Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Polluants organiques – Absorption et adsorption'
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Elmanfe, Galal. "Coadsorption de polluants organiques et de métaux lourds : analyse fondamentale d'un mécanisme de physisorption." Brest, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BRES2013.
Full textThis study was aimed at evidencing the role of non-reactive interactions between ions and organic molecules in the primary adsorption mechanism, constituted by physi-sorption. The chosen conditions allow one, however, to roughly simulate some environniental situations where silica suspensions, e. G. Grains of sand, can exchange adsorbed pollutants with interstitial waters in sous or within a water sheet. Experiments were made on silica suspensions with, at first, lead nitrate and carbofuran solutions, then lead nitrate and naphthalene solutions and finally naphthalene and carbofuransolutions. One should note that the adsorption of one of the components is usually favoured by the presence of the other one and conversely. However, the water lying at the silica surface leads to non-straightforward effects: organic molecules have a far much lower affinity with this interface than with the water/air interface. Addition of a second organic molecule, i. E. Carbofuran, to the lead nitrate-naphthalene mixture apparently induced no drastic change in the position or richness of the naphthalene layer; on the other hand, carbofuran adsorption was greater than previously, and ionic adsorption was strongly enhanced. A rough application of the fundamental ideas developed in the Wagner-Onsager-Samaras model to these interfaces showed that electrostatic effects are responsible for this greater ionic adsorption and suggested that the structure of the inner organic double layer plays a major role in this result
Lalanne, Franck. "Etude des potentialités du lavage biologique pour le traitement d'un mélange complexe de composés organiques volatils." Pau, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PAUU3018.
Full textThe objective of this work is to study the potential of a semi-industrial pilot bioscrubber for the treatment of a complex mixture of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC). Its originality lies in the complexity of the treated mixture, which contains eleven pollutants of various chemical nature (esters, ketones, alcohol, aromatic and chlorinated compounds). Initially, the pilot unit was equipped with a packed column. The tests showed that, in terms of elimination of the compounds, there is an improvement of the abatement of poorly soluble componunds when they are mixed with hydrophilic compounds. In terms of microflore adaptation, it was shown that the elimination of VOC's by micro-organisms would be induced by the accumulation of these compounds in the aqueous phase. Attaining of a value threshold (70-80 mg/l water) would be necessary to start the biological breakdown of these compounds. In the stationary state, the compounds transferred in the aqueous phase are eliminated by the microflore. The scrubbing liquid is consequently regenerated before its return at the head of column and the percentage of abatement is thus comparable to the percentage of elimination of the compounds. Moreover, the disturbance generated by the increase of the pollutant load is transitory, because a new stationary state emerged. Nevertheless, it was possible to approximate the operational limits of the system: the liquid/gas mass transfer of the hydrophobic compounds and the clogging of the column after twenty weeks of use. To overcome these problems, the packed column was replaced by a spraying column. The results showed that the percentages of elimination were the same. The use of the spraying column freed the system from the clogging. However, the operational limit of the pilot unit remains the liquid/gas mass transfer of the hydrophobic compounds. To optimize this transfer, a second dispersed liquid phase was used. Preliminary tests were carried out on an absorption assembly. An improvement of the transfer in the liquid phase for the aromatic compounds was shown. The transposition on the semi-industrial pilot demonstrated a clear improvement of the percentages of abatement of these compounds
Meroufel, Bahia. "Adsorption des polluants organiques et inorganiques sur des substances naturelles : Kaolin, racines de Calotropis procera et noyaux de dattes." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0289/document.
