Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Polluants atmosphériques – Mesure – Afrique'
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Adon, Attoh Marcellin. "Étude des concentrations de gaz atmosphériques et estimation des flux de dépôt sec à l'échelle des principaux écosystèmes africains." Toulouse 3, 2011. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1356/.
Full textThis research, conducted as part of IDAF (IGAC/DEBITS/AFrica*) program, is a contribution to the study of atmospheric constituent deposition on the surface of the earth, in tropical Africa. It concerns the study of atmospheric concentrations of nitrogen gases (ammonia, nitrogen dioxide, nitric acid), sulfur dioxide and ozone, and their dry deposition in West and Central Africa. The gases were measured on a monthly basis by the technique of passive samplers over a ten year period (1998-2007) at seven remote sites within the framework of the IDAF network. The sites are located to represent a transect of African ecosystems, i. E. , dry savanna-wet savanna - forest. The validation and the analysis of the decadal IDAF database of " IDAF gases " allowed to establish (1) the levels of surface gaseous concentration characteristic of each major ecosystem and (2) to study their monthly, seasonal, annual and interannual mean variations on the transect of ecosystems. Dry deposition fluxes were estimated by the inferential method based on dry deposition velocities (Vd) calculated using the "big leaf" model of Zhang et al. (2003b). In the model of deposition, surface and meteorological conditions specific to IDAF sites have been adapted and validated in order to simulate Vd representative of major African ecosystems. The monthly, seasonal and annual mean variations of gaseous dry deposition fluxes (NO2, HNO3, NH3, O3, and SO2) are analyzed. A budget of total nitrogen atmospheric deposition (dry + wet) is proposed at the African ecosystem scale. The total nitrogen deposition estimated is around 6-9 kgN. Ha-1. Yr-1, 7-10 kgN. Ha-1. Yr-1 and 13 kgN. Ha-1. Yr-1 respectively in dry savannas, wet savannas and forests, with a relative contribution of dry deposition in the gaseous form to the total nitrogen deposition between 46 and 71% for all ecosystems. We have also established an emission-deposition budget of oxidized and reduced nitrogen compounds for each IDAF station. This budget shows that the total emission flux have the same order of magnitude of annual mean nitrogen deposition for the savannas ecosystems but is lower in the forested ecosystem. Finally, a comparative analysis between IDAF measurements of nitrogen deposition and (1) a global multi-model exercise and (2) critical loads of eutrophication is presented over the African tropical ecosystems
Dupuit, Estelle. "L'analyse de polluants gazeux par spectrophotométrie UV moyennement résolutive." Aix-Marseille 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001AIX11021.
Full textKAMIONKA, Marc. "Développement de systèmes multicapteurs et multivariables pour la mesure en continu de polluants atmosphériques." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00010218.
Full textNous avons mis au point un banc de mesure automatisé capable de générer les concentrations appropriées de gaz avec un taux d'humidité contrôlé. Il permet d'effectuer l'acquisition en continu de quatre dispositifs (mono ou multicapteurs) en cycles de température.
Nous avons suivi l'évolution des performances de différents capteurs élaborés par sérigraphie au cours du temps. Au terme de ces expériences, nous avons montré l'intérêt de l'utilisation de certains de ces capteurs pour deux composantes majeures de pollution : l'ozone et les hydrocarbures. Lors de ce travail, les effets capacitifs et les effets d'électrode ne se sont pas révélés être des paramètres utiles pour notre application. Néanmoins, les montées en température sont porteuses d'informations supplémentaires.
Ainsi, deux systèmes multicapteurs ont été réalisés. L'un associe trois capteurs indépendants et l'autre consiste en trois couches déposées sur un même substrat chauffant. Ces trois couches sont initialement identiques (dioxyde d'étain) mais deux sont recouvertes d'une couche mince, de platine pour l'un et de silice pour l'autre. De plus, un système constitué de trois capteurs commerciaux fonctionnant en isotherme a aussi été testé. Pour chacun des systèmes étudiés, nous avons construit des modèles de comportement à l'aide d'un algorithme dit de « Réseaux de Neurones ». Alors que les modèles réalisés à l'aide de mélanges gazeux synthétiques se sont révélés inutilisables pour des mesures en pollution réelle, il a été montré qu'un modèle étalonné directement avec de l'air prélevé en milieu urbain se révèle efficace pour la mesure des concentrations en ozone et en hydrocarbures. La portabilité de ces modèles entre différents multicapteurs de même type a été prouvée, mais leur durée de vie s'est avérée limitée à une dizaine de jours.
Kamionka, Marc. "Développement de systèmes multicapteurs et multivariables pour la mesure en continu de polluants atmosphériques." Saint-Etienne, EMSE, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005EMSE0010.
