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Journal articles on the topic 'Pollen physiological function'
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1
Chetna, Ugale, and A. Tidke Jaykiran. "Pollen physiological dynamics of Catharanthus roseus after exposure to heavy metals." Journal of Eco-Science and Technology 1, no. 1 (2020): 7–12. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5184676.
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Pollen is the functional material for the gamete distribution among the plants. Pollen is affected by air pollutants which produce allergenicity and deformities on pollen surface. To reveals this we have evaluated the effect of Copper (Cu) and Zinc (Zn) metals on pollen physiological functions of Catharanthus roseus. The mean pollen germination % of control, Cu and Zn were significantly varied. We found that Cu and Zn both affects the pollen germination significantly (p = 0.05), however, pollen tube growth length were affected by the heavy metal exposure insignificantly (p = 0.05). To get more insight on this effect we were assigned data to two-way ANOVA which reveals us that the Cu, Zn and their interactions significantly (p = 0.05) affect both, pollen germination and pollen tube length. In correlation studied, we found significant (p = 0.01) correlation of metal and different metal concentrations with pollen germination % and pollen tube length. As the molecular weight and concentration of metal increases the pollen germination and tube length decreases significantly (p = 0.01) in the present study. Thus, from the above results, we concluded that heavy metal, as a pollutant, affects the pollen physiological functions, pollen germination and pollen tube length, significantly. Further study needed to find out what are the pollen modifications, morphological and chemical changes, occurring during metal exposure at higher concentrations.
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Pacini, Ettore, and Gian Gabriele Franchi. "Pollen biodiversity – why are pollen grains different despite having the same function? A review." Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 193, no. 2 (2020): 141–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/boaa014.
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Abstract The main morphological, cytological and physiological characters of ripe pollen are described, compared, analysed and discussed individually, in multiple combinations and in respect to the female counterpart and the biotic and abiotic components of the environment. This is to try to understand the reasons why pollen grains have the same reproductive function, but at dispersal are morphologically and physiologically different in many respects. The considered characters are: one or more types of grain per species; shape and size; number of cells; types of pollen dispersal unit; sporoderm stratification, furrows, colpori and other kinds of apertures; pollen presentation and array; water content percentage; and mature pollen reserves and osmotics. Some of the pollen features are correlated between themselves, some with the female counterpart or male and female competition, and others with the different components of the environment where the species lives, when it flowers and when pollen presentation occurs.
3
Deba, Fatima Aliyu, Yusuf Okpanachi brahim, and Abalis Gaya Ezra. "Pollen allergy in relation to palynology and taxonomy of flowering plants at Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Yelwa Campus Bauchi, Bauchi State." GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 5, no. 2 (2018): 126–31. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4305469.
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Pollen is a crucial part in flowering plants with a special structure and function. Pollens produce metabolites like proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids and vitamins that are responsible for their physiological and metabolic activities. These metabolites cause various types of allergies in humans. Samples and records were taken at the Yelwa campus of Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi. Fifty (51) species of pollens belonging to 28 families were identified. The most dominant families were Meliaceae, Fabaceae and Anacardiaceae. The family with most pollen was Fabaceae at 29.05 % followed by the Meliaceae at 12.11 % and Anacardiaceae 10.10%. The highest pollen counts were in the month of November (368) followed by December (340). Correlation was used to determine the relationship between pollen distribution and some meteorological parameters. It was observed that pollen concentration correlated positively with air pressure, temperature, wind direction and negatively correlated with rainfall and relative humidity. Allergic data gathered from Yelwa campus showed more allergic cases during the month of November and December. This study suggest that pollen may be the causative agents of most allergic cases in the studied area.
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Mohamed Baqer Hussine Almosawi. "A review in pollen grains for plants." GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 30, no. 1 (2025): 020–30. https://doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2025.30.1.0495.
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Ripe pollen's primary morphological, cytological, and physiological characteristics are explained, contrasted, examined, and explored alone, in various combinations, and in relation to the female counterpart as well as the biotic and abiotic environmental factors. The goal is to attempt and figure out why pollen grains have the same reproductive function yet differ greatly in morphology and physiology during dispersal. One or more grain types per species, size and shape, number of cells, pollen dispersal unit types, sporoderm stratification, furrows, colpori, and other apertures, pollen presentation and array, water content percentage, mature pollen reserves, and osmotics are among the characteristics taken into consideration. Some pollen characteristics are related to each other, while others are tied to the female counterpart or competition between males and females, and still others are related to the many elements of the species' habitat, flowering season, and pollen presentation time.
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Proels, Reinhard K., Mari-Cruz González, and Thomas Roitsch. "Gibberellin-dependent induction of tomato extracellular invertase Lin7 is required for pollen development." Functional Plant Biology 33, no. 6 (2006): 547. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp04146.
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The tomato extracellular invertase family comprises four members with different expression patterns. Among the three invertase isoenzymes expressed in floral tissues, Lin5, Lin6 and Lin7, the expression of Lin7 was previously shown to be restricted to the tapetum and pollen. Histochemical analysis of β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter activity shows Lin7 expression in pollen and pollen tubes of corresponding transgenic plants. The physiological relevance of the identification of gibberellin-responsive cis-acting elements for induction of the Lin7 promoter is supported by the repression of Lin7 expression in pollen grains by the gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitor paclobutrazol. Functional approaches with transgenic tomato plants establish a link between gibberellin action and invertase function in the tapetum for pollen development: both tissue-specific antisense repression of extracellular Lin7 and ectopic inactivation of the biologically active GAs by expression of a GA2-oxidase under control of the Lin7 promoter result in germination deficient pollen. These complementary findings support the idea that the GA requirement of pollen development, pollen germination and pollen tube growth are linked to energy metabolism via the regulation of an extracellular invertase as a key enzyme for carbohydrate supply via an apoplasmic pathway.
6
Viola, Ivana L., Antonela L. Alem, Rocío M. Jure, and Daniel H. Gonzalez. "Physiological Roles and Mechanisms of Action of Class I TCP Transcription Factors." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 6 (2023): 5437. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24065437.
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TEOSINTE BRANCHED1, CYCLOIDEA, PROLIFERATING CELL FACTOR 1 and 2 (TCP) proteins constitute a plant-specific transcription factors family exerting effects on multiple aspects of plant development, such as germination, embryogenesis, leaf and flower morphogenesis, and pollen development, through the recruitment of other factors and the modulation of different hormonal pathways. They are divided into two main classes, I and II. This review focuses on the function and regulation of class I TCP proteins (TCPs). We describe the role of class I TCPs in cell growth and proliferation and summarize recent progresses in understanding the function of class I TCPs in diverse developmental processes, defense, and abiotic stress responses. In addition, their function in redox signaling and the interplay between class I TCPs and proteins involved in immunity and transcriptional and posttranslational regulation is discussed.
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Cowling, Sharon A., and Martin T. Sykes. "Physiological Significance of Low Atmospheric CO2 for Plant–Climate Interactions." Quaternary Research 52, no. 2 (1999): 237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1999.2065.
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Methods of palaeoclimate reconstruction from pollen are built upon the assumption that plant–climate interactions remain the same through time or that these interactions are independent of changes in atmospheric CO2. The latter may be problematic because air trapped in polar ice caps indicates that atmospheric CO2 has fluctuated significantly over at least the past 400,000 yr, and likely the last 1.6 million yr. Three other points indicate potential biases for vegetation-based climate proxies. First, C3-plant physiological research shows that the processes that determine growth optima in plants (photosynthesis, mitochondrial respiration, photorespiration) are all highly CO2-dependent, and thus were likely affected by the lower CO2 levels of the last glacial maximum. Second, the ratio of carbon assimilation per unit transpiration (called water-use efficiency) is sensitive to changes in atmospheric CO2 through effects on stomatal conductance and may have altered C3-plant responses to drought. Third, leaf gas-exchange experiments indicate that the response of plants to carbon-depleting environmental stresses are strengthened under low CO2 relative to today. This paper reviews the scope of research addressing the consequences of low atmospheric CO2 for plant and ecosystem processes and highlights why consideration of the physiological effects of low atmospheric CO2 on plant function is recommended for any future refinements to pollen-based palaeoclimatic reconstructions.
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Kaushal, Neeru, Rashmi Awasthi, Kriti Gupta, Pooran Gaur, Kadambot H. M. Siddique, and Harsh Nayyar. "Heat-stress-induced reproductive failures in chickpea (Cicer arietinum) are associated with impaired sucrose metabolism in leaves and anthers." Functional Plant Biology 40, no. 12 (2013): 1334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp13082.
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Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), in its reproductive stage, is sensitive to heat stress (32/20°C or higher as day/night temperatures) with consequent substantial loss of potential yields at high temperatures. The physiological mechanisms associated with reproductive failures have not been established: they constitute the basis of this study. Here, we initially screened a large core-collection of chickpea against heat stress and identified two heat-tolerant (ICC15614, ICCV. 92944) and two heat-sensitive (ICC10685, ICC5912) genotypes. These four genotypes were sown during the normal time of sowing (November–March) and also late (February–April) to expose them to heat stress during reproductive stage (>32/20°C). The genotypes were assessed for damage by heat stress to the leaves and reproductive organs using various indicators of stress injury and reproductive function. In the heat-stressed plants, phenology accelerated as days to flowering and podding, and biomass decreased significantly. The significant reduction in pod set (%) was associated with reduced pollen viability, pollen load, pollen germination (in vivo and in vitro) and stigma receptivity in all four genotypes. Heat stress inhibited pollen function more in the sensitive genotypes than in the tolerant ones, and consequently showed significantly less pod set. Heat stress significantly reduced stomatal conductance, leaf water content, chlorophyll, membrane integrity and photochemical efficiency with a larger effect on heat-sensitive genotypes. Rubisco (carbon-fixing enzyme) along with sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) and sucrose synthase (SS) (sucrose-synthesising enzymes) decreased significantly in leaves due to heat stress leading to reduced sucrose content. Invertase, a sucrose-cleaving enzyme, was also inhibited along with SPS and SS. The inhibition of these enzymes was significantly greater in the heat-sensitive genotypes. Concurrently, the anthers of these genotypes had significantly less SPS and SS activity and thus, sucrose content. As a result, pollen had considerably lower sucrose levels, resulting in reduced pollen function, impaired fertilisation and poor pod set in heat-sensitive genotypes.