Full textThe first aim of the studies presented in this thesis is to characterize a kaolin clay deposit in south-western Algerian region which has never been exploited, to improve the surface properties of the clay due to changes made by coating with an amino silane (APTES) or cationic exchange with a surfactant (CTAB), which allowed us to develop the active sites on the surface of this material. The prepared materials were characterized by XRD, TGA, FTIR and SEM. Two other vegetable materials of great abundance in the southwest Algerian who are the roots of the plant Calotropis Procera and Feggous date stones are also characterized. The second aim of this study is the application of these materials in removing different kinds of pollutants in aqueous solutions: heavy metals (Zn (II) and Mn (II)) and anionic and cationic synthetic dyes (Congo red and Purple gentian) to the effectiveness demonstration of the clay and vegetable materials to adsorb these pollutants. The study of adsorption is to discuss the effects of contact time, pH and initial concentration of the solute using a batch adsorption technique. The effect of temperature has achieved a thermodynamic study to define the nature of adsorption phenomena. In addition, different kinetic models (first and second order) and adsorption isotherms (Langmuir and Freundlich) are used to assess the ability of clay materials (K08, KC and KS) and vegetable materials (CP and ND) to adsorb such organic and inorganic pollutants. The natural clay (K08) showed good affinity towards all pollutants with remarkable adsorption capacity, this capacity has evolved considerably by modifications. The modified kaolin (KS) proves the best adsorbent for these types of pollutants (heavy metals and synthetic dyes). The roots of CP have a very good affinity for heavy metals, while the date stones give more remarkable results for biosorption dyes
Marcic, Christophe. "Evaluation du transfert des polluants organostatiques dans le système sol-plante à partir de l'épandage de boue de station d'épuration." Pau, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PAUU3027.
Full textGuedidi, Hanen. "Préparation et modification de carbones activés pour l'adsorption de polluants organiques émergents : molécules pharmaceutiques et liquides ioniques." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAA003/document.
Full textIn this work, two activated carbons (granular AC and fabric T0) were modified either by chemical treatment (H2O2, NaOCl and thermal treatment under N2) or by ultrasonic irradiation at 20 kHz or 500 kHz in different solvents (UHQ water, H2O2 and HCOOH). The raw and modified materials were characterized by different methods. We studied the ibuprofen (IBP) adsorption at different pH and temperatures. The adsorption of IBP by (AC or T0) was an endothermic process at pH 3. Oxidation with NaOCl creates phenol groups that led to a decrease of the adsorption uptake while oxidation by H2O2 increases the carbonyl group content and carboxyl that induce an increase in the adsorption of IBP. The ultrasonic treatment of AC increases the adsorption capacity of ibuprofen in comparison with the raw AC. The adsorption of the two ionic liquids (LI1 : the 4(tert-butyl)-1propylpyridinium bromide and LI2 : 4(tert-butyl)-1(2-carboxy-ethyl)pyridinium bromide ) onto T0 was found much faster than the adsorption kinetic of IBP at pH 7.5. The competitive adsorption of mixture of IBP and the two ionic liquids showed that IBP is the most adsorbed by T0
Diboune, Mathieu. "Elaboration de peintures zéolithiques pour la décontamination moléculaire en orbite." Thesis, Mulhouse, 2021. https://www.learning-center.uha.fr/.
Full textThe phenomenon of on-orbit molecular contamination is one of the major issues encountered by the space industry. Indeed, when satellites are placed in orbit, organic molecules contained in coatings, adhesives or glues used in the conception of satellites can degas and thus form films or droplets by depositing themselves on sensitive surfaces such as optical and electronic instruments or thermal control surfaces. This contamination leads to a drastic decrease of on-board equipment performance. Hydrocarbons as well as plasticizers have been identified as major contaminants. Among several porous materials tested for the adsorption of these organic pollutants, zeolites were found to be the most efficient due to their ability to trap organic molecules at a very low concentration in space conditions. The synthesis of zeolites generally leads to powders that would themselves be a source of particulate contamination, therefore a shaping of these zeolites appears to be necessary. Pellets, beads and zeolite films were developed in previous projects, but these processes have some disadvantages such as the addition of additional equipment to insert pellets into the structure of satellites, poor mechanical properties of beads or the small quantity of zeolite involved in the case of films and the difficulty of applying them to large surfaces. That is why, zeolite coatings were selected because they can be applied directly to the internal surface of satellites. The main goal of this project is to develop zeolite coatings that adhere to the surface elements of satellites, that are mechanically stable (shocks and vibrations undergone by satellites, temperature gradients) and that can trap organic pollutants. FAU-type (hydrophilic) and MFI-type (hydrophobic)zeolites were used in combination with silicone resins as binders in order to develop zeolite coatings that can that can fulfill spatial requirements. These zeolite coatings showed good adhesion properties (adhesion note of 0 according the ISO 2409 standard) as well as good mechanical and thermal stability under conditions encountered in orbit. Zeolite coatings porosity remain mostly accessible despite the use of a binder and good n-hexane adsorption capacities were obtained. Different quantities of black pigment (bone char or carbon black) were also added to some zeolite coatings to develop black zeolite coatings with the aim of absorbing light in order to respond to another phenomenon responsible of optial equipment contamination: stray light
Yonli, Arsène Hampougouni. "Caractérisation et ajustement de l'hydrophobicité de divers solides poreux : application à l'élimination de polluants organiques." Poitiers, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005POIT2353.