Full textThe aim of this work is to measure atmospheric pollutants concentrations thanks to low cost devices. For that, we use that is a metallic semiconductor. We tested sensors based on tin dioxide with carbon monoxide (0-20 ppm), a mixture of hydrocarbons (0-10 ppm, ozone (0-500 ppb) nitrogen dioxide (0-500 ppb) and their mixtures. Association of several of these sensors in multisensor array could be a solution to selectivity problem of this type of sensor. We showed the interest in using these sensors for two major pollution components : ozone and hydrocarbons. With an appropriate choice of sensors and measuring parameters. Consecutively with preceding work, several multisensors arrays were carried out. For each studied system, we built behaviour models using method of the Neural Networks. It was shown that a model calibrated directly with urban air appears very effective in the quantitative ozone ad hydrocarbon determination
Brocard, Delphine. "Emissions atmosphériques des combustions domestiques : étude des processus et détermination des sources à l'échelle régionale et globale en Afrique." Toulouse 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996TOU30296.
Full textLamallem, Mohamed. "Mesure de polluants atmosphériques dans la région de Fès (Maroc) : étude de matériaux à base d'or, de cérium et de titane pour une remédiation catalytique des COV." Littoral, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008DUNK0222.
Full textAs all the developing countries, Morocco also undergoes the unwanted effects of the atmospheric pollution caused essentially by the industrial activities and the transport. So, to be able to identify and quantify pollutants present in the urban air of Fez city, air sampling and punctual analyses of the ambient air were made. This was realized by using specific cartridges for every type disired pollutant and cartridges of “TENAX” and “DNPH” type. Whose contents where then analyzed by chromatographic techniques. These analyses allowed us to establish a first approach of the nature of pollutants and to estimate their content in the ambient air of the urban zone of Fez. This study allowed in particular to bring to light level of VOCs emitted mainly by transport. In the aim to reduce the emission of these pollutants in the atmosphere, a catalytic solution using materials containing gold would be possible and completely innovative. So, with the aim of combining the physico-chemical and catalytic properties of the gold, cerium and titanium, catalysts on base of these three elements were synthetized by various methods. All these solids so prepared were characterized by various techniques (BET, GTA-DTA, XRD, PER, DR / UV-Vis, H2-TPR et FTIR) to identify the nature active spices. Finally, the efficiency of these catalytic materials was studied in the propene total oxidation reaction. In the term of this study, it was shown that a good interaction between the support (Ce-Ti-O) and gold nanoparticlles under metallic shape was necessary to obtain successful catalysts in the reaction of total oxidation of the propene
Carette, Michel. "Etude expérimentale d'une source ionique par capture d'électrons d'atomes excités dans des états de Rydberg : application à la spectrométrie de masse de polluants atmosphériques." Aix-Marseille 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999AIX11065.
Full textArgouges, Odile d'. "Mise en place d'une mesure rapide de la composition chimique de l'aérosol en zone urbaine : étude en mégapoles." Paris 7, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA077206.
Full textThe continuous population growth in urban area is accompanied by an increasing number of megacities especially in South East Asia. These urban regions form intense pollution spots with a particular concern for atmospheric particles. To evaluate their impact on climate, environment or human health, studies to document main sources and fast transformations of pollutants are mandatory. This may be obtained by quasi real time measurements of chemical composition. In this context, the present work shows the development and the qualification of a field instrumental package that has been built to retrieve aerosol chemistry on short duration scales. The package is composed of a PILS-IC (Particle-Into-Liquid-Sampler) for ion measurement, a thermo- optical analyser for EC and OC (EC-OC Sunset Field Analyzer), a PILS-TOC for water soluble OC measurements and a TEOM-FDMS for artefact free mass measurement. Optimisation and qualification of the instrument package are presented, followed by an evaluation of its potential using results of two field campaigns Paris (June 2007) and Beijing (August 2007) conducted at two different stages of its development. This package now allows PM-2. 5 mass and optical reconstructions on one-hour basis and provides data able to help for source identification (local vs regional, primary vs secondary) and a better understanding of organic aerosol properties (water solubility)
Charron, Aurélie. "Caractérisation des retombées atmosphériques acides en zones rurales : étude des relations sources-récepteur et des moyens de mesure adaptés." Compiègne, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999COMP1244.
Full textWorks presented in this thesis deal with acid deposition in rural areas and are a part of the MERA (MEsure des Retombées Atmospheriques) program. Two aims have been developed, study of samplers for S02 and particulate S042 and source-receptor relationship analyses. A field intercomparison has been conducted including four S02 and particulate S042- samplers: a bubbling method (AbSO2), two denuder/filter pack systems, a filter pack. Their detection limits and absorption efficiency for SO 2 have also been evaluated. Good agreement within 10 % was found between the two denuder/ filter pack systems. The AbSO2 have underestimated S02 and particulate S042- in comparison with the other methods. Source-receptor relationship influencing acidifying compounds have been studied at a rural site, Morvan. Three receptor-oriented models, the Ashbaugh et al. One, the Seibert et al. One and the Stohl one, have been compared through S042 N03-, NH4' ions measured in raie. Each has been revealed as efficient tool. The Seibert et al. Model was selected and applied to W ions measured in precipitation, SO2 and particulate S042-. The influence of the long range transport in atmosphere has been shown. Areas of high anthropogenic emissions (Polish-Czech-. German border area and the region from north of France to north of Germany) have been identified responsible for high concentration events. Quantitative relationship have been established. Database have been studied for the « warm » (March to August) and « cold » (September to February) seasons separatly. Atrnospheric chemistry and meteorology have been revealed influencing source-receptor relationship
Rivellini, Laura-Hélèna. "Propriétés physico-chimiques, optiques et identification des sources des aérosols en Afrique de l’Ouest." Thesis, Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL10177/document.
