Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Politiques de Reprise des Déchets'
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Sakaya, Jamal. "Towards Effective Environmental Regulations—Operations Management Perspective." Thesis, Jouy-en Josas, HEC, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022EHEC0009.
Full textIn this thesis, I examine the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) and the take-back policies used in the European Union (EU) to fight global warming and manage some waste categories. I study three key research problems associated with them: (i) how firms will adapt to a reform to the EU ETS that reduces the number of allowances in circulation and places excess allowances in a reserve, (ii) how the EU ETS and the take-back policies interact, and (iii) is it better to manage some waste categories through take-back policies with minimum recovery rates or a cap-and-trade policy. Each chapter covers one problem. In the first chapter, I examine how firms will adapt to a reform to the EU ETS that allows the regulator to remove a percentage of surplus allowances and put them in a reserve—the market stability reserve. I study the firms’ strategies for compliance with this reform and the regulator’s problem of setting a policy parameter—the percentage of surplus allowances to withdraw–– that encourages emissions abatement without sacrificing economic prosperity. To do that, I model a game spanning two periods, in which the regulator first sets the policy parameter and then firms produce their output, reduce emissions, and participate in the auction for allowances. In the second chapter, I study how the EU ETS and waste take-back policies interact and impact each other’s economic and environmental effectiveness. To that end, I model a game where suppliers subject to a carbon cap-and-trade policy supply raw material to manufacturers subject to take-back policy with a minimum recycling target. In the third chapter, I study if it is better to manage some waste categories through take-back policies with minimum recovery rates or a cap-and-trade policy. To that end, I consider the electronic waste context, and I use two stylized models to compare the economic and environmental effectiveness of two policies: a percentage-based take-back policy, which requires electronic manufacturers to recycle or remanufacture a percentage of the new products they introduce into the market, and an allowance- based policy, which requires electronic manufacturers to recycle or remanufacture all the new products they introduce into the market except a limited quantity of products that can end up in landfills untreated. This limited quantity is determined by the number of allowances manufacturers gain in an auction
Ménard, Sébastien. "L' assurance chômage optimale : les politiques d'incitation à la reprise d'emploi." Le Mans, 2006. http://cyberdoc.univ-lemans.fr/theses/2006/2006LEMA2001.pdf.
Full textUnemployment insurance programs protect workers against idiosyncratic unemployment risks. However, a moral hazard problem limits the performance of unemployment insurance: workers who receive an unemployment benefit reduce their search effort. There is remarkable evidence that the level of unemployment benefit affects the unemployment spells. Consequently the government has to trade off between insurance and incentives. In this work, we analyze the optimal unemployment insurance. In the first part, we study unemployment insurance systems for several countries. In the second and third part, we characterize the shape of optimal unemployment contract when the preference are nonseparable and when there are two types of agents : the young and the seniors. We show that UI agency has to trade provide a minimum replacement ratio and a more progressive replacement ratio to the eldery. In the parts 4 and 5, we examine the role of the size and the duration of unemployment insurance in a dynamic economy with precautionary savings. Finally, we analyse the effects of the monotoring. We distinguish two types of monitoring : the search monitoring and the job refusal monitoring
Ménard, Sébastien Langot François. "L' assurance chômage optimale les politiques d'incitation à la reprise d'emploi /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2006. http://cyberdoc.univ-lemans.fr/theses/2006/2006LEMA2001.pdf.
Full textKirakozian, Ankinée. "Trois essais en économie des déchets : comportements individuels et politiques publiques." Thesis, Nice, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NICE0013/document.
Full textThe observation of a positive trend in the amount of waste in France and in the world has called for studies explaining household sorting behavior. This thesis lies in this perspective and aims at determining how to lead consumers to reduce their waste. We first present a review of the literature analyzing the portfolio of waste management public policies. We discuss the limits of the traditional approach stating that individuals adopt a rational behavior, seeking utility gains. Instead we support the idea that addressing behavioral factors is required for public policies supporting recycling behavior to succeed. In a second step, we investigate the the determinants of sorting behavior by building an original survey on 694 individuals in the PACA region. Our study combines and tests hypotheses first developed by sociologists and psychologists with concepts from behavioral economics. We use a probit model to estimate the probability to adopt a selective sorting behavior. Our empirical analysis shows that social influence negatively impacts recycling. Finally, we complete this study with an agent-based model which seeks to explain the sorting of waste as well as how such behavior is impacted by public policies. Our model considers heterogeneous households whose recycling decision is affected by four elements: individual environmental preferences and self-image, the opportunity cost of a tax on sorting, and the cost of sorting. Three public policies are tested: information, tax and "nudges"
Arnaud, Brice. "Politiques de tarification, stratégies de différenciation et gestion optimale des déchets ménagers." Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR40030/document.