Full textHydrophobic silica and zeolites found numerous applications in separation technologies. They are going to replace activated carbon because of their interesting regeneration properties. Their adsorptive properties are linked to their Hydrophobicity index defined by Weitkamp. Many parameters play a key role in the values of Hydrophobicity indexes. In the case of zeolites, parameters such as the partial pressure of sorbates, their acidity, their crystallite sizes, the presence of structural defects and EFAl species in the structure. . . Determine the strength of the hydrophobic character. In the case of mesoporous silica, the silylation level is the main parameter determining the hydrophobic character. Phenol removal in aqueous solutions is efficient on hydrophobic zeolites and silylated silica. Chlorobenzene removal is efficient on the most acidic supports. This removal is improved on silylated mesoporous silicas
Hazourli, Sabir. "Adsorption et électrosorption de composés organiques sur charbon actif en grains." Pau, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PAUU3006.
Full textMocho, Pierre. "Adsorption de composés organiques volatils sur charbon actif : régénération in situ du charbon par chauffage par induction électromagnétique." Pau, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PAUU3015.
Full textKrou, N’guessan Joachim. "Etude expérimentale et modélisation d'un procédé séquentiel AD-OX d'élimination de polluants organiques." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010INPT0013/document.
Full textThis study aims to design, implement and model a small fixed bed reactor so that to perform a large number of consecutive Adsorption- Xidation cycles over Activated Carbon (AC) for water treatment. The evolution of the adsorption capacity of various activated carbons (commercial and issued from sewage sludges) is investigated during the cycles treating different wastewaters: model (phenol), dye (tartrazine) and industrial effluent. The measurement of the adsorption and oxidation performances has allowed to precise the features of the AD-OX process. The activated carbon has lost most of its adsorption capacity (80%) after the first oxidative regeneration. This conclusion can be drawn for all experiments (with very different activated carbons and also different pollutants): the adsorptive and catalytic properties of the carbons are very much reduced during the first oxidation, but then remain rather stable over the subsequent cycles. Physico-chemical characterisation of fresh and aged activated carbons helps to better understand this phenomenon: BET surface area, porosity, thermogravimetry analysis, global chemical composition (CHNSO, EDX, ICP/AES), surface functional groups, pH at the point of zero charge ... The loss of adsorption capacity seems mainly to result from the chemisorption of oligomers, poorly oxidized and that significantly reduce the microporosity. To better interpret these experiments, numerical simulations are also described in this study. Breakthrough curves of phenol adsorption have been simulated first for fresh commercial activated carbon, showing the dominating role of surface diffusion, then for aged carbon. Finally, a model has been developed to describe the batch catalytic oxidation step when AC activity is stabilized, that fits the experimental data satisfactorily without any parameter adjustment
Cosnier, Frédéric. "Contribution à l'étude de l'adsorption et de la désorption de composés organiques volatils chlorés sur charbons actifs." Nancy 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004NAN10156.
