialised countries convergences to the overcontractionary economic policy in the 1980's and the continuing synchronization of major business fluctuations reveal the failor of regulation fashion implicated by the flexible exchange rates. One argument in the case for exchange rate flexibility was that floting rates would insulate economies from foreign disturbances while freeing monetary policy to purpose domestic macroeconomic goals. Experience has show that the indulating properties of the floating exchange rates were exaggerated. - as a consequence, international interdependance has not been eliminated by the flexible exchange rate system. In this context, this study develops a framework for analyzing short and medium term interdependance under floating exchange rates. Imparticular crucial element in this outcome in the negative transmission effects of monetary policies between interdependent countries. In this context, our attention focused on the problem of monetary policy coordination among interdependent economies. - finaly, an empirical evaluation ( applicated to the case of France and FRG) gives evidence to the benefits of European monetary policy coordination and display the potential gains of European strategies
Bangake, Chrysost. "L'intégration monétaire en Afrique : analyse théorique et empirique." Orléans, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ORLE0510.
Full textThere is an increasingly interest for monetary integration in Africa in theses last years. In a context of instability of exchange rate and inconvertible currencies in most of Africa countries, African policy-makers have been looking for an exchange rate regime which is able to provide stability and development to their economies. This study consists in theorical and empirical analysis of the monetary integration in Africa by using the optimal areas theories ans taking account political dimension. The study is organized in two parts. The first part analyses the traditional optimal currency areas theories in African context. We develop a theorical model which assesses the gain and the costs of monetary integration in Africa, then measure the symmetry of macro-structural shocks recovered from estimated structural vector autoregressive (SVAR). In the second part, we use the endogeneity approach in order to take in account the recent criticisms on traditional approach. The general conclusion is that the prospect of creation of regional monetary unions in Africa would be an appropriate option because the African countries CFA zone fills endogenous criteria of OCA. This stage will allow gradually the implementation of zn African single currency
Gadzinski, Grégory. "Evolving inflation persistance : a comparative analysis between the Euro area and the United States." Aix-Marseille 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005AIX24019.
Full textThis thesis entitled "Evolving inflation persistence : a comparative analysis between the Euro area and the United States" intends to carry out a deep evaluation on inflation dynamics in the Euro area and the United States, with a particular focus on its persistence and link with the output gap. These concepts are key elements in the monetary transmission mechanism and important determinants for the success of monetary policy in maintaining a stable level of output and inflation simultaneously. The term of persistence have been assigned several definitions in the literature. Now, the most useful definition is certainly the one showing the most relevance for the evaluation and conduct of optimal monetary policy. Inflation persistence is then defined as the tendency of inflation to converge slowly (or sluggishly) towards its long run value following various shocks. Broadly speaking, four sources of inflation persistence can be distinguished : (i) persistence in the output gap fluctuatins ("extrinsic persistence"), (ii) dependance on the past inflation due to the price setting mechanism (intrensic persistence"), (iii) persistence due to the formation of inflation expectations ("expectations-based-persistence") and (iv) persistence of economic shocks. This thesis intends to estimate jointly and/or separately each of thoses determinants
Ben, Aï͏ssa Mohamed Safouane. "Dynamiques de l'inflation américaine autour des changements structurels : essais théoriques & empiriques." Aix-Marseille 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004AIX24013.
Full textThe aim of this dissertation is to evaluate the performance of neo-Keynesian Phillips curves at times of structural changes. The first part studies the central topic of inflation persistence. Indeed in the first chapter, we compare the performance of a number of alternative models of price stickiness, all widely used in the literature. The sensitivity of the models results to the arbitrary choice of model periodicity is then evaluated in the second chapter. In the second part, we provide an overview of spectral analysis with a special emphasis on the spectral analysis of non-stationary processes. Then, the American inflation data is analyzed. Some of the tools used in this empirical investigation stem directly from chapter three and some new techniques are introduced. The third part focuses on the estimation of the simple neo-Keynesian Phillips curves with the GMM approach in the fifth chapter and on the estimation of the macroeconomic model (AS-IS-Monetary rule) with FIML approach in the sixth chapter
Cunha, Monteiro José Maria. "La position dominante de la politique monétaire allemande et son impact sur les fonctions de réaction des principales banques centrales européennes : 1979-1997." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000IEPP0040.
Full textBlot, Christophe. "Politiques macroéconomiques et taux de change : fondements théoriques et éléments d'appréciation empirique des fluctuations de l'euro." Orléans, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002ORLE0509.
Full textLemoine, Matthieu. "Econométrie du cycle européen : analyse du cycle de croissance dans la zone euro à l'aide des modèles à composantes inobservables." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2006. http://spire.sciences-po.fr/hdl:/2441/f4rshpf3v1umfa09lat15gci3.
Full textThis thesis analyses the empirical properties of European business cycles and their consequences for economic policies. For this purpose, we develop unobserved component models and apply them to GDP series of the Euro area, the United Kingdom and, as a mean of comparison, the United States. Estimation is on a period ranging from the 1960s to the 2000s. Our results concern the convergence between national short-term economic evolution, together with the characterisation of economic fluctuations at an aggregate level. Firstly, each national short-term evolution does not only reflect that of the Euro area, but it belongs to sub-groups driven by Germany, France and Italy. Such disparities would require enforcing the coordination between fiscal policies. Secondly, in comparison with the American case, the European short-term situation is particularly troubled by a cycle, which has an average period of 3 years and is related to inventory variations. Detection of such cycles would improve the timing of economic policies. Thirdly, we develop a new model, which shows that the cycles of the United Kingdom and of the Euro area have synchronized over the 1990s and that their correlation has decreased. This suggests that it would be delicate for the United Kingdom to join the Euro area. Finally, real-time estimation of the cycle suffers from a strong uncertainty that can be reduced by incorporating some information about inflationary pressures to the model. The level of uncertainty is lower in the Euro area than in the United States. This implies that the monetary policy of the ECB should become more contra-cyclical than it has been since 1999
Kolozsi, Pál Péter. "Libéralisation commerciale et politique de change : possibilités et contraintes dans une petite économie ouverte : le cas de la Hongrie." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2011. https://spire.sciencespo.fr/notice/2441/53r60a8s3kup1vc9je5hhe4q4.
