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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Pollen viability

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Academic literature on the topic 'Pollen viability'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Pollen viability"

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Costa, Paulo Marks de Araújo, Vênia Camelo de Souza, Ivan Sérgio da Silva Oliveira, Vagner Sousa da Costa, and Emerson Serafim Barros. "Pollen viability and floral biology of Mandacaru (Cereus jamacaru (DC) (Cactaceae))." Research, Society and Development 9, no. 8 (2020): e997986671. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i8.6671.

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Pollen fertility is indicated by viability, which influences the reproductive success of plants. Mandacaru is a native tree species with natural distribution in the Caatinga. The objective was to verify the pollen viability, pollen per ovule ratio and the morphological identification of the mandacaru flower (Cereus jamacaru). Ten flower buds were used and one hundred anthers of these buds, which and stained with Alexander dye on checkered glass slide and viable and non-viable pollens were accounted amount of ovule per flower bud was counted the pollen/ovule ratio. Mandacaru presented viability

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Aswath, VivekC R., N. S. Bhandari, and S. Gangola. "SEM-based study for palynological and pollen germination of Lilium longiflorum cv. Pavia." Journal of Applied Horticulture 24, no. 03 (2023): 302–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.37855/jah.2022.v24i03.53.

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Pollen is the first choice of germplasm curator, geneticist, breeder and physiologist for conservation and crop improvement programs. A pollen palynological attributes and pollen germination study of Lilium longiflorum cv., 'Pavia' was conducted using scanning electron microscope (SEM). Various morphological characteristics were studied. The results showed that pollens were much alike in ultra-morphology with elliptical to ellipsoidal shape, reticulate exine and single germination ditch. The pollen viability was tested by the wet room method with 3 dyes; Acetocarmine, TTC, Lugol's iodine and 4

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Öztürk Çalı, İ. "The effects of fosetyl-Al application on morphology and viability of Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. pollen." Plant, Soil and Environment 54, No. 8 (2008): 336–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/414-pse.

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In the present study, the effects of fungicide Aliette WG 800 [80% fosetyl-Al (aluminium tris-o-ethyl phosphonate)], widely used against <I>Phytophtora infestans</I> on tomatoes grown in greenhouse in Turkey, were studied on the morphology and viability of tomato (<I>Lycopersicon esculentum</I> Mill.) pollens. The fungicide was applied to tomatoes grown in greenhouse at recommended dosage (200 g/100 l water) and at double the recommended dosage (400 g/100 l water). The fungicide caused changes in the morphological structures of tomato pollens. Some pollen morphological

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Du, Xiaohua. "Pollen Ultra-Morphology and Pollen Viability Test of Lilium Oriental Hybrids." International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 20, no. 08 (2020): 1903–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.17957/ijab/15.0753.

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Ultra-morphology and pollen viability assessment are essential to understand evolutionary ecology and sterility problem, and to design hybridization program in cross-breeding. The pollen ultra-morphology of two Lilium Oriental hybrid cultivars, „Sorbonne‟ and „Siberia‟ were observed using scanning electron microscope. And the pollen germination condition in vitro and four dye tests methods for pollen viability were determined. The results showed that pollens of two Lilium Oriental hybrid cultivars were much alike in ultra-morphology with ellipsoidal shape, reticulate surface decoration and sin

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Shivanna, K. R., H. F. Linskens, and M. Cresti. "Pollen viability and pollen vigor." Theoretical and Applied Genetics 81, no. 1 (1991): 38–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00226109.

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Audu, M. A. I., O. A. Falusi, M. L. Muhammad, O. A. Y. Daudu, and A. Abubakar. "Pollen Viability and Germinability of Gamma Irradiated M4 Lines of Sesame." BADEGGI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND ENVIRONMENT 3, no. 2 (2021): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.35849/bjare202102002.

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Pollen viability and germinability are indispensable criteria in plant breeding programmes. This research evaluated eleven M4 mutant lines of gamma irradiated sesame (Sesamum indicum) for some pollen parameters. Seeds were obtained from the Department of Plant Biology, Federal University of Technology, Minna and were raised to maturity alongside their respective checks in a randomized complete block design (RCBD). The field experiment was conducted at the experimental field of the Upper Niger River Basin Development Authority, Minna. Pollen viability and diameter were determined using standard

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Devrnja, Nina, Jelena Milojević, Ljiljana Tubić, Snežana Zdravković-Korać, Aleksandar Cingel, and Dušica Ćalić. "Pollen Morphology, Viability, and Germination of Tanacetum vulgare L." HortScience 47, no. 3 (2012): 440–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.47.3.440.