Full textAdsorption and desorption of water and chlorinated volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in static (adsorption isotherms) and dynamic conditions (breakthrough curves) have been performed on different activated carbons (ACs) (granulated ACs and activated carbons fibers) with different textural characteristics and surface chemistry. The main objective of this study is to separate the different component of a chlorinated VOCs mixture in the presence or not of water vapor. It appears that both porous texture and surface chemistry of ACs as physicochemical characteristics of the probes have a strong influence on their adsorption (or desorption) process (mechanism and kinetics). A special attention has been drawn on the influence of the water presence: at high relative humidity rate, ACs adsorption properties (adsorbed amount and kinetics) for chlorinated VOCs are strongly affected. Separation of the dichloromethane/trichloroethylene mixture has been successfully realized whatever the experimental conditions. Last, an exploratory study on the AC hydrophobisation possibilities by the graphting of non-polar groups in liquid phase has been undertaken in order to limit the water presence effects
Bayard, Rémy. "Etude de l'adsorption/désorption de polluants organiques dans les sols : Approche méthodologique et application au pentachlorophénol et aux hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques." Lyon, INSA, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997ISAL0025.
Full textAlthough in situ bioremediation technologies are extremely attractive for the treatment of polluted soil, their application is not easy due to the difficulty to predict their efficiency from laboratory. Among other factors, their efficiency depends on the abiotic interactions between organic pollutants and soils which are the subject of this work. Methodological aspects have been examined for the description of adsorption phenomena of hydrophobiec organic pollutants. Three pollutants (pentachlorophenol, naphtalene and phenanthrene) and several soil fractions and model soils have been selected. The study has been conducted in three steps: - Batch studies to describe the sorption equilibrium and investigate the kinetics. This work has been completed by the study of the effect of organic pollutants present in different forms. - Evaluation of the localization of adsorbed organic pollutants in the soil using C02 supercritical extraction, - Studies of naphtalene adsorption studies in water saturated soil columns and evaluation of the influence of the coal tar on naphtalene retention. The results confirm that the adsorption of hydrophobic pollutant essentially takes place on soil organic matter. The adsorption can be described using a double sites model, considering the sites repartition between the external surface of soil micro aggregates (with instantaneous adsorption) and the internal compartment inside de micro aggregates (with rate limited adsorption). The site distribution depends on the nature of the soil organic matter
Giry, Géraldine. "Sorption de trois herbicides sur un sol limousin : influence de coadsorbats organiques." Limoges, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998LIMO0025.
Full textCanard, Gabriel. "Matériaux hybrides organiques-inorganiques incorporant des métallocorroles de cobalt(III) : application à l'adsorption sélective du monoxyde de carbone." Dijon, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004DIJOS046.
Full textNavarro, Pedro. "Etude du comportement électrochimique des électrodes à pâte de carbone : application à l'étude des espèces adsorbées sur solide non électroactif." Lyon 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996LYO10025.
Full textMahjoub, Borhane. "Comportement dans le sol de polluants aromatiques issus du goudron de houille : Etude du partage goudron/eau et de l'effet du vieillissement sur la mobilité des polluants." Lyon, INSA, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999ISAL0071.
Full textAll industrialized countries have on their territories many contaminated sites containing coal-tar materials. On the long term, the fate of the pollutants is mainly controlled by the dissolution of coal-tar into water and by the sorption and biodegradation of pollutants in soil. Three model contaminants and several soil matrices have been selected for this work, which can be divided into two different parts: -Study of the partitioning equilibrium and kinetics of the organic pollutants between coal-tar and water. -Study of the adsorption and desorption of the organic pollutants• in soils, taking into account quick and slow kinetics. The experimental results clearly show that coal tar cannot be considered as an ideal solution (as described by Raoult's law) with regards to phase partition of pollutants with water. The main identified mechanisms of phase partition are the quasi instantaneous solubilization of pollutants near the coal tar/water interface, and the diffusion of pollutants within the organic phase or at the interface which controls the transfer kinetics of pollutants towards the aqueous phase. The results also show that several factors can modify the rate and the extent of the pollutants release (temperature, pH, ionic strength. Ageing of the interface. . . ). The experimental results of the second part of the study show a reduction of the pollutant mobility with the increase of the time of contact between the pollutant and the soil. Freeze/thaw cycles were found to reduce significantly the effect of ageing. The long term abiotic sequestration of organic pollutants by soil or clay is related to slow molecular diffusion processes within the aggregates micropores or within the soil natural organic matter
Alix, Anne. "Etude par RMN de l'absorption d'eau dans un polymère conducteur : la polyaniline." Grenoble 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989GRE10047.