Full textThe thesis is based on two main ideas: the institutions matter concerning the success of economic policy during the trade liberalization process and monetary policy can be seen as a key factor from that point of view. The line of argument of the thesis is based on a theoretical model of trade balance, inflation and exchange rate. The model is applied to the case of Hungary and the Hungarian experiences back the main conclusions of the model: monetary and exchange rate policy is unsustainable if it is determined without taking into consideration the trade effects. The economic history of Hungary between 1989 and 2009 gives several examples for that unsustainability. Chapter 1 describes the development of institutionalism; chapter 2 demonstrates the importance of monetary policy as an institution from the point of view of trade liberalization describes the optimal monetary policy and explains why it is difficult to follow that policy. Chapter 3 presents the relationship between exchange rate policy and trade. Chapter 4 outlines the functioning of manipulative exchange rate policies. Chapter 5 presents the model deficit-inflation. Chapter 6 presents the Hungarian experiences and underlines that monetary policy focused only on disinflation has to fail and the independence of the central bank can even represent risks to the economies in transition
Alimi, Kawther. "Essais sur la politique monétaire en Tunisie dans un cadre d’Équilibre Général Dynamique Stochastique." Thesis, Orléans, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ORLE0502.
Full textIn Tunisia, the authorities had to face many economic challenges in 2011 which marked a real reversal of the economic situation after the popular uprising and the overthrow of the political power in place. Since then, the Central Bank of Tunisia has been at the center of controversy over the role it has played or should play in relation to growth, the reduction of unemployment and price stability. The first chapter analyzes the effects of monetary policy in the context of a high inflationary threat. We show that the effects of the BCT response to inflation have been limited and that the monetary policy instrument has become almost inoperative. It appears that the effectiveness of the CBT's monetary policy was thus limited by other factors such that the sharp depreciation of the dinar observed since 2011 has increased imported inflation. The second chapter deals with the interaction between monetary policy and exchange rate movements. We show that the degree of pass-through has a considerable impact on economic fluctuations in terms of the variability of inflation and the output gap. In line with what was found in the first chapter, the interest rate channelis also inefficient, particularly in the context of incomplete pass-through. Thus, the challenge for the BCT is to stabilize the exchange rate gap in order to improve the effectiveness of monetary policy and limit inflation. Imperfections in the labor market are also likely to explain inflation in Tunisia and difficulties in controlling price increases. In the last chapter, we analyze the effects of monetary policy by considering wage rigidity in the labor market. This chapter shows that wage rigidity largely affects the dynamics of inflation in Tunisia and consequently the effectiveness of monetary policy
Kpekou, Tossou Rolande Carine Baï. "Three essays on inflation expectations." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/66880.
Full textThis thesis, organized in three chapters, analyzes how a variety of economic agents (professional forecasters and households) form their expectations about future expectations, one of the most important questions in macroeconomics. The first chapter investigates the implications of strategic behaviour among professional forecasters whose opinions form the basis of surveys like the Survey of Professional Forecasters. We posit the existence of a conformism impulse among the survey respondents and show that its presence affects the signal about future inflation that monetary authorities extract from survey responses. The second chapter uses data from two recently-established surveys on consumer expectations: the US Survey of Consumers Expectations (New York Fed) and the Canadian Survey of Consumers Expectations (Bank of Canada), to compare how consumers formulate and update inflation expectations in the US and Canada. Our results highlight some differences between the two countries which are likely explained by differences in their monetary policy framework and the surveys design. The third chapter presents some descriptive results to characterize households’ inflation expectations in Canada, and test some results that have been obtained on US data. It studies the link between inflation expectations and inflation perceptions, as well as change and bias in both. Most of results are consistent with those obtained with US data. We also document the link between inflation expectations and expectations about key economic variables such as spending, interest rate and wage growth
Wolf, Clara. "Housing and monetary policy : three essays on empirical housing economics and international monetary policy." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016IEPP0067.
Full textThis thesis investigates heterogeneous topics since it is related to both housing economics and monetary economics, and uses various tools including theoretical modeling, microeconomic policy evaluation and macroeconomic empirical approach. It is constituted of three chapters. The first one, co-authored with Eric Monnet, is interested in the relationship between demographic changes within countries and housing investment. The second one, co-authored with Guillaume Chapelle and Benjamin Vignolles, assesses the impact of a housing tax credit on several dimensions of the housing market. Finally, the third one studies how monetary policy should react to capital inflows when there are frictions on the financial market
Koum, François. "Spécification et stabilité de la demande de monnaie : théorie et applications des techniques récentes de la cointégration en Afrique : le cas du Ghana, du Kenya, de la Tanzanie et du Zimbabwe." Paris 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA010014.
Full textThe main objective of this study consists to analyse empirically the behaviour of the short-run demand for money over the past twenty five years in some developing countries such as Ghana, Kenya, Tanzania and Zimbabwe with recents techniques for cointegration. The study started first of all, with a broad review of standard theories of the demand for money, particularly concerning the specification and the stability of the function. After, we tested the demand for money function by using a large number of econometric techniques, among which, the CUSUM test, the CUSUM squares test, the Chow test, the ARCH model and a variety of White test. According on those tests, we draw the conclusion that the demand for money functions presents a strong stability in Zimbabwe even the definition of money. In Ghana, only Ml presents some stability. However, in the case of Kenya and Tanzania, the short-run demand for money appears to be unstable even Ml or M2. Since the short-run stability of the demand for money allows to appraise the impact on the economy of a change in the stock money supply, it seems most appropriate and efficient to use the money stock as the key control instrument for achieving a stable economic environment
Hervé, Karine. "Une nouvelle approche du taux de change d'équilibre à partir des équations du commerce extérieur : une application aux grands pays industrialisés et aux nouveaux états membres de l'Union européenne." Paris 13, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA131022.
Full textThe purpose of this PhD thesis is to estimate the equilibrium exchange rates for the major industrialised countries (the United States, the euro area, Japan and the United Kingdom) and the new Member States of the European Union (EU). Drawing on a critical analysis of the literature on equilibrium exchange rates, we focus on the approach based on trade equations and enrich it. The contribution of the thesis is both empirical and methodological. First, we develop a computation method that aims to adhere to the bilateral exchange rate constraint and minimise the gap between the target rates set ex ante and those observed ex post. Second, we estimate external trade elasticities that take due account of the long-term country asymmetries and of the specificities of the aggregated euro area. Third, we analyse and quantify the impact of current account balances on equilibrium exchange rates, using an application on the new EU Member States. We derive from this computation an analysis that highlights the large misalignments experienced by the nominal exchange rates of major currencies, which reflect the magnitude of the current account imbalances in these economies. The huge current account deficit of the United States has resulted in particular in a high overvaluation of the dollar. As far as the new EU Member States are concerned, the risks stemming from a rapid integration in the euro area should be highlighted. It seems therefore all the more appropriate that these countries keep some leeway with respect to their fiscal and current imbalances, given their huge financing needs
Creel, Jérôme. "De l'optimalité des dettes et des déficits publics : une analyse théorique et son application aux pays européens de 1970 à 1996." Paris 9, 1997. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=1997PA090047.
