Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Polluants gazeux du sol'
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Diallo, Thierno Mamadou Oury. "Impact des polluants gazeux du sol sur la qualité de l'air intérieur des bâtiments." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LAROS416/document.
Full textTransfer of soil gas pollutants (Radon, VOC) into buildings can cause significant health risks. However, analytical models used today to estimate health risks associated with these pollutants contain many uncertainties which can lead to poor risk assessment. Initially, the main objective of this thesis is to contribute to the improvement of these models for risk assessment. Secondly, we propose the development of air flow model for passive Sub slab Depressurization Systems (SDS) design used to protect buildings. The improvement of models focused on the inclusion of the main phenomena of convection and diffusion at building/soil interface, taking into account different types of building substructures. The first improvement concerns the assessment of convection phenomenon through the development of analytical models to quantify air flow rates entering through many kinds of building substructures: floating slab, bearing slab, crawl space and basement. Buildings with buried walls and substructures with a sub slab gravel layer are also treated. A methodology taking into account the presence of cracks, holes and singular leakages of the slab is also proposed. The second improvement of the models is the inclusion of coupled transfer of convection and diffusion near foundations. A numerical study allowed a better understanding of the behavior of pollutants at soil / building interface. Based on this understanding, semi-empirical laws for estimating soil gas pollutants entry rate into buildings are proposed. The various models developed have been validated numerically using a CFD model and experimentally with data from the literature when available. The impact of building substructure on pollutant transfer has been highlighted. A first application of the model is illustrated by their integration into a multizone simulation code to study the impact of these transfers on indoor air quality. Finally, the work ends with the development of a model for designing passive sub slab depressurization systems. The design model developed is validated with in situ experimental data. Preliminary applications using this model focused at first on the impact of meteorological conditions (stack effect, wind) on the sub slab system running. At second, the impact of ventilation strategies on sub slab depressurization performance is studied. Thus, we see the potential interest of this model to test the effective running of passive sub slab depressurization systems in given configuration
Abdelouhab, Malya. "Contribution à l’étude du transfert des polluants gazeux entre le sol et les environnements intérieurs des bâtiments." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LAROS329/document.
Full textRisk assessment tools related to transfers of gaseous pollutant from soil to indoor environments present large uncertainties relative to the knowledge of certain parameters, particularly those relating to the soil-building interface: considering the different basement typology, permeability level of floor. These uncertainties lead to an inaccurate evaluation of the impact of gaseous pollutants on indoor air quality.In order to contribute to the improvement of risk assessment models of gaseous pollutants from the soil, thiswork present in a fist part the development of analytical and numerical models. These models have been adapted to consider the different basement, in order to estimate the transfer of gaseous pollutants from the soil to the building. An analogy with heat transfer phenomena between soil and building is used to develop these models.They predict convective airflow transfers between soils and building, for different soil-building interface.There after, the analytical model has been incorporated into an airflow model. This model enables us to study the impact of different types of basement on the entry of pollutants from soil and the indoor air quality.Besides, experimental works have been made to complete the knowledge of concrete air permeability, because of a lack of data. Furthermore, the convective airflows from soil to building have been quantified experimentally.These airflows have been determined in the experimental house ‘MARIA’ installed in the CSTB. Suchquantification constitutes the first experimental database.Finally, the last part of this work shows a one-year follow-up study about the ability of natural SoilDepressurisation System. This study has been carried out to optimize the solutions of buildings protection from the soil gaseous pollutants
Abdelouhab, Malya. "Contribution à l'étude du transfert des polluants gazeux entre le sol et les environnements intérieurs des bâtiments." Phd thesis, Université de La Rochelle, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00683739.
Full textRios, Mora Juan Sebastian. "Optimisation de la gestion de l’impact des polluants gazeux du sol sur la qualité de l’air intérieur." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LAROS035.