Full textThis thesis examines the effectiveness of two instruments for the management of household waste : unit-pricing systems and extended producer responsibility. In a first step, we analyze the effectiveness of these two instruments using a general equilibrium model. In this model, all markets are competitive but waste disposal generates environmental damage which is the source of externalities. In the case of a unit-pricing systems as an extended producer responsibility, optimal pricing policy involves a marginal social cost of waste disposal. To internalize the cost of environmental damage, a landfill tax seems the most effective tool. In a second step, we analyze the effectiveness of social marginal cost pricing of waste management by assuming that the final market is not competitive. We represent this market by a duopoly with vertical product differentiation. Each firm produces a different quality of the same good, and consumers have different preferences for quality. In the case of an extended producer responsibility, the social marginal cost pricing of waste management does not decentralize the social optimum. An optimal policy involves the modulation of the cost that is borne by producers based on consumer preferences for quality
Beir, Jean de. "Ressources environnementales et politiques d'incitation au recyclage." Paris 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA010049.
Full textDanjoie, Claire. "Gouverner les territoires durables en Europe : une comparaison des politiques infranationales en France, en Allemagne et en Espagne (Ours-Déchets ménagers et assimilés)." Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014TOU10029/document.
Full textLe résumé en anglais n'a pas été communiqué par l'auteur
Nkwocha, Edmund E. "Aspects géographiques de la gestion des déchets solides urbains au Nigéria : politiques, techniques et perspectives." Aix-Marseille 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997AIX10053.
Full textSory, Issa. ""Ouaga la belle !" gestion des déchets solides à Ouagadougou : enjeux politiques, jeux d'acteurs et inégalités environnementales." Paris 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA010523.
Full textBuclet, Nicolas. "Politiques d'environnement, trajectoires institutionnelles et contraintes de coordination internationale : la gestion des déchets d'emballages ménagers en europe." Paris 7, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA070109.
Full textThe building of a common policy of packaging waste management has to take into account the existence of present irreductible uncertainties. These uncertainties hinder a precise vision of advantages and disadvantages of possible solutions. An efficient management system cannot be settled by determining an optimal technical and organisational solution. The question becomes more convincing through a search of efficiency by coordination. What is important is the set of mechanisms allowing actors to coordinate themselves throughout time. The process which leads to the building of explicit or implicit rules, is essential. We show that the efficiency, in order to concile with the viability of a management system throughout time, requires a coordination framework endowed with stability. A stable system has the characteristic to evolve throughout time while the framework of reference for the actors is not disturbed by the introduction of new elements. The actors can continue to act whit a bettview of what will imply their own action, in particular concerning the other actors with whom they try to coordinate and who are going to give interpretation to their action. Even if it does not allow to reduce radical uncertainties, every actor acts in situation of reduced uncertainty regarding the actions in conformity with a coordination framework and follows the efficiency within it. We elabor an explaining model on the conditions which allow a regulator to elaborate a system of rules endowed with stability. This model helps us to show, through the example of the "packaging" european directive , the limits of regulation process within the eu. The upholding of a logic close to international negotiations, limits the possibilities that a regulator settles a system of rules coherent with the announced objectives. A first track is launched on the introduction of founding principles of a european "regime" which would allow the actors, by being in a logic of respect of national institutional trajectories - important condition for the stability of a system - to tackle the question of organisational and technical choices from stable references
Larroque, Claire. "La gestion des déchets par les sociétés industrielles au regard de la problématique environnementale : enjeux éthiques, sociaux et politiques." Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01H229.
Full textThis thesis aims at examining the ethical, social and political issues raised by waste management of industrialized societies. Philosophical analyses of waste management generally adopt a symbolic approach that tends, in one hand, to ignore political and social issues and, on the other hand, to disregard the human-nature relation since environmental issues of waste management are limited to technical sphere. Yet, I suggest that this dual approach must be criticized and question the idea that technicians should deal with the waste treatment while philosophers (or sociologists) should only considerer the symbolic significance. This work argues that waste management of industrialized societies is not only a technical issue since its continuously in relation with the social sphere and among other things raises issues of justice. In this regard, I support that the environmental issue caused by waste management can only be grasped if we assume a conception of nature as community: when wastes affect (unevenly) the environment in which people live, wastes also have an impact on the populations because people nurture interdependent relationship with their environment. Once this has been established, I demonstrate that a cultural vision of environmental inequalities should be defended in order to identify and determine normative principles of waste justice
Dussaux, Damien. "Les effets des politiques environnementales sur le commerce international des déchets, l’innovation verte, et la compétitivité, dans un monde globalisé." Thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENMP0047/document.