Full textThis thesis analyses the recent debates concerning fiscal policies, among which the validity of ricardian effects and expansionary fiscal contractions, the problems arising from the sustainability of fiscal policies. . . Several indicators of the fiscal stance of public policies are defined and help to study the situation of public finances in the European Union since 1970. The relevance of generational accounting is being discussed. An econometric study of the Danish economy is implemented: it questions the ricardian approach by Danish consumers. An original model is then devoted to the relevance of fiscal policy when interest rates are fixed because of the external constraint. Despite higher interest rates, the economy maintains its initial level of activity thanks to variations in the levels of taxes and public debt. The major part of this thesis incorporates public debt in an original macroeconomic model with wealth behavior in a closed economy, and, then, in an open economy with changing exchange rate regimes. In this model, we determine the inflation rate in the long run, without defining any equilibrium market for money. We then study the optimality of EMU, EMS and flexible exchange rates; the gains from internal and external cooperation between fiscal and monetary policies are calculated; balanced-budget rules are opposed to fiscal policies according to their abilities to stabilize production and inflation to their optimal levels
Aflouk, Nabil. "Régimes de change, taux de change d'équilibre et croissance économique." Paris 13, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA131016.
Full textEspagne, Etienne. "Trois essais d’économie sur les politiques climatiques dans un monde post-Kyoto." Paris, EHESS, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014EHES0066.
Full textThis thesis deals with three complementary economic approaches of the climate challenge. First, a critical analysis of integrated assessment models is carried out using the RESPONSE model. It concludes to their relative usefulness as a transparency tool for reasonings and hypotheses of the negociating parties in the climate diplomacy. A methodology to compare modelization structures is then proposed and tested. Finally the economic conditions for not trespassing the 2°C threshold are put into light, inside a cost-benefit framework, as well as their implications for the diplomatic agenda. Second, we analyze some obstacles and driving forces of a real economy in its interaction with the climate constraint. Three levels of viscosity of an economy are highlighted, having sufficiently different properties to justify a different analytical treatment. On the institutional level, we lower the importance of the pure time preference in the Stern/Nordhau controversy. On the infrastructure level, we show that the introduction of climate uncertainty can justify precautionary investment in the long-term sector and also define some properties of an infrastructure relevant to the climate question. On the technical change side, we build a critic of the AABH model and present some elements of an alternative research program on the subject of its redirection. Third, we introduce money in this description of a real economy, or more precisely the financial sector. We describe and modelize an innovative tool for the energy transition respecting the constraints highlighted in the two preceding parts
Matei, Iuliana. "Rattachement de petites monnaies à l'euro." Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00140522.
Full textCimadomo, Jacopo. "Essays on systematic and unsystematic monetary and fiscal policies." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210474.
Full textconsequence, the stance that policymakers should adopt over the business cycle, remain
controversial issues in the economic literature.
In the light of the dramatic experience of the early 1930s’ Great Depression, Keynes (1936)
argued that the market mechanism could not be relied upon to spontaneously recover from
a slump, and advocated counter-cyclical public spending and monetary policy to stimulate
demand. Albeit the Keynesian doctrine had largely influenced policymaking during
the two decades following World War II, it began to be seriously challenged in several
directions since the start of the 1970s. The introduction of rational expectations within
macroeconomic models implied that aggregate demand management could not stabilize
the economy’s responses to shocks (see in particular Sargent and Wallace (1975)). According
to this view, in fact, rational agents foresee the effects of the implemented policies, and
wage and price expectations are revised upwards accordingly. Therefore, real wages and
money balances remain constant and so does output. Within such a conceptual framework,
only unexpected policy interventions would have some short-run effects upon the economy.
The "real business cycle (RBC) theory", pioneered by Kydland and Prescott (1982), offered
an alternative explanation on the nature of fluctuations in economic activity, viewed
as reflecting the efficient responses of optimizing agents to exogenous sources of fluctuations, outside the direct control of policymakers. The normative implication was that
there should be no role for economic policy activism: fiscal and monetary policy should be
acyclical. The latest generation of New Keynesian dynamic stochastic general equilibrium
(DSGE) models builds on rigorous foundations in intertemporal optimizing behavior by
consumers and firms inherited from the RBC literature, but incorporates some frictions
in the adjustment of nominal and real quantities in response to macroeconomic shocks
(see Woodford (2003)). In such a framework, not only policy "surprises" may have an
impact on the economic activity, but also the way policymakers "systematically" respond
to exogenous sources of fluctuation plays a fundamental role in affecting the economic
activity, thereby rekindling interest in the use of counter-cyclical stabilization policies to
fine tune the business cycle.
Yet, despite impressive advances in the economic theory and econometric techniques, there are no definitive answers on the systematic stance policymakers should follow, and on the
effects of macroeconomic policies upon the economy. Against this background, the present thesis attempts to inspect the interrelations between macroeconomic policies and the economic activity from novel angles. Three contributions
are proposed.
In the first Chapter, I show that relying on the information actually available to policymakers when budgetary decisions are taken is of fundamental importance for the assessment of the cyclical stance of governments. In the second, I explore whether the effectiveness of fiscal shocks in spurring the economic activity has declined since the beginning of the 1970s. In the third, the impact of systematic monetary policies over U.S. industrial sectors is investigated. In the existing literature, empirical assessments of the historical stance of policymakers over the economic cycle have been mainly drawn from the estimation of "reduced-form" policy reaction functions (see in particular Taylor (1993) and Galì and Perotti (2003)). Such rules typically relate a policy instrument (a reference short-term interest rate or an indicator of discretionary fiscal policy) to a set of explanatory variables (notably inflation, the output gap and the debt-GDP ratio, as long as fiscal policy is concerned). Although these policy rules can be seen as simple approximations of what derived from an explicit optimization problem solved by social planners (see Kollmann (2007)), they received considerable attention since they proved to track the behavior of central banks and fiscal
policymakers relatively well. Typically, revised data, i.e. observations available to the
econometrician when the study is carried out, are used in the estimation of such policy
reaction functions. However, data available in "real-time" to policymakers may end up
to be remarkably different from what it is observed ex-post. Orphanides (2001), in an
innovative and thought-provoking paper on the U.S. monetary policy, challenged the way
policy evaluation was conducted that far by showing that unrealistic assumptions about
the timeliness of data availability may yield misleading descriptions of historical policy.
In the spirit of Orphanides (2001), in the first Chapter of this thesis I reconsider how
the intentional cyclical stance of fiscal authorities should be assessed. Importantly, in
the framework of fiscal policy rules, not only variables such as potential output and the
output gap are subject to measurement errors, but also the main discretionary "operating
instrument" in the hands of governments: the structural budget balance, i.e. the headline
government balance net of the effects due to automatic stabilizers. In fact, the actual
realization of planned fiscal measures may depend on several factors (such as the growth
rate of GDP, the implementation lags that often follow the adoption of many policy
measures, and others more) outside the direct and full control of fiscal authorities. Hence,
there might be sizeable differences between discretionary fiscal measures as planned in the
past and what it is observed ex-post. To be noted, this does not apply to monetary policy
since central bankers can control their operating interest rates with great accuracy.