Full textZghida, Haïfa. "Utilisation de ligno-celluloses cationiques pour la dépollution des eaux : application à la sorption de surfactants et des oxy-anions du chrome." Lyon 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002LYO10042.
Full textAguilera, Maria Eugenia. "Modélisation physique et prévention de l'endommagement des abords de puits par dépôts asphalténiques." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006STR13236.
Full textAsphaltene deposition in the near wellbore region provokes permeability reduction and severe well productivity decline. The aims of this work are to investigate the kinetics of asphaltene deposition and to explore new ways to prevent asphaltene induced formation damage through avoiding asphaltene adsorption onto rock surface. Experiments were performed by injecting Weyburn, Hassi Messaoud and Arabian Light crude oils into sandstone cores. Asphaltene deposition takes place according to the scaling law of Diffusion Limited Deposition (DLD) and Shear Limited Deposition (SLD) regimes (capture efficiency proportional to shear rate at –s power law). The results demonstrated that above a lower critical shear rate, which depends on asphaltene aggregation state, the multilayer deposition kinetics is slowed down upon increasing injection flow rate. The dependence between deposition efficiency and shear rate switches from S = -2/3 (DLD) to -5/3 (SLD). We found that in the presence of an energy barrier the deposition efficiency power law becomes s=-2 in SLD. The results also put into evidence the existence of an upper critical shear rate value beyond which multilayer deposition is hindered. On the other hand, an innovative approach is proposed in order to avoid asphaltene adsorption, this approach consist in a dibloc copolymer adsorption onto porous media surface in order to mitigate asphaltene adsorption. In conclusion, the "colloidal approach" is a valuable route for asphaltene deposition modeling that can be used to develop a more realistic asphaltene near-wellbore damage model. The dibloc copolymer tested is an efficient way to diminish asphaltene induced formation damage
Sahel, Abdelkrim. "Contribution à l'étude en régime dynamique de la sorption sur charbon actif de molécules organiques. Comparaison et simplification de différents modèles." Limoges, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993LIMO0190.
Full textObeid, Layaly. "Synthèse et caractérisation de matériaux magnétiques pour l'adsorption de polluants présents dans les eaux." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066285/document.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is the development and characterization of multifunctional materials called magsorbents that could be integrated in a water-treatment process to improve current methods or to develop new methods. These materials are millimetric beads with a polymer matrix in which are encapsulated magnetic nanoparticles of maghemite; in order to develop an environment-friendly product, biopolymers such alginate and chitosan were selected for the matrix. Our materials possess adsorbing properties allowing the extraction of organic pollutants from water. The originality of these materials lies in their magnetic properties that could be exploited for their magnetic separation from the treated medium. The adsorption characteristics of the magnetics beads were assessed by using two dyes: methyl orange (negatively charged) and methylene blue (positively charged). We showed that alginate beads are efficient for the removal of positively charged pollutants while chitosan beads adsorb preferentially negatively charged pollutants. p-nitrophenol is weakly adsorbed by both, alginate and chitosan beads. To overcome this problem, two solutions have been proposed in order to increase the beads hydrophobicity. The first one is adding a cationic surfactant, cetylpyridinium chloride, into alginate beads. The second solution is to encapsulate pillared clay into alginate beads. Both solutions show their efficiency in improving p-nitrophenol adsorption by alginate beads
Song, Wenli. "Contrôle de l'émission de composés organiques volatils par adsorption en lit fluidisé circulant." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2003. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_2003_MARANZANA_G.pdf.
