Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Polluants chimiques'
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Beraa, Abdellah. "Nanocomposites dendrimères-argiles : caractérisation microstructurale et rétention de polluants chimiques." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30169.
Full textDendrimers are hyperbranched macromolecules, synthesized by repeating a sequence of reactions. First (GC1) and second (GC2) generations of phosphorus cationic dendrimers are attached to stevensite and montmorillonite (Rh and AT clays) by cation exchange. This process results in intercalated and exfoliated nanocomposites. The study of the kinetics of adsorption of chromate (CrO42-) on the prepared nanocomposite, and on saturated sodium clays showed that the rate of the adsorption is fast, and that the kinetics is controlled by the diffusion and intraparticule transfer through the liquid boundary layer. Furthermore, the adsorption isotherms are well described by the model of Temkin, fixing the chromate is spontaneous, and the adsorption process is endothermic. The results of analyzes performed by various investigative techniques including solid state NMR show that HCrO4- ions (majority species in the medium considered) would be attached to the silanol and aluminols free edges and surfaces of clay minerals by electrostatic forces type. The kinetics of adsorption of methylene blue (MB) by all the adsorbents is fast, and the activation energy is within the range 6-30 J / mol. The diffusion within the particles and transfer through the liquid boundary layer are the main processes that control kinetics. The adsorption isotherms are better described by the model of Dubinin-Redushkevich. Adsorption occurred spontaneously, and occurs in multilayers, involving among others, sites of pore surfaces. In addition, methylene blue is attached in forms of MB+, (MB+)2 and MBH+2, and following its attachment by the nanocomposites, an ordered structure seems to be formed. The results of the solid NMR analyzes show that the adsorption of MB renders hydrophilic GC1-Rh, that bordering Al IV tetrahedral layers of stevensite reacted with MB species, and that a component of type Q4 is formed
Bittel, Marine. "Détection de polluants chimiques par biocapteurs bactériens couplés à la spectroscopie Raman." Thesis, Nantes, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NANT4113/document.
Full textIn the field of toxicological bioassays, the current biosensors are mostly monoparametric and limited in terms of sensitivity and specificity. A more complete toxicity analysis thus calls for combinations to cross-check the results. In this context, the latest progress in Raman spectroscopy opens new research perspectives on a fast method of observing metabolic responses against toxic agents. Indeed, Raman spectra constitute molecular fingerprints of the observed biological samples, offering a global multiparametric view of their physiology. Based on the premise that the molecular variations triggered by a substance on a microorganism affect its spectral fingerprint, this thesis explores the Raman spectroscopy potential of identifying spectral signatures of targeted toxic effects. That said, proper physiological spectral fingerprints analysis requires complex chemometric methods. In the first part of this work, a particular attention has been given to the elaboration of a statistical strategy to highlight the effects of arsenic on the E. coli bacteria. To confirm the specific aspects of the generated spectral signatures, the study has then been extended to the observation of four microorganisms exposed to different kinds of toxic substances (antibiotic, metal, pesticides, phenol compounds). Spectral analyses lead to the identification of the most impacted macromolecules, allowing evidencing of specific toxic effects. Finally, in partnership with the company Tronico Vigicell (CIFRE partner of the thesis) this approach has also been tested on environmental water samples, making this work an integral part of the search for better environmental pollution monitoring solutions
Cailler, Mélody. "Mécanismes chimiques virtuels optimisés pour la prédiction des polluants dans des flammes turbulentes." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLC084/document.
Full textThe conflicting nature of performance, operability and environmental constraints leads engine manufacturers to perform a fine optimization of the burner geometry to find the best design compromise.Large Eddy Simulation (LES) is an attractive tool to achieve this challenging task, and is routinely used in design office to capture macroscopic flow features.However, the prediction of phenomena influenced by complex kinetic effects, such as flame stabilization, extinction and pollutant formation, is still a crucial issue.Indeed, the comprehensive description of combustion chemistry effects requires the use of detailed models imposing prohibitive computational costs, numerical stiffness and difficulties related to model the coupling with unresolved turbulent scales.Reduced-cost chemistry description strategies must then be proposed to account for kinetic effects in LES of real combustion chambers.In this thesis an original modeling approach, called virtual optimized chemistry, is developed.This strategy aims at describing the chemical flame structure and pollutant formation in relevant flame configurations, at a low computational cost.Virtual optimized kinetic schemes, composed by virtual reactions and virtual species, are built through optimization of both kinetic rate parameters and virtual species thermo-chemical properties so as to capture reference target flame quantity
Champeau, François. "Paramétrisation des processus physico-chimiques de formation des nuages et étude de leurs impacts sur l'évolution de la composition chimique atmosphérique." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00717866.
Full textComeaga, Loretta. "Dispositifs d'étanchéité par geoéynthétiques bentonitiques dans les centres de stockage de déchets." Lyon, INSA, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997ISALO115.
Full textGeosynthetic Clay Liners (GCL) are factory manufactured hydraulic barriers consisting of bentonite supported by geosynthetics (geotextiles or geomembranes). The last few years Geosynthetic Clay Liners are more and more often used as liners or in capping systems of landfills, as a single or part of a multilayer barrier, with traditional materials ( compacted clay or geomembrane). At the present, in most countries, tests on GCLs are performed using standards for geotextiles and low permeable soils, which are not always easy to adapt to GCLs. In this context, the aim of the presented work is to elaborate adapted devices and testing procedures and to study various GCL products (needlepunched, stitched, containing granular or powder bentonite) in real conditions and in similar manner. Original devices were developed in order to study the Geosynthetic Clay Liners hydraulic behaviour in simulated landfill conditions. They allow performing characterisation and performance tests, as well as to study the chemical compatibility with the leachate. The experimental part is focused on the study of the hydraulic performances of 4 products currently available on the market, in various situations: - in contact with smooth surfaces or granular materials; - in contact with a synthetic leachate, the GCL being dry, partially hydrated or saturated with • water. Tests performed on samples with defects allowed to verify the GCL's selfhealing capacity. The chemical compatibility of bentonite to synthetic leachate are analysed as a function of the degree of initial water saturation and of the type of GCL
Kamionka, Marc. "Développement de systèmes multicapteurs et multivariables pour la mesure en continu de polluants atmosphériques." Saint-Etienne, EMSE, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005EMSE0010.