When the historical behavior of fiscal authorities is analyzed from a real-time perspective, it emerges that the intentional stance has been counter-cyclical, especially during expansions, in the main OECD countries throughout the last thirteen years. This is at
odds with findings based on revised data, generally pointing to pro-cyclicality (see for example Gavin and Perotti (1997)). It is shown that empirical correlations among revision
errors and other second-order moments allow to predict the size and the sign of the bias
incurred in estimating the intentional stance of the policy when revised data are (mistakenly)
used. It addition, formal tests, based on a refinement of Hansen (1999), do not reject
the hypothesis that the intentional reaction of fiscal policy to the cycle is characterized by
two regimes: one counter-cyclical, when output is above its potential level, and the other
acyclical, in the opposite case. On the contrary, the use of revised data does not allow to identify any threshold effect.
The second and third Chapters of this thesis are devoted to the exploration of the impact
of fiscal and monetary policies upon the economy.
Over the last years, two approaches have been mainly followed by practitioners for the
estimation of the effects of macroeconomic policies on the real activity. On the one hand,
calibrated and estimated DSGE models allow to trace out the economy’s responses to
policy disturbances within an analytical framework derived from solid microeconomic
foundations. On the other, vector autoregressive (VAR) models continue to be largely
used since they have proved to fit macro data particularly well, albeit they cannot fully
serve to inspect structural interrelations among economic variables.
Yet, the typical DSGE and VAR models are designed to handle a limited number of variables
and are not suitable to address economic questions potentially involving a large
amount of information. In a DSGE framework, in fact, identifying aggregate shocks and
their propagation mechanism under a plausible set of theoretical restrictions becomes a
thorny issue when many variables are considered. As for VARs, estimation problems may
arise when models are specified in a large number of indicators (although latest contributions suggest that large-scale Bayesian VARs perform surprisingly well in forecasting.
See in particular Banbura, Giannone and Reichlin (2007)). As a consequence, the growing
popularity of factor models as effective econometric tools allowing to summarize in
a parsimonious and flexible manner large amounts of information may be explained not
only by their usefulness in deriving business cycle indicators and forecasting (see for example
Reichlin (2002) and D’Agostino and Giannone (2006)), but also, due to recent
developments, by their ability in evaluating the response of economic systems to identified
structural shocks (see Giannone, Reichlin and Sala (2002) and Forni, Giannone, Lippi
and Reichlin (2007)). Parallelly, some attempts have been made to combine the rigor of
DSGE models and the tractability of VAR ones, with the advantages of factor analysis
(see Boivin and Giannoni (2006) and Bernanke, Boivin and Eliasz (2005)).
The second Chapter of this thesis, based on a joint work with Agnès Bénassy-Quéré, presents an original study combining factor and VAR analysis in an encompassing framework,
to investigate how "unexpected" and "unsystematic" variations in taxes and government
spending feed through the economy in the home country and abroad. The domestic
impact of fiscal shocks in Germany, the U.K. and the U.S. and cross-border fiscal spillovers
from Germany to seven European economies is analyzed. In addition, the time evolution of domestic and cross-border tax and spending multipliers is explored. In fact, the way fiscal policy impacts on domestic and foreign economies
depends on several factors, possibly changing over time. In particular, the presence of excess
capacity, accommodating monetary policy, distortionary taxation and liquidity constrained
consumers, plays a prominent role in affecting how fiscal policies stimulate the
economic activity in the home country. The impact on foreign output crucially depends
on the importance of trade links, on real exchange rates and, in a monetary union, on
the sensitiveness of foreign economies to the common interest rate. It is well documented
that the last thirty years have witnessed frequent changes in the economic environment.
For instance, in most OECD countries, the monetary policy stance became less accommodating
in the 1980s compared to the 1970s, and more accommodating again in the
late 1990s and early 2000s. Moreover, financial markets have been heavily deregulated.
Hence, fiscal policy might have lost (or gained) power as a stimulating tool in the hands
of policymakers. Importantly, the issue of cross-border transmission of fiscal policy decisions is of the utmost relevance in the framework of the European Monetary Union and this explains why the debate on fiscal policy coordination has received so much attention since the adoption
of the single currency (see Ahearne, Sapir and Véron (2006) and European Commission
(2006)). It is found that over the period 1971 to 2004 tax shocks have generally been more effective in spurring domestic output than government spending shocks. Interestingly, the inclusion of common factors representing global economic phenomena yields to smaller multipliers
reconciling, at least for the U.K. the evidence from large-scale macroeconomic models,
generally finding feeble multipliers (see e.g. European Commission’s QUEST model), with
the one from a prototypical structural VAR pointing to stronger effects of fiscal policy.
When the estimation is performed recursively over samples of seventeen years of data, it
emerges that GDP multipliers have dropped drastically from early 1990s on, especially
in Germany (tax shocks) and in the U.S. (both tax and government spending shocks).
Moreover, the conduct of fiscal policy seems to have become less erratic, as documented
by a lower variance of fiscal shocks over time, and this might contribute to explain why
business cycles have shown less volatility in the countries under examination.
Expansionary fiscal policies in Germany do not generally have beggar-thy-neighbor effects
on other European countries. In particular, our results suggest that tax multipliers have
been positive but vanishing for neighboring countries (France, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium and Austria), weak and mostly not significant for more remote ones (the U.K.
and Spain). Cross-border government spending multipliers are found to be monotonically
weak for all the subsamples considered.
Overall these findings suggest that fiscal "surprises", in the form of unexpected reductions in taxation and expansions in government consumption and investment, have become progressively less successful in stimulating the economic activity at the domestic level, indicating that, in the framework of the European Monetary Union, policymakers can only marginally rely on this discretionary instrument as a substitute for national monetary policies.
The objective of the third chapter is to inspect the role of monetary policy in the U.S. business cycle. In particular, the effects of "systematic" monetary policies upon several industrial sectors is investigated. The focus is on the systematic, or endogenous, component of monetary policy (i.e. the one which is related to the economic activity in a stable and predictable way), for three main reasons. First, endogenous monetary policies are likely to have sizeable real effects, if agents’ expectations are not perfectly rational and if there are some nominal and real frictions in a market. Second, as widely documented, the variability of the monetary instrument and of the main macro variables is only marginally explained by monetary "shocks", defined as unexpected and exogenous variations in monetary conditions. Third, monetary shocks can be simply interpreted as measurement errors (see Christiano, Eichenbaum
and Evans (1998)). Hence, the systematic component of monetary policy is likely to have played a fundamental role in affecting business cycle fluctuations. The strategy to isolate the impact of systematic policies relies on a counterfactual experiment, within a (calibrated or estimated) macroeconomic model. As a first step, a macroeconomic shock to which monetary policy is likely to respond should be selected,
and its effects upon the economy simulated. Then, the impact of such shock should be
evaluated under a “policy-inactive” scenario, assuming that the central bank does not respond
to it. Finally, by comparing the responses of the variables of interest under these
two scenarios, some evidence on the sensitivity of the economic system to the endogenous
component of the policy can be drawn (see Bernanke, Gertler and Watson (1997)).