Full textThe aim of this thesis consists in studying the chemical nature, the origins as well as the optical properties of aerosols in West Africa. We focused on establishing the links between the chemical composition of fine particles at surface and aerosols optical properties. Our study is based on measurements acquired during the SHADOW field campaign, implemented on the M’Bour (Senegal) site during two intensive observation periods: March to June 2015 (IOP-1) and November 2015 to January 2016 (IOP-2). For this purpose, an instrumentation allowing online chemical characterization of surface PM1 (ACSM, TEOM-FDMS, aethalometer), at high time resolution, was implemented in parallel with instruments measuring aerosols optical properties at surface (aethalometer, nephelometer) and along the atmospheric column by remote sensing (Lidar, photometer). The coupling of meteorological data with statistical tools allowed determining the local and/or regional contribution of the different species, and identifying the source areas responsible for the high concentrations observed on site. The source receptor model (PM) allowed to further investigate the submicronic organic fraction, highlighting a fast photochemistry and the influence of specific anthropogenic activities (waste burning, fish smoking). We were also able to characterize, per season, the type of aerosols contributing to the fine particle extinction measured at surface, as well as to show links/differences between remote sensing and surface chemical/optical properties of fines particles during the two IOP
Souley, Falama. "Simulation numérique du transport spatial et temporel des concentrations de CO₂ et de CH₄ atmosphériques et comparaisons avec les observations." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/22031.
Full textSicard, Pierre. "Caractérisation des retombées atmosphériques en France en zone rurale sous forme de précipitations, gaz et aérosols : analyse des tendances spatio-temporelles et des séries chronologiques." Lille 1, 2006. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2006/50376-2006-Sicard.pdf.
Full textRousseau, Cécile. "Caractérisation et compréhension de l'émission et du transport des COV à l'échelle régionale : Evaluation de la représentativité du cadastre ESCOMPTE en zone urbaine." Aix-Marseille 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AIX11073.
Full textRoumeau, Stéphane. "Les réactions hétérogènes dans la troposphère tropicale : effets des aérosols carbonés et des cirrus sur l'ozone." La Réunion, 2001. http://elgebar.univ-reunion.fr/login?url=http://thesesenligne.univ.run/01_21_Roumeau.pdf.
Full textBouet, Christel. "Modélisation multi-échelle de la dynamique des panaches d'aérosols naturels en Afrique." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00311058.
Full textCette étude a été réalisée à l'échelle méso haute résolution en utilisant le modèle Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) couplé en ligne avec le Dust Production Model (DPM) développé par Marticorena et Bergametti [1995] et Laurent [2005]. Afin d'examiner la capacité de ce modèle à reproduire les émissions d'aérosols minéraux dans la région complexe de Bodélé, nous avons tout d'abord modélisé la période correspondant à la campagne Bodélé Dust Experiment 2005 (BoDEx 2005). Notre modèle a ainsi été capable de reproduire les caractéristiques météorologiques locales (principalement le vent dans les basses couches) ainsi que les concentrations en aérosols minéraux et la structure du panache observées pendant la campagne. Nous avons aussi vérifié que les aérosols émis depuis cette région du monde atteignent le continent sud américain.
De plus, cette validation nous a permis de vérifier le constat établi par divers auteurs : les modèles à grande échelle (MCG) ont souvent du mal à reproduire correctement les champs de vent dans la région de Bodélé. Nous avons alors entrepris une étude climatologique (sur l'année 2001) sur une zone étendue autour de la région de Bodélé à différentes résolutions spatiales afin de caractériser les phénomènes de basses couches qui pourraient expliquer ce biais quasi-systématique des MCG. Ce travail a été validé grâce aux données de routine des stations de mesure de surface ainsi que grâce à l'imagerie satellite.
Le deuxième cas sur lequel la validation de notre outil était nécessaire est constitué par les événements de ligne de grains qui se succèdent sur la zone sahélienne lors de l'été boréal. Cette validation a été réalisée sur un événement bien documenté des périodes d'observations spéciales 1 et 2 de la campagne Analyse Multidisciplinaire de la Mousson Africaine (AMMA).
Debevec, Cécile. "Identification des déterminants de la concentration en polluants organiques gazeux dans le bassin méditerranéen Est." Thesis, Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL10138/document.