Full textPolluted sites and most precisely vapor intrusion represents a potential risk for human health and its environment. Various screening-level and analytical models have been proposed in order to evaluate vapor intrusion and provide assessment tools for exposure risk. However, some in situ investigations show significant differences between predicted and measured indoor concentrations leading eventually to misleading conclusions and inappropriate solution implementations. These uncertainties are mainly associated with a poor characterization of the site, an incomplete modeling of transfer pathways and mechanisms, or by neglecting certain influencing parameters on this transfer. For example, ignoring the lateral source/building separation may serve as possible explanation of the uncertainties presented by the conventional models based on a homogeneous source distribution assumption. The authors agree that lateral migration plays an important role in the attenuation of the indoor concentration. In homogeneous or continuous source scenarios vapors may migrate mainly vertically towards the building. However, lateral source may promote lateral migration to the atmosphere and less into the building generating a greater attenuation of the indoor concentration. In this context, the main objective of this thesis work is to contribute to the improvement of the assessment and management risk tools in order to improve the accuracy of their estimations and increase their range of application. To do this, new vapor intrusion models are developed considering the lateral source/building separation. These models are built on a numerical experimentation and dimensionless analysis based on existing models (semi-empirical models considering a homogeneous source distribution). The combination of these two approaches allows, on the one hand, to maintain the aptitude of the existing models to consider the physical properties of the soil (permeability, diffusion coefficient, …) and the characteristics of the building (type of construction, building depression, volume,…), and on the other hand, to better precise the position of the source in the soil taking into account the influence of the lateral source/building separation in the estimations. From a comparative analysis, the accuracy of these new expressions is verified comparing to the proposed numerical model (CFD), experimental data and existing models in the literature. Finally, the proposed expressions were coupled with a ventilation code (MATHIS-QAI) allowing to better specify indoor characteristics (ventilation system, air permeability of the envelope, volume of the building, …) and estimate indoor air concentration levels as a function of environmental variations (wind speed, outside temperature, …) over time. From a parametric study it was shown that despite the significant impact of the characteristics of the building, the influence of the lateral source/building separation remains predominant on the attenuation of the indoor concentration (attenuation of several orders of magnitude when the source is laterally offset of the building compared to a homogeneous source). However, specifying the characteristics of the building (construction type, ventilation system, air permeability, …) and weather conditions may increase the accuracy of the estimation avoiding the implementation of extreme solutions or insufficient actions
Fuchs, Sophie. "Conception et réalisation de méthodes de détection de polluants gazeux atmosphériques à l'aide d'un nez électronique portable." Thesis, Metz, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008METZ046S/document.
Full textThe malodorous atmospheric pollution results essentially from four gases SO2, H2S, No2 and NH3. To reduce at best these fatal effects on the health and the environment, it is necessary to control continuously the gas emanations closer to the source, That requires adevice enable to detect these polluant gases, easy to use, with reduced size and weight. In this way, we have realized a portable electronic nose, to detect of the four target gases already mentioned. The sensitive part of this prototype is composed of a matrix of six semi conducting metal oxide sensors, offering a good cross sensivity. The electronic nose mimics the human nose, he has to learn to recognize an odour. This learning phase is realised in the laboratoy by introducing in the sensor cell gas mixtures with controlled composition, The sensor response varies with the nature of the gas (reducing or oxidizing) and their own gas sensitivity. The use of analysis and data methods proves that our electronic nose can well discriminate a complex gas mixture and quantify it. Then, we have placed the electronic nose in a real situation, by studying the odour coming from a duck experimental farm. The obtained results showed that this prototype could well detect the variations of the odour level in accordance with the influent parameters. So, we have realized the laboratory and the real site validation of our electronic nose. But the metal oxide sensors present an inconvenient : they have to keep continuously their working temperature (~ 350°C). To prevent this strong energy consumption, we have developed polymer sensors which work at room temperature. The characterization in laboratory showed that they are sensitive to studied target gases. Their responses to H2S have a good stability in short and middle term, allowing to integrate them into the matrix after complete development
Dupuit, Estelle. "L'analyse de polluants gazeux par spectrophotométrie UV moyennement résolutive." Aix-Marseille 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001AIX11021.
Full textArreguy, André. "Traitement d'effluents gazeux par biofiltration : Application à l'hydrogène sulfuré." Pau, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PAUU3005.
Full textJOURNOT, PASCAL. "Etude experimentale de l'aptitude d'un electrofiltre humide a l'absorption des polluants gazeux." Chambéry, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996CHAMS015.
Full textGimbert, Frédéric. "Cinétiques de transferts de polluants du sol à l'escargot." Besançon, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2006BESA2079.
Full textTo answer issues concerning the environmental fate and consequences of trace metallic elements (TME), this thesis aims to improve the assessment of bioavailability, transfers and effects of soil TME by studying the accumulation kinetics of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) in the snail Helix aspera. The long-term monitoring of internal concentrations provides a picture of TME accumulation and elimination patterns. The development of toxicokinetic models allows obtaining for the first time both in the lab and in the field an estimate of internal fluxes in H. Aspera. The contrasted kinetic between Cd, Pb and Zn underline the importance of both TME and organism intrinsic characteristics. The subcellular fractionation analysis of the TME allows understanding the variability of the accumulation patterns, the depuration strategies and the toxic effects induced on snail growth and reproduction. The TME internal sequestration and their excretion potential determine the steady-state achievement, the level of witch is modulated by the TME assimilation, directly related to the TME behaviour in soil. This steady-state, by reflecting a balance between assimilation and excretion, constitutes a threshold between environmental and toxicological bioavailabilities. Uptake flux can therefore be considered as an indicator of TME bioavailability and as a predictive determinant of sublethal effects. This research should contribute to the development of bioaccumulation guideline, which is always lacking for the risk assessment in terrestrial environment
Salame, Thérèse. "Sources d’émission du carbone organique gazeux à Beyrouth." Thesis, Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL10108/document.