Such kind of exercise is first proposed within a stylized DSGE model, where the analytical
solution of the model can be derived. However, as argued, large-scale multi-sector DSGE
models can be solved only numerically, thus implying that the proposed experiment cannot
be carried out. Moreover, the estimation of DSGE models becomes a thorny issue when many variables are incorporated (see Canova and Sala (2007)). For these arguments, a less “structural”, but more tractable, approach is followed, where a minimal amount of
identifying restrictions is imposed. In particular, a factor model econometric approach
is adopted (see in particular Giannone, Reichlin and Sala (2002) and Forni, Giannone,
Lippi and Reichlin (2007)). In this framework, I develop a technique to perform the counterfactual experiment needed to assess the impact of systematic monetary policies.
It is found that 2 and 3-digit SIC U.S. industries are characterized by very heterogeneous degrees of sensitivity to the endogenous component of the policy. Notably, the industries showing the strongest sensitivities are the ones producing durable goods and metallic
materials. Non-durable good producers, food, textile and lumber producing industries are
the least affected. In addition, it is highlighted that industrial sectors adjusting prices relatively infrequently are the most "vulnerable" ones. In fact, firms in this group are likely to increase quantities, rather than prices, following a shock positively hitting the economy. Finally, it emerges that sectors characterized by a higher recourse to external sources to finance investments, and sectors investing relatively more in new plants and machineries, are the most affected by endogenous monetary actions.
Doctorat en sciences économiques, Orientation économie
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Le, Texier Marion. "Les circulations internationales en Europe au XIXe siècle : de l'étude des circulations monétaires à la modélisation d'un système complexe." Paris 7, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA070001.
Full textOver the last century, the circulation of money has been used by historians as an indicator of the relationships between people across space and time. The introduction of a single currency, the euro, on January 1, 2002 in 12 European countries offers the opportunity to trace the paths of international mobility in that part of the world. This thesis aims to provide an account of the relations — specific and banal - established between European territories from the analyses of the complex shapes formed by the monetary distribution
Ben, Sliman Lilia. "Chocs de change, dynamique des prix et conduite de la politique monétaire : le cas de la Tunisie dans le cadre de l'accord d'Agadir." Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00354275.
Full textOuedraogo, Daniel. "Economic issues in a monetary union : the case of the West African Economic and Monetary Union." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLED004.
Full textThe creation of a monetary union deprives the member States of the unilateral use of the monetary instrument. Therefore, an effective orientation of economic policies is required through (i) a hierarchy of macroeconomic targets, (ii) identification of appropriate instruments, and (iii) appropriate implementation. This PhD thesis provides answers to this orientation in order to ensure greater effectiveness of economic policies through a theoretical and empirical analysis applied to the case of the WAEMU which constitutes a singular analytical laboratory through which to study the economic policy of a monetary union
Nketcha, Nana Pierre Valere. "Essays on bank intermediation in developing countries." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25381.
Full textThis dissertation consists of three empirical essays on issues of bank intermediation in developing countries. The first essays seeks to improve our understanding of why banks in Africa are hoarding large volume of liquid assets. Prevailing explanations of this phenomenon have focused mostly on the role of credit risk. Yet, modern models of financial intermediation show that a high exposure to liquidity risk may also prompt banks to hoard large amounts of (precautionary) liquid reserves. We argue that this risk is important in Africa; and using data over the 1994-2008 period, we provide evidence indicating that it contributes significantly to the hoarding of bank liquid assets. This evidence suggests that liquidity risk reduces the share of deposits that African banks can channel into credits, which therefore, can adversely affect the availability of bank credit. The second and the third essays focus on the issue of the determinants of the availability of bank credit, or the lack thereof, in developing countries. In the second essay, we (re-)consider the role of credit risk, or more generally, of credit market institutions. Specifically, we use new data and improved measures from Doing Business, to reexamine the issue of the relationships between creditor rights protection and credit information sharing on one hand, and bank credit on the other hand. The data covers a large sample of 143 countries and are taken in averages over the period 2006-2010. Our results indicate the robustness of earlier evidence that both stronger creditor rights protection and better credit information sharing are associated with greater availability of bank credit. We find that these effects are significant even when the sample is restricted to include either developing countries only or poor countries only. In the third essay we consider the role of liquidity risk and monetary policy. These two factors have not received much attention in previous empirical studies on the determinants of bank credit in developing countries. Using a panel dataset which covers 97 lowand middle-income countries over the 2004-2010 period, we show that liquidity risk and monetary policy are actually important determinants of the availability of bank credit in developing countries. We find important heterogeneity in the results: both liquidity risk and monetary policy have greater effects on bank credit in economies with better credit market conditions, but much smaller and even not statistically significant effects in economies with poor credit market conditions. This result is important because it suggests that, at least in some developing countries, those with a relatively low level of credit risk, reducing the exposure of banks to liquidity risk, and/or implementing a less restrictive monetary policy, are effective channels through which the availability of bank credit could be enhanced. For countries with a relatively high level of credit risk, such channels would be ineffective; in these countries, reducing credit risk is of first order importance to stimulate bank lending.
Ftiti, Zied. "Politique de ciblage d’inflation : règles de conduites, efficacité, performance." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LYO22005/document.
Full textThe inflation targeting policy (ITP) was born after the failure of many monetary policies. However, the ITP was adopted without inherent theory which raised many discussions. In this dissertation, we study the most important debates. In the first chapter, we defined the ITP. Then, we treat the question of the optimal rule conduct. We show that the optimal monetary rule is a type Taylor rule under a Forward-Looking version and which can be linear or nonlinear. In the third chapter, we focus on the discussion about the relevance of the inflation targeting policy. To study this point we use the evolutionary spectral analysis to model the inflation series and we test then, if the ITP cause a structural break. Our results show the relevance of the ITP. The last discussion in this work is to check the macroeconomic performance of the ITP. The main idea is to consider the ITP as economically efficient when it generates a stable monetary environment. The latter is considered as stable when a long-run equilibrium exists to which the paths of economic variables (inflation rate, interest rate and GDP growth) converge. The convergence of the variables’ paths implies that these variables are more predictable and implies a less uncertainty in the economic environment. To measure the degree of convergence between economic variables, we propose, in this paper, a dynamic time-varying variable presented in the frequency approach named cohesion. This variable is estimated from the evolutionary co-spectral theory. The results show that the ITP is a relevance policy and generate a good performance
Lenza, Michèle. "Essays on monetary policy, saving and investment." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210659.