Full textVolatile organic compounds (VOCs) play a key role within the atmospheric system acting as precursors of ozone and secondary organic aerosols (OA). In the Mediterranean region, particulate and gaseous concentrations are usually higher than in most continental European regions especially during summertime. However, air pollution in this region remains difficult to characterize because of a lack of atmospheric measurements. This thesis provides a better understanding of the sources and fate of VOCs in the Eastern Mediterranean region. During the intensive field campaign held in March 2015 at a background site of Cyprus, real-time measurements of a large number of VOCs have been performed, allowing the evaluation of their concentration levels in ambient air, improving the understanding of their major sources in the area, and describing their variabilities and their potential origins. A factorial analysis (PMF) showed that the local biogenic sources and the regional background were found to be the largest contributors to the VOC concentrations observed at this site. Benefiting from real-time OA measurements, a parallel between organic aerosol and gas phase composition was conducted. Biogenic VOC interactions with anthropogenic compounds can influence formation and growth of newly particles, inducing a reinforcement of secondary OA fraction. Finally, on-line measurements of primary VOCs were performed from January 2015 to February 2016 to provide a better characterization of the seasonal variation in VOCs and their sources impacting the Eastern Mediterranean region
Amédro, Damien. "Atmospheric measurements of OH and HO2 radicals using FAGE : Development and deployment on the field." Thesis, Lille 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL10083/document.
Full textHOx(=OH+HO2) radicals play a central role in the degradation of hydrocarbons in the troposphere. Reaction of OH with hydrocarbons leads in the presence of NOx to the formation of secondary pollutants such as O3. Due to its high reactivity, the concentration of OH radicals (<1ppt) and its lifetime are very low (<1s). In order to validate atmospheric chemistry models, the development of highly sensitive instruments for the measurement of OH and HO2 is needed. An instrument based on the FAGE technique (Fluorescence Assay by Gas Expansion) was developed at the University of Lille for the simultaneous measurement of HOx radicals. The limit of detection for OH and HO2 is of 4 × 10[power 5] cm-3 and 5 × 10[power 6] cm-3 respectively for 1 min integration time, appropriate for ambient measurements. The instrument was deployed in 4 field campaigns in different environments: simulation chamber, rural, suburban and indoor. The Lille FAGE was validated during 2 intercomparative measurements in an atmospheric chamber and in ambient air. In parallel, the FAGE set-up was adapted for the measurement of the OH reactivity. OH reactivity is the measure of the total loss of OH radicals that includes the reaction of all chemical species with OH. Ambient air is sampled through a photolysis cell where OH is artificially produced and it decays from the reaction with reactants present in ambient air is recorded by LIF in the FAGE. The OH reactivity system was deployed during an intercomparative measurement and used for the study of the reaction between NO2* and H2O as a source of OH
Cousin, Julien. "Instruments de Mesure Multi-Polluants par Spectroscopie Infrarouge basés sur des Lasers Fibrés et par Génération de Différence de Fréquences : Développement et Applications." Phd thesis, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00124729.
Full textSonnette, Alexandre. "Développement d’un système de prélèvement de poussières pour la mise en place d’un outil alternatif de caractérisation de l’exposition humaine aux polluants organiques et aux métaux à la place du biomonitoring." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAF072/document.
Full textA dust sampling device was developed to assess exposure to indoor air pollutants using environmental samples instead of biomonitoring, which is less practical. A new GC-MSMS analytical method was also developed to quantify one hundred indoor pollutants in dust, air, saliva and hair. Both developments were tested during an exploratory study taking place in Alsatian dwellings. Air, dust, saliva and hair samples were collected each month during one year in these dwellings. Results were crossed with the answers of the residents to a questionnaire about their house and living habits, and statistical data processing was performed with the aim of revealing correlations between environmental and biological matrices. It turns out its easy to establish intra-matrices correlations for compounds exclusively found in the house, like some pesticides, but not for compounds that are non-specifics to the dwelling. This preliminary study shows encouraging results, and paves the way to a large scale study aiming the development of a statistical model of exposure to organic compounds
Sauvage, Stéphane. "Origine et comportement des composés hydrocarbonés non méthaniques (HCMN) en zone rurale." Thesis, Lille 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LIL10098/document.
Full textNon-methane hydrocarbons (HCNM) play a key role in atmosphere chemistry as precursors of secondary pollutants formation like ozone or secondary organic aerosols. This works presents the analysis of an important datas et of 46 HCNM measured in three rural sites belonging to the French network (MERA). Statistical tools are used and adapted in order to study the spatial and temporal behaviour ofthese species in rural area. The research approach combined three steps: (1) univariate and bivariate analysis to a spatial and a temporal studies of the concentrations, (2) the used of the source receptor model PMF (Positive Matrix Factorization) to identity and apport ion the source of HCNM in rural area, (3) the adaptation of the oriented receptor model CF (Concentration Fields) in order to localise the main areas which influence the studied sites. Five common profiles have been identified for the three sites: "residential heating", "vehicle exhaust"; "fuel evaporation", "biogenic", and "remote sources". The relative contributions are in good accordance with the emissions inventory data and with results of other studies. These contributions allowed distinguishing local and remote influences. The ozone formation contributions of the modelled factors show that biogenic sources trend to significantly increase while anthropogenic sources decrease. That may explain that background levels of ozone do not decrease in Europe despite the anthropogenic emission reduction. Large urban areas (South of Germany and North of Italy) have been identitied as potentially at the origin of anthropogenic NMHC measured on the three French sites
Malavelle, Florent. "Effets direct et semi-direct des aérosols en Afrique de l'ouest pendant la saison sèche." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00697346.