Full textThe atmospheric pollution related to the VOC still maintains a great interest since these species contribute to the formation of tropospheric ozone, peroxyacetylnitrate and secondary organic aerosols resulting in negative impacts on human health, climate and on the environment. In order to apply efficient control strategies, there is a need to identify the VOC emission sources, to determine their speciation and their contribution to VOC ambient levels. To date, there is a paucity of data regarding the VOC in the Middle East region (MEA) due to a lack of ground-based measurements leading to insufficient evaluation of air pollution in this region. In this work, we report the results of the first study regarding VOC in Lebanon, a developing country in the MEA region. The study is based on two intensive field measurement campaigns within the frame of the Emission and Chemistry of Organic Carbon in the East Mediterranean, Beirut (ECOCEM-Beirut) project conducted during summer 2011 and winter 2012 at a sub-urban site. Over 70 VOC from C2 to C16 have then been measured. First, we provide insights on the factors controlling VOC distribution. Then, VOC source profiles were determined with field measurements close to the main potential emitters. Finally, we identified the VOC factors, based on the sources profiles established previously, and quantified their relative contribution according to the season, by implementing the source receptor model PMF. The major sources were traffic-related emissions (combustion and gasoline evaporation) in winter and in summer. The modeled results showed an agreement with the local emission inventory regarding the load of the on-road mobile source
Gaucher, Ingrid. "Étude de la destruction thermique des polluants gazeux issus du séchage du lisier de porc." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0003/MQ38680.pdf.
Full textDebevec, Cécile. "Identification des déterminants de la concentration en polluants organiques gazeux dans le bassin méditerranéen Est." Thesis, Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL10138/document.
Full textVolatile organic compounds (VOCs) play a key role within the atmospheric system acting as precursors of ozone and secondary organic aerosols (OA). In the Mediterranean region, particulate and gaseous concentrations are usually higher than in most continental European regions especially during summertime. However, air pollution in this region remains difficult to characterize because of a lack of atmospheric measurements. This thesis provides a better understanding of the sources and fate of VOCs in the Eastern Mediterranean region. During the intensive field campaign held in March 2015 at a background site of Cyprus, real-time measurements of a large number of VOCs have been performed, allowing the evaluation of their concentration levels in ambient air, improving the understanding of their major sources in the area, and describing their variabilities and their potential origins. A factorial analysis (PMF) showed that the local biogenic sources and the regional background were found to be the largest contributors to the VOC concentrations observed at this site. Benefiting from real-time OA measurements, a parallel between organic aerosol and gas phase composition was conducted. Biogenic VOC interactions with anthropogenic compounds can influence formation and growth of newly particles, inducing a reinforcement of secondary OA fraction. Finally, on-line measurements of primary VOCs were performed from January 2015 to February 2016 to provide a better characterization of the seasonal variation in VOCs and their sources impacting the Eastern Mediterranean region
Desroches-Ducarne, Estelle. "Étude du devenir des polluants gazeux lors de l'incinération d'ordures ménagères en lit fluidisé circulant." Mulhouse, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997MULH0475.
Full textThe Circulating Fluidized Bed (CFB) combustor seems to be a promising tool, being able to burn a variety of fuels whilst maintaining low emissions levels. The present work describes an experimental ant theorical investigation into the formation and destruction of acid gases (HCl and SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NO and N2O) during Municipal Solid Waste incineration. Experiments were conducted on six different fuels (namely MSW, mixtures of wood / paper / plastics, polyethylene…). The effect of five parameters (temperature, excess air, air staging, calcium addition and moisture) on the emissions levels was investigated. A statistical study on the experimental data allowed us to quantify the impact of the operating conditions and the influence of fuel characteristics. A mathematical model has been developped which includes the main physical and chemical steps of combustion in CFB and which predicts the pollutant emissions under various operating conditions. A parametric study of the influence of operating conditions on emissions showed that in most cases the trends predicted by the model are in agreement with the experimental observations
Besse-Deleaval, Julie. "Dynamique des micro-polluants semi-volatils : transferts à l'interface sol-air." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00976002.
Full textSeddiki, Fatma. "Contrôle en ligne des polluants élémentaires dans les effluents gazeux par ICP-HF : étalonnage et justesse." Lyon, INSA, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997ISAL0031.
Full textDuval, Alice. "Etude des mécanismes réactionnels entre polluants et surfaces appliquée aux réacteurs nucléaires du futur à caloporteur gaz." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066567.
Full textCaron, Alexandre. "Mesure de la dynamique des polluants gazeux en air intérieur : évaluation des performances de systèmes multi-capteurs." Thesis, Lille 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL10161/document.