9
Ji, Jialei, Limei Yang, Zhiyuan Fang, et al. "Plant SWEET Family of Sugar Transporters: Structure, Evolution and Biological Functions." Biomolecules 12, no. 2 (2022): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom12020205.
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The SWEET (sugars will eventually be exported transporter) family was identified as a new class of sugar transporters that function as bidirectional uniporters/facilitators and facilitate the diffusion of sugars across cell membranes along a concentration gradient. SWEETs are found widely in plants and play central roles in many biochemical processes, including the phloem loading of sugar for long-distance transport, pollen nutrition, nectar secretion, seed filling, fruit development, plant–pathogen interactions and responses to abiotic stress. This review focuses on advances of the plant SWEETs, including details about their discovery, characteristics of protein structure, evolution and physiological functions. In addition, we discuss the applications of SWEET in plant breeding. This review provides more in-depth and comprehensive information to help elucidate the molecular basis of the function of SWEETs in plants.
10
Berkner, Hanna, Philipp Neudecker, Diana Mittag, et al. "Cross-reactivity of pollen and food allergens: soybean Gly m 4 is a member of the Bet v 1 superfamily and closely resembles yellow lupine proteins." Bioscience Reports 29, no. 3 (2009): 183–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bsr20080117.
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In many cases, patients allergic to birch pollen also show allergic reactions after ingestion of certain fruits or vegetables. This observation is explained at the molecular level by cross-reactivity of IgE antibodies induced by sensitization to the major birch pollen allergen Bet v 1 with homologous food allergens. As IgE antibodies recognize conformational epitopes, a precise structural characterization of the allergens involved is necessary to understand cross-reactivity and thus to develop new methods of allergen-specific immunotherapy for allergic patients. Here, we report the three-dimensional solution structure of the soybean allergen Gly m 4, a member of the superfamily of Bet v 1 homologous proteins and a cross-reactant with IgE antibodies originally raised against Bet v 1 as shown by immunoblot inhibition and histamine release assays. Although the overall fold of Gly m 4 is very similar to that of Bet v 1, the three-dimensional structures of these proteins differ in detail. The Gly m 4 local structures that display those differences are also found in proteins from yellow lupine with known physiological function. The three-dimensional structure of Gly m 4 may thus shed some light on the physiological function of this subgroup of PR10 proteins (class 10 of pathogenesis-related proteins) and, in combination with immunological data, allow us to propose surface patches that might represent cross-reactive epitopes.
11
Liu, Zihan, Fuqiang Niu, Shaohua Yuan, et al. "Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Key Insights into Fertility Conversion in the Thermo-Sensitive Cytoplasmic Male Sterile Wheat." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 22 (2022): 14354. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232214354.
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Thermo-sensitive cytoplasmic male sterility (TCMS) plays a crucial role in hybrid production and hybrid breeding; however, there are few studies on molecular mechanisms related to anther abortion in the wheat TCMS line. In this study, FA99, a new wheat thermo-sensitive cytoplasmic male sterility line, was investigated. Fertility conversion analysis showed that FA99 was mainly controlled by temperature, and the temperature-sensitive stage was pollen mother cell formation to a uninucleate stage. Further phenotypic identification and paraffin section showed that FA99 was characterized by indehiscent anthers and aborted pollen in a sterile environment and tapetum was degraded prematurely during the tetrad period, which was the critical abortion period of FA99. The contents of O2−, H2O2, MDA and POD were significantly changed in FA99 under a sterile environment by the determination of physiological indexes. Furthermore, through transcriptome analysis, 252 differentially expressed genes were identified, including 218 downregulated and 34 upregulated genes. Based on KOG function classification, GO enrichment and KEGG pathways analysis, it was evident that significant transcriptomic changes in FA99 under different fertility environments, and the major differences were “phenylalanine metabolism”, “phenylpropanoid biosynthesis”, “cutin, suberine and wax biosynthesis”, “phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis” and “citrate cycle (TCA cycle)”. Finally, we proposed an intriguing transcriptome-mediated pollen abortion and male sterility network for FA99. These findings provided data on the molecular mechanism of fertility conversion in thermo-sensitive cytoplasmic male sterility wheat.
12
Afna Mol O. P., Roy Stephen, Viji M. M., Vanaja T., Manju R. V., and Vishnu B. R. "Physiological Assessment of Temperature Stress Tolerance in Selectively Fertilzed Coconut Hybrids." International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 13, no. 12 (2023): 391–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2023/v13i123695.
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In vitro pollen germination study is one of the important technologies for understanding the functions of pollens as well as in many areas of pollen biotechnology particularly in pollen selection. Ability to separate germinated and non-germinated pollen offers selective treatments and can be used for identifying stress tolerant and sensitive alleles carried by their pollen grains. The present study was carried out in Kerasree and Keraganga selectively fertilized (S.F) coconut hybrids produced through pollen selection. Pollens were subjected to germination in specific media maintained at different levels of water stress induced by PEG 6000 and the critical water potential for pollen germination was identified. The water stress tolerant pollen grains at critical level were selected and used for fertilization. Evaluation of temperature stress tolerance of these two selectively fertilized hybrids along with their normal hybrids and west coast tall (WCT) was carried out by assessing their critical temperature stress for pollen germination. Both Kerasree selectively fertilized and Keraganga selectively fertilized hybrids recorded highest critical temperature of 420C for pollen germination with germination percentage of 20.17 and 22.77 respectively compared to their normal hybrids (380C) and WCT (400C).
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Ambrosone, Alfredo, Ani Barbulova, Elisa Cappetta, et al. "Plant Extracellular Vesicles: Current Landscape and Future Directions." Plants 12, no. 24 (2023): 4141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12244141.
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Plant cells secrete membrane-enclosed micrometer- and nanometer-sized vesicles that, similarly to the extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by mammalian or bacterial cells, carry a complex molecular cargo of proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and primary and secondary metabolites. While it is technically complicated to isolate EVs from whole plants or their tissues, in vitro plant cell cultures provide excellent model systems for their study. Plant EVs have been isolated from the conditioned culture media of plant cell, pollen, hairy root, and protoplast cultures, and recent studies have gathered important structural and biological data that provide a framework to decipher their physiological roles and unveil previously unacknowledged links to their diverse biological functions. The primary function of plant EVs seems to be in the secretion that underlies cell growth and morphogenesis, cell wall composition, and cell–cell communication processes. Besides their physiological functions, plant EVs may participate in defence mechanisms against different plant pathogens, including fungi, viruses, and bacteria. Whereas edible and medicinal-plant-derived nanovesicles isolated from homogenised plant materials ex vivo are widely studied and exploited, today, plant EV research is still in its infancy. This review, for the first time, highlights the different in vitro sources that have been used to isolate plant EVs, together with the structural and biological studies that investigate the molecular cargo, and pinpoints the possible role of plant EVs as mediators in plant–pathogen interactions, which may contribute to opening up new scenarios for agricultural applications, biotechnology, and innovative strategies for plant disease management.
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Nicholls, Elizabeth, Robert Fowler, Jeremy E. Niven, James D. Gilbert, and Dave Goulson. "Larval exposure to field-realistic concentrations of clothianidin has no effect on development rate, over-winter survival or adult metabolic rate in a solitary bee, Osmia bicornis." PeerJ 5 (June 20, 2017): e3417. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3417.
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There is widespread concern regarding the effects of agro-chemical exposure on bee health, of which neonicotinoids, systemic insecticides detected in the pollen and nectar of both crops and wildflowers, have been the most strongly debated. The majority of studies examining the effect of neonicotinoids on bees have focussed on social species, namely honey bees and bumble bees. However, most bee species are solitary, their life histories differing considerably from these social species, and thus it is possible that their susceptibility to pesticides may be quite different. Studies that have included solitary bees have produced mixed results regarding the impact of neonicotinoid exposure on survival and reproductive success. While the majority of studies have focused on the effects of adult exposure, bees are also likely to be exposed as larvae via the consumption of contaminated pollen. Here we examined the effect of exposure of Osmia bicornis larvae to a range of field-realistic concentrations (0–10 ppb) of the neonicotinoid clothianidin, observing no effect on larval development time, overwintering survival or adult weight. Flow-through respirometry was used to test for latent effects of larval exposure on adult physiological function. We observed differences between male and female bees in the propensity to engage in discontinuous gas exchange; however, no effect of larval clothianidin exposure was observed. Our results suggest that previously reported adverse effects of neonicotinoids on O. bicornis are most likely mediated by impacts on adults.
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Muhammad, Sharif Jamali, Iqbal Shamsuddin, Anees Zainab, and Gul Aqsa. "Invertase Enzyme with Its Potential Role in Plants." Pakistan's Multidisciplinary Journal for Arts & Science 4, no. 2 (2023): 156–70. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8163658.