Full textCaplain, Isabelle. "Mesure des émissions polluantes automobiles : application à la modélisation eulérienne 3D de la formation des oxydants photochimiques dans la troposphère." Lille 1, 2005. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2005/50376-2005-Caplain.pdf.
Full textÀ partir de la répartition des polluants sur la région suivant ce cadastre, les données obtenues ont servi de données d'entrées pour un modèle de simulation physicochimique de la troposphère (UAM Urban Airshed Model). Une étude précédemment menée, portant sur l'introduction de la spéciation moléculaire détaillée des COV et l'utilisation du mécanisme CBIV n'a pas donné de résultats concluants quant à l'impact de cette spéciation sur la formation d'ozone. Nous souhaitions par l'introduction d'un nouveau mécanisme avoir une prise en compte meilleure de l'ensemble de ces composés et voir ainsi leur contribution éventuelle sur la formation d'ozone sur notre domaine. Ceci nécessitait une adaptation du modèle et notamment l'installation d'un module (interface FCM = Flexible Chemical Mecanism) permettant l'introduction d'un nouveau mécanisme chimique (SAPRC 99 au lieu du CBIV) au sein même du modèle. L'ensemble des fichiers d'entrées a été adapté pour la prise en compte de la totalité des composants. L'influence de la spéciation des COV sur la formation d'ozone sur un épisode de simulation a été ensuite étudiée avec une augmentation de la concentration d'ozone calculée aux stations et un pourcentage moyen d'écart sur la formation d'ozone de l'ordre de 28% par rapport aux calculs avec le précédent mécanisme
Gallou, Guillaume. "Etude et optimisation de la spectroscopie sur plasma induit par laser (LIBS) pour le suivi en continu des polluants émis par les sources fixes." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LYO10153.
Full textIn the context of the prevention of atmospheric pollution and air quality improvement, measurement of the stationary sources emission appears as a key component to evaluate the concentration of one or many pollutants and also to estimate the annual flows. Analytical techniques of atmospheric pollutants must on principle permit to control the safety concentration limits fixed by order. To that end, laserinduced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) appears to be a good technique. Indeed, this multielementary analysis technique requires no sample preparation, is quantitative, fast (< 1 min), and can be performed at remote distance. The objective of this work, supported by ADEME and run by CEA and INERIS, is to develop and optimise LIBS technique to measure in-situ and in real time metallic pollutants in particulate forms emitted by stationary sources. During this study, two experimental approaches were carried out simultaneously: the first one, realized in CEA, consists to collect micrometric metallic particles generated by ultrasonic nebulizer on filter and then to analyse those filters with adapted LIBS device. In parallel, the second device is realised in INERIS to analyse the same particles by focusing the laser directly (direct analysis) on the flowing aerosol inside an analysis cell. To evaluate correctly the analysis LIBS devices as well as the acquisition and data treatment protocols adapted to aerosols analysis, specific experimental setup of generating and characterising metallic aerosol is designed and implemented. Then, experimental results are optimized and compared. After those developments and tests in laboratory, in-situ measurements are realized in the "Centre Technique des Industries de la Fonderie (CTIF)" in Sèvres. Measurements were performed on melting process to analyse in-situ and in real time concentration of metallic particles emitted during copper melt
Detournay, Anaïs. "Etude de COV oxygénés et biogéniques en milieu rural : du développement métrologique à l’évaluation de l’impact sur la chimie atmosphérique." Thesis, Lille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIL10139/document.
Full textVolatile Organic Compounds (VOC) constitutes a heterogeneous compounds class, which play a significant part in atmospheric chemistry, impacting climate, environment and health. Recent studies have suggested the implication of biogenic and oxygenated VOCs in the formation processes of secondary species, such as ozone or Secondary Organic Aerosols. Little is known about those compounds, well represented in remote areas; mostly toward their ambient levels and diurnal and seasonal evolutions. This thesis’ objectives are to improve the current knowledge about their behavior in remote areas, for a better understanding of their part in atmospheric chemistry. The method adopted consisted in metrological development and field campaigns, to constitute a representative data base. Measurement methods were optimized and/or developed for the measure of: 54 NMHCs from C2 to C10, using préconcentration/thermodesorption coupled with GC/FID on-line analysis; 21 carbonyl compounds from C1 to C6, by chemical derivatization and chemical desorption coupled with HPLC/UV analysis; and 5 aromatic compounds, 6 aldehydes from C6 to C11, 6 monoterpenes and 6 alkanes from C9 to C16; by preconcentration coupled with thermodesorption and GC/FID-MS analysis. Those methods were used during two measurement campaigns, in March and June 2009, at the remote site of Peyrusse-Vieille (Gers, France). They permitted to collect an important database, whose analysis allowed determining the target compounds’ ambient levels, temporal variations, and the parameters inducing these observations. A thorough analysis then underlined the part transport mechanisms and importance of biogenic species in remote areas
Terrenoire, Étienne. "Application des systèmes MM5-CHIMERE et MM5-FLEXPART à la modélisation de l'ozone et des PM10 sur la région Nord-Pas-de-Calais." Thesis, Lille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIL10043/document.