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The pollen morphology of aromatic Tanacetum vulgare L. (Asteraceae), which has wide horticultural and medicinal uses, was examined using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The investigation revealed that pollen grains are radially symmetrical, isopolar, spheroidal, tricolporate, and echinate–perforate. Average pollen length was 21.32 ± 1.12 μm, whereas average pollen width was 20.04 ± 0.98 μm (length:width ratio 0.94). Spine length was 2.72 ± 0.29 μm. Average distance from the spines was 7.15 ± 0.31 μm. Pollen exine consisted of 1–3 pores. Pori are elongated and also with a dis

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Lamo, Kunzang, Anil Kumar Sangwan, Nav Prem Singh, and Manveen Kaur Batth. "Optimization of invitro Pollen Storage Conditions in Seeded and Low Seeded Citrus Genotypes." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 12, no. 9 (2022): 141–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2023.1209.014.

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In vitro pollen storage study was conducted using pollens of three seeded citrus genotypes viz., ‘Mexican lime’,’ W.Murcott’ and ‘Mosambi’ and five seedless citrus genotypes viz., ‘Lisbon lemon’, ‘Jaffa’, ‘Clementine’, ‘Hamlin’ and ‘Mukaku Kishu’. Pollen viability and germination percentage were evaluated at different storage temperature treatments i.e., at room temperature (in anhydrous calcium chloride) (control), refrigerator 40C, freezer (-200C), freeze drier (-800C). In vitro pollen viability capacity was tested with acetocarmine stain (2%). Among all the tested sucrose concentration (0,

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Stern, Raphael A., and Shmuel Gazit. "Pollen Viability in Lychee." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 123, no. 1 (1998): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.123.1.41.

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The lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) has two types of pollen-releasing flowers—M1 and M2. We compared the morphology and viability of these two pollen types, mainly for the two commercial cultivars in Israel: `Mauritius' and `Floridian'. Observation by scanning electron microscope did not reveal any consistent morphological differences between the two pollen types. However, M2 pollen was found to have a consistent and significant advantage over M1 pollen in in vitro germination tests. M2 pollen from `Mauritius', `Floridian', `No Mai Chee', `Wai Chee', and `Early Large Red' had a much higher ger

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Demirel, Mehmet Akif, Kenan Yıldız, and Cevriye Mert. "Pollen Performance and Morphology of Black Mulberry (Morus nigra L.) Genotypes." Akademik Ziraat Dergisi 14, no. 1 (2025): 39–47. https://doi.org/10.29278/azd.1512106.

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Objective: It was aimed to determine the morphology, viability, germination rates, and production quantity of black mulberry (Morus nigra L.) pollens, which play an important role in pollination and fertilization. Materials and Methods: In this research, pollen viability of black mulberry pollens using the TTC method, pollen germination test using the “agar–plate” method, pollen quantity using the Hemocytometric method, pollen sizes and morphologies using light microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were examined. Results: In this study, pollen performance and morphological structur

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Pollen viability"

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Viner, Brian J. "Predicting the dispersion and viability of maize pollen." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2007.

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Oliveira, Aline de. "Fixação de frutos no meloeiro : viabilidade polínica, receptividade estigmática e protocolos de polinização. /." Jaboticabal, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/191110.

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Orientador: Leila Trevisan Braz<br>Resumo: Polinizações manuais na cultura do meloeiro apresentam taxa de sucesso de cerca de 40%, entretanto, pouco se relata na literatura sobre os aspectos que afetam esta taxa, tornando-a baixa, e como incrementa-la. Este trabalho teve por objetivo estudar a biologia reprodutiva do meloeiro, e estratégias para aumentar a taxa de pegamento de frutos na cultura. Para tal, foram estudados a viabilidade polínica e receptividade estigmática em genótipos de meloeiro ao longo do dia da antese, e, o impacto de diferentes protocolos de polinização na fixação de fruto

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Soveral, Marta de Agrela Cabral. "Fatores que afetam o vingamento em oliveira (Olea europaea L.) cv. Tosca: efeito da polinização cruzada e da aplicação de um extrato de algas." Master's thesis, ISA/UL, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/8303.

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Mestrado em Engenharia Agronómica - Instituto Superior de Agronomia<br>Aiming at an improvement of fruit set in olive tree cv. Tosca, a very early flowering variety, a field trial involving artificial cross pollination was carried out in a hedgerow olive orchard nearby Cartaxo, with pollinators 'Negrinha', 'Cordovil', 'Azeiteira' and 'Maçanilha', early flowering cultivars as well (free pollination as control), and with five other pollinators, 'Arbequina', 'Carrasquenha', 'Galega Evora', 'Maçanilha Carrasquenha' and 'Blanqueta', later flowering, on an exploratory basis. The viability and pollen

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Safdar, Misbah. "Fruit yield and quality of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) evaluated under high-temperature stress." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/20698.