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<strong><em>Abstract</em></strong> <em>Invertase enzyme perform hydrolysis of sucrose into glucose and fructose. Invertase belongs to glycoside hydrolase family 32 (GH32). Invertase involves the determination of its biochemical properties, including enzyme kinetics, substrate specificity, pH and temperature optima, and cofactor requirements. Various techniques such as enzyme assays, protein purification, molecular cloning, and structural analysis have been utilized to unravel the structure-function relationship of invertase. In plants, invertase is involved in numerous physiological processes. It participates in sink/source relationships, regulating the allocation and distribution of carbohydrates among different plant organs. During seed development and germination, invertase activity is essential for the mobilization of stored sucrose, providing energy and carbon for embryo growth. Invertase also plays a role in floral development, influencing pollen tube growth, and facilitating successful fertilization. Additionally, invertase activity is associated with fruit development and ripening, affecting sugar accumulation, flavor, and texture. The regulation of invertase expression and activity is complex and subject to various endogenous and environmental factors. Hormones, sugars, light, developmental cues, and stress conditions modulate invertase gene expression and enzyme activity. Post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation, glycosylation, and proteolytic processing, also regulate invertase function.</em>
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Gautam, Tinku, Madhushree Dutta, Vandana Jaiswal, Gaurav Zinta, Vijay Gahlaut, and Sanjay Kumar. "Emerging Roles of SWEET Sugar Transporters in Plant Development and Abiotic Stress Responses." Cells 11, no. 8 (2022): 1303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11081303.
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Sugars are the major source of energy in living organisms and play important roles in osmotic regulation, cell signaling and energy storage. SWEETs (Sugars Will Eventually be Exported Transporters) are the most recent family of sugar transporters that function as uniporters, facilitating the diffusion of sugar molecules across cell membranes. In plants, SWEETs play roles in multiple physiological processes including phloem loading, senescence, pollen nutrition, grain filling, nectar secretion, abiotic (drought, heat, cold, and salinity) and biotic stress regulation. In this review, we summarized the role of SWEET transporters in plant development and abiotic stress. The gene expression dynamics of various SWEET transporters under various abiotic stresses in different plant species are also discussed. Finally, we discuss the utilization of genome editing tools (TALENs and CRISPR/Cas9) to engineer SWEET genes that can facilitate trait improvement. Overall, recent advancements on SWEETs are highlighted, which could be used for crop trait improvement and abiotic stress tolerance.
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Bousquet-Antonelli, Cécile. "LARP6 proteins in plants." Biochemical Society Transactions 49, no. 5 (2021): 1975–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst20200715.
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RNA binding proteins, through control of mRNA fate and expression, are key players of organism development. The LARP family of RBPs sharing the La motif, are largely present in eukaryotes. They classify into five subfamilies which members acquired specific additional domains, including the RRM1 moiety which teams up with the La motif to form a versatile RNA binding unit. The LARP6 subfamily has had a peculiar history during plant evolution. While containing a single LARP6 in algae and non-vascular plants, they expanded and neofunctionalized into three subclusters in vascular plants. Studies from Arabidopsis thaliana, support that they acquired specific RNA binding properties and physiological roles. In particular LARP6C participates, through spatiotemporal control of translation, to male fertilization, a role seemingly conserved in maize. Interestingly, human LARP6 also acts in translation control and mRNA transport and similarly to LARP6C which is required for pollen tube guided elongation, is necessary to cell migration, through protrusion extension. This opens the possibility that some cellular and molecular functions of LARP6 were retained across eukaryote evolution. With their peculiar evolutionary history, plants provide a unique opportunity to uncover how La-module RNA binding properties evolved and identify species specific and basal roles of the LARP6 function. Deciphering of how LARP6, in particular LARP6C, acts at the molecular level, will foster novel knowledge on translation regulation and dynamics in changing cellular contexts. Considering the seemingly conserved function of LARP6C in male reproduction, it should fuel studies aimed at deriving crop species with improved seed yields.
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Chang, Hongcai, Guiling Ding, Guangqun Jia, Mao Feng, and Jiaxing Huang. "Hemolymph Metabolism Analysis of Honey Bee (Apis mellifera L.) Response to Different Bee Pollens." Insects 14, no. 1 (2022): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects14010037.
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Pollen is essential to the development of honey bees. The nutrients in bee pollen vary greatly among plant species. Here, we analyzed the differences in the amino acid compositions of pear (Pyrus bretschneideri), rape (Brassica napus), and apricot (Armeniaca sibirica) pollens and investigated the variation in hemolymph metabolites and metabolic pathways through untargeted metabolomics in caged adult bees at days 7 and 14. The results showed that the levels of five essential amino acids (isoleucine, phenylalanine, lysine, methionine, and histidine) were the highest in pear pollen, and the levels of four amino acids (isoleucine: 50.75 ± 1.93 mg/kg, phenylalanine: 87.25 ± 2.66 mg/kg, methionine: 16.00 ± 0.71 mg/kg and histidine: 647.50 ± 24.80 mg/kg) were significantly higher in pear pollen than in the other two kinds of bee pollen (p < 0.05). The number of metabolites in bee hemolymph on day 14 (615) was significantly lower than that on day 7 (1466). The key metabolic pathways of bees, namely, “sphingolipid metabolism (p = 0.0091)”, “tryptophan metabolism (p = 0.0245)”, and “cysteine and methionine metabolism (p = 0.0277)”, were significantly affected on day 7. There was no meaningful pathway enrichment on day 14. In conclusion, pear pollen had higher nutritional value among the three bee pollens in terms of amino acid level, followed by rape and apricot pollen, and the difference in amino acid composition among bee pollens was reflected in the lipid and amino acid metabolism pathways of early adult honey bee hemolymph. This study provides new insights into the physiological and metabolic functions of different bee pollens in bees.
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Zhou, Hongsheng, Wen Huang, Shufen Luo, et al. "Genome-Wide Identification of the Vacuolar H+-ATPase Gene Family in Five Rosaceae Species and Expression Analysis in Pear (Pyrus bretschneideri)." Plants 9, no. 12 (2020): 1661. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9121661.
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Vacuolar H+-ATPases (V-ATPase) are multi-subunit complexes that function as ATP hydrolysis-driven proton pumps. They play pivotal roles in physiological processes, such as development, metabolism, stress, and growth. However, there have been very few studies on the characterisation of V-ATPase (VHA) genes in Rosaceae species. Therefore, in the present study, we performed a genome-wide analysis and identified VHA gene family members in five Rosaceae species (Pyrus bretschneideri, Malus domestica, Prunus persica, Fragaria vesca, and Prunus mume). A total of 159 VHA genes were identified, and were classified into 13 subfamilies according to the phylogenetic analysis. The structure of VHA proteins revealed high similarity among different VHA genes within the same subgroup. Gene duplication event analysis revealed that whole-genome duplications represented the major pathway for expansion of the Pyrus bretschneideri VHA genes (PbrVHA genes). The tissue-specific expression analysis of the pear showed that 36 PbrVHA genes were expressed in major tissues. Seven PbrVHA genes were significantly downregulated when the pollen tube growth stopped. Moreover, many PbrVHA genes were differentially expressed during fruit development and storage, suggesting that VHA genes play specific roles in development and senescence. The present study provides fundamental information for further elucidating the potential roles of VHA genes during development and senescence.
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Ren, Maofei, Weiqin Wang, Siwei Pu, et al. "Assessing the Genetic Improvement in Inbred Late Rice against Chilling Stress: Consequences for Spikelet Fertility, Pollen Viability and Anther Characteristics." Agronomy 12, no. 8 (2022): 1894. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12081894.
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The development of varieties with strong tolerance is one of the important strategies to diminish the negative impact of chilling stress during heading on the spikelet fertility and yield formation of late-season rice. However, whether such genetic improvement has been made in inbred late rice lines in China is not clear. In the present study, three late-season inbred rice varieties, Xiangwanxian2 (XWX2, released in 1988), Xiangwanxian8 (XWX8, released in 1998) and Xiangwanxian17 (XWX17, released in 2008) were subjected to moderate (20 °C) and extreme (17 °C) chilling stress during heading, and the grain yield components and flowering-related traits of the three varieties in response to different temperature were investigated. The results showed that the newly released inbred late rice variety XWX17, demonstrated better chilling tolerance during heading than the early released varieties with respect to higher grain filling percentage. The improved grain filling percentage in XWX17 might be the results of increased spikelet fertility, which was attributed to the increase in pollen viability, anther dehiscence length and anther volume. In addition, the SPAD value and the chlorophyll a content of the flag leaf can be used as indicators to predict the rice spikelet fertility when suffering from chilling stress during heading. The present study provides evidence that the genetic approach has been made to improve the chilling tolerance of inbred late rice lines during heading; however, further research is needed to explore the physiological and molecular mechanism underlying the relationship between leaf characteristics and function with rice spikelet fertility.
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Eroglu, Seckin. "Analysis of the VIT1 Promoter Activity in Developing Arabidopsis thaliana Plants." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 9, no. 10 (2021): 1814–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v9i10.1814-1818.4306.
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Iron (Fe) deficiency in plants is one of the widespread problems limiting agricultural production. Generating crops more tolerant to Fe deficiency by genetic engineering or breeding is of great interest but challenging due to the knowledge gaps in general plant Fe homeostasis. Although several genes involved in Fe homeostasis have been identified, characterization of their roles is mainly limited to specific organs at specific developmental stages of the plant, where their mutants show the most striking phenotype. Vacuolar Iron Transporter 1 (VIT1) is a well-known gene that has been characterized for its function in the mature seed of Arabidopsis thaliana. VIT1 is an Fe transporter that determines the correct distribution of Fe storage in this organ. The study aimed to explore new physiological functions for VIT1. As a first step, Arabidopsis thaliana plants that contain PromoterVIT1: GUS constructs were used to study the temporal and spatial expression of the gene throughout the plant’s lifecycle. GUS histochemical staining revealed the VIT1 promoter is active in the mature leaves and mature reproductive organs. VIT1 promoter activity in the stamen increased developmentally and was limited to tapetum and guard cells in the pollen sac. In the female organ, VIT1 promoter activity increased as the pistil developed into a silique. Although all the silique exhibited staining, staining density was higher in the peduncle, replum, and stigma regions. Inside the developing silique, funicles were heavily stained. Furthermore, in silico analyses of VT1 transcriptome and protein levels confirmed flower and the silique are hot spots for VT1 activity. Thus, the results may suggest a possible involvement of VT1 protein in several stages of the reproductive system, specifically in the flowering and in the fruit development.