Full textCentral Banks behave so cautiously compared to optimal theoretical
benchmarks, (ii) do monetary variables add information about
future Euro Area inflation to a large amount of non monetary
variables and (iii) why national saving and investment are so
correlated in OECD countries in spite of the high degree of
integration of international financial markets.
The process of innovation in the elaboration of economic theory
and statistical analysis of the data witnessed in the last thirty
years has greatly enriched the toolbox available to
macroeconomists. Two aspects of such a process are particularly
noteworthy for addressing the issues in this thesis: the
development of macroeconomic dynamic stochastic general
equilibrium models (see Woodford, 1999b for an historical
perspective) and of techniques that enable to handle large data
sets in a parsimonious and flexible manner (see Reichlin, 2002 for
an historical perspective).
Dynamic stochastic general equilibrium models (DSGE) provide the
appropriate tools to evaluate the macroeconomic consequences of
policy changes. These models, by exploiting modern intertemporal
general equilibrium theory, aggregate the optimal responses of
individual as consumers and firms in order to identify the
aggregate shocks and their propagation mechanisms by the
restrictions imposed by optimizing individual behavior. Such a
modelling strategy, uncovering economic relationships invariant to
a change in policy regimes, provides a framework to analyze the
effects of economic policy that is robust to the Lucas'critique
(see Lucas, 1976). The early attempts of explaining business
cycles by starting from microeconomic behavior suggested that
economic policy should play no role since business cycles
reflected the efficient response of economic agents to exogenous
sources of fluctuations (see the seminal paper by Kydland and Prescott, 1982}
and, more recently, King and Rebelo, 1999). This view was challenged by
several empirical studies showing that the adjustment mechanisms
of variables at the heart of macroeconomic propagation mechanisms
like prices and wages are not well represented by efficient
responses of individual agents in frictionless economies (see, for
example, Kashyap, 1999; Cecchetti, 1986; Bils and Klenow, 2004 and Dhyne et al. 2004). Hence, macroeconomic models currently incorporate
some sources of nominal and real rigidities in the DSGE framework
and allow the study of the optimal policy reactions to inefficient
fluctuations stemming from frictions in macroeconomic propagation
mechanisms.
Against this background, the first chapter of this thesis sets up
a DSGE model in order to analyze optimal monetary policy in an
economy with sectorial heterogeneity in the frequency of price
adjustments. Price setters are divided in two groups: those
subject to Calvo type nominal rigidities and those able to change
their prices at each period. Sectorial heterogeneity in price
setting behavior is a relevant feature in real economies (see, for
example, Bils and Klenow, 2004 for the US and Dhyne, 2004 for the Euro
Area). Hence, neglecting it would lead to an understatement of the
heterogeneity in the transmission mechanisms of economy wide
shocks. In this framework, Aoki (2001) shows that a Central
Bank maximizing social welfare should stabilize only inflation in
the sector where prices are sticky (hereafter, core inflation).
Since complete stabilization is the only true objective of the
policymaker in Aoki (2001) and, hence, is not only desirable
but also implementable, the equilibrium real interest rate in the
economy is equal to the natural interest rate irrespective of the
degree of heterogeneity that is assumed. This would lead to
conclude that stabilizing core inflation rather than overall
inflation does not imply any observable difference in the
aggressiveness of the policy behavior. While maintaining the
assumption of sectorial heterogeneity in the frequency of price
adjustments, this chapter adds non negligible transaction
frictions to the model economy in Aoki (2001). As a
consequence, the social welfare maximizing monetary policymaker
faces a trade-off among the stabilization of core inflation,
economy wide output gap and the nominal interest rate. This
feature reflects the trade-offs between conflicting objectives
faced by actual policymakers. The chapter shows that the existence
of this trade-off makes the aggressiveness of the monetary policy
reaction dependent on the degree of sectorial heterogeneity in the
economy. In particular, in presence of sectorial heterogeneity in
price adjustments, Central Banks are much more likely to behave
less aggressively than in an economy where all firms face nominal
rigidities. Hence, the chapter concludes that the excessive
caution in the conduct of monetary policy shown by actual Central
Banks (see, for example, Rudebusch and Svennsson, 1999 and Sack, 2000) might not
represent a sub-optimal behavior but, on the contrary, might be
the optimal monetary policy response in presence of a relevant
sectorial dispersion in the frequency of price adjustments.
DSGE models are proving useful also in empirical applications and
recently efforts have been made to incorporate large amounts of
information in their framework (see Boivin and Giannoni, 2006). However, the
typical DSGE model still relies on a handful of variables. Partly,
this reflects the fact that, increasing the number of variables,
the specification of a plausible set of theoretical restrictions
identifying aggregate shocks and their propagation mechanisms
becomes cumbersome. On the other hand, several questions in
macroeconomics require the study of a large amount of variables.
Among others, two examples related to the second and third chapter
of this thesis can help to understand why. First, policymakers
analyze a large quantity of information to assess the current and
future stance of their economies and, because of model
uncertainty, do not rely on a single modelling framework.
Consequently, macroeconomic policy can be better understood if the
econometrician relies on large set of variables without imposing
too much a priori structure on the relationships governing their
evolution (see, for example, Giannone et al. 2004 and Bernanke et al. 2005).
Moreover, the process of integration of good and financial markets
implies that the source of aggregate shocks is increasingly global
requiring, in turn, the study of their propagation through cross
country links (see, among others, Forni and Reichlin, 2001 and Kose et al. 2003). A
priori, country specific behavior cannot be ruled out and many of
the homogeneity assumptions that are typically embodied in open
macroeconomic models for keeping them tractable are rejected by
the data. Summing up, in order to deal with such issues, we need
modelling frameworks able to treat a large amount of variables in
a flexible manner, i.e. without pre-committing on too many
a-priori restrictions more likely to be rejected by the data. The
large extent of comovement among wide cross sections of economic
variables suggests the existence of few common sources of
fluctuations (Forni et al. 2000 and Stock and Watson, 2002) around which
individual variables may display specific features: a shock to the
world price of oil, for example, hits oil exporters and importers
with different sign and intensity or global technological advances
can affect some countries before others (Giannone and Reichlin, 2004). Factor
models mainly rely on the identification assumption that the
dynamics of each variable can be decomposed into two orthogonal
components - common and idiosyncratic - and provide a parsimonious
tool allowing the analysis of the aggregate shocks and their
propagation mechanisms in a large cross section of variables. In
fact, while the idiosyncratic components are poorly
cross-sectionally correlated, driven by shocks specific of a
variable or a group of variables or measurement error, the common
components capture the bulk of cross-sectional correlation, and
are driven by few shocks that affect, through variable specific
factor loadings, all items in a panel of economic time series.