Full textThe aim of this work is to measure atmospheric pollutants concentrations thanks to low cost devices. For that, we use that is a metallic semiconductor. We tested sensors based on tin dioxide with carbon monoxide (0-20 ppm), a mixture of hydrocarbons (0-10 ppm, ozone (0-500 ppb) nitrogen dioxide (0-500 ppb) and their mixtures. Association of several of these sensors in multisensor array could be a solution to selectivity problem of this type of sensor. We showed the interest in using these sensors for two major pollution components : ozone and hydrocarbons. With an appropriate choice of sensors and measuring parameters. Consecutively with preceding work, several multisensors arrays were carried out. For each studied system, we built behaviour models using method of the Neural Networks. It was shown that a model calibrated directly with urban air appears very effective in the quantitative ozone ad hydrocarbon determination
Bussard, Thierry. "Méthodologie de dimensionnement des zones de protection des captages d'eaux souterraines contre les polluants chimiques persistants /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2005. http://library.epfl.ch/theses/?nr=3277.
Full textMARCHAL, ALEXANDRE. "Etude de la contribution des familles chimiques constitutives des gazoles a la formation de polluants non reglementes." Orléans, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997ORLE2049.
Full textBouslamti, Mohamed Amine. "Identification et évaluation des différents types et niveaux des contaminants chimiques dans le bois recyclé." Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ECDN0023.
Full textThe first part of this thesis is a market study of the availability of recycled wood. Each year, in France, 16 million tons of wood waste are collected by specialist companies and waste reception centres. Less than 14% of this is recycled, partially because regulations do not allow highly contaminated wood resources and also because of inadequate sorting techniques, which are often limited to visual assessment. Clearly, recycled wood should be analysed chemically. European standards DD CEN/TS 14778-1:2005 and DD CEN/TS 14780:2005 describe how to obtain samples weighing tens of kg from stockpiles of hundreds of tons. The particles in the sample, often with a top size of several centimetres, must be ground to a fine flour of less than 500 µm. It is impractical to grind the whole sample and so a robust protocol which permits sub-sampling without introducing bias is necessary. A model sample of recycled wood was created using clean particles impregnated with different metals. Different sub-sampling protocols were applied to this model. The samples were analysed chemically in order to see differences via statistical analysis. Standard wet chemistry methods and analyses (ICP-AES and AAS) were used to measure metal contents. In addition, a potentially non-destructive technique based on Fourier Transform Near Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-NIRS) was used to characterize and to predict the presence of metals in wood samples. Multivariate statistical techniques permit the discrimination between particles containing different metals or organic preservatives. It is demonstrated that the level of contamination, particularly with copper slats, can be determined by comparing observations with a database of spectra obtained from known samples (PLS modelling)
Péruchon, Laure. "Caractérisations des propriétés photocatalytiques des verres autonettoyants - corrélation entre paramètres physico-chimiques et activité photocatalytique." Lyon 1, 2007. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00453175.
Full textGlass is widely used material and especially in constructions. Since 2001, self-cleaning glasses have been launched on the European market. These glasses are based on the photocatalytic property of a submicronic layer of TiO2 deposited on their surface. Under UV-irradiation, TiO2 reacts with the oxygen and water molecules present in the atmosphere to produce free radicals. These radicals are able to degrade organic stains adsorbed on the glass surface. The present work is aimed at a better understanding of the interactions between TiO2 layer and real stains, as well as the photocatalytic physicochemical mechanisms implicated. The influence of different parameters on the self-cleaning glass efficiency has been studied. The photocatalytic degradation of different pollutant families was followed to correlate the nature of the organic compounds to their degradability
Peruchon, L. "CARACTERISATIONS DES PROPRIETES PHOTOCATALYTIQUES DES VERRES AUTONETTOYANTS – CORRELATION ENTRE PARAMETRES PHYSICO-CHIMIQUES ET ACTIVITE PHOTOCATALYTIQUE." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00453175.
Full textGrazzini, Fabienne. "Étude expérimentale de la dispersion de polluants en présence d'obstacles." Toulouse, INPT, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999INPT001H.
Full textPersoons, Renaud. "Etude des méthodes et modèles de caractérisation de l'exposition atmosphérique aux polluants chimiques pour l'évaluation des risques sanitaires." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00747456.
Full textFarah, Jinane. "Etude de la fraction lipidique de pollens allergisants et de ses modifications chimiques causées par les polluants atmosphériques." Thesis, Lille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL1R057.
Full textThe pollen lipidic fraction has an adjuvant effect on the allergic reaction and it is involved in germination processes. The alteration of pollen lipids by atmospheric pollutants is poorly documented in the literature although negative health effects are suspected. Our work was carried out on two highly allergenic pollens: timothy grass (phleum pratense) and birch tree (betula pendula). The lipid fraction of intact pollen was identified and quantified by gas chromatography equipped with a flame ionization detector or coupled to mass spectrometry. The main chemical families identified are: alkanes, alcohols, alkenes, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, aldehydes and sterols. In vitro exposure of pollen to ozone has exhibited the reactivity of alkenes and the production of saturated fatty acids and aldehydes. Nitrogen dioxide has shown a protective role toward the reactivity of ozone. Furthermore, the bioavailability of lipids from intact pollen appears to be low as shown by pollen extractions with aqueous solvent without agitation. Moreover, our results give a new role to the rupture of pollen in the atmosphere. In fact, we observed a facilitated extraction of lipids for crushed pollen and in particular the release of immunostimulatory species such as linoleic and α-linolenic acids. The adjuvancy effects of the lipids extracted from broken or polluted pollen grains to the allergic reaction should be unraveled in a future work
Ledoux, Frédéric. "Les aérosols particulaires atmosphériques sur le Dunkerquois : caractérisations chimiques, physiques, spectroscopiques et évaluation de leur toxicité." Littoral, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003DUNK0096.
Full textThe northern part of the France and especially the city of Dunkerque is subject to an intense and heavy industrial activity. This high industrialized city emits in the atmosphere about 13% of the french industrial total of particles. This study was done in this frame and the aim of this work is to characterize atmospheric aerosols in Dunkerque, to evaluate its influence upon nearest locations, and to test the toxicity of the particles. Results fromtwo seasonal sampling campaigns shows that mean atmospheric concentrations are in the same order than those of other North Sea sites, and this is the consequence of very favorable meteorological conditions. This study underlines that during specific meteorological conditions, impacts of emissions from urban sources can be much higher than those of the industrial park. Specific tracers of sources of emissions sources were investigated, and very positive results are obtained with Electron Paramagnetic Resonance spectroscopy. Measurements performed at about 15 km from Dunkerque shows that this industrial city influences atmospheric concentrations of some metals like Fe, Pb or Zn. Impact of atmospheric particules upon human pulmonary epithelial cells (L132) evidences that such particles produces an oxidative stress
Truong, Thanh-Toan. "Capteurs chimiques à transduction optique de polluants atmosphériques à base de matériaux nanoporeux : applications au benzène et au toluène." Paris 11, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA112072.