Full textIn a globalized world, unilateral environmental policies may fail to correct market failures from a global point of view. In this dissertation, I examine some mechanisms through which environmental regulations could lead to inefficient outcomes under free trade. I also investigate how particular environmental policies such as recycling policies can help to address other concerns at the country level. In the first chapter of this dissertation, I analyze how cross-country difference in waste taxes impacts the bilateral trade in waste between the member states of the European Union. I find that a higher asymmetry in the waste taxes is associated with a non negligible amount of waste exported from strict countries to lax countries. This result illustrates the harmful impact that "race to the bottom" behaviours can have under free trade. This result has important policy implications since these behaviours can lead to an insufficient internalization of the environmental damages caused by waste management activities. Recycling policies are implemented to reduce environmental impacts but they can also mitigate country dependence on foreign raw materials. In the second chapter, I find that recycling policies substantially reduce country dependence on foreign raw materials by stimulating domestic production of secondary raw materials. In the third chapter, I test empirically whether offshoring to low-production-cost countries reduces firms' propensity to innovate in clean technologies. I find that trade with low-cost countries may have significantly reduced green innovation in high production cost countries during the last decades. In the last chapter, I use micro-data on French manufacturing to test a major part of the assumptions made in the seminal work of Porter and van der Linde. I find evidence against the Porter Hypothesis although the negative impact of regulations on firm profitability is rather small. This is evidence of a necessary but not sufficient condition for the Pollution Haven Hypothesis
Ada, Nzoughe Corine. "La gestion des déchets solides dans la commune de Libreville (Gabon) : contribution géographique à l'étude des politiques et des pratiques urbaines." Montpellier 3, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON30040.
Full textLibreville the capital of Gabon makes face since the end of 1980s with important problems of insalubrity in touch with the solid waste. Developed geographical approach offers an analysis of correlations between the actors, their logic and means of action in an agglomeration marked by socio-space inequality to reveal the major dysfunctions which affect the quality of the urban service of the solid waste. The recent policies of decentralization and concession still do not contribute to resolve efficiently the problems of inequality of access to the local service of the solid waste because they are the object of institutional conflicts enters les for you and the State. The technical choices of elimination of garbage implemented by SOVOG, society private concessionary, do not take into account the diversity of the situations of development and equipment of the quarters of Libreville. That's why in the popular péricentraux and peripheral quarters, the populations which live in the enclosed shoals are excluded from the collecting of garbage. It is in this context that develop the informal practices of rejection of waste certain borrowed in the middle country. On the contrary in the rich quarters, the rates of collection are well brought up. The popular initiative which develops in quarters registers in a context of gouvernance and democratization still fragile and uncertain. Of this fact the public institutions remain the central actors of the management of waste
David, Maia. "Economie des Approches Volontaires dans les Politiques Environnementales en Concurrence et Coopération Imparfaites." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2004. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00000855.
Full textNougarol, Renaud. "La tarification incitative des déchets ménagers comme processus d’économisation ? : sociologie des cadrages et des débordements d’une politique publique." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU20086.
Full textIn France, public authorities have been trying to generalize Unit-Based Pricing of household waste (UBP). It is a pricing system that consists in charging users for the waste management service depending on the amount of waste they produce. Nevertheless, UBP is not largely implemented because the actors responsible for its implementation fear being confronted to a certain number of economic issues, social issues and environmental issues.Keeping in mind the triple observation that the scientific literature on this subject was essentially written by economists, that economists generally favour the economic incentive, and that they have a central place in public action, the general hypothesis of this research is about the role of economists and their studies to set the agenda of UBP in France by a dynamics of "framing" of its "overflowing" (of its problems). This thesis defends the idea of an economization process characterized by successive "translations" – before and during the Grenelle de l'Environnement – of the work of a waste-assessment organisation marked by the presence of certain economists and certain economic studies favourable to UBP. These "translations" have been carried out by Communist representatives, and this thesis is in accordance with the various works which show that the economisation cannot be reduced to organic links with the liberal economic doctrine or with a form of "neoliberalism" which would constitute the explanatory variable of public policies change.In addition, this research focuses on the local implementation of UBP. By describing, step by step, how members of a local community set up their unit-based pricing project between 2013 and 2016, the work undertaken shows how they have "managed" various "overflows" related to its implementation
Caillaud, Kévin. "Vers une gouvernance territoriale de l'environnement ? : analyse comparée des politiques départementales de gestion de l'eau destinée à la consommation humaine et des déchets municipaux." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00990135.