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Kaczmarek, Agnieszka, Karina Guzowska-Kubik, Jolanta Wesołowska, Paulina Watral, and Ewa Duchnik. "Selected anti-ageing properties of bee raw materials." Herba Polonica 70, no. 3 (2024): 21–28. https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0054.7645.
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Raw materials obtained from the natural environment: plant, mineral or animal origin, were used in ancient medicine, as well as throughout the centuries and in various geographical latitudes. Cosmetology is a relatively young field using therapeutic achievements of medicine, pharmacology, chemistry or phytotherapy. Numerous sources describe the composition and properties of raw materials produced by bees: honey, propolis (propolis), beeswax, royal jelly, bee pollen, bee venom and bee bread. Products of bee origin show a comprehensive effect of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiparasitic, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anticancer (cytotoxic - e.g. in the treatment of melanoma), estrogenic nature. Their physicochemical properties are used in the production of cosmetics, dermocosmetics and colour cosmetics. Raw materials produced by these insects are a very valuable and rich source of active substances with proven medicinal properties, used in both conventional and folk medicine and increasingly in cosmetics, and can be safely used in care, excluding people who have experienced a hypersensitivity reaction to bee products. In cosmetology, a holistic approach to care forces the search for the most optimal methods that affect the maintenance of the proper physiological state of the body, and thus delay the progressive aging process of the body. Professional, but also everyday anti-aging care, should be primarily focused on the use of products that have a beneficial effect on maintaining the function of the skin barrier, protect the skin from free radicals, stimulate fibroblasts to produce collagen and intercellular matrix - improving the elasticity and firmness of the skin, protect against the formation of pigment changes, strengthen the immune function of the skin and have a beneficial effect on the strengthening of the endothelium of the skin vessels and with the content of substances acting similarly to botulinum toxin. The cosmetics industry, in line with the current trend focused on ecology and a healthy lifestyle, is constantly expanding its offer with products containing natural raw materials, especially those of bee origin. The article presents a review of current literature published in the last decade (2014-2024) available in scientific databases.
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BIBI, Ayesha, Wang LIHONG, Athar MAHMOOD, et al. "Battling arid adversity: unveiling the resilience of cotton in the face of drought and innovative mitigation approaches." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 52, no. 1 (2024): 13468. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha52113468.
Full textAbstract:
Climate change has had significant impacts on agriculture, particularly on cotton production, where drought has emerged as a major threat worldwide. Long and intense dry periods in cotton-growing regions have become more frequent and severe. Drought stress severely affects various aspects of cotton plants, including chlorophyll pigments, carbohydrate metabolism, and enzyme activities related to fiber development, such as vacuolar invertase and sucrose synthase. Furthermore, drought stress disrupts the movement of nutrients toward the reproductive tissues in cotton, resulting in compromised pollen function, propagative failure, and fiber characteristics. To tackle these issues, scientists have made advancements in creating drought-resistant cotton varieties through transgenic methods or molecular breeding techniques, genome editing, CRISPR/Cas9, utilizing quantitative trait loci (QTL). Moreover, the application of plant growth regulators and mineral elements has displayed the potential to improve cotton’s ability to endure drought stress while also enhancing fiber yield and quality. These approaches activate stress-responsive signaling pathways, which could contribute to mitigating reproductive failure and improving fiber characteristics. While the impact of drought stress on cotton plants has been extensively studied, the variations in fiber quality resulting from drought stress are not yet completely understood. Current research has been focused on unraveling the mechanisms underlying these changes, including the physiological, biochemical, and molecular alterations during the multiplicative growth phase that contribute to poor fiber development. Understanding these mechanisms will facilitate the development of novel strategies to alleviate the adverse impact of worldwide weather changes on cotton growth and fiber quality. This research focuses on the drought stress in cotton cultivation and explores its different effects on cotton morphology, physiology, crop yield, and fiber characteristics as well as mechanisms by which cotton exhibits drought tolerance and highlights innovative strategies to mitigate drought stress.
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Kaczmarski, Maciej. "Allergy to Cow’s Milk Proteins and Other Allergens—An Unrecognized Co-Factor of Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome in Children or a Factor Interfering with the Treatment of This Disease? A Case Report." Reports 6, no. 2 (2023): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/reports6020025.
Full textAbstract:
Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) is one of the chronic kidney diseases that occurs in childhood. Starting from a few case reports in the 1950s–1970s and up to the present, the relationship between idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) and the occurrence of atopic disorders in these patients has been discussed in many medical publications. These publications show that in certain patients, mainly children and adolescents, but also in adults with INS, various clinical symptoms and laboratory indicators of an atopic allergic process may be present. This process has been shown to involve Th2 lymphocytes, to have an excessive production of interleukins (IL-4, IL-5, IL-13), and to have an increased serum level of immunoglobulin E (IgE). This leads to the development of a systemic allergic inflammatory process, of which the kidneys can also become the effector organ. The coexistence of an allergic process which may adversely affect the course of nephrotic syndrome may be confirmed by the increased serum IgE level and the hypersensitivity reaction of the patient’s body to various environmental allergens (through the presence of allergen-specific IgE /asIgE/ antibodies to food, pollen, mould, dust, or other allergens in the blood serum). High concentrations of IL-13 and other plasma mediators of this inflammation (e.g., histamine, bradykinin) structurally and functionally damage the renal filtration barrier, and in particular, the function of podocytes in the glomeruli. Podocyte dysfunction disturbs the physiological process of plasma filtration in the glomeruli, leading to excessive protein loss in the urine. These disorders initiate the development of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in these patients. This publication presents the coexistence of an allergic process caused by allergy to cow’s milk proteins and hypersensitivity to other allergens in a child with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. This publication also assesses whether treatment of the allergic process coexisting with INS with an elimination diet (milk-free, hypoallergenic) and anti-allergic drugs affected the course and treatment of INS in this child.
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Seymour, Roger S., Yuka Ito, Yoshihiko Onda, and Kikukatsu Ito. "Effects of floral thermogenesis on pollen function in Asian skunk cabbage Symplocarpus renifolius." Biology Letters 5, no. 4 (2009): 568–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2009.0064.
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The effects of temperature on pollen germination and pollen tube growth rate were measured in vitro in thermogenic skunk cabbage, Symplocarpus renifolius Schott ex Tzvelev, and related to floral temperatures in the field. This species has physiologically thermoregulatory spadices that maintain temperatures near 23°C, even in sub-freezing air. Tests at 8, 13, 18, 23, 28 and 33°C showed sharp optima at 23°C for both variables, and practically no development at 8°C. Thermogenesis is therefore a requirement for fertilization in early spring. The narrow temperature tolerance is probably related to a long period of evolution in flowers that thermoregulate within a narrow range.
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Gajanayake, Bandara, Brian W. Trader, K. Raja Reddy, and Richard L. Harkess. "Screening Ornamental Pepper Cultivars for Temperature Tolerance Using Pollen and Physiological Parameters." HortScience 46, no. 6 (2011): 878–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.46.6.878.
Full textAbstract:
Temperature affects reproductive potential, aesthetic, and commercial value of ornamental peppers (Capsicum annuum L.). Limited information is available on cultivar tolerance to temperature stress. An experiment was conducted using pollen and physiological parameters to assess high and low temperature tolerance in ornamental peppers. In vitro pollen germination (PG) and pollen tube length (PTL) of 12 morphologically diverse ornamental pepper cultivars were measured at a range of temperatures, 10 to 45 °C with 5 °C increments. Cell membrane thermostability (CMT), chlorophyll stability index (CSI), canopy temperature depression (CTD), and pollen viability (PV) were measured during flowering. From the modified bilinear temperature–PG and PTL response functions, cardinal temperatures (Tmin, Topt, and Tmax) for PG and PTL and maximum PG (PGmax) and PTL (PTLmax) were estimated. Cultivars varied significantly for PG, PTL, cardinal temperatures for PG and PTL, and all three physiological parameters. Cumulative temperature response index (CTRI) of each cultivar, calculated as the sum of 12 individual temperature responses derived from PV, PGmax, PTLmax, Tmin, Topt, and Tmax for PG and PTL, CMT, CTD, and CSI were used to distinguish differences among the cultivars and classify for high (heat) and low (cold) temperature tolerance. Based on CTRI–heat, cultivars were classified as heat-sensitive (‘Black Pearl’, ‘Red Missile’, and ‘Salsa Yellow’), intermediate (‘Calico’, ‘Purple Flash’, ‘Sangria’, and ‘Variegata’), and heat-tolerant (‘Chilly Chili’, ‘Medusa’, ‘Thai Hot’, ‘Explosive Ember’, and ‘Treasures Red’). Similarly, cultivars were classified for cold tolerance as cold-sensitive, moderately cold-sensitive, moderately cold-tolerant, and cold-tolerant based on CTRI–cold. ‘Red Missile’ and ‘Salsa Yellow’ were classified as cold-tolerant. Cultivar screening using pollen parameters will be ideal for reproductive temperature tolerance, whereas physiological parameters will be suitable for screening vegetative temperature tolerance. The identified heat- and cold-tolerant cultivars are potential candidates in breeding programs to develop new ornamental and vegetable pepper genotypes for high and low temperature tolerance.