Full textLow cost sensors of volatile organic compounds are needed for the detection of atmospheric pollutants. In the present work, our efforts are focused on monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (MAHs) and particularly on benzene, whose atmospheric concentration has been legislated because of its high toxicity. We chose to elaborate chemical sensors using nanoporous materials as sensitive layers for the trapping of MAHs, and optical techniques for their detection. Two strategies have been developed. The first one is based on the use of hybrid organic-inorganic xerogels, whose pore sizes have been tailored to irreversibly trap benzene and toluene. The concentrations of these compounds can therefore be deduced from their absorbance in the UV domain. The efficiency of the sensor is optimum for pollutant concentrations lower than 100 ppbs because of the slow pollutant diffusion within the narrow pores. Because of the slow response, the sensor can only be applied for the measurements of averaged values of the pollutant concentration. The second strategy has aimed at improving both sensitivity and response time of the sensor. In this case, mesoporous thin films of inorganic polymers were doped with a fluorescent probe, dibenzoylmethanatobore difluoride (DBMBF2). DBMBF2 was shown to form a ground state complex with benzene which does not fluoresce. The metrology of benzene is then based on the loss of the fluorescence intensity. This method however suffers from the interference of oxygen which contributes to the quenching of the DBMBF2 fluorescence. Nevertheless, the DBMBF2-benzene ground state complex
Paolacci, Hélène. "Capteurs chimiques à transduction optique de polluants atmosphériques à base de matériaux nanoporeux : application au formaldéhyde et autres composés carbonylés." Paris 11, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA112317.
Full textFormaldehyde, a well-identified indoor pollutant, was recently classified as carcinogenic. New regulations for the air quality are expected, therefore there is a need for low-cost sensors, sensitive and selective with a fast response time for the detection of formaldehyde at ppb level. In the present work, we had developed a chemical sensor based on nanoporous matrices doped with fluoral-p and optical methods of detection. The nanoporous matrices, elaborated via the sol-gel process, display nanopores whose cavity is tailored for the trapping of the targeted pollutant. They provide a first selectivity with the discrimination of the pollutants by their size. A second selectivity is obtained with a molecular probe, fluoral-p, which reacts specifically with formaldehyde leading to the 3,5-diacetyl-1,4-dihydrolutidine (ddl). The kinetics of formation of ddl was studied as function of many parameters such as the concentration of fluoral-p in the matrix, the pollutant content in gas mixture, the flow rate, the relative humidity of the gas mixtures and interference with other carbonylated compounds. The present chemical sensor can detect, via absorbance measurements, 2 ppb of formaldehyde within 30 min over a 0 to 60% relative humidity range. Moreover, to detect the total carbonylated compounds, we also explored the potentiality of a chemical sensor using, as a probe molecule, the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine which forms with these compounds the corresponding hydrazones derivatives. A patent was deposited for these two sensors. We have also developed a semi-miniaturized prototype for demonstration, using a flow cell, a miniaturized spectrophotometer, a light source and a laptop. Sensitive, selective, quick and low cost sensors for formaldehyde are needed, since this has been classified as a carcinogenic compound for human. An answer to these constrains is a chemical sensor using different strategies. First, we chose nanoporous matrix, elaborated by sol-gel process, which will act as sponges and discriminate pollutants by their size. Second, we doped these matrix with a molecular probe, fluoral-p, which will react specifically with formaldehyde to form 1,6-diacétyl-2,5-dihydrolutidine (ddl). Then, the pollutant can be detected via the absorbance or the fluorescence of ddl. Thus sensor's sensitivity, selectivity and response time are optimized. To determine sensor's working field, different parameters has been studied: the concentration of fluoral-p in matrix, the pollutant content in gaseous flux, the effect of the flow and humidity rate of the flux and gaseous interferents. Thus, the sensor detects 2 ppb of formaldehyde within 30 minutes without any interferent's problem and works from 0 to 60% of relative humidity. In other hand, to detect the whole carbonyl compounds, we developed a sensor using, as a probe molecule, 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, which forms with these compounds, the corresponding hydrazones derivatives. A patent was taken out for these two sensors. We have also developed a semi-miniaturized prototype for demonstration, using a flow cuvette, a miniaturized spectrophotometer, a light source and a laptop
Sengele, Armelle. "Décontamination et dépollution par photocatalyse : réalisation d'un dispositif d'élimination d'agents chimiques toxiques et de polluants dans l'air et dans l'eau." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAF066/document.
Full textThis work consists in the synthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles for the decontamination of chemical warfare agents by photocatalysis. The main goal is to optimize the photocatalyst to eliminate diethylsulfide (DES), simulating yperite. The oxidation of DES generates sulfates that lead to the poisoning of TiO2. Thus, the aim is to limit this deactivation and to avoid a release of harmful products. A solution is to increase the specific suface area by two methods: doping TiO2 with tantalum or tin and adding a porogen during the sol-gel synthesis. These optimized catalysts exhibit high conversion rates for DES elimination in the gas phase under a continuous flow thanks to their high specific surface area and their adsorption properties. The best catalysts are immobilized on tridimensional β-SiC foams. These photocatalytic foams deactivates slower than the TiO2 powders. A regeneration by an NaOH solution can restore their initial activity. It allows a possible industrial application for these catalysts. This thesis opens the way to realize a decontamination prototype for air to eliminate chemical warfare agents
Kumaran, Satish. "Immobilisation d'enzymes pour la réalisation de biocapteurs : analyse par injection en flux continu (FIA) : applications au dosage de composés polluants." Lyon 1, 1991. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00836242.
Full textBultelle, Florence. "Recherche des effets des contaminants chimiques sur le transcriptome de la moule zébrée (Dreissena polymorpha)." Le Havre, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002LEHA0016.