Full textAir pollution is a topical subject affecting both human health and the environment. Nowadays, two kind of pollution have been intensely studied, namely, the ozone and the particulate (PMIO, PM2.5 and PM1) pollution. During the thesis, the MM5-CHIMERE and the MM5-FLEXPART systems have been set up and optimised at the PC2A laboratory in order to study ozone and PM 10 pollution events. The performance of the MM5-CHIIMERE system has been evaluated for different topography and meteorological situations. Firstly, the modelled data are compared against observed data from the Atmo-NPDC air pollution monitoring network over the June-Ju!y 2006 heat wave period. Then, the dynamical and chemical performance of the models is assessed over the Dunkerque area for two periods in April and May 2006. For those two periods, measured data were collected during a field campaign achieved by the Laboratoire de Physicochimie Atmosphérique (LPCA) of the University du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO). Finally, the MM5-FLEXPART system was used to determine the origin of an intense PM10 event over the NPDC region. The influence of anthropogenic primary emission, grid and meteorological data resolution has also becn tested
Troussier, Fabien. "Évolution spatio-temporelle des teneurs en composés organiques volatils en atmosphère urbaine et périurbaine et contribution de leurs sources." Lille 1, 2006. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2006/50376-2006-Troussier.pdf.
Full textDuflot, Valentin. "Quantification et étude du transport des polluants dans la troposphère tropicale de l'océan Indien." Phd thesis, Université de la Réunion, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00671951.
Full textSchummer, Claude. "Évaluation de l'intérêt de l'échantillonnage passif d'air et des analyses de cheveux dans le biomonitoring de l'exposition humaine aux hydrocarbures aromatiques polycyclique (HAPs) et aux pesticides." Strasbourg, 2010. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2010/SCHUMMER_Claude_2010.pdf.
Full textA combined approach of air analysis using passive samplers and hair analysis was proposed and investigated to give a complete evaluation of the human exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and pesticides, harmful organic pollutants because of the fatal effects they may cause (cancers, allergies,…). Passive samplers have been shown to be suited for the sampling of atmospheric PAHs and pesticides and the investigation of its spatial and temporal variations. It has also been managed to increase knowledge about the adsorption mechanisms of the analytes on the sampler, by suggesting the existence of a correlation between adsorption and temperature and by supposing the establishment of a dynamic equilibrium between the sampler and the air. Hair analyses are suited for determining the amount of PAHs effectively incorporated by humans. The influences of external contamination can be considerably reduced by dosing metabolites instead of the parental compounds (for PAHs) and by decontaminating the hair samples prior to analysis. A certain memory effect could be attributed to hair allowing informing about exposures having taken place in a recent past, though as it has been shown that the presence of a compound (notably a pesticide) is due to a combination of incorporation, infiltration of external contamination and degradation, the interpretation of the results must be done very carefully, and it is suggested to considerate only the proximal segment for the analysis. The inter-individual variations allowed identifying subjects particularly exposed to PAHs and pesticides, and it was shown that some sources to this exposure can be identified with hair analysis if it is caused by individual behaviour (e. G. Smoking). Though, if the exposure doesn’t relate to personal habits, hair analysis cannot identify the origin of the exposure. In this case, a systematic research about the contamination of the subject’s environment, e. G. Using passive samplers
Zysk, Janusz. "Modeling of the atmospheric dispersion of heavy metals over Poland." Thesis, Paris Est, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PESC1169/document.
