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Academic literature on the topic 'Polluants atmosphériques – Mesure – Afrique'
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Journal articles on the topic "Polluants atmosphériques – Mesure – Afrique"
Caïni, F., J. Galineau, A. Bohet, N. Marquis, A. Hulin, O. Thiébaugeorges, V. Goua, et al. "Exposition aux polluants atmosphériques et croissance fœtale dans la cohorte mère–enfant EDEN : limites d’une approche reposant uniquement sur les stations de mesure de la qualité de l’air." Revue d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique 56, no. 5 (September 2008): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.respe.2008.06.146.
Full textJanin, G., J. L. Flot, J. M. Ory, J. P. Garrec, and C. Rose. "Mesure de la couleur CIELAB des aiguilles D'épicea (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) pour suivre l'action des polluants atmosphériques, dans le cadre d'un dispositif expérimental de pollution controlée Evaluation du jaunissement des aiguilles à l'aide des paramèt." European Journal of Forest Pathology 20, no. 3 (July 1990): 129–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0329.1990.tb01123.x.
Full textOuarzazi, Jamal, Mustapha Terhzaz, Abdelkhalek Abdellaoui, Adelmounaim Bouhafid, Valérie Nollet, and Jean-Claude Dechaux. "Etude descriptive de la mesure de polluants atmosphériques dans l’agglomération de Marrakech." Pollution atmosphérique, N°177 (2003). http://dx.doi.org/10.4267/pollution-atmospherique.1937.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Polluants atmosphériques – Mesure – Afrique"
Adon, Attoh Marcellin. "Étude des concentrations de gaz atmosphériques et estimation des flux de dépôt sec à l'échelle des principaux écosystèmes africains." Toulouse 3, 2011. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1356/.
Full textThis research, conducted as part of IDAF (IGAC/DEBITS/AFrica*) program, is a contribution to the study of atmospheric constituent deposition on the surface of the earth, in tropical Africa. It concerns the study of atmospheric concentrations of nitrogen gases (ammonia, nitrogen dioxide, nitric acid), sulfur dioxide and ozone, and their dry deposition in West and Central Africa. The gases were measured on a monthly basis by the technique of passive samplers over a ten year period (1998-2007) at seven remote sites within the framework of the IDAF network. The sites are located to represent a transect of African ecosystems, i. E. , dry savanna-wet savanna - forest. The validation and the analysis of the decadal IDAF database of " IDAF gases " allowed to establish (1) the levels of surface gaseous concentration characteristic of each major ecosystem and (2) to study their monthly, seasonal, annual and interannual mean variations on the transect of ecosystems. Dry deposition fluxes were estimated by the inferential method based on dry deposition velocities (Vd) calculated using the "big leaf" model of Zhang et al. (2003b). In the model of deposition, surface and meteorological conditions specific to IDAF sites have been adapted and validated in order to simulate Vd representative of major African ecosystems. The monthly, seasonal and annual mean variations of gaseous dry deposition fluxes (NO2, HNO3, NH3, O3, and SO2) are analyzed. A budget of total nitrogen atmospheric deposition (dry + wet) is proposed at the African ecosystem scale. The total nitrogen deposition estimated is around 6-9 kgN. Ha-1. Yr-1, 7-10 kgN. Ha-1. Yr-1 and 13 kgN. Ha-1. Yr-1 respectively in dry savannas, wet savannas and forests, with a relative contribution of dry deposition in the gaseous form to the total nitrogen deposition between 46 and 71% for all ecosystems. We have also established an emission-deposition budget of oxidized and reduced nitrogen compounds for each IDAF station. This budget shows that the total emission flux have the same order of magnitude of annual mean nitrogen deposition for the savannas ecosystems but is lower in the forested ecosystem. Finally, a comparative analysis between IDAF measurements of nitrogen deposition and (1) a global multi-model exercise and (2) critical loads of eutrophication is presented over the African tropical ecosystems
Dupuit, Estelle. "L'analyse de polluants gazeux par spectrophotométrie UV moyennement résolutive." Aix-Marseille 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001AIX11021.
Full textKAMIONKA, Marc. "Développement de systèmes multicapteurs et multivariables pour la mesure en continu de polluants atmosphériques." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00010218.
Full textNous avons mis au point un banc de mesure automatisé capable de générer les concentrations appropriées de gaz avec un taux d'humidité contrôlé. Il permet d'effectuer l'acquisition en continu de quatre dispositifs (mono ou multicapteurs) en cycles de température.