Full textThis search has been initited with the aim of seeking cellular and physiological pathological effects of chemical contaminants in Dreissena polymorpha. The methodology used is based on analysis of transcriptome modifications in animals exposed to xenobiotics in controlled laboratory conditions. Two open approaches of transcriptome analysis, Differential Display PCR and construction of subtractive libraries by Subtractive PCR Suppression Hybridization. Zebra mussels were exposed to several contaminants (Aroclor 1254 and 3-methylcholantrene; atrazine; chrysene). A number of candidate clones for differential expression were isolated. Following sequencing of each clone, in silico screening of bioinformatics databases were performed in order to identify potential orthologous proteins. Our isolated clones are likely to encode proteins that are involved in various functional cellular mechanisms. Finally, microarrays comprising all the clones we isolated were manufactured. Sequences and data that we collected should contribute to a better understanding of the cellular and physiological mechanisms occurring in bivalves species in response to chemical contamination
Loup, Benoît. "Étude des effets des contaminants chimiques de l'environnement chez les bivalves : approche de toxicogénomique fonctionnelle." Le Havre, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LEHA0008.
Full textResearch in Distributed artificial intelligence, and more particulary on multiagent system are interested in the resolution of complex systems thanks to a set of interacting agents. As it is performed for softwares developed using the object paradigm, multiagent programming needs to validate and verify multiagent systems developed. This thesis discusses about a new approach for this issue. This approach deals with an online verification of properties of the system. These properties are central in our research and are widely studied. In particular, we study and formalize the concept, we propose a model and we show how to extract these properties when designing a system. Moreover, we show how to transform these properties in order for them to be used by software entities. We also present a multiagent architecture that we have developed and which will help validate a system during its execution. Relying on the properties identified during the design stage, the validator agents try to identify any deviant behavior of the system
Togbe, Casimir. "Etude cinétique de l'oxydation de constituants de biocarburants et composés modèles : formation de polluants." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00585394.
Full textKamel, Naouel. "Effets combinés des facteurs environnementaux et des polluants chimiques chez la moule Mytilus galloprovincialis : harmonisation des biomarqueurs d’exposition suivant lesrecommandations OSPAR et MEDPOL." Nantes, 2014. https://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show/show?id=a3c3b77f-66c2-4c24-8210-2922f440eca3.
Full textThe assessment of the environmental quality of aquatic ecosystem used an integrated approach of chemistry and biology. The influence of temperature on the Response of biomarkers has been studied in experimental conditions on mussels from the Bizerte lagoon exposed to Benzo [a] pyrene. In situ experiments have allowed us to track changes in biochemical and physiological mechanisms in the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis from two little and heavily contaminated Bizerte lagoon sites. Spatial and seasonal variations in a battery of biomarkers were analyzed in relation to environmental parameters. Approach coupling interactions between abiotic and biotic factors in space and time identified the rise in temperature in summer and effort laying the greatest impact as parameters of metabolic adaptive response. The metabolic response of adaptation is based on an monthly monitoring for two seasonal cycles, a battery of effect and exposure biomarkers (benzopyrene hydroxylase, glutathione Stransferase, multxenobiotics resistance, the acetylcholinesterase, catalase, malondialdehyde, the stability of lysosomal membranes and DNA strand breaks (Comet assay)) and physiological markers (condition and gonadic indices) on two sites and some highly contaminated by heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorobyphenils. The monthly survey of two seasonal cycles also allowed (1) to apply the biological response index (IBR : integrated biological response) for an integrated interpretation of biomarkers for chronic exposure and (2) to propose thresholds no effect (BAC : background assessment criteria ) and thresholds with effects of chemical contaminants (EAC : Environment assessment criteria ) with the aim of standardizing the interpretation of biomarkers in monitoring a Mediterranean lagoon in northern Tunisia
Dagnelie, Romain. "Développement d'un capteur chimique de polluants atmosphériques à transduction optique et à la base de matériaux nanoporeux : application à la détection des composés carbonylés pour le contôle de la qualité de l'air." Paris 11, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA112311.
Full textDuring the last decade, the increase of the awareness of the importance of indoor air quality and its potential impact on human health has stimulated an interest in formaldehyde, a carcinogen for humans. Because of its numerous emission sources (plywood, isolation foam, adhesive resins, cosmetic, etc…), CH2O is a ubiquitous indoor pollutant whose concentrations can vary from a few ppb to more than 100 ppb in homes. Over this domain of concentration, a few methods are commercially available, such as gas chromatography combined with a methanation process or the Hantzsch method involving the bubbling of the contaminated air in a liquid reactant. However, those sensors have a few drawbacks in terms either of simplicity of the sampling, heavy maintenance or high cost and high cost of consumables. Therefore, the development of a low-cost, fast and sensitive sensor which can detect a wide range of concentration of formaldehyde is an important and significant challenge. The present thesis work was achieved in the “Chemical Sensors” team of the Francis Perrin Laboratory (LFP), a unit of the Atomic Energy Commission (CEA) associated with the National Centre of Scientific Research (CNRS). Various strategies were developed to obtain very sensitive and selective sensors. With nanoporous SiO2 thin layers deposited on quartz substrate, acting as a sponge to trap the pollutants and whose pore size distribution can be tailored to filter the pollutants by their size, a first selectivity can be obtained. These nanoporous materials were synthesized with tetramethoxysilane precursors (TMOS) using the Sol-Gel process. With the use of 4-amino-3-pentene-2-one (Fluoral-P), which absorbs in the UV and which reacts selectively with formaldehyde, a product, the 3,5-diacetyl-1,4-dihydrolutidine (DDL) is obtained which absorbs and fluoresces over the visible region. By collecting the DDL fluorescence, it is possible to detect CH2O over a wide range of concentrations, from 400 ppt to 200 ppb. A home-made prototype was developed which comprises four units: the light source composed of a light emitting diode (LED, 410 nm) with its power supply, a flow cell unit equipped with a micro-pump, a detection unit equipped with a miniaturized spectrometer from Ocean Optics and a computer to drive the experiments. The prototype response was studied as functions of the formaldehyde concentration, under various conditions of flow rate, exposure duration, temperature (5-50 °C) and relative humidity (0-70 %) and the calibration curves were established. With a pulsed-mode detection implying 2 to 3 minutes of exposure of the sensor to the pollutant, 40 measurements can be collected with a single sensitive layer. As water vapor was found to be the major interference in the formaldehyde detection, we have explored three main routes to reduce or suppress the effect of humidity: i) the replacement of Fluoral-P by a more hydrophobic derivative, the 4-Amino-4-phenylbut-3-en-2-one, ii) the potentiality of various hydrophobic porous xerogel monoliths and thin films to be water-repellent and iii) the addition of a drying unit. Few methylated (Methyltrimethoxysilane) and fluorinated (3,3,3-Trifluoropropyltrimethoxysilane) alcoxide co-precursors were combined in various proportions with TMOS to give materials with different hydrophobicity properties. We have shown via contact angle measurements and thermo-gravimetric analyses that fluorinated xerogel monoliths and thin films display the most hydrophobic character since the water droplets does not diffuse into the matrix. However, their permeability to water vapor is totally different. To scale the permeability of porous material to water vapor, we proposed a new and original method based on the quantitative measurement of the lifetime of a probe molecule, Fluoral-P, trapped in the matrix and which is hydrolyzed in humidified atmosphere. With this method, we not only demonstrated that the fluorinated xerogels, repellent to liquid water, still display permeability to water vapour, but also could quantify the efficiency of those materials to slow down the water vapor diffusion. Finally, the addition of a drying CaCl2 unit to trap water vapor allows the use of the sensor over the entire domain of humidity up to 100 %. During this work, we have participated to two campaigns of measurements of formaldehyde. The first one taking place in the south suburb of Paris involved four laboratories and the measurement of outdoor pollutants, with formaldehyde content as low as 400 ppt to few ppb and high humidity (60 %). The second one, organized by the Institute of National Institute of Environment and Industrial Risks was dedicated to the inter-comparison of both commercial apparatus and methods under development in laboratories. Moreover, a collaboration has been established with the CEA-LETI of Grenoble for the fabrication of an industrial prototype, INDIGO, whose performances are under investigation
Ouadah-Boussouf, Nafia. "Analyse in vivo de la dynamique du tissu adipeux blanc après exposition à des polluants chimiques ou à des molécules pharmacologiques chez le poisson zèbre." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR14755/document.