Full textSaraç-Lesavre, Başak. "Formuler les valeurs du nucléaire : Communautés, équations, budgets et débats autour des déchets nucléaires." Thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENMP0023.
Full textThis thesis approaches valuation as an on-going, constructive and contested process. She addresses this theoretical issue through the study of a very complex object of valuation: nuclear waste in the context of the United States. As an ontologically ambivalent object, nuclear waste can be valued or devalued from many angles, which provides an intriguing and exciting test bed to unfold a sociology of valuation. The thesis examines a multitude of sites where the question of the formulation of nuclear values is being raised. These sites are, for example, the design and vicissitudes of the budgetary process conceived to finance the North American nuclear waste program, the trials set up in order to distribute the financial responsibility of a material expected to remain hazardous during the next million years, the efforts of a group of actors to attach the future of their community to the future of nuclear waste, or the uses of an economic convention to estimate the economic value of spent nuclear fuel. This thesis shows that processes of valuation are never limited to the object that is subjected to valuation and proposes the notion of revaluation, first, to articulate the intertwined relationship between the processes of evaluation and valuation, and second, to signify the particularity of the period during which the research has been undertaken, namely a moment when the revival of nuclear energy was publicly debated, and a moment when the U.S. government was seeking to reformulate its nuclear waste policy
Tounkara, Sidy. "La valorisation des déchets organiques dans l'agriculture "péri-urbaine" à Dakar (Sénégal) : analyse d'une multifonctionnalité stratégique." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU20085/document.
Full textThe purpose of this thesis is to analyze the double issue of integration or the gradual disappearance of agriculture in the city of Dakar and the agricultural use of urban organic waste. The first aspect raises immediately the question of territorial governance of local public action. The second aspect refers to the multifunctionality of agriculture in the context of greening of human activities to protect the environment. How do gardeners adapt to this double concern: to maintain agriculture in city and promote urban organic waste? How can agricultural multifunctionality contribute to maintain and strengthen gardening activity? These issues were tackled by adopting an interdisciplinary approach crossing especially sociology and geography. We suppose that this new environmental function of “peri-urban” agriculture is an opportunity for gardeners in Dakar to develop strategies for adaptation to the local context and to the project of greening of agriculture. A geographical approach of Niayes’ space (Dakar) showed that agricultural practices are largely determined by the characteristics of this environment under human transformation reinforced by urbanization. We show also that the agenda of agricultural development problems in the city Dakar is likely to display political than an actual entry in the urban project. Finally, it remains blocking factors to overcome for “environmentally intensify” the systems of production of agriculture. Some of these factors are based on the registration of agricultural practices in the local socio-cultural system and the relations that gardeners have with the scientific “world” and environmental issues
Lazarevic, David Andrew. "Life cycle thinking and waste policy : between science and society." Troyes, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012TROY0037.
Full textThis study investigates the application of life cycle thinking (LCT) and life cycle assessment (LCA) in the field of waste management from perspectives based in the social sciences. LCT is explored through the theoretical construct of regimes, where theoretical resources drawn from the combination of the ‘pragmatic turn’ and the multi- level perspective of system innovation. This work is based on seven papers treating theoretical arguments, qualitative and quantitative analysis, case studies and semi-structured interview data. LCT is placed in the context of contemporary societies. LCT and LCA are seen as instruments of quantification and evaluation used by actors which have both similar and disparate objectives, and who offer justifications for its use through arguments embedded in conflicting pluralities of worth. Furthermore, this work analyses LCA as a tool for the qualification of the waste hierarchy; a waste management principle articulating the convention of closed material cycle economies. This study argues that the technological trajectory of waste management regimes has been significantly influenced, inter alia, by actors’ institutional articulation of the waste hierarchy at national and territorial levels. It discusses the legitimacy of the quantitative application LCT and LCA as intermediary objects used to qualify the waste hierarchy. Furthermore, LCT is placed in a prospective context which may be used to assist in the transition toward sustainable waste management
Dupeuble, Sandrine. "Attitudes, valeurs et pratiques autour du tri sélectif et de la gestion des déchets à Marseille et ses environs : les politiques environnementales à l’épreuve des comportements des usagers." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO20084.