Focusing on the latter components allows useful insights on the
identity and propagation mechanisms of aggregate shocks underlying
a large amount of variables. The second and third chapter of this
thesis exploit this idea.
The second chapter deals with the issue whether monetary variables
help to forecast inflation in the Euro Area harmonized index of
consumer prices (HICP). Policymakers form their views on the
economic outlook by drawing on large amounts of potentially
relevant information. Indeed, the monetary policy strategy of the
European Central Bank acknowledges that many variables and models
can be informative about future Euro Area inflation. A peculiarity
of such strategy is that it assigns to monetary information the
role of providing insights for the medium - long term evolution of
prices while a wide range of alternative non monetary variables
and models are employed in order to form a view on the short term
and to cross-check the inference based on monetary information.
However, both the academic literature and the practice of the
leading Central Banks other than the ECB do not assign such a
special role to monetary variables (see Gali et al. 2004 and
references therein). Hence, the debate whether money really
provides relevant information for the inflation outlook in the
Euro Area is still open. Specifically, this chapter addresses the
issue whether money provides useful information about future
inflation beyond what contained in a large amount of non monetary
variables. It shows that a few aggregates of the data explain a
large amount of the fluctuations in a large cross section of Euro
Area variables. This allows to postulate a factor structure for
the large panel of variables at hand and to aggregate it in few
synthetic indexes that still retain the salient features of the
large cross section. The database is split in two big blocks of
variables: non monetary (baseline) and monetary variables. Results
show that baseline variables provide a satisfactory predictive
performance improving on the best univariate benchmarks in the
period 1997 - 2005 at all horizons between 6 and 36 months.
Remarkably, monetary variables provide a sensible improvement on
the performance of baseline variables at horizons above two years.
However, the analysis of the evolution of the forecast errors
reveals that most of the gains obtained relative to univariate
benchmarks of non forecastability with baseline and monetary
variables are realized in the first part of the prediction sample
up to the end of 2002, which casts doubts on the current
forecastability of inflation in the Euro Area.
The third chapter is based on a joint work with Domenico Giannone
and gives empirical foundation to the general equilibrium
explanation of the Feldstein - Horioka puzzle. Feldstein and Horioka (1980) found
that domestic saving and investment in OECD countries strongly
comove, contrary to the idea that high capital mobility should
allow countries to seek the highest returns in global financial
markets and, hence, imply a correlation among national saving and
investment closer to zero than one. Moreover, capital mobility has
strongly increased since the publication of Feldstein - Horioka's
seminal paper while the association between saving and investment
does not seem to comparably decrease. Through general equilibrium
mechanisms, the presence of global shocks might rationalize the
correlation between saving and investment. In fact, global shocks,
affecting all countries, tend to create imbalance on global
capital markets causing offsetting movements in the global
interest rate and can generate the observed correlation across
national saving and investment rates. However, previous empirical
studies (see Ventura, 2003) that have controlled for the effects
of global shocks in the context of saving-investment regressions
failed to give empirical foundation to this explanation. We show
that previous studies have neglected the fact that global shocks
may propagate heterogeneously across countries, failing to
properly isolate components of saving and investment that are
affected by non pervasive shocks. We propose a novel factor
augmented panel regression methodology that allows to isolate
idiosyncratic sources of fluctuations under the assumption of
heterogenous transmission mechanisms of global shocks. Remarkably,
by applying our methodology, the association between domestic
saving and investment decreases considerably over time,
consistently with the observed increase in international capital
mobility. In particular, in the last 25 years the correlation
between saving and investment disappears.
Doctorat en sciences économiques, Orientation économie
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El, Bejaoui Hayet jihene. "Essays on exchange rate pass-through : the role of asymmetries and trade globalisation." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCD025/document.
Full textThis thesis explores the transmission of exchange rate movements into export and import prices at both the aggregate and the disaggregate level for four advanced countries. We use several up-to-date econometric methods in order to provide robust measures of exchange rate pass-through. The main finding of our research is to provide clear support for the presence of asymmetry in the exchange rate pass-through, i.e. the fact that appreciations and depreciations are pass through prices in a different magnitude. Moreover, we find that, in many cases, the pass-through coefficient is higher when we take into account this asymmetry. Therefore not taking into account potential asymmetries may lead to wrong results in the ERPT estimation. This finding has several important implications for monetary policy. Indeed, policy-makers will face a dilemma as they try to pursue price stability and export competitiveness. Moreover, our research also studies whether the degree of trade openness affects the exchange rate pass-through. The results in this case show that there is no significant role for the degree of trade openness for most cases
Vergé, Thibaud. "Politique de la concurrence et analyse économique des relations verticales." Toulouse 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001TOU10077.
Full textThis thesis attempts to offer an economic analysis of the recent changes in European Competition Law, especially regarding vertical restraints. The first two chapters focus on the anticompetitive effects of resale price maintenance and show that this practice may allow the producers to maintain high retail prices. In chapter 3, we study the rational for the "portfolio theory". Finally, in chapter 4, we analyse the reasons which have motivated the European Competition Authorities' move from the mandatory notification to a legal exception regime
Mihoubi, Ferhat. "Estimation, tests et évaluation du modèle de déséquilibre avec micro-marchés par le pseudo-maximum de vraissemblance : application à l'emploi en France." Paris 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA010003.
Full textThis thesis concentrate on econometric modeling of dynamics disequilibrium models with micro-markets. The first chapter is devote to the presentation of the mains econometrics methods of estimation, simulation and test which could be applied to disequilibrium models. We point out the fruitfulness of the simulate pseudo-maximum likelihood method in order to estimate this type of model. In the second chapter, we survey economics and econometrics studies on aggregation of micro markets in disequilibrium. We study, in the third chapter, the available econometric methods which could overcome the cumbersome problem of dynamics disequilibrium models estimation. We show also the usefulness of the pseudo maximum likelihood in presence lagged latents variables in disequilibrium models. In the last chapter, we apply the pseudo maximum likelihood method to a partial dynamic disequilibrium model with micro-markets of the french labour market. The dynamic aspects come from the wage equation and the demand and supply equations via the dynamics spill over effects and the adjustments of effectives demands and supplies to theirs notionals values. The results indicate a significant impact of past disequilibrium on current labour demand. The appendix describes pmv an econometric softwar we built to estimate our econometric disequilibrium model
Ouvrard, Benjamin. "Les nudges dans la régulation environnementale : alternative ou complément aux instruments monétaires ?" Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAB011/document.