Full textAn unbalanced diet and / or the presence of exogenous compounds contaminants mayalter endocrine signaling and lipid homeostasis and induce obesity. The work done in thisthesis have, at first, developed a simple and rapid method, called "zebrafish obesogenic (ZO)test" to identify in vivo by using the zebrafish larva, the factors that may increase or decreasethe size of the white adipocyte and therefore modulate the level of adiposity (Tingaud-Sequeira, Ouadah, Babin, J. Lipid Res. 52, 1765-1772, 2011). This test helps to identifycompounds and mixtures of obesogenic and anti-obesogenic molecules and providesinformation relevant to the risk assessment of their presence but also to elucidate themechanisms involved. Work in a second time allowed to answer as to how the action oftributyltin chloride, a powerful obesogenic contaminant found widely in the environment.This molecule acts in vivo on white adipocytes in a concentration of the order of nano molarvia nuclear receptors LXR and RXR, and not via the PPARgamma isoforms / delta (Ouadahand Babin, manuscript in preparation)
BOUZIGE, MARIANNE. "Etude de la retention de polluants organiques de caracteristiques physico-chimiques variees sur des phases stationnaires immunoselectives. Application a l'extraction de traces dans les matrices environnementales." Paris 6, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA066071.
Full textDelmarre, David. "Incorporation de porphyrines dans les matrices sol-gel : études spectroscopiques et application à la détection de polluants." Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998DENS0024.
Full textAghnatios, Carole Louis Florent Petitprez Denis. "Études d'interactions entre le dioxyde d'azote et des particules minérales d'intérêt atmosphérique." S. l. : Lille 1, 2008. http://iris.univ-lille1.fr/dspace/bitstream/1908/1191/1/50376-2008-Aghnatios.pdf.
Full textN° d'ordre : 4171. Résumé en français et en anglais. Titre provenant de l'écran-titre. Bibliogr. p. 179-187. 142 réf.
Mendez, Maxence. "Étude expérimentale de la réactivité hétérogène de particules ultrafines d’acides gras et modélisation de la composition chimique des aérosols à l'échelle régionale." Thesis, Lille 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL10170/document.
Full textThe intensity of environmental and health impacts of atmospheric aerosol depend on their chemical composition. This composition varies as function of their emission source and transport time in the atmosphere where many chemical and physical transformations occur. The objectives of this thesis are, firstly, to study the initial steps of the atmospheric aging of organic aerosol in laboratory and, secondly, to provide with information on the modelling of the chemical composition of atmospheric aerosol. The first part of this work has been dedicated to the study of the reactivity of model organic aerosol in an aerosol flow tube for two heterogeneous chemical systems: oleic acid + ozone; palmitic acid + chlorine radical. Chemical analyses in both gas phase and particle phase were performed to quantify the products and determine the chemical mechanisms.In the second part of the thesis, we have built a model to generate anthropogenic pollutant emission data for the chemistry weather forecast with the WRF-Chem model. The chemical speciation of primary aerosol permits us to model the chemical composition of aerosol over the French northern region. The model results have been validated by statistical comparison with data coming from measurements network (ATMO Nord-Pas de Calais) and also measurement campaigns performed with an Aerosol Mass Spectrometer
Beaudouin, Rémy. "Modélisation individu-centrée pour aider à la détection et à l'interprétation des effets des polluants chimiques sur la dynamique de population d'un poisson, la gambusie, en écosystème expérimental." Rennes 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007REN1S141.
Full textThe experimental assessment of the chemicals effects on fish at the population level is the context of this study. The use of outdoor experimental ecosystems (cosm) has been proposed as a tool to study the effects of chemicals at the population level. The mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) is a convenient fish species for such studies. Nevertheless, studies conducted in cosm are limited to a few numbers of replicates. This, together with the high variability characterizing the population level, are limiting factors for detecting significant responses other than strong effects. An alternative could be the modelling of the probabilistic distributions of the variables of the control populations, in order to virtually increase the number of replicates. Experiments were conducted to determine the life history traits of the mosquitofish required to establish the parameters of the model. Then, an individual-based model of the population dynamics of the mosquitofish was build, calibrate and validate. Finally, from two case studies, the model was shown to improve the statistical power of the comparisons between the control and the chemical-exposed populations
Carquigny, Stéphanie. "Conception, caractérisation et mise en œuvre de matériaux organiques conducteurs pour le développement de capteurs de gaz pour l’environnement." Thesis, Lille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIL10177/document.