Nous avons suivi l'évolution des performances de différents capteurs élaborés par sérigraphie au cours du temps. Au terme de ces expériences, nous avons montré l'intérêt de l'utilisation de certains de ces capteurs pour deux composantes majeures de pollution : l'ozone et les hydrocarbures. Lors de ce travail, les effets capacitifs et les effets d'électrode ne se sont pas révélés être des paramètres utiles pour notre application. Néanmoins, les montées en température sont porteuses d'informations supplémentaires.
Ainsi, deux systèmes multicapteurs ont été réalisés. L'un associe trois capteurs indépendants et l'autre consiste en trois couches déposées sur un même substrat chauffant. Ces trois couches sont initialement identiques (dioxyde d'étain) mais deux sont recouvertes d'une couche mince, de platine pour l'un et de silice pour l'autre. De plus, un système constitué de trois capteurs commerciaux fonctionnant en isotherme a aussi été testé. Pour chacun des systèmes étudiés, nous avons construit des modèles de comportement à l'aide d'un algorithme dit de « Réseaux de Neurones ». Alors que les modèles réalisés à l'aide de mélanges gazeux synthétiques se sont révélés inutilisables pour des mesures en pollution réelle, il a été montré qu'un modèle étalonné directement avec de l'air prélevé en milieu urbain se révèle efficace pour la mesure des concentrations en ozone et en hydrocarbures. La portabilité de ces modèles entre différents multicapteurs de même type a été prouvée, mais leur durée de vie s'est avérée limitée à une dizaine de jours.
Kamionka, Marc. "Développement de systèmes multicapteurs et multivariables pour la mesure en continu de polluants atmosphériques." Saint-Etienne, EMSE, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005EMSE0010.
Full textThe aim of this work is to measure atmospheric pollutants concentrations thanks to low cost devices. For that, we use that is a metallic semiconductor. We tested sensors based on tin dioxide with carbon monoxide (0-20 ppm), a mixture of hydrocarbons (0-10 ppm, ozone (0-500 ppb) nitrogen dioxide (0-500 ppb) and their mixtures. Association of several of these sensors in multisensor array could be a solution to selectivity problem of this type of sensor. We showed the interest in using these sensors for two major pollution components : ozone and hydrocarbons. With an appropriate choice of sensors and measuring parameters. Consecutively with preceding work, several multisensors arrays were carried out. For each studied system, we built behaviour models using method of the Neural Networks. It was shown that a model calibrated directly with urban air appears very effective in the quantitative ozone ad hydrocarbon determination
Brocard, Delphine. "Emissions atmosphériques des combustions domestiques : étude des processus et détermination des sources à l'échelle régionale et globale en Afrique." Toulouse 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996TOU30296.
Full textLamallem, Mohamed. "Mesure de polluants atmosphériques dans la région de Fès (Maroc) : étude de matériaux à base d'or, de cérium et de titane pour une remédiation catalytique des COV." Littoral, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008DUNK0222.
Full textAs all the developing countries, Morocco also undergoes the unwanted effects of the atmospheric pollution caused essentially by the industrial activities and the transport. So, to be able to identify and quantify pollutants present in the urban air of Fez city, air sampling and punctual analyses of the ambient air were made. This was realized by using specific cartridges for every type disired pollutant and cartridges of “TENAX” and “DNPH” type. Whose contents where then analyzed by chromatographic techniques. These analyses allowed us to establish a first approach of the nature of pollutants and to estimate their content in the ambient air of the urban zone of Fez. This study allowed in particular to bring to light level of VOCs emitted mainly by transport. In the aim to reduce the emission of these pollutants in the atmosphere, a catalytic solution using materials containing gold would be possible and completely innovative. So, with the aim of combining the physico-chemical and catalytic properties of the gold, cerium and titanium, catalysts on base of these three elements were synthetized by various methods. All these solids so prepared were characterized by various techniques (BET, GTA-DTA, XRD, PER, DR / UV-Vis, H2-TPR et FTIR) to identify the nature active spices. Finally, the efficiency of these catalytic materials was studied in the propene total oxidation reaction. In the term of this study, it was shown that a good interaction between the support (Ce-Ti-O) and gold nanoparticlles under metallic shape was necessary to obtain successful catalysts in the reaction of total oxidation of the propene
Carette, Michel. "Etude expérimentale d'une source ionique par capture d'électrons d'atomes excités dans des états de Rydberg : application à la spectrométrie de masse de polluants atmosphériques." Aix-Marseille 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999AIX11065.