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Okra is a nutritious vegetable that belongs to the family Malvaceae. It is widely grown in the tropical, sub-tropical, temperate and Mediterranean regions of the world. However, little evidence of the impacts of high temperature stress on various physiological, morphological, biochemical and metabolic processes is available for okra nor is the extent of genetic variation known. This study characterized and evaluated 176 diverse okra germplasm under constant high temperature to assess morphological and physiological changes to growth and development and to identify molecular markers linked to h

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Silva, Lucielio Manoel da. "Elementos do sistema reprodutivo de etnovariedades de batata-doce, provenientes do Vale do Ribeira, SP, Brasil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11137/tde-13052008-111105/.

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O presente trabalho teve por objetivos avaliar o sistema reprodutivo de etnovariedades de batata-doce, mais especificamente, determinar quais genótipos são autocompatíveis e quais são compatíveis ou incompatíveis entre si. O sistema reprodutivo foi avaliado em 13 etnovariedades de batata-doce, através da frutificação e da observação in situ dos tubos polínicos no pistilo através da técnica de epifluorescência com azul de anilina, em flores submetidas a polinização controlada. Teste de viabilidade dos grãos de pólen foi realizado usando os corantes carmim acético e cloreto de tetrazólio em quat

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Cuchiara, Cristina Copstein. "Conservação à baixa temperatura e avaliação da viabilidade de grãos de pólen de mamoneira." Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 2010. http://repositorio.ufpel.edu.br/handle/ri/2040.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:59:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_cristina_cuchiara.pdf: 54838030 bytes, checksum: 080d5f9c1d6101f82e129f93588c1a24 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-19<br>The castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) it is known by the high adaptation capacity to the different climate conditions and soil, characteristics these that it possible be her cultivated commercially in different areas of Brazil. Consequently, researches about conservation and germination of the pollen are indispensable to the programs of genetic improvement. The purpose is to ev

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Chanon, Ann Marie. "Studies on the reproductive capacity of Aesculus parviflora and Aesculus pavia opportunities for their improvement through interspecific hybridization /." Connect to this title online, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1118692145.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2005.<br>Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xx, 305 p.; also includes graphics. Includes bibliographical references (p. 278-305). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center

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Mesa, Laura A. "The influence of pollinator diversity and behaviour on pollen movement in Brassica rapa chinensis (Pak-Choi) crops, and its significance for gene escape." Thesis, University of Canterbury. School of Biological Sciences, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/2685.

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The overall aim of the study was to assess the risk of gene flow from Brassica crops by insectmediated pollen transport. I measured the viability of pollen in Brassica flowers throughout crop development and compared this with the viability of pollen transported by insects inside and outside one early- and one late-season crop. In order to evaluate the relative importance of different species in pollen transport, I measured abundance of flower visitors during crop development, and measured the foraging behaviour of five key pollinator species throughout the growing season, in relation to varia

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Nora, Gracieli Dalla. "Caracterização citogenética de cultivares de feijão (phaseolus vulgaris l.)." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2012. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/5059.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>The meiotic behavior and estimation of pollen viability were studied in seven cultivars of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), which were IAPAR 44, Guapo Brilhante, BRS Expedito, BRS Valente, Guateian 6662, Pérola e Iraí. Floral buds were collected from cultivars, fixed and stored under refrigeration for the preparation of slides by squashing technique anthers and coloring with acetic orceína 2% and reactive Alexander. It was tried to obtain the greatest possible number of cells of each stage of meiosis. The estimation of pollen v

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Dibos, Chloé. "Interactions plante - pollinisateur : caractérisation de la qualité du pollen de deux cucurbitacées durant son ontogenèse, sa présentation et son transport sur le corps de l'abeille domestique." Phd thesis, Université d'Avignon, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00587581.

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Chez de nombreuses Angiospermes, la pollinisation croisée est nécessaire pour le succès de la reproduction. La plupart de ces plantes ont évolué afin de favoriser la pollinisation entomophile, principalement assurée par les abeilles. C'est le cas des Cucurbitacées, dont le melon (Cucumis melo L.), importante culture du sud de la France et le concombre d'âne (Ecballium elaterium (L.) A. Rich.) plante spontanée endémique du bassin méditerranéen, les deux modèles de cette étude. Afin de mieux comprendre les relations plante-pollinisateur,nous avons choisi de caractériser le couple pollen de Cucur

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Books on the topic "Pollen viability"

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Colas, Fabienne. Évaluation et maintien de la viabilité des pollens utilisés dans le programme d'amélioration des arbres. Forêt Québec, Direction de la recherche forestière, 2000.