Full textNowadays, indoor air quality is a major health issue and a growing research challenge. Many pollutants are presentinside buildings. They are directly emitted by indoor sources such as building materials, furniture, occupants and theiractivities or transferred from outdoors. Due to an increasing concern for energy saving, recent buildings are much moreairtight, reducing the pollutants elimination to the outside. Standard analyzers are not suitable for monitoring the airquality indoors. These techniques are usually bulky, expensive, noisy and require skilled people. An alternative to theseconventional methods recently appeared under the form of microsensors. In this work, the performances and limitationsof different type of sensors such as infrared sensors, electrochemical sensors, photoionisation detectors orsemiconductive sensors for the measurement of CO2, CO, NOx, O3 or VOC, were evaluated in laboratory conditions andalso during measurement campaigns in order to monitor the major indoor air pollutants. Although the response of thesesensors is highly correlated with the concentration measured by reference instruments, their lack of selectivity does notalways allow a quantitative analysis. Naive Bayes classifier and bisecting k-means clustering were used to help analyzethe output of the sensors, and allow identifying typical pollution events, reflecting the dynamics of the indoor air quality
Bouilly, Cristiana Monica. "Caractérisation de l'influence de l'humidité sur les interactions entre les polluants gazeux et les matériaux du bâtiment." La Rochelle, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007LAROS186.
Full textThe indoor air quality (IAQ) field has gained considerable interest of many researchers, interest clearly justified by the fact that the citizens spend more then 80% of their time inside of the buildings. During the past 15 years, many experimental studies have dealt with the environmental parameters (temperature, humidity, air velocity…) influence of on the volatiles organic compounds (VOC) emission and the reversible sink effect of materials. While for the temperature all this lead to a general consensus on its influence, the conclusions are very different sometimes even divergent for humidity. This appears as the main reason of our study. Our work implies an experimental study on the phenomena parameters identification involved into the pollutants transport through the building materials and a static and a dynamic modeling on the gaseous contaminants/humidity/wall interactions. To accomplish these items, the phenomena that appear in the pollutant transport process through the building materials are described. The lack in amount of data concerning the transfer coefficients give a good reason to research and to find some relations between the physical - chemical characteristics of VOC and transfer coefficients. The last part of this work implies the integration of the mass transfer models into a simulation code on the Matlab environment. This approach is similar with the thermal transfer models used by CSTB. Within these models we are able to reproduce the gaseous pollutant and humidity transfer in the materials and also we can study the humidity influence on the VOC/ wall interactions at many levels: diffusion level, adsorption and absorption level
Siampiringue, Marie. "Phototransformation de polluants organiques à la surface de sol : études cinétique et analytique sur supports modèles et sur sol réel." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00860239.
Full textRondeau, Anne. "Compréhension du fonctionnement biologique et physico-chimique d'un biofiltre végétalisé pour le traitement de polluants atmosphériques urbains gazeux." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO10012/document.
Full textIn town, underground car parks are confined spaces in witch large and complex pollution are accumulated. They are also a source of contamination of the external environment since the treatment of the air pumped out by ventilation system sis not regulated. In the framework of air treatment, using planted biofilter, combining bacteria and plants, is an innovative solution contributing to the improvement of urban air quality by reducing the dispersion of gaseous pollutants in the atmosphere. In a « research and development » context, the objective is to understand the biological and physico-chemical operation for improving operational control. This innovative study focuses on the treatment of high volumes of air containing a low concentrations of pollutants, such as NOx, VOCs (about 100 à 200 µg.m-3) through a thin planted biofilter. The use of a pilot-scale unit of biofiltration allowed to evaluate the influence of the plant, as well as the necessity of a fertilization, on the removal efficiency of such a system. In order to maximize the volumes of treated air while limiting the footprint of the planted biofilters, the superficial gas velocity has been increased and the thickness of the packing material decreased. The indigenous bacteria have been characterized by a functional study of the bacterial communities involved in the degradation of NOx and TEX on one part, and by a quantitative and qualitative study of the total bacterial community on the other part, by using molecular biology approaches, such a real-time PCR amplification, and pyrosequencing from metagenomic DNA. Results on pilot-scale unit have shown a removal efficiency greater than 97%, in all environmental conditions tested. Consequently, it seems possible to treat high volumes of air containing low concentrations of TEX through a thin planted biofilter. The presence of plants does not seem to have short-term impacts on the removal efficiency when a fertilizer promotes the nitrogen availability in the packing material. The evaluation of the global microbiological functioning showed the potential of microbial communities in the biodegradation of NOx and TEX in planted biofilters. The indigenous bacterial communities of the packing material and the mound of soil are rapidly able to adapt to the functioning conditions of such a system
Motta, Alexandre. "Effet de polluants atmosphériques gazeux sur l'allergénicité du pollen de Phleum pratense et sur la réponse allergique respiratoire." Paris 7, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA077233.