Full textArgouges, Odile d'. "Mise en place d'une mesure rapide de la composition chimique de l'aérosol en zone urbaine : étude en mégapoles." Paris 7, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA077206.
Full textThe continuous population growth in urban area is accompanied by an increasing number of megacities especially in South East Asia. These urban regions form intense pollution spots with a particular concern for atmospheric particles. To evaluate their impact on climate, environment or human health, studies to document main sources and fast transformations of pollutants are mandatory. This may be obtained by quasi real time measurements of chemical composition. In this context, the present work shows the development and the qualification of a field instrumental package that has been built to retrieve aerosol chemistry on short duration scales. The package is composed of a PILS-IC (Particle-Into-Liquid-Sampler) for ion measurement, a thermo- optical analyser for EC and OC (EC-OC Sunset Field Analyzer), a PILS-TOC for water soluble OC measurements and a TEOM-FDMS for artefact free mass measurement. Optimisation and qualification of the instrument package are presented, followed by an evaluation of its potential using results of two field campaigns Paris (June 2007) and Beijing (August 2007) conducted at two different stages of its development. This package now allows PM-2. 5 mass and optical reconstructions on one-hour basis and provides data able to help for source identification (local vs regional, primary vs secondary) and a better understanding of organic aerosol properties (water solubility)
Charron, Aurélie. "Caractérisation des retombées atmosphériques acides en zones rurales : étude des relations sources-récepteur et des moyens de mesure adaptés." Compiègne, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999COMP1244.
Full textWorks presented in this thesis deal with acid deposition in rural areas and are a part of the MERA (MEsure des Retombées Atmospheriques) program. Two aims have been developed, study of samplers for S02 and particulate S042 and source-receptor relationship analyses. A field intercomparison has been conducted including four S02 and particulate S042- samplers: a bubbling method (AbSO2), two denuder/filter pack systems, a filter pack. Their detection limits and absorption efficiency for SO 2 have also been evaluated. Good agreement within 10 % was found between the two denuder/ filter pack systems. The AbSO2 have underestimated S02 and particulate S042- in comparison with the other methods. Source-receptor relationship influencing acidifying compounds have been studied at a rural site, Morvan. Three receptor-oriented models, the Ashbaugh et al. One, the Seibert et al. One and the Stohl one, have been compared through S042 N03-, NH4' ions measured in raie. Each has been revealed as efficient tool. The Seibert et al. Model was selected and applied to W ions measured in precipitation, SO2 and particulate S042-. The influence of the long range transport in atmosphere has been shown. Areas of high anthropogenic emissions (Polish-Czech-. German border area and the region from north of France to north of Germany) have been identified responsible for high concentration events. Quantitative relationship have been established. Database have been studied for the « warm » (March to August) and « cold » (September to February) seasons separatly. Atrnospheric chemistry and meteorology have been revealed influencing source-receptor relationship
Rivellini, Laura-Hélèna. "Propriétés physico-chimiques, optiques et identification des sources des aérosols en Afrique de l’Ouest." Thesis, Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL10177/document.
Full textThe aim of this thesis consists in studying the chemical nature, the origins as well as the optical properties of aerosols in West Africa. We focused on establishing the links between the chemical composition of fine particles at surface and aerosols optical properties. Our study is based on measurements acquired during the SHADOW field campaign, implemented on the M’Bour (Senegal) site during two intensive observation periods: March to June 2015 (IOP-1) and November 2015 to January 2016 (IOP-2). For this purpose, an instrumentation allowing online chemical characterization of surface PM1 (ACSM, TEOM-FDMS, aethalometer), at high time resolution, was implemented in parallel with instruments measuring aerosols optical properties at surface (aethalometer, nephelometer) and along the atmospheric column by remote sensing (Lidar, photometer). The coupling of meteorological data with statistical tools allowed determining the local and/or regional contribution of the different species, and identifying the source areas responsible for the high concentrations observed on site. The source receptor model (PM) allowed to further investigate the submicronic organic fraction, highlighting a fast photochemistry and the influence of specific anthropogenic activities (waste burning, fish smoking). We were also able to characterize, per season, the type of aerosols contributing to the fine particle extinction measured at surface, as well as to show links/differences between remote sensing and surface chemical/optical properties of fines particles during the two IOP
Books on the topic "Polluants atmosphériques – Mesure – Afrique"
Inventaire national des rejets de polluants (Canada). Sources d'émission des principaux contaminants atmosphériques (PCA): Guide de déclaration à l'inventaire national des rejets de polluants (INRP). Ottawa: Environnement Canada, 2003.
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