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Book chapters on the topic "Pollen viability"

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Shivanna, K. R., and N. S. Rangaswamy. "Tests for Pollen Viability." In Pollen Biology. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77306-8_5.

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Dafni, Amots, and David Firmage. "Pollen viability and longevity: practical, ecological and evolutionary implications." In Pollen and Pollination. Springer Vienna, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6306-1_6.

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Rutley, Nicholas, and Gad Miller. "Large-Scale Analysis of Pollen Viability and Oxidative Level Using H2DCFDA-Staining Coupled with Flow Cytometry." In Pollen and Pollen Tube Biology. Springer US, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-0672-8_11.

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Cheng, C., and B. Rerkasem. "Effects of Boron on Pollen Viability in Wheat." In Plant Nutrition — from Genetic Engineering to Field Practice. Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1880-4_83.

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Ramírez, Fernando. "Pollen Grain Morphology and Viability and Arthropod Visitation." In Latin American Blackberries Biology. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-31750-7_3.

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Maryam, Muhammad J. Jaskani, and Summar A. Naqvi. "Storage and Viability Assessment of Date Palm Pollen." In Methods in Molecular Biology. Springer New York, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7159-6_1.

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Smith, Timothy E., Russell A. Stephenson, Colin J. Asher, and Suzan E. Hetherington. "Boron deficiency of avocado. 1. Effects on pollen viability and fruit set." In Boron in Soils and Plants. Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5564-9_25.

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Chang, Fang, Zaibao Zhang, Yue Jin, and Hong Ma. "Cell Biological Analyses of Anther Morphogenesis and Pollen Viability in Arabidopsis and Rice." In Methods in Molecular Biology. Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-9408-9_9.

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Ladyman, J. A. R., and R. E. Taylor. "31P and 1H NMR as a Non-Destructive Method for Measuring Pollen Viability." In Sexual Reproduction in Higher Plants. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73271-3_11.

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Chang, Fang, Shuangshuang Wang, Zesen Lai, Zaibao Zhang, Yue Jin, and Hong Ma. "Cell Biological Analyses of Anther Morphogenesis and Pollen Viability in Arabidopsis and Rice." In Methods in Molecular Biology. Springer US, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-3299-4_8.

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Conference papers on the topic "Pollen viability"

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Yuan, Fang, Yun-Quan Deng, and Bao-Shan Wang. "The observation of pollen viability and pollen tube germination inLimonium bicolor." In International conference on Human Health and Medical Engineering. WIT Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/hhme130841.

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Салтанович, Татьяна, Людмила Анточ та А. Дончилэ. "Особенности мужского гаметофита томата в условиях вирусного патогенеза и водного дефицита". У VIIth International Scientific Conference “Genetics, Physiology and Plant Breeding”. Institute of Genetics, Physiology and Plant Protection, Republic of Moldova, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53040/gppb7.2021.25.

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On the example of F1 hybrid combinations and tomato varieties, the possibility of the assessing method for pollen selection on the responses of male gametophytes under conditions of viral pathogenesis and drought has been shown. It was found the action of factors on the pollen viability and on the rate of pollen tubes growth, leading to the manifestation of differential reactions. The viruses are the main sources of variability of the pollen functional traits, while the effect of water deficit and genotype are considerably weaker. Genotypes that combine the high viability of pollen with the ab

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Du, Xiaohua, Huichao Liu, Wenqing Jia, Caihua Lei, and Shujun Li. "Pollen viability, stigma receptivity and seed set in Viola tricolor." In 2011 International Conference on Electrical and Control Engineering (ICECE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iceceng.2011.6058330.

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Wenqing Jia, Huichao Liu, Xiaohua Du, Xiaobo Xu, and Yang You. "Determination of Jasminum nudiflorum pollen viability and its storage method." In 2011 International Conference on Remote Sensing, Environment and Transportation Engineering (RSETE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rsete.2011.5965904.

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Saltanovici, Tatiana, Larisa Andronic, Ludmila Antoci, and Ana Buldumac. "Impactul infecțiilor virale asupra activității gametofitului masculin de tomate." In Scientific International Symposium "Plant Protection – Achievements and Perspectives". Institute of Genetics, Physiology and Plant Protection, Republic of Moldova, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53040/ppap2023.57.