Full textAir pollution induces a direct irritant effect on the respiratory tracks, as well as an adjuvant effet on the respiratory allergic reaction. During this study, we first determined the allergens modifications induced by an exposure of pollen from the grass Phleum pratense to gaseous air pollutants. In a second step, we measured the effects of the treatment of pollen with pollutants on its allergenicity, in a model of respiratory allergy in the Brown Norway rat. The results showed that the treatment did not modify the allergens themselves, but induced their release in a molecular form, or associated with the pollen cytoplasmic granules. The study of these granules revealed that their allergenic potential is higher than the one of the intact pollen. Moreover, unlike the pollen grains which are blocked in the upper airways, the granules can penetrate into the lungs because of their small size. Our work provides evidence for another mechanism by which air pollution is involved in the current increase of prevalence of pollen-induced respiratory allergic diseases. Indeed, by inducing the release of pollen allergens in a highly allergenic form, air pollution increases their bio-availability and thus, the risk of developing allergy to pollen for the population living in urban areas
Zervas, Efthimios. "Etude des mécanismes de formation des polluants spécifiques émis par les moteurs à combustion interne." Mulhouse, 1996. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02966575.
Full textMethods for the analysis on sulfur dioxide, alcohols and organic acids have been developed. The first one includes the capture of the sulfur dioxide in a solution of oxygenated water and the analysis by ionic chromatography with a conductimetric detector. The second one includes the capture in pure water and an analysis by gas chromatography/flame ionisation detector. The third one uses the capture in pure water and the analysis of the formic acid by an ionic chromatography and of the other acids by gas chromatography. These methods have been applied in the case of vehicles' non-regulated pollutants research. An experiment design, combined specified fuels and analysis of the exhaust gazes, has been applied on a spark ignition engine. These tests proved several qualitative and quantitative correlations between the composition of the fuel and the emitted pollutants. Precursors of hydrocarbons, aldehydes, ketones, alcohols and organic acids have been found. These results show that aromatics and cyclohexane contribute for the benzene's formation, 1-hexene and cyclohexane for the 1,3 butadiene's, aromatics are the precursors of the propionic acid and o xylene of the butyric acid
Fiani, Emmanuel. "Adsorption de polluants gazeux sur des filtres de charbon actif. Modélisation des échanges couples de matière et de chaleur." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, 2000. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00820987.
Full textPIEPLU, HERAMBOURG ANNE. "Elimination catalytique de polluants sulfures (h#2s, cos, cs#2) des effluents gazeux. Effet et modelisation de la sulfatation." Caen, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994CAEN2051.
Full textDUDRAGNE, LAURENS. "Procede d'identification et d'analyse de polluants en milieu gazeux et sur cible, par spectroscopie de plasma induit par laser." Paris 6, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA066105.
Full textEmonet, Annelise. "Études expérimentale et numérique de la migration d'un polluant organique dans un milieu poreux homogène à saturation variable en eau." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003INPL028N.
Full textBou, Orm Nadine. "Nano-matériaux hybrides pour l’élimination de micro-polluants organiques (HAP) dans les effluents aqueux." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO10273/document.
Full textThe subject of the thesis concerns the elaboration of new hybrid nanomaterials Mox (M=Ti, Zr)n for the elimination of PAH micro-pollutants in aqueous effluents. Taking into account the nature of such pollutants, we chose to work on organic fragments (R) mono- or poly-aromatic, which could form complexes or transfer (p-stacking) with the HAPs in solution, given that these interactions are effective in aqueous media. In order to obtain an effective and long-lasting grafting, we selected phosphonates R-P (O)(OH)2 ligands rather than carboxylates ones R-COOH. This poject thus consisted of the elaboration of different ligands of phosphonic acid containing at least one insaturation via an Aza-Michael addition. Heteroleptic molecular precursors were obtained by reaction between metallic alkoxides and various phosphonic acids, and led us hybrid nanomaterials in a single stage by sol-gel process. This molecular approach “bottom-up & one pot” allowed the obtaining of crystallized nanoparticles (for the titanium) and the control of the surface functionalization. The performances of these nanomaterialsThe performances of these nanomaterials were then tested, alone or supported on fabrics, for the elimination of HAP (considered as priority by the American agency EPA). The results of adsorption of the HAPs on the various synthesized nanomaterials show an exceptional efficiency of materials to adsorb 16 HAPs. The nanocomposite materials (textile/oxides) demonstrated the same performances of adsorption of the HAPs as the hybrid nano-structured powders, while bringing the additional benefit to treat effectively bigger volumes of waters polluted within shorter time. Finally these materials can be recycled which is totally impossible with the usual carbon materials such as activated charcoal
Nerriere, Eléna. "Distribution de l'exposition de la population urbaine à des polluants particuliers et gazeux génotoxiques et évaluation du risque de cancer." Nancy 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004NAN11304.
Full textMahjoub, Borhane. "Comportement dans le sol de polluants aromatiques issus du goudron de houille : Etude du partage goudron/eau et de l'effet du vieillissement sur la mobilité des polluants." Lyon, INSA, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999ISAL0071.