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Stawoska, Iwona, Dorota Myszkowska, Jakub Oliwa, et al. "Air pollution in the places of Betula pendula growth and development changes the physicochemical properties and the main allergen content of its pollen." PLOS ONE 18, no. 1 (2023): e0279826. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0279826.
Full textAbstract:
Pollen allergy becomes an increasing problem for humans, especially in the regions, where the air pollution level increases due to the traffic and urbanization. These factors may also affect the physiological activity of plants, causing changes in pollen allergenicity. The aim of the study was to estimate the influence of air pollutants on the chemical composition of birch pollen and the secondary structures of the Bet v1 protein. The research was conducted in seven locations in Malopolska region, South of Poland of a different pollution level. We have found slight fluctuations in the values of parameters describing the photosynthetic light reactions, similar spectra of leaf reflectance and the negligible differences in the discrimination values of the δ13C carbon isotope were found. The obtained results show a minor effect of a degree of pollution on the physiological condition B. pendula specimen. On the other hand, mean Bet v1 concentration measured in pollen samples collected in Kraków was significantly higher than in less polluted places (p = .03886), while FT-Raman spectra showed the most distinct variations in the wavenumbers characteristic of proteins. Pollen collected at sites of the increased NOx and PM concentration, show the highest percentage values of potential aggregated forms and antiparallel β-sheets in the expense of α-helix, presenting a substantial impact on chemical compounds of pollen, Bet v1 concentration and on formation of the secondary structure of proteins, what can influence their functions.
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Skoner, David P., Barry Asman, and Philip Fireman. "Effect of Chlorpheniramine on Airway Physiology and Symptoms during Natural Pollen Exposure." American Journal of Rhinology 8, no. 1 (1994): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/105065894781882684.
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Previous studies have documented the changes in airway physiology which accompany natural pollen exposure. This study was designed to determine the effect of chlorpheniramine (8 mg b.i.d.) on seasonal changes in airway physiology and symptoms. Pollen counts, eustachian tube (ET) function, nasal resistance, mucociliary transport, and nasal symptoms were assessed weekly before, during, and after ragweed pollen season in 15 chlorpheniramine-treated and 15 placebo-treated allergic rhinitis (AR) subjects in a double-blind protocol and in 10 untreated control (non-AR) subjects. In placebo-treated AR subjects, the degree of congestion, rhinorrhea, sneezing, ET dysfunction, and nasal obstruction closely tracked pollen counts. However, symptoms, ET obstruction, and nasal obstruction persisted well beyond the temporal peak in pollen counts. There were no changes in mucociliary transport or pulmonary function during pollen exposure. Compared to placebo, chlorpheniramine-treated subjects manifested significantly less (p < .05) seasonal sneezing and rhinorrhea, but similar degrees of nasal congestion, ET dysfunction, and nasal obstruction. Pollen-related changes in nasal physiology and symptoms were not detected in the non-AR subjects. These data document that chlorpheniramine significantly attenuated the seasonal increases in rhinorrhea and sneezing, but did not lessen the concommitant physiologic alterations or the increase in nasal congestion.
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Guimarães, Patrik, Ana Letycia Basso Garcia, Carla Costa Garcia, et al. "Genetic parameters for early growth and disease resistance in a cloned F2 hybrid progeny of Eucalyptus urophylla × grandis." Agrociencia Uruguay 27, NE2 (2023): e1255. http://dx.doi.org/10.31285/agro.27.1255.
Full textAbstract:
The VERACEL breeding program includes several advanced generation urograndis hybrids (F2) from crosses of selected F1. To understand the performance and genetics of these F2, we established F2-cloned progeny trials with 1,350 clones from 35 families, each family with 8 to 35 cloned progenies. These families stem from crosses between known F1 urograndis female parents and pollen mixtures of other selected parents. The experimental design comprised 15 trials with 95 clones each, arranged in randomized blocks and linked by 7 common commercial hybrid clones. These experiments were performed in two sites contrasting for physiological disorder (PD) incidence. Due to incomplete pedigree of the families, the model fitted assumed the additive genetic relationship between sibs as half-sibs. The non-additive genetic component was estimated from clone effects within half-sib families. A multisite individual tree genetic model was fitted for diameter, height, PD, Calonectria, and rust incidence for trees up to 1 year old: yijklmn= µ+gi+gij+sm+cn+tbkl+sgim+sgijm+scmn+eijklmn; where random effects are gij (additive genetic effects), gi (all non-additive genetic effects of clones), and eijklmn (residuals); and fixed effects are sm, which is either site with higher or lower productivity and PD incidence, cn is F1 or F2, and tbkl is trial-block interaction. The same model was used for diseases and PD, but assumed a binomial distribution with a logit link function. PD was analysed only for the higher PD incidence site, thus excluding interactions with the other site. Results indicate that at the high PD incidence site, height and diameter growth was greater (~40%), but it also had higher mortality (40% vs. 22%) and higher PD incidence (51% vs. 23%). Compared with F1 controls, Calonectria incidence was higher in F2 (~10%) but similar at both sites, as was rust, although with lower incidence (~5%). Multisite analysis revealed low additive genetic variance and moderate total genetic variance (A+NA) for growth, diseases, and PD. For growth, narrow- and broad-sense heritability were h2=0.11 and H2=0.40. The additive genetic correlation between the two sites was close to 1 (rA~0.9), whereas the non-additive genetic correlation was lower (rNA~0.5). The narrow- and broad-sense heritability for diseases and PD was low (between 0.10 and 0.15). The low additive genetic variance for growth, diseases, and PD constrains substantial gains from parental selection within F1. However, clonal selection would still be effective due to considerable non-additive effects. Further studies using a large set of various populations are needed to validate these findings.
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Mao, Xin, Tiejian Li, Chen Chen, Jiaye Li, Bellie Sivakumar, and Jiahua Wei. "Reconstructing the distribution of the paleobiome types in the Three-River Headwaters Region in China from the middle Holocene." Holocene 30, no. 12 (2020): 1706–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683620950392.
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This study examined the spatial and temporal patterns of the paleobiome types in the Three-River Headwaters Region (TRHR, Sanjiangyuan) in China from the middle Holocene (i.e. 6000 BP). Existing studies explored the patterns of paleobiome types by identifying the type of biomes in pollen sites, based on the taxonomical assemblage of pollen samples. This site-wise identification, however, is not suited for the analysis of the TRHR because pollen sites in the region-level are discrete and low-resolution. In this study – to solve the lack of the pollen sites – climate data, which are easy to interpolate, were extracted from the pollen data by pollen transfer functions. Next, the extracted climate data were calibrated and interpolated over the TRHR and study period. Then, a physiological biome model based on climate was used to produce the chronology of the distribution of the biome types. Consequently, the chronology was reconstructed with a time interval of 50 years and a spatial cell size of 0.5 ° × 0.5 °. From the results, the variations in the distribution of the paleobiome types were mainly dominated by 36 patterns over 10 biome types. In detail, tundra and semidesert were the main types, and the alternation of these two types was the main pattern. Further, the long-term evolution was from tundra to semi-desert, and the precipitation was the main driving force for changes in biomes, while temperature also had some influence.
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Kuljarusnont, Sompop, Satoshi Iwakami, Tsukasa Iwashina, and Duangjai Tungmunnithum. "Flavonoids and Other Phenolic Compounds for Physiological Roles, Plant Species Delimitation, and Medical Benefits: A Promising View." Molecules 29, no. 22 (2024): 5351. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules29225351.
Full textAbstract:
Flavonoids and other phenolic constituents are a large group of plant metabolites that have long attracted interest from researchers worldwide due to their functions in plant physiology, as well as their huge number of benefits for human health and well-being. This review attempts to reveal a promising view of the major physiological roles of flavonoids and other phenolic phytochemical molecules, e.g., protection agents against UV damage, pathogen defense agents, detoxifying agents, and agents promoting pollen fertility and successful pollination. Besides, the value of both flavonoids and other phenolic phytochemicals for plant species delimitation was also emphasized for the first time with the determination of their major physiological roles. Furthermore, their medical benefits for mankind were also highlighted in this current work.
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Li, Zhiyong, Yifeng Wang, Babatunde Bello, et al. "Construction of a Quantitative Acetylomic Tissue Atlas in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)." Molecules 23, no. 11 (2018): 2843. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23112843.
Full textAbstract:
PKA (protein lysine acetylation) is a key post-translational modification involved in the regulation of various biological processes in rice. So far, rice acetylome data is very limited due to the highly-dynamic pattern of protein expression and PKA modification. In this study, we performed a comprehensive quantitative acetylome profile on four typical rice tissues, i.e., the callus, root, leaf, and panicle, by using a mass spectrometry (MS)-based, label-free approach. The identification of 1536 acetylsites on 1454 acetylpeptides from 890 acetylproteins represented one of the largest acetylome datasets on rice. A total of 1445 peptides on 887 proteins were differentially acetylated, and are extensively involved in protein translation, chloroplast development, and photosynthesis, flowering and pollen fertility, and root meristem activity, indicating the important roles of PKA in rice tissue development and functions. The current study provides an overall view of the acetylation events in rice tissues, as well as clues to reveal the function of PKA proteins in physiologically-relevant tissues.
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Saeedeh, Ghorbani. "The effect of auxin and cytokinesis hormones on some characteristics of crop plants." Chemistry Research Journal 2, no. 2 (2017): 139–45. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13956768.