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Reinfection of tomato genotypes with tobacco mosaic virus or tomato aspermia virus results in a change of plant pollen productivity and male gametophyte activity. Under the influence of infection, the specificity of the genotype response for a number of functional traits of the male gametophyte was revealed. Under conditions of primary infection and reinfection, the genotype was a determining factor in the variability of pollen viability, while the change in the size of pollen tubes was mainly determined by the appearance of viruses. As a result of the experiments, two varieties Venets and Ruf

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Normasiwi, Suluh, Andi Salamah, and Muhammad Imam Surya. "Study on pollen viability of Rubus spp. at Cibodas Botanic Gardens." In THE 6TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE ICBS 2019: “Biodiversity as a Cornerstone for Embracing Future Humanity”. AIP Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0016180.

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Macovei, Milania. "Formation of intrapopulation genotypic variability in tomatoes when using heat-treated pollen for pollination." In Conferința științifică națională cu participare internațională "Integrare prin cercetare și inovare", dedicată Zilei Internaționale a Științei pentru Pace și Dezvoltare. Moldova State University, 2025. https://doi.org/10.59295/spd2024n.25.

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The paper presents the results of studying the effect of tomato pollen heat-treated at 45C for 8 hours on the degree of genotypic variability in heterogeneous F1, F2, F3 populations obtained by direct and reciprocal crosses. Intra- and interpopulation periodic selections on a complex of traits of male gametophyte (viability, pollen heat resistance, pollen tube length and pollen tube length resistance) are used. It has been shown that cyclic three-fold pollination of the best genotypes (P1 x P2 - F1 x A - F1 x B and F2 x A - F2 x B) with preheated pollen increases the probability of combination

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Go, Rj C., Ryan Rey M. Daga, and Maria Elisa B. Gerona. "Image Analysis Protocol for Pollen Viability Identification on Selected Genotypes of Rice (Oryza sativa L.)." In 2019 IEEE 4th International Conference on Computer and Communication Systems (ICCCS). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ccoms.2019.8821677.

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Saltanovici, Tatiana, Larisa Andronic, and Liudmila Antoci. "Funcționalitatea gametofitului mascul la descendenții plantelor de tomate reinfectate cu virusuri." In VIIIth International Scientific Conference “Genetics, Physiology and Plant Breeding”. Institute of Genetics, Physiology and Plant Protection, Republic of Moldova, 2024. https://doi.org/10.53040/gppb8.2024.31.

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The article discusses the functionality of the male gametophyte in tomato offspring obtained from plants reinfected with Tobacco Mosaic Virus and Tomato Aspermy Virus. It was established that the plants from experimental variants showed specific responses associated with the change of the male gametophyte activity, that allows to the identification of resistant genotypes based on the established variability. According to the results of the ANOVA test, the variability of the pollen viability was primarily influenced by the genotype, which is important for the elucidation of the genetic basis of

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H. H. AL-HILFY, Intsar, and Athraa A .Al-OMAIR. "REDUCING HEAT STRESS ON MAIZE DURING SPRING SEASON BY USING SELENIUM AND ITS REFLECTION ON POLLEN VITALITY AND GRAIN YIELD." In VIII.International ScientificCongressofPure,AppliedandTechnological Sciences. Rimar Academy, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/minarcongress8-12.

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This study was aimed to investigate the effect of seed soaking and spraying with selenium treatments on reducing the effect of heat stress at the pollination and fertilization stage of maize planted in the spring season in Iraq. Field experiment was conducted in the experimental farm, Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad-Iraq, during the season 2021. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Blocks Design within split plot arrangement with three replicates. Main plots included two cultivars of maize (Baghdad 3 and cultivar 5018), while the sub plots included four l

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Reports on the topic "Pollen viability"

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Law, Edward, Samuel Gan-Mor, Hazel Wetzstein, and Dan Eisikowitch. Electrostatic Processes Underlying Natural and Mechanized Transfer of Pollen. United States Department of Agriculture, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1998.7613035.bard.

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The project objective was to more fully understand how the motion of pollen grains may be controlled by electrostatic forces, and to develop a reliable mechanized pollination system based upon sound electrostatic and aerodynamic principles. Theoretical and experimental analyses and computer simulation methods which investigated electrostatic aspects of natural pollen transfer by insects found that: a) actively flying honeybees accumulate ~ 23 pC average charge (93 pC max.) which elevates their bodies to ~ 47 V likely by triboelectrification, inducing ~ 10 fC of opposite charge onto nearby poll

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