Full textModelling of atmospheric transport of heavy metals emitted from Polish power sectorMany studies have been conducted to investigate the atmospheric heavy metals contamination and its deposition to ecosystems. The increasing attention to mercury pollution has been mainly driven by the growing evidence of its negative impacts on wildlife, ecosystems and particularly human health. Lead and cadium are also toxics which are being emitted into the atmosphere by anthropogenic as well as natural sources. The harmful influence of these three heavy metals was underlined in the Aarhus Protocol on Heavy Metals of 1998. The Parties of this protocol (including Poland) are obligated to reduce emissions, observe the transport and the amounts of lead, mercury and cadmium in the environment.Poland is one of the biggest emitter of mercury, lead and cadmium in Europe mainly due to emission from coal combustion processes. Therefore in Poland, research efforts to study the heavy metals emission, atmospheric transport, concentration and deposition are extremely important. The objectives of this work were twofold:• The practical objective was to develop and run a model to represent the atmospheric dispersion of mercury and to implement it in the air quality modelling platform Polyphemus.• The scientific objective was to perform heavy metals dispersion studies over Europe and detailed studies of the impact of the polish power sector on the air quality regarding mercury, cadmium and lead.To meet the declared aim, a new mercury chemical model was implemented into the Polyphemus air quality system. The scientific literature was reviewed regarding mercury chemistry and mercury chemical models. It can be concluded that the chemistry of mercury is still not well known. The models also differ in the way of calculating the dry and wet deposition of mercury. The elemental gaseous mercury ambient concentrations are evenly distributed, on the contrary, high variations in the spatial gradients of reactive gaseous and particulate forms of mercury air concentrations and deposition fluxes were noted.This study shows that many components of the developed model have crucial impacts on the results. In the model of mercury chemistry, the most effective pathway in the gaseous phase are the oxidation of gaseous elemental mercury by hydroxyl radical, ozone and most of all bromine oxide radicals, while in the aqueous phase the reduction reactions of elemental mercury dominate. These reactions have a crucial influence on the mass balance of reactive mercury, but a rather low influence on gaseous elemental mercury (GEM). In this model, dry deposition of gaseous elemental mercury is the prevailing process for removing mercury from the atmosphere. Dry deposition of GEM over land is equally distributed, due to almost uniform ambient concentrations. The relatively high dry deposition flux of gaseous elemental mercury has a huge influence on the presented results and differs significantly from other models where the dry deposition of GEM is often not taken into account. It was also shown that a change in the calculation of the scavenging coefficients or representative raindrop diameter for in-cloud scavenging has a significant impact on the amount of wet deposited mercury.The detailed results show that the Polish power sector can be responsible for up to 80% of wet deposited mercury near large emission sources. The contribution from national sources over whole Poland reaches 21% during the winter heating season when large quantities of coal are burned in the domestic sector and additionally the power sector activity is at its highest. The impact of emissions of cadmium and lead from the power sector is lower compared to the obtained results for mercury. The modelling results showed maximal impacts of 30% and 10% for cadmium and lead near large power sector sources on the ambient concentrations and deposition. Wider measurements of heavy metals are very much needed
Zam, Edwin. "Identification et quantification des composés nitrés dans les gaz d'échappement des véhicules : développement d'outils analytiques performants et de systèmes de prélèvements adaptés." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012STRAF052/document.
Full textSCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) reduces nitrous oxides (NOx) in the exhaust line of a Diesel vehicle using a reducing solution containing urea injected upstream of a catalyst. Urea is converted by pyrolysis and hydrolysis in NH3, NH3 reduces NOx in N2 on the catalyst. However, as this technique involves a very complex set of reactions, many side reactions can lead to the formation of secondary products containing nitrogen and disturb the process. Therefore, the study of the measurement of these secondary products and the conditions of their formation is essential for the proper calibration of the SCR technology. If for some compounds, the measurement techniques are already on the market, for other devices they are still developing, but in all cases, we are faced with problems related to the collection of species that disturb measurement. The objective of this thesis is to identify, understandand quantify the phenomena that disturb the analysis of nitrogen compounds in the exhaust and the sampling line. The work was carried out in different areas of research: comparison of methods for measuring nitrogen compounds in real situations in the exhaust gas of a Diesel engine equipped with an SCR catalyst, study of the sampling of nitrogen compounds and particularly NH3 in a standard sampling line and modelling of losses in the sampling line. At the end of this work, we evaluated the impact of sampling conditions: temperature, gas composition and / or length of the sample lines on the measurement results. This work allows us to make suggestions to improve the sampling and the measurement of nitrogen compounds present in the exhaust of a Diesel vehicle equipped with an SCR
Werner, Stéphane. "Optimisation des cadastres d'émissions: estimation des incertitudes, détermination des facteurs d'émissions du "black carbon" issus du trafic routier et estimation de l'influence de l'incertitude des cadastres d'émissions sur la modélisation : application aux cadastres Escompte et Nord-Pas-de-Calais." Strasbourg, 2009. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2009/WERNER_Stephane_2009.pdf.
Full textEmissions inventories have a fundamental role in controlling air pollution, both directly by identifying emissions, and as input data for air pollution models. The main objective of this PhD study is to optimize existing emissions inventories, including one from the program ESCOMPTE « Experiments on Site to Constrain Models of Atmospheric Pollution and Transport of Emissions ». For that emissions inventory, two separate issues were developed: one designed to better assess the emissions uncertainties and the second to insert a new compound of interest in this inventory: Black Carbon (BC). Within the first issue, an additional study was conducted on the Nord-Pas-de-Calais emissions inventory to test the methodology of uncertainties calculation. The emissions uncertainties calculated were used to assess their influence on air quality modeling (model CHIMERE). The second part of the research study was dedicated to complement the existing inventory of carbon particulate emissions from road traffic sector by introducing an additional class of compounds: the BC. The BC is the raw carbonaceous atmospheric particles absorbing light. Its main source is the incomplete combustion of carbonaceous fuels and compounds. It can be regarded as a key atmospheric compound given its impact on climate and on health because of its chemical reactivity
Rojas, Sophie. "Etude du rôle des propriétés de surface de l'aérosol sur leur propriétés hygroscopiques appliquée à différents types de masse d'air." Toulouse 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOU30281.