Full textAll industrialized countries have on their territories many contaminated sites containing coal-tar materials. On the long term, the fate of the pollutants is mainly controlled by the dissolution of coal-tar into water and by the sorption and biodegradation of pollutants in soil. Three model contaminants and several soil matrices have been selected for this work, which can be divided into two different parts: -Study of the partitioning equilibrium and kinetics of the organic pollutants between coal-tar and water. -Study of the adsorption and desorption of the organic pollutants• in soils, taking into account quick and slow kinetics. The experimental results clearly show that coal tar cannot be considered as an ideal solution (as described by Raoult's law) with regards to phase partition of pollutants with water. The main identified mechanisms of phase partition are the quasi instantaneous solubilization of pollutants near the coal tar/water interface, and the diffusion of pollutants within the organic phase or at the interface which controls the transfer kinetics of pollutants towards the aqueous phase. The results also show that several factors can modify the rate and the extent of the pollutants release (temperature, pH, ionic strength. Ageing of the interface. . . ). The experimental results of the second part of the study show a reduction of the pollutant mobility with the increase of the time of contact between the pollutant and the soil. Freeze/thaw cycles were found to reduce significantly the effect of ageing. The long term abiotic sequestration of organic pollutants by soil or clay is related to slow molecular diffusion processes within the aggregates micropores or within the soil natural organic matter
Ounnas, Fayçal. "Influence de la matrice sol sur la biodisponibilitté orale des Polluants Organiques Persistants chez les ruminants laitiers." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011INPL042N/document.
Full textPersistent Organic Pollutants (PoP) can be accumulated through the “memory effect of soil”. Ruminants can therefore be exposed to the PoP through involuntary ingestion of the contaminated soil. On pasture, soil ingested by ruminants can reach 800 g of soil per day. But PoP interact with the soil particles, leading to the formation of strong bonds which can decrease their bioavailability. Therefore, we developed several approaches in order to determine the bioavailability of soil-bound PoP. Indeed, more precision on the impact of soil on the bioavailability of the contaminants is essential to assess the transfer to the animal products. The investigations focused on two PoP families: the Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) which are readily cleared and the PolyChloroBiphenyls (PCB) which are poorly metabolized. For the PCB, the relative bioavailability was estimated by comparing the values of the transfer coefficients or « Carry-Over Rates » obtained after soil ingestion, with that those obtained in the literature with other food matrices such as hay. The second study was conducted in order to calculate the bioavailability of soil-bound PAH. This experimental approach lay in comparing soil matrix with the reference matrix (oil) through the urinary excretion of the major hydroxylated PAH metabolites. The last investigation focused on the statistical combination of the results of several studies that address a set of related research on the role of organic matter (organic carbon) on the bioaccessibility of the PAH in the gastro-intestinal tract. The results of the studies performed show that soil has limited impact on the PoP bioavailability in ruminants. However, the lipophilicity of PoP seems to play a role in regulating their bioavailability. Indeed, soil impact is not significant for Phenanthrene (three-ring molecule), whereas the bioavailability of Pyrene is estimated at 50 % (four-ring molecule). The bioaccessibility in the gastro-intestinal tract is a component of the bioavailability; it was estimated for PAH at between 0.2 and 46%, and seems to be led by the concentration of PAH and the organic carbon content in soil. These results suggest that soil matrix deserves some special focus because its properties of geoaccumulation may increase the risk of transfer of PoP to the ruminant. The geosorbant property of soil, which explains its role as environmental reservoir of PoP, does not appear enough to avoid contamination of animal products, in the conditions of the lactating ruminant digestif tract. Particular attention should be paid to soil in the scenarios of risk assessment
Delmarre, David. "Incorporation de porphyrines dans les matrices sol-gel : études spectroscopiques et application à la détection de polluants." Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998DENS0024.
Full textDiercxsens, Philippe. "Contribution à la connaissance des sources et de la dynamique de quelques polluants prioritaires organiques dans l'écosystème sol /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 1987. http://library.epfl.ch/theses/?nr=681.
Full textFloch, Carine. "Les enzymes du sol : étude de leurs potentialités bioindicatrices de contaminations par des métaux et des polluants organiques." Aix-Marseille 3, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AIX30070.
Full textThe main objective of this research was to determine the potential bioindicator of certain enzymatic activities to characterize the functioning and quality of soil in the context of metal and organic pollutions (i. E. Pesticides and conventional, organic or biological, and integrated management strategies). In a first step, a methodology for the quantification in soils of phenol oxidase activities has been developed, and further study on its sensitivity towards certain metals has been performed. Thereafter, different approaches have been apprehended through incubation under controlled laboratory conditions and field observations, made at scales ranging from plot to landscape. The enzymes studied are involved in the functioning of the major biogeochemical cycles of C (cellulase, fluorescein diacetate hydrolase, β-galactosidase, β-glucosidase and phenol oxidase), N (arylamidase), P (acid and alkaline phosphomonoesterases, phosphodiesterase and phosphotriesterase) and S (arylsulfatase). The results have clearly demonstrated the variability of response patterns of enzyme activities, with the type of contamination and physical and chemical characteristics of soils. This underlines the difficulty for selecting universal enzymatic bioindicators of soil quality for a wide range of perturbations. However, some enzymes, such as arylamidases and phenol oxidases, proved repeatedly to be indicators especially sensitive to disturbance applied to the different soils of this study. An interesting continuation of this work would be to integrate such kind of study of these potential bioindicators in networks of soil quality measurement. Finally, other microbial parameters were also studied, the functional diversity of bacterial communities (Biolog® Eco) and bacterial and fungal densities, but they have proved to be less relevant as soil quality indicators with regards to enzyme activities
Tulet, Pierre. "Modelisation physio-chimique de la pollution regionale : impacts des divers processus de transport des polluants gazeux en situations complexes et test de validations." Toulouse 3, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000TOU30091.