Full textThis thesis Anthropology aims to explore a little-studied subject matter in this field. It takes a critical look at the recyclable waste in a specific context: the sorting device system in Marseille, France. Less studied than other waste categories like organic waste, industrial or energy ... this thesis will focus on the social and cultural dimensions of recyclable waste by connecting and comparing it with all other domestic waste (organic waste, toxic, cumbersome ...). The aim is to reveal the representations and practices associated with these different types of waste; the games and actors’ logic facing the collection device in place; the paths and spatiotemporal storing areas followed by the waste according to their category
Pierrat, Adeline. "Les lieux de l'ordure de Dakar et d'Addis Abäba : territoires urbains et valorisation non institutionnelle des déchets dans deux capitales africaines." Thesis, Paris 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA010662.
Full textThis thesis examines the links between urban areas and non-institutional recycling in two African capitals : Dakar, Senegal and Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. These connections are studied regarding the current state of modernisation of these metropolises, which have been going green and above all keeping it clean and became models of development. Most of the studies are about the lacks and the flaws of the bureaucratic management of the urban transit. This research focuses on recycling, which they see as resource. The latter, more and more promoted in the North, is a way of handling the rubbish that puts more value into it. As for the South and in those two capitals in particular, recycling is the hands of the informal sector and households. In this case, this thesis aims to understand through informal recycling how rubbish plays a part in the creation of territories and the current expansions of Dakar and Addis Ababa. The spatial dimension of the procedure is studied through the analysis and the links of what we call “rubbish spots” (rubbish tips, the waste market) are considered marginal. The comparison and qualitative field surveys (questionnaires and interviews) sho how recycling is developed, its specific features and the regional dynamism coming out of it. This thesis shows that the latter can barely be part of the new urban deal and that they have negative interference with the current regulations attempt. By revisiting the platform of the informal, this job questions the possible developments for – and the risks taken – for a fundamental process to trun rubbish into an urban resource on the African continent
Makay, Zsuzsanna. "Politiques familiales, activité professionnelle et fécondité en Hongrie et en France : différences de mentalités et de comportements." Phd thesis, Université de Nanterre - Paris X, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00748516.
Full textTogia, Alexandra. "Efficacité et incitation dans les régimes de régulation reposant sur des mécanismes de financement : une modélisation physique et financière de la gestion des déchets ménagers en France, Danemark et Grèce." Paris, EHESS, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003EHES0093.
Full textOur research work aims to highlight how the regulatory regimes based on new financial mechanisms generate performances which sometimes reveal an important gap compared with the goals formulated in physical terms. Therefore, we rely on an empirical investigation of the household waste management regimes implemented in three european countries: France, Denmark and Greece. The core of the adopted approach concerns a joint modeling work of physical and financial flows carried out by a given regime, taking into account its constitutive rules. The simulations developed, enable us ti draw the lessons regarding the incentives which are to be introduced in order to reach the goals. They also illustrate the role of modeling and enlighten the strong and/or the weak points of every regime. The main lesson of the method which derives from this thesis is that it is suitable to pay attention to the incentives incorporated in a new regulatory regime, beyond the financial dimension
Paul, Jacky. "Le compostage et la fertilisation organique à l’échelle du territoire en Guadeloupe : conditions d’émergence d’une filière de recyclage des déchets en agriculture." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLA028.