Full textAerosols have a non-negligable effect on the solar and telluric radiations by diffusing and/or absorbing a part of this radiation (direct effect), and by acting as Cloud Condensation Nuclei (Indirect effect). One of the main uncertainties about the last point concerns the hygroscopic properties of aerosols, in particular their CCN potential. Köhler's theory explains this potential. This theory describes the surface tension of the aerosol compared to its size and its chemistry. Nevertheless, recent studies (Tervahattu et al. (2002), Russel et al. (2002)) have observed the existence, of old polluted air masses, of a surface film coating some aerosol particules. This surface film is formed by some process during atmospheric transport. This film could modify the surface tension of the particule and consequently its hygroscopic properties. Studies concerning the influence of the surface coating on the CCN potential of the aerosol do not agree. In order to determine if this surface coating could influence aerosol hygroscopicity, some measurements have been made. These are aerorsol (CN) and CCN concentration and aerosol granulometric size distribution. These measurement were made before and after a owen. Owen was used to volitilising the eventual external film. This measurmement were made in three places (Zugspitze, Puy de Dôme and around Strasbourg) which represent different atmospheric layers and are exposed to the influence of different air mass origin. .
Vesin, Aude. "Suivi temportel des niveaux de concentration en atmosphère intérieure lors de l'application d'insecticides ménagers." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM4710/document.
Full textThe study of the dynamic behaviour of the active substances during the application of commercial household insecticide products in indoor atmospheres requires the development of the adaptation of on-line analytical procedures with high time resolution. A HS-PTR-MS and a HR-ToF-AMS have therefore been used to measure contaminants both in the gaseous and particulate phase. The active substances targeted by this study belong to the pyrethroids, which are present in different commercial formulations like electric vaporizers and sprays that were applied in a full-scale test room simulating a real atmosphere in the experimental house MARIA of the French scientific and technical centre for building. The results of these measurements show that peak concentrations during a 8h-emission of electric vaporizers range from 1,5 et 8,5 µg.m-3. The peak concentrations of active substances during spraying can reach several dozens of µg.m-3. Ventilation and deposition of aerosols are major elimination mechanisms of pollutants from the air compartment. Moreover, an important distribution of active substances with the surfaces of the room (walls, floor, ceiling, suspended particles and dust) is observed. The evaluation of inhalation exposure to the studied insecticide products show that adverse effects are not likely to occur. Nevertheless, to conclude that these products are safe, it is necessary to perform an integrated evaluation, taking into account all exposure routes
Tummon, Fiona. "Les effets directs et semi-directs des aérosols sur le climat régional du sud de l'afrique pendant la saison d'hiver austral." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00575063.
Full textChen, Ruiwei. "Uncertainty quantification in the simulation of road traffic and associated atmospheric emissions in a metropolitan area." Thesis, Paris Est, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PESC1029/document.
Full textThis work focuses on the uncertainty quantification in the modeling of road traffic emissions in a metropolitan area. The first step is to estimate the time-dependent traffic flow at street-resolution for a full agglomeration area, using a dynamic traffic assignment (DTA) model. Then, a metamodel is built for the DTA model set up for the agglomeration, in order to reduce the computational cost of the DTA simulation. Then the road traffic emissions of atmospheric pollutants are estimated at street resolution, based on a modeling chain that couples the DTA metamodel with an emission factor model. This modeling chain is then used to conduct a global sensitivity analysis to identify the most influential inputs in computed traffic flows, speeds and emissions. At last, the uncertainty quantification is carried out based on ensemble simulations using Monte Carlo approach. The ensemble is evaluated with observations in order to check and optimize its reliability
Maamary, Rabih. "Développements d'instrumentations lasers (QCL, DFG) dédiés à la métrologie d'espèces d'intérêt atmosphérique (CH₄, HONO)." Thesis, Littoral, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014DUNK0376/document.
Full textI report in this PhD thesis on the development of two mid-infrared laser spectrometers, based on difference-frequency generation (DFG) and quantum cascade laser (QCL), for application to trace gas monitoring. The DFG spectrometer (2.78 µm) was coupled with the QCL spectrometer (8 µm) to simultaneously measure nitrous acid (HONO) absorption spectra of the v₁ and v₃ bands respectively. Such crossing measurements allow us to determine experimentally, for the first time, the line strengths of 31 absorption lines of the ν1 band of trans isomer of nitrous acid that significantly impacts the air quality and climate change because of its crucial role in the atmospheric oxidation capacity. The QCL spectrometer is also deployed for continuous monitoring of methane (CH₄) during January 2013 in Dunkirk. Methane concentration variation is analyzed with the help of the simultaneously recorded meteorological parameters. In order to identify the sources of CH₄ emission, I developed an Isotope Ratio Laser Spectrometry (IRLS) technique to measure the isotopic ratio of ¹³CH₄/¹²CH₄. Preliminary results are presented