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Introduction Among the most important functions of plant hormones is controlling and coordinating cell division, growth and differentiation. Plant hormones can affect different plant activities including seed dormancy and germination. Plant hormones including abscisic acid (ABA), ethylene, gibberellins, auxin (IAA), cytokinins, and brassinosteroids are biochemical substances controlling many physiological and bio-chemical processes in the plant. These interesting products are produced by plants and also by soil microbes. Auxin is a plant hormone, which plays a key role in regulating the following functions: cell cycling, growth and development, formation of vascular tissues and pollen and development of other plant parts. Cytokinins are plant hormones, regulating a range of plant activities including seed germination. They are active in all stages of germination.
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Al-Amery, Ali Hameed, and Hameed K. Khrbeet. "The Role of Boron in the Yield of Some Forage Crops: A Review." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1487, no. 1 (2025): 012096. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1487/1/012096.
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Abstract Boron (B) is an important secondary element for plant growth, as it participates in the process of pollination, fertilization and setting of plant seeds, and fruits. It enhances the formation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and acts as a compound that accelerates the movement of sugars to active areas during growth throughout the reproductive stages of the plant. It has been observed that boron facilitates, and accelerates the transfer of sugars to plants, as boron interacts with sugars, forming a sugar complex, and works to move boron across cell membranes easily compared to the movement of sugar molecules alone, and this may be due to the formation of areas or reception points. Boron, due to its role in increasing sugar production in modern growth or because boron may be considered a component of plant membranes, also works to regulate enzymatic activity. It plays a role in pollen tube elongation, and pollen germination, and boron deficiency leads to slow plant growth, decreased production and deterioration of crop quality. It was found that adding boron to some forage crops such as (clover, sorghum, alfalfa, and fava beans) stimulates plants, accelerates growth and increases their production. These crops, through their influence on many physiological functions determine the growth and development of the crop.
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Breygina, Maria, Dmitry Kochkin, Alexander Voronkov, Tatiana Ivanova, Ksenia Babushkina, and Ekaterina Klimenko. "Plant Hormone and Fatty Acid Screening of Nicotiana tabacum and Lilium longiflorum Stigma Exudates." Biomolecules 13, no. 9 (2023): 1313. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom13091313.
Full textAbstract:
Pollen germination in vivo on wet stigmas is assisted by the receptive fluid—stigma exudate. Its exact composition is still unknown because only some components have been studied. For the first time, hormonal screening was carried out, and the fatty acid (FA) composition of lipid-rich (Nicotiana tabacum) and sugar-rich (Lilium longiflorum) exudates was studied. Screening of exudate for the presence of plant hormones using HPLC-MS revealed abscisic acid (ABA) in tobacco stigma exudate at the two stages of development, at pre-maturity and in mature stigmas awaiting pollination, increasing at the fertile stage. To assess physiological significance of ABA on stigma, we tested the effect of this hormone in vitro. ABA concentration found in the exudate strongly stimulated the germination of tobacco pollen, a lower concentration had a weaker effect, increasing the concentration did not increase the effect. GC-MS analysis showed that both types of exudate are characterized by a predominance of saturated FAs. The lipids of tobacco stigma exudate contain significantly more myristic, oleic, and linoleic acids, resulting in a higher unsaturation index relative to lily stigma exudate lipids. The latter, in turn, contain more 14-hexadecenoic and arachidic acids. Both exudates were found to contain significant amounts of squalene. The possible involvement of saturated FAs, ABA, and squalene in various exudate functions, as well as their potential relationship on the stigma, is discussed.
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Wang, Fengdan, Jie Yang, Yi Hua, et al. "Transcriptome and Metabolome Analysis of Selenium Treated Alfalfa Reveals Influence on Phenylpropanoid Biosynthesis to Enhance Growth." Plants 12, no. 10 (2023): 2038. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12102038.
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Selenium (Se) plays an important role in the growth of plants. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is a perennial legume forage crop with high nutritional value and Se-rich functions. Many studies have shown that selenium can promote alfalfa growth, but few have explored the molecular biology mechanisms behind this effect. In this study, alfalfa was divided into two groups. One group was sprayed with sodium selenite (Na2SeO3) and the other group was sprayed with distilled water as a control. This study determined the growth, reproductive traits, physiological changes, transcriptome and metabolome of both groups of alfalfa. We found that foliar spraying of 100 mg/L Na2SeO3 could significantly increase the growth rate, dry weight, total Se content, amount of pollen per flower, pollen viability, pod spirals, and seed number per pod of alfalfa plants. The level of chlorophyll, soluble protein, proline, and glutathione also increased dramatically in Na2SeO3-sprayed alfalfa seedlings. After transcriptome and metabolome analysis, a total of 614 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 1500 differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs), including 26 secondary differentially metabolites were identified. The DEGs were mainly enriched in MAPK signaling pathway, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, isoflavonoid biosynthesis, cutin, suberine, and wax biosynthesis, and glycerolipid metabolism. The DEMs were mainly enriched in flavone and flavonol biosynthesis, carbon metabolism, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, nitrogen metabolism, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. Integrative analysis of transcriptome and metabolome showed that the foliar spraying of Na2SeO3 mainly affects phenylpropanoid biosynthesis to promote alfalfa growth.
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Prytulska, Natalia, Petro Karpenko, Dmytro Antiushko, Tetiiana Bozhko, and Nataliia Shapovalova. "Prospects for the use of apiproducts in human healthy nutrition." EUREKA: Life Sciences, no. 5 (September 30, 2021): 54–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2504-5695.2021.002095.
Full textAbstract:
It has been established, that the development and implementation of the practice of using biologically active components of nutrition is one of the areas of modern dietetics, which are developing dynamically. Apiproducts are a very promising source of biologically active substances. Fundamental studies of domestic and foreign scientists have proven their high biological value, versatile pharmacological activity (anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, analgesic, antioxidant, immunostimulatory, anti-radiation, etc.). The use of apiproducts for the prevention and treatment of a number of human diseases is a comprehensively studied phenomenon in terms of beekeeping, botany, chemistry, microbiology, pharmacology, medicine and pharmacy.
 It has been proved, that the action of individual apiproducts and their components allows to use them effectively in practical apitherapy. Because these products differ significantly depending on their chemical composition, they are divided into two groups. The first includes honey, flower pollen, perga (a product of conservation of flower pollen in a hive) and, in part, drone brood. As mixtures of valuable BAS and metabolites, they are used mainly to increase the biological value of traditional foods and create new compositions. The second group includes bee venom, propolis and, in part, royal jelly, which are therapeutic agents by their nature and are used to correct physiological functions and metabolism, have regulatory effects, and their action is realized through the effect on the lipid matrix of biological membranes and membrane proteins. It has been established, that the use of these food components in health nutrition and production of health and medical foods is a promising area
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Prytulska, Natalia, Petro Karpenko, Dmytro Antiushko, Tetiiana Bozhko, and Nataliia Shapovalova. "Prospects for the use of apiproducts in human healthy nutrition." EUREKA: Life Sciences, no. 5 (September 30, 2021): 54–60. https://doi.org/10.21303/2504-5695.2021.002095.
Full textAbstract:
It has been established, that the development and implementation of the practice of using biologically active components of nutrition is one of the areas of modern dietetics, which are developing dynamically. Apiproducts are a very promising source of biologically active substances. Fundamental studies of domestic and foreign scientists have proven their high biological value, versatile pharmacological activity (anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, analgesic, antioxidant, immunostimulatory, anti-radiation, etc.). The use of apiproducts for the prevention and treatment of a number of human diseases is a comprehensively studied phenomenon in terms of beekeeping, botany, chemistry, microbiology, pharmacology, medicine and pharmacy. It has been proved, that the action of individual apiproducts and their components allows to use them effectively in practical apitherapy. Because these products differ significantly depending on their chemical composition, they are divided into two groups. The first includes honey, flower pollen, perga (a product of conservation of flower pollen in a hive) and, in part, drone brood. As mixtures of valuable BAS and metabolites, they are used mainly to increase the biological value of traditional foods and create new compositions. The second group includes bee venom, propolis and, in part, royal jelly, which are therapeutic agents by their nature and are used to correct physiological functions and metabolism, have regulatory effects, and their action is realized through the effect on the lipid matrix of biological membranes and membrane proteins. It has been established, that the use of these food components in health nutrition and production of health and medical foods is a promising area
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Yu, Bo, Nian Liu, Siqi Tang, Tian Qin, and Junli Huang. "Roles of Glutamate Receptor-Like Channels (GLRs) in Plant Growth and Response to Environmental Stimuli." Plants 11, no. 24 (2022): 3450. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11243450.
Full textAbstract:
Plant glutamate receptor-like channels (GLRs) are the homologues of ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) that mediate neurotransmission in mammals, and they play important roles in various plant-specific physiological processes, such as pollen tube growth, sexual reproduction, root meristem proliferation, internode cell elongation, stomata aperture regulation, and innate immune and wound responses. Notably, these biological functions of GLRs have been mostly linked to the Ca2+-permeable channel activity as GLRs can directly channel the transmembrane flux of Ca2+, which acts as a key second messenger in plant cell responses to both endogenous and exogenous stimuli. Thus, it was hypothesized that GLRs are mainly involved in Ca2+ signaling processes in plant cells. Recently, great progress has been made in GLRs for their roles in long-distance signal transduction pathways mediated by electrical activity and Ca2+ signaling. Here, we review the recent progress on plant GLRs, and special attention is paid to recent insights into the roles of GLRs in response to environmental stimuli via Ca2+ signaling, electrical activity, ROS, as well as hormone signaling networks. Understanding the roles of GLRs in integrating internal and external signaling for plant developmental adaptations to a changing environment will definitely help to enhance abiotic stress tolerance.