Full textDue to the limited availability of landfill sites, local authorities have strongly encouraged since 2008 the structuration of waste treatment channels. As concerns the organic wastes, a special attention has been paid for recycling them through composting. In this study, we focused on the conditions of development of a sector for recycling organic wastes in Guadeloupe through the assessment of the conditions affecting compost adoption by farmers. In order to identify and evaluate the determinants of farmers 'choices, we applied an original approach combining an ex-post analysis of current practices and farmers' perceptions, and an ex-ante analysis using the Choice Experiment method of levers for facilitating the adoption of compost. We test biotechnical levers concerning compost properties and the facilitation of practices with technical support, and economic levers mainly focused on the implementation of new AgroEnvironmental Schemes (AES) to promote economically the composts. We observed that the adoption rate is relatively low (18% of farmers) and highly dependent on the agricultural sector (i.e. banana, sugarcane, vegetables and food crops), the socio-economic characteristics of the farmers and the lack of organization of the waste recycling chain (e.g., information, transport, spreading, subsidies). We demonstrated that farmers are very sensitive to the improvement of compost quality by increasing its fertilizer value, as well as to the logistical, economic and administrative support for its transport and spreading. They are also willing to participate in a collective incentive in the form of a conditional monetary bonus paid individually to farmers. The results of this study indicated that farmers are not reluctant to a regular use of compost provided that organizational barriers identified are removed, and that the agronomic value of the composts meets the expectations of farmers. Regional plans can now be defined and implemented to develop the massive use of compost from the recycling of organic waste in Guadeloupe
Moll-François, Fabien. "Problématiser les contaminations, mettre en cause les responsables : mobilisations, expertises et recours au droit pénal dans les affaires amiante et dioxines en France (1975-2015)." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019EHES0177.
Full textThis thesis focuses on contaminations as the origin of a damage and the consequence of a fault. It is grounded in two specific cases in environmental health, one connected to the presence of asbestos on the university campus of Jussieu (Paris), the other to the pollution generated by a waste incinerator near Albertville (Savoie). By examining the successive disputes generated by these situations since the mid-70s, the thesis concentrates on the central role played by people directly affected by the risks, from the 1990s onwards, in problematizing the contaminations to which they were exposed in terms of preventable damages, raising the criminal responsibility of a number of key players. The thesis examines how the questions of asbestos and dioxins sanitary impacts have been taken into consideration by the administrations regulating environmental toxics, and by the judicial system, which has to rule on possible misconduct. This work analyses a vast body of published documents and archives (from activists, administrations and the legal system), coupled to over fourty semi-structured interviews with the main stakeholders involved in the cases.Using an analysis based on arenas, the thesis explores the different social spaces where the problems were defined and addressed, placing emphasis on the different forms of expertise developed: the knowledge used to lead and feed the contestations; the knowledge used to guide public decisions; the knowledge used to substantiate judicial decisions. The arena of social conflicts, the arena of the administration and the arena of criminal justice are governed by specific principles and challenges, which are brought to light in this work, without, however, considering them as rigid and autonomous spaces. By adopting a micro-historical perspective, and by closely describing the events as they unfolded, this study reveals how the different arenas interacted with each other, and how the rules that govern them evolved as an effect of these affairs. This investigation shows that the degree of autonomy and interconnexion of these arenas is a crucial point, which can explain the trajectory of the cases studied. This trajectory depends on the interactions that take place - or do not take place - between the different arenas, but these processes operate discreetly. On a more structural level, the thesis shows how the administrative arena and the public policy expertise evolved under the influence of the mobilisations and the use of criminal law, resulting in an increased professionalization and the development of risk assessment standards – while highlighting the ambivalent effects that this may have on the recognition of the issues raised. Finally, this thesis reports on the mechanisms, specific to the law and judicial categories, which make the penalisation of public health difficult, particularly because of the reluctance of French criminal law to adopt a probabilistic type of reasoning to legally prove the existence of a damage
Abba, Souleymane Aïssata. "La protection juridique de l’environnement urbain au Niger : le cas de Niamey." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO30001.
Full textFor some, related to the underdevelopment, for others, attached blissfully to long walk towards the industrialisation, the problems of environment and urbanisation are essential, from their acuity, with all the “consciences”. The degradation of the urban environment is undeniable. , when they are not non-existent, the juridicisation of the concerns of the urban environment and the political discourse show cripples. Niger, following the example of all Africa, invites to dedicate its clearness with a reflection: how to govern the urbanisation and to ensure a healthy environment and of quality ? Thus, the legal protection of the urban environment in Niger returns to the analysis of the problems of urbanisation and the concerns of environment, in view of the implementation of the right. In the town of Niamey, the attacks with the environment, well-known, offer a “show” of desolation, insidiously affecting nature and the life. They threaten pubic health, while contributing to generate the loss of quality of life. With the crossing of the socio-economic challenges, the legal regulations protection improvement of living environment are not easily applicable. The politico-institutional divergences, the conflicts of laws, the permanence of the traditional rights and gravity rising from some practical cultural are at the origin of a complexity, which reveals the limits of the legal system of protection of urban environment. Our present production aims to analyze the right and the principles which govern the developement urban and the concerns of the environment through the evolution of environmental protection urban in the town of Niamey, while locating the place of environmental protection in the public policies