Full textIn this thesis, we propose to mode! individuals' reaction to a nudge, based on the announcement of the socially optimal contribution. We want to compare the efficiency of this incentive, with the efficiency of a tax to improve environmental quality. We test the theoretical predictions we obtained in a laboratory experiment. We show that the reaction to our nudge depends on subjects' environmental sensitivity, contrary to the tax. ln a second experiment, we test the existence of persistent effects of these two instruments in the long term. We also consider a mix tool (tax and nudge), to raise subjects' awareness (with the nudge) that they are taxed because their behaviour is not optimal. ln the last chapter, we extend our analysis considering agents arranged in fixed networks. We analyze how the equilibria are shaped under the implementation of our nudge
Aarab, Mohammed Amine. "Impact de la hausse du prix du pétrole sur la zone monétaire canadienne : Une étude empirique sur l'emploi et le taux de change." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30053/30053.pdf.
Full textBui, Minh Phuong. "Some interpretations and application of the concept of Prudence." Toulouse 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOU10059.
Full textThis research is built in the framework of expected utility theory. The first essay studies the agents' behavior towards risk and uncertainty in the context of consumption externalities : an agent extracts utility not only from his own consumption but also from his peers' consumption. In the second essay, we considered an extension of the Arrow-Debreu model with incomplete market structure : assets are made contingent on the verifiable signals, not on the realized state (each signal may be associated to several states. The third essay studies individual's risk attitudes when utility is multidimensional. Using the concept of "harm-mitigation" (Eechoudt-Schlesinger 2003), we provide intuitive interpretations of the sign of cross-deritatives of the utility function. The fourtht essay discusses comparative Prudence and Temperance by means of a new concept so-called prudence and temperance premia. It also provides conditions on the distribution of the risk under which comparative risk aversion, comparative prudence and comparative temperance are preserved for all utility functions
Bouyon, Sylvain. "Les interactions entre la dollarisation et les politiques économiques dans les économies d´Europe Centrale et de l´Est." Thesis, Lille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL12001/document.
Full textOur thesis focuses on the determinants and consequences of dollarization. Our analysis includes four steps. Firstly, we determine optimal holding of dollars and euros for private agents thanks to the model of portfolio in a dollarized economy by Thomas. This optimum is empirically tested with dynamic analysis in Poland and Romania. Secondly, we directly integrate institutional determinants of behavior and organization of a central bank into a new theoretical mode\. The optimum is tested in the eleven studied economies thanks to the tools of panel data. Thirdly, we analyze the impact of dollarization of monetary aggregates on exchange rate variations. This theoretical approach evaluates the efficiency of several exchange rate systems when the economy is partially dollarized. Eventually, the last part considers ail potential forms of dollarization and tries to determine, on a theoretical point of view, the impact of this original monetary phenomenon on the general welfare of an economy
Moukala, Jean-Chrios. "La formation continue, fondement de la compétitivité économique ? : des approches déductives à une tentative d'approche inductive." Montpellier 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001MON10058.
Full textGamas, Rieu Marie-Noëlle. "Le contenu en information des options sur taux d'interêt pour la politique monétaire." Bordeaux 4, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BOR40030.
Full textEzzeroug, Assia. "Essais sur les rigidités nominales et la politique monétaire optimale." Paris 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA010018.
Full textKouassi, Eugène. "Approche fréquentielle de la causalité évolutive entre processus aléatoires bivariés non-stationnaires." Montpellier 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON10006.
Full textIn the study of causality between stochastic processes, the assumption of stationarity (at least of second order) is often tacitly made. It's possible, indeed, essential to release such assumption (case of nonstationary processes) using evolutionary spectral analysis and timedependant parameters models. Evolutionary causality (i. E time-dependant causality) which is issued results partly from frequency-domain analysis (evolutionary causality test) and from the combination of a set of evolutionary prediction models (arma models and transfer function models with changing parameters)
Benchora, Inessa. "Impact of Transition Risk on Stock Returns." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Orléans, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024ORLE1010.
Full textTransition risk, inherent in the shift to a low-carbon economy, presents significant challenges and opportunities for financial markets. This thesis aims to quantify and analyze the influence of this risk on stock returns, taking into account regulatory, technological, and consumer and investor preference developments. Taking part initially in the debate on the most appropriate measure to approximate a company’s contribution to transition risk, in Chapter 1, we propose the use of verified carbon emissions to assess the impact of transition risk on companies participating in the EU ETS. Our results show that the emissions trading system alters the risk-return profile of stocks, which can provide a financial incentive to consider emissions in investment decisions. Next, recognizing the pivotal role of central banks in the transition to a low-carbon economy, Chapter 2 provides an evaluation of the environmental footprint of U.S. monetary policy concerning transition risk. The main conclusion of non-neutrality in U.S. monetary policy, favoring polluting companies, leads to the third chapter. This chapter, also focused on the United States, explores how transition risk is taken into account in market valuation and how climate regulation can influence this integration. Our results suggest that the long-term impact of U.S. laws on the relationship between carbon emissions and stock returns needs strengthening to ensure its sustainability. Currently, legislative measures have a more pronounced effect in the medium term, but their sustainability remains uncertain. In conclusion, these chapters aim to enable a better integration of transition risk into stock evaluation by investors, which would empower regulatory authorities and financial market participants to develop more suitable policies and preventive measures against this risk
Cassagnard, Patrice. "Reconsidérations théoriques des implications stratégiques et éducatrices du protectionnisme." Bordeaux 4, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002BOR40032.
Full textBaron, Thomas. "Politique monétaire, monnaie et bulles sur les prix d'actifs." Paris 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA010064.
Full textVranceanu, Radu. "Le chômage dans les économies en transition : théorie, économétrie et implications de politique économique pour la Roumanie." Paris 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA020148.
Full textThe objective of this thesis is to analyse the specific causes for unemployment in the eastern european reforming countries (eerc). A survey of the literature on tansition to market economy was used to properly place unemployment issues in this particular economic framework. Three main causes of unemployment have been identified : demand contraction (cyclic unemployment), labour cross-sectorial movements (restructuring unemployment) and real wage stickiness (structural unemployment). We review the foundations of the first two types in the light of the current theories. For the influence of the specific labour market institutions in the eerc. Within this framework, we then analyse the particular case of the romanian economy. We take an in-depht look at the reform process and the creation of a labour market. Using an auto-regressive vector model of the economy, we attempt to asses the relative weight of the various factors on unemployment fluctuations. In the end, based on our conclusions, we formulate several suggestions in terms of economics and reform strategies, mainly aimed at improving labour market functioning
Ruiz, Fernando Matias. "Concurrence et convergence fiscales." Paris, EHESS, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008EHES0146.
Full textThe subject studied on this doctoral dissertation is “Tax competition and tax convergence”. An important objective of my research is to examine tax competition and tax convergence in an integrated for me. This line of research provides new insights of the tax competition problem. A second objective is to confront the theory with the empirical data. Chapter 2 defines the tax we use and presents the effective tax rate literature, where we provide some extensions. Once defined the tax on capital as the tax under study, chapter 3 develops a model of tax competition. Chapter 4 observes tax competition and provides a link with next chapter. Finlay, chapter 5 analyses tax convergence