Full textHeymes, Frédéric. "Traitement d'air chargé en COV [composés organiques volatils] hydrophobes par un procédé hybride : Absorption-pervaporation." Montpellier 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON20032.
Full textTruong, Thanh-Toan. "Capteurs chimiques à transduction optique de polluants atmosphériques à base de matériaux nanoporeux : applications au benzène et au toluène." Paris 11, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA112072.
Full textLow cost sensors of volatile organic compounds are needed for the detection of atmospheric pollutants. In the present work, our efforts are focused on monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (MAHs) and particularly on benzene, whose atmospheric concentration has been legislated because of its high toxicity. We chose to elaborate chemical sensors using nanoporous materials as sensitive layers for the trapping of MAHs, and optical techniques for their detection. Two strategies have been developed. The first one is based on the use of hybrid organic-inorganic xerogels, whose pore sizes have been tailored to irreversibly trap benzene and toluene. The concentrations of these compounds can therefore be deduced from their absorbance in the UV domain. The efficiency of the sensor is optimum for pollutant concentrations lower than 100 ppbs because of the slow pollutant diffusion within the narrow pores. Because of the slow response, the sensor can only be applied for the measurements of averaged values of the pollutant concentration. The second strategy has aimed at improving both sensitivity and response time of the sensor. In this case, mesoporous thin films of inorganic polymers were doped with a fluorescent probe, dibenzoylmethanatobore difluoride (DBMBF2). DBMBF2 was shown to form a ground state complex with benzene which does not fluoresce. The metrology of benzene is then based on the loss of the fluorescence intensity. This method however suffers from the interference of oxygen which contributes to the quenching of the DBMBF2 fluorescence. Nevertheless, the DBMBF2-benzene ground state complex
Hyvelin, Jean-Marc. "Exposition ex vivo aux polluants gazeux des voies aériennes et des vaisseaux pulmonaires humains et animaux : effet sur la réactivité et la signalisation cellulaire." Bordeaux 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BOR28714.
Full textBilleret, Mikaëline. "Évaluation de la biodisponibilité des principaux polluants présents dans le sol et de leurs impacts sur l'organisme d'animaux sentinelles." Lyon 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001LYO1T094.
Full textMarcic, Christophe. "ÉVALUATION DU TRANSFERT DES POLLUANTS ORGANOSTANNIQUES DANS LE SYSTÈME SOL – PLANTE À PARTIR DE L'ÉPANDAGE DE BOUE DE STATION D'ÉPURATION." Phd thesis, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00012183.
Full textGharbi, Tarchouna Lobna. "Rôle de la matière organique sur le devenir des polluants métalliques. Cas de la fertirrigation d'un sol en climat méditerranéen." Toulon, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008TOUL0020.
Full textThe aim of this study is to investigate the consequences of the fertirrigation on a sandy soil in Porquerolles Island (France) on a peach trees field irrigated by wastewater for 15 years and another one which was never irrigated and was used as a reference. We followed physical and chemical properties of both soils at three depths (0-20 cm, 20-40 cm, 40-60 cm). To study the role of natural organic matter in the heavy metals transfer, notably copper, chromium, lead and cadmium, we made sequential extractions for metal and soil organic matter. Batch and column expermiments used to study heavy metals and soil interactions, showed the existence of a competition between copper and chromium in a static and dynamic point of view. Our experimentals results were validated by the PHREEQC and STAINMOD hydrogeochemical interactive code. Finally, this study on the metal transfer in soil made in laboratory was completed by in situ study. Both field study sites were equipped by tensionmeters, humidimeters and lysimeters All these data permitted to follow the profil of heavy metals, dissolved organic carbon and majors in soil solution and to calculated hydric balance of the soil
Marcic, Christophe. "Evaluation du transfert des polluants organostatiques dans le système sol-plante à partir de l'épandage de boue de station d'épuration." Pau, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PAUU3027.
Full textBonnet, Frédéric. "Comportement à moyen et long terme dans le sous-sol de polluants issus du processus de pyrolyse de la houille." Marne-la-vallée, ENPC, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ENPC9817.
Full textLoizeau, Vincent. "Prise en compte d'un modèle de sol multi-couches pour la simulation multi-milieux à l'échelle européenne des polluants organiques persistants." Thesis, Paris Est, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PEST1168/document.