Full textAs part of the research topic of the Department of Chemistry and Environment at Ecole des Mines de Douai on the development of sensors for gaseous pollutants, previous thesis had enabled the development of a chemical sensor of ammonia with a minimum detectable concentration of 10 ppm, a reversible response and a lifetime of more than 3 years, responding to the major flaw of the electrochemical cells of the market. The sensitive surface of the sensor synthesized in a clean way for the environment, consists mainly of an intrinsically conductive polymer whose electrical resistance varies in proportion to gas concentration.The objective in this thesis is double: on the one hand improve the metrological performance of the ammonia sensor, on the other hand change its sensitive surface by an appropriate method for the specific detection of formaldehyde.For the first objective, different influence parameters such as temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and interfering gases were first evaluated, then the detection threshold was reduced by a factor of 100 by the realization of thin films on interdigitated electrodes. The performances of different syntheses were compared and finally, the robustness of these sensors has been tested in piggeries, which are among the major contributors of ammonia emissions. For the second objective, more sensitive and selective compounds to formaldehyde were introduced into the sensitive surface of the sensor and tested. The fluoral p was finally selected. The first results showed sensitivity to formaldehyde proportional to its concentration, with a detection limit of a few ppm and a response time less than one minute. The concept used here is innovative and demonstrates the feasibility of formaldehyde detection based on the simple measure of changes in electrical resistance of the sensitive film made. The detection limit must still be decreased to respond to the problem of measuring formaldehyde indoor
Roda, Célina. "Exposition domestique à des polluants chimiques de l'air intérieur : modélisation et évaluation de l'impact sur la santé respiratoire chez le jeune enfant : Bilan au terme d'une année de suivi de la cohorte de nouveau-nés PARIS." Phd thesis, Université René Descartes - Paris V, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00759641.
Full textNaah, Marielle. "Impact du développement urbain du bassin versant de la rivière Mingoa sur le lac municipal de Yaoundé (Cameroun)." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00976636.
Full textBarjhoux, Iris. "Étude de la biodisponibilité et de la toxicité de polluants chimiques à risque dans les sédiments aquatiques vis-à-vis des premiers stades de développement d’un poisson modèle, Oryzias latipes." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR14442/document.
Full textAquatic sediments act as real sink for numerous anthropogenic chemicals such as persistent organic pollutants and heavy metals as well as a secondary contamination source. In this context, a fish embryo-larval assay was developed using the Japanese Medaka (Oryzias latipes) as a test organism to evaluate de toxicity of particle-bound contaminants. In this aim, fish embryos are kept in direct contact to sediment during their whole embryonic development and induced lethal and sub-lethal effects are measured at the phenotypical and molecular levels. This test was first applied to the toxicity evaluation and modes of action characterization of organic and metallic single compounds. Pyrene and its alkylated derivative, methylpyrene, revealed a high teratogenic potency inducing developmental deformities similar to the blue sac disease syndrome. Gene expressions response pattern using RT-PCR method highlighted the alteration of several cellular process including AhR pathway, mitochondrial metabolism and retinoids signaling and metabolism pathways. Copper and cadmium mainly induced numerous skeletal and cardiovascular injuries, DNA damage as well as modifications of gene expression involved in mitochondrial metabolism, DNA damage repair and cell cycle regulation. Finally, the Medaka embryo-larval assay was applied to analyze the toxic potential of natural sediments form the Lot-Garonne system and the Arcachon bay. All tested sediments showed a wide range of teratogenic effects but only few of them revealed to be acutely toxic. Moreover, the expression of several genes involved in mitochondrial metabolism, AhR pathway, cell cycle arrest, DNA repair and heavy metals detoxication proved to be modified in the presence of some contaminated sediments from the studied area
Pelletier, Maud. "Expositions agrégées aux composés organiques semi-volatils dans l'habitat et risques sanitaires associés." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1B028/document.
Full textIn housing, people are exposed to an increasing number of chemicals, including semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs). SVOCs are present on surfaces, in the gas phase, airborne particles and settled dust. Humans are exposed through ingestion, inhalation and dermal contact. Many of these compounds have suspected toxic effects on human health. The objective of this thesis is to assess, by a risk assessment approach, the public health risk posed by the exposure to SVOCs frequently detected in French dwellings. At first, indoor exposures were estimated for 32 compounds from contamination data and human parameters such as body weight, inhalation rate, time spent in dwellings etc. Ingestion, inhalation and dermal contact exposure pathways were aggregated for the indoor SVOCs of greatest concern and for several age groups from birth to age 30. In a second step, human health risks were modeled from these exposures and from available toxicity data. Each SVOC was considered separately and also in mixtures, based on the assumption of dose additivity. This work provided exposures distributions representative of the French population and identified the dominant media and exposure routes for each compound as well as the most at risk SVOCs for a certain portion of the French population
Hyvelin, Jean-Marc. "Exposition ex vivo aux polluants gazeux des voies aériennes et des vaisseaux pulmonaires humains et animaux : effet sur la réactivité et la signalisation cellulaire." Bordeaux 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BOR28714.
Full textFathallah, Houssem Eddine. "Conception d'un système temps-réel de surveillance de l'exposition aux polluants de l'air intérieur : application au formaldéhyde." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0100.
Full textFormaldehyde is classified as a "high priority" pollutant in the indoor air quality. Because of its health effects, the emerging French regulation (Action 7 of PNSE2) requires the measurement of formaldehyde in public places (schools, kindergartens etc.) from 2017. However, no device on the market is able to provide accurate measurements in real time and at low cost. This thesis forms part of the ANR project CAPFEIN (réseau de CAPteurs de FormaldEhyde intelligents pour la surveillance de l'air Intérieur) whose purpose is to develop a "smart Formaldehyde sensor". The thesis objective is to design a real-time monitoring system of human exposure to formaldehyde, and more generally to indoor air pollutant. The sensors must be equipped with a communication interface to automatically collect measurements at different points of the environment to be monitored. Two monitoring systems have been developed. The first is Designed with commercial off-the-shelf component and a centralized architecture based on the concept of the Internet of Things (IoT). The second was designed from the CRAN and corresponds to the development of a solution based on a distributed approach. A smart badge has been developed. It can monitor exposure levels to each cardholder. The major constraints of this work consist on the ability to locate people in an indoor environment and the ability to optimize the algorithms in terms of memory space and power consumption. For the optimization part, the moving average exponential weighting methods have been implemented and evaluated. Both prototypes were tested in buildings of CRAN and showed interest
Helali, Sihem. "Application de la photocatalyse pour la dégradation des polluants chimiques et bactériologiques dans l'eau en utilisant des catalyseurs irradiés par des photons de lumière naturelle ou artificielle (UV‐A /UV‐B)." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00876027.
Full textHelali, Sihem. "Application de la photocatalyse pour la dégradation des polluants chimiques et bactériologiques dans l’eau en utilisant des catalyseurs irradiés par des photons de lumière naturelle ou artificielle (UV‐A /UV‐B)." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO10316/document.