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Kempinski, Chase F., Samuel V. Crowell, Caleb Smeeth, and Carina Barth. "The novel Arabidopsis thaliana svt2 suppressor of the ascorbic acid-deficient mutant vtc1-1 exhibits phenotypic and genotypic instability." F1000Research 2 (January 10, 2013): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.2-6.v1.
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Ascorbic acid is a potent antioxidant that detoxifies reactive oxygen species when plants are exposed to unfavorable environmental conditions. In addition to its antioxidant properties, ascorbic acid and its biosynthetic precursors fulfill a variety of other physiological and molecular functions. A mutation in the ascorbic acid biosynthesis gene VTC1, which encodes GDP-mannose pyrophosphorylase, results in conditional root growth inhibition in the presence of ammonium. To isolate suppressors of vtc1-1, which is in the Arabidopsis Columbia-0 background, seeds of the mutant were subjected to ethyl methanesulfonate mutagenesis. A suppressor mutant of vtc1-1 2, svt2, with wild-type levels of ascorbic acid and root growth similar to the wild type in the presence of ammonium was isolated. Interestingly, svt2 has Arabidopsis Landsberg erecta features, although svt2 is delayed in flowering and has an enlarged morphology. Moreover, the svt2 genotype shares similarities with Ler polymorphism markers and sequences, despite the fact that the mutant derived from mutagenesis of Col-0 vtc1-1 seed. We provide evidence that svt2 is not an artifact of the experiment, a contamination of Ler seed, or a result of outcrossing of the svt2 mutant with Ler pollen. Instead, our results show that svt2 exhibits transgenerational genotypic and phenotypic instability, which is manifested in a fraction of svt2 progeny, producing revertants that have Col-like phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. Some of those Col-like revertants then revert back to svt2-like plants in the subsequent generation. Our findings have important implications for undiscovered phenomena in transmitting genetic information in addition to the Mendelian laws of inheritance. Our results suggest that stress can trigger a genome restoration mechanism that could be advantageous for plants to survive environmental changes for which the ancestral genes were better adapted.
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Torres-Borrego, Javier, and Manuel Sánchez-Solís. "Dissecting Airborne Allergens." Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, no. 18 (2023): 5856. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm12185856.
Full textAbstract:
Asthma is a heterogeneous and very complex group of diseases, and includes different clinical phenotypes depending on symptoms, progression, exacerbation patterns, or responses to treatment, among other characteristics. The allergic phenotype is the most frequent, especially in pediatric asthma. It is characterized by sensitization (the production of specific IgEs) to allergens and frequent comorbidity with rhinitis as well as atopic dermatitis. Given the complexity of allergic asthma, knowledge of it must be approached from different points of view: clinical, histological, physiological, epidemiological, biochemical, and immunological, among others. Since partial approaches do not allow for the understanding of this complexity, it is necessary to have multidimensional knowledge that helps in performing the optimal management of each case, avoiding a “blind men and elephant parable” approach. Allergens are antigens that trigger the production of specific IgE antibodies in susceptible individuals, who present symptoms that will depend on the type and intensity of the allergenic load as well as the tissue where the interaction occurs. Airborne allergens cause their effects in the respiratory tract and eyes, and can be indoor or outdoor, perennial, or seasonal. Although allergens such as mites, pollens, or animal dander are generally considered single particles, it is important to note that they contain different molecules which could trigger distinct specific IgE molecules in different patients. General practitioners, pediatricians, and other physicians typically diagnose and treat asthma based on clinical and pulmonary function data in their daily practice. This nonsystematic and nonexhaustive revision aims to update other topics, especially those focused on airborne allergens, helping the diagnostic and therapeutic processes of allergic asthma and rhinitis.
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Yang, Chong, Xuan Zhao, Zhi Luo, Lihu Wang, and Mengjun Liu. "Genome-wide identification and expression profile analysis of SWEET genes in Chinese jujube." PeerJ 11 (January 17, 2023): e14704. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.14704.
Full textAbstract:
The novel sugar transporter known as SWEET (sugars will eventually be exported transporter) is involved in the transport and distribution of photosynthesis products in plants. The SWEET protein is also involved in pollen development, nectar secretion, stress responses, and other important physiological processes. Although SWEET genes have been characterized and identified in model plants, such as Arabidopsis and rice, little is known about them in jujube. In this study, the molecular characteristics of the SWEET gene family in the Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) and their expression patterns in different organs, at different fruit developmental stages, and under abiotic stress were analyzed. A total of 19 ZjSWEET genes were identified in jujube through a genome-wide study; these were classified into four sub-groups based on their phylogenic relationships. The gene structure analysis of ZjSWEET genes showed that all the members had introns. The expression patterns of different ZjSWEET genes varied significantly in different organs (root, shoot, leave, flower, fruit), which indicated that ZjSWEETs play different roles in multiple organs. According to the expression profiles by quantitative real-time PCR analysis during fruit development, the expression levels of the two genes (ZjSWEET11, ZjSWEET18) gradually increased with the development of the fruit and reached a high level at the full-red fruit stage. A prediction of the cis-acting regulatory elements indicated that the promoter sequences of ZjSWEETs contained nine types of phytohormone-responsive cis-regulatory elements and six environmental factors. In addition, the expression profiles by quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that some of the ZjSWEETs responded to environmental changes; ZjSWEET2 was highly induced in response to cold stress, and ZjSWEET8 was significantly up-regulated in response to alkali and salt stresses. This study showed that the functions of the ZjSWEET family members of jujube are different, and some may play an important role in sugar accumulation and abiotic stress in jujube.
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Fluhr, Joachim, Katarina Stevanovic, Priyanka Joshi, et al. "Skin physiology, mucosal functions and symptoms are modulated by grass pollen and ozone double exposure in allergic patients." Skin Pharmacology and Physiology, March 16, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000530115.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction: Along with climate changes, we see an increase in allergic symptoms and the number of pollen-allergic patients in many countries. Increased allergic symptoms are associated with an elevated ozone exposure which may be linked by impaired epithelial barrier function. This study aimed to quantify the clinical effect of ozone and pollen double exposure (DE). We tested whether ozone impairs barrier-related skin physiology and mucosal functions under double exposure with pollen ozone in grass pollen-allergic patients versus healthy controls. Methods: This case-control study included 8 grass pollen-allergic patients and 8 non-allergic healthy subjects exposed to grass pollen and ozone in the GA²LEN pollen chamber, comparing shorter and longer DE duration. Non-invasive skin physiological parameters were assessed, including stratum corneum hydration, skin redness, surface pH, and basal transepidermal water loss (TEWL) as a parameter for epidermal barrier function. The subjects’ general well-being, bronchial, nasal, and ocular symptoms were documented. Results: Skin physiology tests revealed that DE in allergic patients deteriorates the epidermal barrier function, increases the surface pH and skin redness. DE significantly induced nasal secretion in pollen-allergic versus healthy subjects, which was more pronounced with longer DE. The general well-being was significantly impaired under DE versus pollen or ozone alone, with a negative influence of DE-duration. No relevant bronchial symptoms were recorded. Conclusion: Skin physiology and nasal mucosal symptoms and are negatively affected by ozone and grass pollen DE in allergic patients. The negative effects showed, in some parameters, a dose(time)-response relationship. The surface pH can be regarded as a possible modulatory mechanism.
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Jha, Uday Chand, Poonam Devi, Vijay Prakash, et al. "Response of Physiological, Reproductive Function and Yield Traits in Cultivated Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Under Heat Stress." Frontiers in Plant Science 13 (May 25, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.880519.
Full textAbstract:
Under global climate change, high-temperature stress is becoming a major threat to crop yields, adversely affecting plant growth, and ultimately resulting in significant yield losses in various crops, including chickpea. Thus, identifying crop genotypes with increased heat stress (HS) tolerance is becoming a priority for chickpea research. Here, we assessed the response of seven physiological traits and four yield and yield-related traits in 39 chickpea genotypes grown in normal-sown and late-sown environments [to expose plants to HS (&gt;32/20°C) at the reproductive stage] for two consecutive years (2017–2018 and 2018–2019). Significant genetic variability for the tested traits occurred under normal and HS conditions in both years. Based on the tested physiological parameters and yield-related traits, GNG2171, GNG1969, GNG1488, PantG186, CSJ515, RSG888, RSG945, RVG202, and GNG469 were identified as promising genotypes under HS. Further, ten heat-tolerant and ten heat-sensitive lines from the set of 39 genotypes were validated for their heat tolerance (32/20°C from flowering to maturity) in a controlled environment of a growth chamber. Of the ten heat-tolerant genotypes, GNG1969, GNG1488, PantG186, RSG888, CSJ315, and GNG1499 exhibited high heat tolerance evidenced by small reductions in pollen viability, pollen germination, and pod set %, high seed yield plant–1 and less damage to membranes, photosynthetic ability, leaf water status, and oxidative processes. In growth chamber, chlorophyll, photosynthetic efficiency, pollen germination, and pollen viability correlated strongly with yield traits. Thus, GNG1969, GNG1488, PantG186, RSG888, CSJ315, and GNG1499 genotypes could be used as candidate donors for transferring heat tolerance traits to high-yielding heat-sensitive varieties to develop heat-resilient chickpea cultivars.
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Li, Peng, Jia Tian, Changkui Guo, Shuping Luo, and Jiang Li. "Interaction of gibberellin and other hormones in almond anthers: phenotypic and physiological changes and transcriptomic reprogramming." Horticulture Research 8, no. 1 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41438-021-00527-w.