Full textPersitent Organic Pollutants (POPs) are toxic substances that bioaccumulate in the food chain. Once emitted in the atmosphere, they are transported by the wind and deposited on soil. Since they are persistent, they can be reemited from soil to atmosphere by volatilization and travel over very long distances. This process is called grasshopper effect. Thus, POPs may be found at significant levels far from their emission source. It is necessary to understand the transport and fate of these pollutants in order to support the decision making process and reduce human exposure to POPs. Regulations over the last decades lead to a decrease of anthropogenic emissions and subsequent decrease of atmospheric concentration. In this context, the soil is no longer a sink of POPs but can be a source to the atmosphere. Many numeric models aim to study the behavior of POPs in the environment. Most of them consider soil compartment as a homogeneous box, leading to an underestimation of reemissions. Then, it appears of great importance to develop more realistic soil models. The objective of my thesis was to develop such a model, with vertical transport within the soil. This model was evaluated against measured concentration soil profile. We also conducted a sensitivity analysis to identify the key parameters involved in the process of reemissions. Then, the soil model was coupled with an atmospheric transport model. A case study was finally undertaken to estimate the impacts of reemissions on global-mass balance of POPs at European scale
Martinelli, Isabelle. "Infiltration des eaux de ruissellement pluvial et transfert de polluants associés dans un sol urbain : Vers une approche globale et pluridisciplinaire." Lyon, INSA, 1999. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/1999ISAL0116/these.pdf.
Full textStorm water run-off infiltration now appears as a supplementary or alternative strategy to gravitational drainage systems. The present study sought to draw up a framework to represent pollutant transfer in such infiltration, this phenomenon being governed by various physical, chemical and biological processes. Study of the literature was able on the one hand to specify urban storm water run-off pollution, and, on the other, to identify the various possible processes undergone or induced during infiltration in the sail. Lt was noted that experimentation in this area requires certain extra input, whether, at laboratory level, for studying interactions effects between several pollutants and several processes, or, in the field, for a better account of soil heterogeneity and of integration of various elementary phenomena. Nevertheless, the state of knowledge regarding these levels and various scientific areas made it possible to identify the main parameters seeming to govern pollutant transfer. A representation was drawn up of the soil underlying a storm water run-off infiltration system, and a experimental framework proposed both to validate and to enhance the present model
Jia, Zixian. "Elaboration des matériaux composites nanostructurés Ag, Au/TiO² pour la dépollution des effluents gazeux avec une activation par plasma." Thesis, Paris 13, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA132050.
Full textDuring this Phd work, we have developed a plasma-catalytic process of acetaldehyde removal using a diphasic process coupling a nano-structured catalyst and an atmospheric pressure plasma. The elaboration of the nanoparticulate catalyst has been firstly studied. Then its performance coupling with plasma has been investigated. The monodispersed titanium-oxo-alkoxy nanoparticles are generated in the sol-gel reactor with turbulent micromixing and deposited onto glass plates or glass balls as monolayer nanocoatings. The silver and gold deposition is achieved by the ions reduction at UV-A light illumination. The photocatalytic growth kinetics and nanoparticle morphology are studied experimentally by the TEM, SEM and AFM methods. It’s also interesting to discuss the mechanism of the nanoparticles formation and evaluate its quantum efficiency. The drawn conclusions are supported theoretically through the calculation of the absorption spectra. Then the efficiency of the process coupling a dielectric barrier discharge and a fluidized nanostructured silver and gold based bed for the degradation of a model pollutant (acetaldehyde CH₃ CHO) is studied. In the first part, the efficiency of the plasma alone process is discussed, in terms of pollutant removal and CO and CO₂ production. In the second part, CH₃ CHO removal as well as COx production is studied as a function of the photocatalytic reduction time of Ag⁺ and Au³⁺ ions, which is related to the deposited silver and gold mass. The pollutant removal pathways, including homogeneous chemistry in the plasma phase and heterogeneous chemistry on the surface, are discussed. Finally, the production of main by-products is presented and compared between Ag and Au catalysts
POULET, DAVID. "Modelisation meso-echelle de la redistribution des polluants gazeux et particulaires emis par les feux de vegetation en afrique centrale. Comparaison avec les mesures aeroportees (campagne expresso)." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000CLF22232.
Full textPerdrial, Nicolas. "Nature et rôle des matières solides en suspension dans la dynamique du transfert des éléments polluants." Phd thesis, Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00760435.
Full textCarette, Michel. "Etude expérimentale d'une source ionique par capture d'électrons d'atomes excités dans des états de Rydberg : application à la spectrométrie de masse de polluants atmosphériques." Aix-Marseille 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999AIX11065.
Full textSobanska, Sophie. "Étude de la spéciation du plomb et du zinc dans des poussières industrielles et dans un sol contaminé : approche par méthodes spectroscopiques." Lille 1, 1999. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1999/50376-1999-7.pdf.
Full textWin, Maw. "Étude de la biodégradation de l'acétate d'isobutyle en phase gazeuse et liquide." Compiègne, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988COMPS149.
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