Full textThe photocatalytic degradation of two amino‐compounds, methylamine (MA) and dimethylamine (DMA) was investigated in the presence of UV‐irradiated TiO2 aqueous suspensions. Different parameters were studied: adsorption under dark and UV conditions, photolysis, kinetics of degradation, effect of pH, effect of the nature and intensities of photonic flux and finally the chemical pathway MA and DMA degradation.While, the percentage of covered OH in the dark was equal for MA and DMA, it becomes twice higher for MA under UV. The reactivity of MA and DMA is directly correlated with the adsorption under UV. The nitrogen atoms were decomposed mainly to ammonium. Nitrite was also formed but was rapidly oxidized to nitrate. At basic pH, photo assisted hydrolysis and the attack of OH• on N‐atom increase. DMA is mainly transformed to MA. Total Organic Carbon (TOC) analysis show the presence of final slightly mineralised intermediate compounds containing nitrogen atom. We shown that, whatever the energy of photons (UV‐A or UV‐B), the same quantum yield equal to 0.033 was obtained.The photocatalytic inactivation of E. coli under natural solar irradiation in the absence (SODIS) as well in the presence of different concentrations of varied photocatalysts has also been investigated. The effect of temperature on E. coli inactivation was studied. Results show that the additions of any types of catalyst to the water accelerate the bactericidal action of solar irradiation and leads to a total disinfection. No bacterial regrowth was observed during the subsequent dark period. Ammonium and potassium ions were formed during E. coli inactivation in agreement with the membrane perforation and the oxidation of proteins
Ondet, Jérôme. "Adaptation d'une torche à plasma à couplage inductif à la détection de polluants dans les effluents des centrales thermiques." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998CLF2A002.
Full textMahieuxe, Bruno. "Capteurs à fibre optique pour le dosage des nitrates." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995INPL046N.
Full textThouin, Hugues. "Transfert de polluants inorganiques dans un technosol de brûlage d’armes organo-arséniées soumis à un apport de matière organique et à des cycles de saturation/désaturation : expérimentation en mésocosme." Thesis, Orléans, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ORLE2069/document.
Full textThe thermal destruction of chemical munitions from World War I, on the site of “Place-à-Gaz”, induced intense local top soil contamination by arsenic and heavy metals. The heat treatment mineralized As from organoarsenic warfare agents, resulting in a singular mineral assemblage, composed of Zn, Cu and Fe arsenates and of an amorphous phase rich in Fe, As, Zn, Cu and Pb. The amorphous material was the principal carrier of As and metals in the central part of the site. The site undergoes environmental changes which may alter the stability of inorganic contaminants. To assess the impact of water saturation episodes and input of bioavailable organic matter on the biogeochemical cycles of metal(loid)s, a mesocosm study was conducted. Results showed that amorphous phase was instable in saturated conditions, and released contaminants in soil water. As previously observed on site, the most mobile contaminants were Zn and As. The addition of organic matter induced the immobilization of As by trapping of As V onto hydrous ferric oxides in the saturated soil. Microbial characterizations including counting, bacterial community structure, respiration, and determination of As IIIoxidizing activities were performed. Results showed that microorganisms actively contribute to the metabolisms of C and As.The addition of organic matter induced the increase of As III-oxidizing and As V-reducing microorganisms concentrations and modified the bacterial diversity. However, a negative effect of organic matter on the activity of As III oxidation was observed resulting in higher As III concentration in soil water. This study showed that the natural deposition of forest organic litter on the site, induced antagonist effects on the transfer of inorganic pollutants did not immobilize all the Zn and As and even contributed to As III transport to the surrounding environment. These results provide more information about the environmental impact of the Great War and more generally about the processes driving the behavior of metals/metalloids on polluted sites
Roda, Célina. "Exposition domestique à des polluants chimiques de l’air intérieur : modélisation et évaluation de l’impact sur la santé respiratoire chez le jeune enfant : Bilan au terme d’une année de suivi de la cohorte de nouveau-nés PARIS." Thesis, Paris 5, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA05S009/document.
Full textThere is a growing public health concern about indoor air quality due to the time spent indoors and the presence of numerous biological and chemical pollutants. Aims: To assess indoor chemical pollutant levels, to model domestic exposure and to examine the impact of indoor chemical pollutants on the respiratory health of infants from the PARIS birth cohort, during their first year of life. Methods: Multiple self-administered questionnaires were used to gather information from parents about respiratory infections and asthma-like symptoms (wheezing, nocturnal dry cough. . . ) in their infants at ages 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months. Details about home characteristics and family living conditions were also collected by phone interview when the child was 1 month old, and mailed questionnaires captured changes at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months. Pollutant air sampling (aldehyde, volatile organic compound, nitrogendioxide and nicotine) were conducted at 1, 6, 9 and 12 months in the bedrooms of a subset of randomly selected 196infants. Repeated pollutant measurements were joined with interview and questionnaire information to construct annual pollutant exposure models for all infants. Furthermore, an environmental investigation was performed in Parisian child day care centers to document chemical exposure levels. Results: Formaldehyde, toluene, nitrogen dioxide and perchlororethylene level determinants: continuous sources (particleboard, varnished parquet floor, wall coating), discontinuous sources (combustion, dry cleaning facilities) and aeration parameters were identified. At one year, around half of babies experienced at least one lower respiratory infection, and nearly half of those infections included wheezing, 14,8 % of babies suffered from a nocturnal dry cough. After known risk factors were considered, lower respiratory infections were associated with estimated formaldehyde levels, and formaldehyde exposure is also related to nocturnal dry cough, especially in infants without parental history of allergy. Conclusion: This study shows that formaldehyde exposure in early life is associated with respiratory health in infants, promoting public actions regarding emissions from materials
Smith, Rose-Michelle. "Transfert de polluants émergents issus du secteur de la santé entre les compartiments sol/sédiment et eau en présence de cuivre- Effet cocktail." Thesis, Reims, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REIMS047.
Full textThis thesis aims at studying the behaviour of pharmaceuticals in the environment at sediment/soil-water interfaces in order to better understand the involved processes following their release, their fate and their impact. Thus, the retention of four pharmaceuticals was investigated on different solids (soil/sediment). The cation exchange capacity has been identified as the parameter governing the propranolol retention and the pH value governing sotalol adsorption. In the case of contaminant mixtures, a competition for the surface sites was evidenced with in particular a decrease of sotalol and furosemide adsorption.The influence of copper, a ubiquitous metal in the environment, on pharmaceutical retention was also studied. Although copper did not influence the retention of propranolol, sotalol and furosemide, its presence increased the mobility of sulfamethoxazole in the environment by decreasing its adsorption. Finally, it has been shown that the presence of these pollutants in the environment induced toxic effects on aquatic organisms
Fournier, Isabelle. "Salinisation des écosystèmes lacustres par les sels de voirie : perturbations chimiques et réponses des communautés microbiennes." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/68630.