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AbstractLow temperature causes anther dysfunction, severe pollen sterility and, ultimately, major yield losses in crop plants. Previous studies have shown that the gibberellic acid (GA) metabolic pathway plays an important role in this process by regulating tapetum function and pollen development. However, the interaction mechanism of GA with other hormones mediating anther development is still unclear. Herein, we collected and analyzed almond (Amygdalus communis L.) anthers at the meiosis, tetrad, 1-nucleus, and mature 2-nucleus stages. The growth rate per 1000 anthers exhibited a significant positive correlation with the total bioactive GA compound content, and the levels of all bioactive GA compounds were highest in the 1-nucleus pollen stage. GA3 treatment experiments indicated that exogenous GA3 increased the levels of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), trans-zeatin (tZ), and jasmonic acid (JA) and decreased the levels of salicylic acid (SA) and abscisic acid (ABA); moreover, GA3 improved pollen viability and quantities under cold conditions, whereas PP333 (paclobutrazol, an inhibitor of GA biosynthesis) was antagonistic with GA3 in controlling anther development. RNA-seq and qRT-PCR results showed that GA played an important role in anther development by regulating the expression of other phytohormone pathway genes, dehydration-responsive element-binding/C-repeat binding factor (DREB1/CBF)-mediated signaling genes, and anther development pathway genes. Our results reveal the novel finding that GA interacts with other hormones to balance anther development under normal- and low-temperature conditions in almond.
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Kou, Xiaobing, Jiangmei Sun, Peng Wang, et al. "PbrRALF2-elicited reactive oxygen species signaling is mediated by the PbrCrRLK1L13-PbrMPK18 module in pear pollen tubes." Horticulture Research 8, no. 1 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41438-021-00684-y.
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AbstractRapid alkalinization factors (RALFs) are cysteine-rich peptides that play important roles in a variety of biological processes, such as cell elongation and immune signaling. Recent studies in Arabidopsis have shown that RALFs regulate pollen tube growth via plasma membrane receptor-like kinases (RLKs). However, the downstream signal transduction mechanisms of RLKs in pollen tubes are unknown. Here, we identified PbrRALF2, a pear (Pyrus bretschneideri) pollen RALF peptide that inhibits pollen tube growth. We found that PbrRALF2 interacts with a malectin-like domain-containing RLK, PbrCrRLK1L13. The relative affinity between PbrRALF2 and PbrCrRLK1L13 was at the submicromolar level, which is consistent with the values of ligand–receptor kinase pairs and the physiological concentration for PbrRALF2-mediated inhibition of pollen tube growth. After binding to its extracellular domain, PbrRALF2 activated the phosphorylation of PbrCrRLK1L13 in a dose-dependent manner. We further showed that the MAP kinase PbrMPK18 is a downstream target of PbrCrRLK1L13 that mediates PbrRALF2-elicited reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. The excessive accumulation of ROS inhibits pollen tube growth. We show that MPK acts as a mediator for CrRLK1L to stimulate ROS production, which might represent a general mechanism by which RALF and CrRLK1L function in signaling pathways.
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Zhao, Yifan, Bo Kong, Phuong Uyen Do, et al. "Gibberellins as a novel mutagen for inducing 2n gametes in plants." Frontiers in Plant Science 13 (January 11, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.1110027.
Full textAbstract:
The plant hormone gibberellin (GA) regulates many physiological processes, such as cell differentiation, cell elongation, seed germination, and the response to abiotic stress. Here, we found that injecting male flower buds with exogenous gibberellic acid (GA3) caused defects in meiotic cytokinesis by interfering with radial microtubule array formation resulting in meiotic restitution and 2n pollen production in Populus. A protocol for inducing 2n pollen in Populus with GA3 was established by investigating the effects of the dominant meiotic stage, GA3 concentration, and injection time. The dominant meiotic stage (F = 41.882, P &lt; 0.001) and GA3 injection time (F = 172.466, P &lt; 0.001) had significant effects on the frequency of induced 2n pollen. However, the GA3 concentration (F = 1.391, P = 0.253) did not have a significant effect on the frequency of induced 2n pollen. The highest frequency of GA3-induced 2n pollen (21.37%) was observed when the dominant meiotic stage of the pollen mother cells was prophase II and seven injections of 10 μM GA3 were given. Eighteen triploids were generated from GA3-induced 2n pollen. Thus, GA3 can be exploited as a novel mutagen to induce flowering plants to generate diploid male gametes. Our findings provide some new insight into the function of GAs in plants.
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Li, Yang, Chuanbao Wu, Chunsheng Liu, et al. "Functional identification of lncRNAs in sweet cherry (Prunus avium) pollen tubes via transcriptome analysis using single-molecule long-read sequencing." Horticulture Research 6, no. 1 (2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41438-019-0218-3.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractSweet cherry (Prunus avium) is a popular fruit with high nutritional value and excellent flavor. Although pollen plays an important role in the double fertilization and subsequent fruit production of this species, little is known about its pollen tube transcriptome. In this study, we identified 16,409 transcripts using single-molecule sequencing. After filtering 292 transposable elements, we conducted further analyses including mRNA classification, gene function prediction, alternative splicing (AS) analysis, and long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) identification to gain insight into the pollen transcriptome. The filtered transcripts could be matched with 3,438 coding region sequences from the sweet cherry genome. GO and KEGG analyses revealed complex biological processes during pollen tube elongation. A total of 2043 AS events were predicted, 7 of which were identified in different organs, such as the leaf, pistil and pollen tube. Using BLASTnt and the Coding-Potential Assessment Tool (CPAT), we distinguished a total of 284 lncRNAs, among which 154 qualified as natural antisense transcripts (NATs). As the NATs could be the reverse complements of coding mRNA sequences, they might bind to coding sequences. Antisense transfection assays showed that the NATs could regulate the expression levels of their complementary sequences and even affect the growth conditions of pollen tubes. In summary, this research characterizes the transcripts of P. avium pollen and lays the foundation for elucidating the physiological and biochemical mechanisms underlying sexual reproduction in the male gametes of this species.
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Ghifari, Abi S., Pedro F. Teixeira, Beata Kmiec, Neha Singh, Elzbieta Glaser, and Monika W. Murcha. "The dual-targeted prolyl aminopeptidase PAP1 is involved in proline accumulation in response to stress and during pollen development." Journal of Experimental Botany, August 30, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erab397.
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Abstract Plant endosymbiotic organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts harbour a wide array of biochemical reactions. As a part of protein homeostasis to maintain organellar activity and stability, unwanted proteins and peptides need to be completely degraded in a stepwise mechanism termed the processing pathway, where at the last stage single amino acids are released by aminopeptidases. Here, we determined the molecular and physiological functions of a prolyl aminopeptidase homologue PAP1 (At2g14260) that is able to release N-terminal proline. Transcript analyses demonstrate that an alternative transcription start site (TSS) gives rise to two alternate transcripts, generating two in-frame proteins PAP1.1 and PAP1.2. Sub-cellular localisation studies revealed that the longer isoform PAP1.1, which contains a 51-residue N-terminal extension is exclusively targeted to chloroplasts, while the truncated isoform PAP1.2 is located in the cytosol. Distinct expression patterns in different tissues and developmental stages were observed. Investigations into the physiological role of PAP1 using loss-of-function mutants revealed that PAP1 activity may be involved in proline homeostasis and accumulation, required for pollen development and tolerance to osmotic stress. Enzymatic activity, sub-cellular location, and expression patterns of PAP1 suggest a role in the chloroplastic peptide processing pathway and proline homeostasis.
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Jiang, Jianxia, Pengfei Xu, Junying Zhang, et al. "Global transcriptome analysis reveals potential genes associated with genic male sterility of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)." Frontiers in Plant Science 13 (October 21, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.1004781.
Full textAbstract:
Rapeseed is the third leading source of edible oil in the world. Genic male sterility (GMS) lines provide crucial material for harnessing heterosis for rapeseed. GMS lines have been widely used successfully for rapeseed hybrid production. The physiological and molecular mechanism of pollen development in GMS lines of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) need to be determined for the creation of hybrids and cultivation of new varieties. However, limited studies have focused on systematically mining genes that regulate the pollen development of GMS lines in B. napus. In the present study, to determine the stage at which pollen development begins to show abnormality in the GMS lines, we performed semi-thin section analysis of the anthers with five pollen development stages. The results indicated that the abnormal pollen development in DGMS lines might start at the meiotic stage, and abnormal pollen development in RGMS lines probably occurred before the tetrad stage. To investigate the critical genes and pathways involved in pollen development in GMS lines, we constructed and sequenced 24 transcriptome libraries for the flower buds from the fertile and sterile lines of two recessive GMS (RGMS) lines (6251AB and 6284AB) and two dominant GMS (DGMS) lines (4001AB and 4006AB). A total of 23,554 redundant DEGs with over two-fold change between sterile and fertile lines were obtained. A total of 346 DEGs were specifically related to DGMS, while 1,553 DEGs were specifically related to RGMS. A total of 1,545 DEGs were shared between DGMS and RGMS. And 253 transcription factors were found to be differentially expressed between the sterile and fertile lines of GMS. In addition, 6,099 DEGs possibly related to anther, pollen, and microspore development processes were identified. Many of these genes have been reported to be involved in anther and microspore developmental processes. Several DEGs were speculated to be key genes involved in the regulation of fertility. Three differentially expressed genes were randomly selected and their expression levels were verified by quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR). The results of qRT-PCR largely agreed with the transcriptome sequencing results. Our findings provide a global view of genes that are potentially involved in GMS occurrence. The expression profiles and function analysis of these DEGs were provided to expand our understanding of the complex molecular mechanism in pollen and sterility development in B. napus.