Full textAzrague, Kamal. "Couplage entre photochimie et membrane pour la dépollution d'eaux turbides : mise au point d'un photoréacteur à membrane et étude cinétique et mécanistisque de la dégradation de polluants organiques." Toulouse 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOU30230.
Full textThis work was carried out in the field of the depollution of turbid water by an original method combining membranes and photochemistry processes. Two types of photoreactor with membrane were developed, one using the photocatalysis (irradiation of a semiconductor: TiO2), the other using V-UV photolysis process (V-UV: irradiation at 172 nm wavelenght). The advantage of these hybrid water and processes is that they can be applied to the depollution of limpid water, but also of turbid water and even of muds in aqueous suspension. For this study, the polluant models selected is the 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHBA), contaminant agent resulting from the oxidation of the salisylic acid. The mineralisation of this compound was obtained for all photochemical processes used. The evolution of the various intermidiates formed during degradation was followed by various complementary analytical methods (UV-visible spectroscopy, GC, HPLC, HPLC/MS, TOC measurements). This study allows highlighting a different mechanism for the photocatalysis and V-UV photolysis. Indeed, in photocatalysis this compound reacts exclusively with the positive holes (h+) formed on the photocatalysor wheareas in V-UV photolysis an original mechanism of degradation of the DHBA implying only the hydroxyl radicals has been proved. Moreover, starting from the kinetics of mass transfer and degradation of the DHBA, it was possible to estabilish very good mathematical models describing the evolution of the pollutant in all compartments of the process. These models will allow, in an immediate future, to the dimensioning of pilot units
Oliveira, Cynthia. "Diversité des intégrons dans des sédiments estuariens anthropisés." Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMR093.
Full textIntegrons are bacterial genetic platforms allowing acquisition and expression of genes. Clinical integrons play a major role in the strong increase of antibiotic multi-resistant bacteria recently observed. However, in the environment, they represent only a tiny fraction of the large integron diversity. Therefore, the aims of this thesis were (i) estimating the extent of the integron diversity in the environment, (ii) understanding phenomena responsible for integron pool structure in anthropized estuarine sediments and (iii) looking for integrons potentially proxy of chemical pollution level. The research of class 1, 2 and 3 integrons and the analysis of E. coli populations in sediments from the Risle drainage basin impacted by well-characterized fecal contamination sources show that E. coli strains with human origins were spread on short distances during low water level periods. However, class 1 integrons are spread on slightly longer distances and remain present in the 12 first centimeters of sediments at least. A methodology was developed allowing, for the first time, the analysis of integron diversity by high-throughput sequencing. In this way, the analysis of a 4.8 meter core sediment from the fluvial Seine estuary highlighted several thousands integron classes including many new integrases absent from data bases. Integron diversity decreases along with depth. Class 1 integrons are the majority integrons in surface sediments but their abundance strongly decreases in deep sediments. Class 1 integron abundance rather responds positively to chemical pollutions accentuating the idea that class 1 integrons could be used as proxy of recent anthropogenic pollutions. In the sediment core, three integron classes outshine the whole dataset: they represent 38% of all the sequences from the sediment core. However, abundances of these three majority integron classes rather respond negatively to chemical pollution levels. Integron pool structure is highly correlated to bacterial community diversity but seems to be partially independent to bacterial community diversity within two deep fractions from the sediment core: in these two sediment fractions, a new integron class outshines the rest of integron classes and seems to be specific to these two sediment fractions. Furthermore, this new integron class seems to be selected by PAH
Irimiea, Cornelia. "Characterization of soot particles and their precursors by coupling laser-based techniques." Thesis, Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL10066.
Full textCombustion impacts many important aspects of our life like the air quality, the local and global climate and the use of energy sources. In the last decades, an outstanding progress towards cleaner combustion has been achieved. However, the reaction pathways leading to the formation of some pollutants, especially particulate matter (soot) resulting from incomplete combustion, are still elusive. In this work, we aim to investigate specific aspects of soot and its precursors formation in laboratory flames for a fundamental understanding of the mechanisms leading from the gas phase up to the mature particulate found in the exhausts. This objective is also pursued in field-campaigns to assess the potential impact of soot surface properties on the environment. Following this approach, experimental techniques like in-situ laser induced incandescence and fluorescence, and ex-situ laser desorption and secondary ion mass spectrometry are used to target specific properties of soot and its precursors. Notably, the evolution of the complex refractive index of soot is measured as a function of soot maturity, and the implications on both the flame physico-chemistry and the analytical techniques applicability are discussed. Additionally, a new detection method for soot and precursors based on simultaneous excitation at one wavelength is developed. In parallel, two campaigns are dedicated to the analysis of the surface chemistry of soot sampled from airplane and car exhausts. Statistical methods as multivariate analysis are used to identify patterns and differences within sets of samples by assessing the influence of the combustion parameters or the role of the fuel
Bijoux, Hugues. "Etude des impacts toxiques des contaminants chimiques du Bassin d'Arcachon sur l'huitre cultivée Crassostrea gigas : Approche in-situ et expérimentale." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0078/document.
Full textThe Arcachon Bay is a semi-enclosed lagoon and represents the core of strong economic stakes through the practice of oyster-farming. This activity has been affected for around thirty years by summer mortality events, and more recently by abnormally high death rates of juveniles. This work focused on the role of the Arcachon Bay’s main contaminants in this crisis, by studying their effects on the cupped oyster’s biology. Firstly, an in situ approach was adopted in order to identify the major pollutants of the bay: caged oysters were transplanted and sediments were sampled. The presence of contaminants in the samples was associated to biological responses. Secondly, the contaminants identified in situ were used in controlled conditions at the laboratory. Three experimentations were performed; the first dealt with the contamination pathways of tributyltin; the second focused on the biological effects of pesticides and copper; the third concerned the effects of PAH towards diploid and triploid oysters. Our results indicate that the inner stations present higher accumulation of metals and PAH, in accordance with the hydrodynamic features of the bay. The bioindicators used in situ exhibited seasonal trends related to the oysters’ gametogenesis. In the laboratory, most of the contaminants used at environmental levels induced an adaptive response of the exposed oysters. Our study highlights the importance of coupling in situ and laboratory approaches in order to understand the functioning of coastal ecosystems
Piot, Christine. "Polluants atmosphériques organiques particulaires en Rhône-Alpes : caractérisation chimique et sources d'émissions." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00661284.
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