Full textCotte, France. "Absorption en colonne garnie et en tour à atomisation : application au traitement de composés organiques volatils." Pau, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PAUU3021.
Full textAlliot, Cyrille. "Sorption de lanthanides et actinides en présence de complexants organiques simples. Approche thermodynamique et spectroscopique." Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003EVRY0007.
Full textThis work comes within studies of nuclear waste disposal. The sorption of radionuclide onto mineral is very important to understand their migration. So this work deals with the influence of ligands like oxalic, acetic and carbonic acids on lanthanides and actinides sorption onto alumina. Two complementary approaches were carried out: thermodynamic (determination of chemical reactions and associated constants). So we obtain a thermodynamic database for the ternary systems metal/ligand/alumina which we use to define the experimental conditions to observe by spectroscopy sorbed species. Then the identification of surface complexes was carried out using two spectroscopies, XPS and TRLIFS
St-Georges, Michel. "Etude hydrodynamique des pulvérisations liquides pour application aux rideaux d'eau." Lyon 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993LYO10120.
Full textBlanchard, Claire. "Caractérisation de la mobilisation potentielle des polluants inorganiques dans les sols pollués." Lyon, INSA, 2000. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2000ISAL0021/these.pdf.
Full textThe specific objective of this study is to characterize metal mobility from contaminated soils through laboratory tests. The literature work consisted in a complete review of leaching/extraction tests in collaboration with French association for normalization. Lab work consisted in carrying out previously chosen leaching tests (sequential extractions, single extractions, column test and Compact Granular Leach Test) over an artificially contaminated soil (fresh and aged) and an industrial soil containing As, Cr, Pb , Zn. Results) comparison allowed to set up a method assessing metal potential mobilization from contaminated coifs
Bourrelly, Sandrine. "Propriétés thermodynamiques de nouveaux matériaux nanoporeux hybrides organiques / inorganiques pour l'adsorption de gaz à effet de serre." Aix-Marseille 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AIX11061.
Full textCosseron, Anne-Flore. "Evaluation et traitement des polluants émis par un moteur thermique fonctionnant avec des biocarburants." Phd thesis, Université de Haute Alsace - Mulhouse, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00860233.
Full textMontargès-Pelletier, Emmanuelle. "Synthèse et caractérisation d'argiles intercalées par des espèces métalliques et organiques : application à l'adsorption de polluants en phase aqueuse." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997INPL085N.
Full textClément, Bruno. "Dispositif automatique de dosage des composés organiques volatils (COV) biogéniques. Application à l'étude des terpènes atmosphèriques au cours de la campagne BIATEX/EUROTRAC." Toulouse, INPT, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990INPT010G.
Full textWuchner, Klaus. "Préparation et analyse de micropolluants organiques dans des échantillons environnementaux (extraction par fluide supercritique ; préconcentration et analyse en ligne HPLC)." Toulouse, INPT, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994INPT069G.
Full textCaturla, Latour Virginie. "Elaboration, caractérisation et mise en oeuvre pour la décontamination d'effluents gazeux, de matériaux photocatalytiques originaux à base de photosensibilisateurs supportés." Pau, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PAUU3026.
Full textThe goal of this work was to evaluate a photocatalytic process in the gas phase on test pollutants, i. E. Dimethylsulfide (DMS) and toluene. Original photocatalytic materials, based on aromatic sensitizers in a silica network, were elaborated and their efficiency was compared to that of titanium dioxide. In a first step, the oxidation of DMS and toluene was studied in solution with different sensitizers, and only 9,10-dicyanoanthracene (DCA) and 9,10-anthraquinone (ANT) were found to fulfil the defined requirements. In a second step, for gas phase treatment, the chosen photosensitizers were fixed on silica, either by encapsulation in sol-gel monoliths or by physisorption on commercial silica beads. These hybrids materials were characterised and their photocatalytic activity at the gas-solid interface estimated by DMS and toluene oxidation. The choice of the photosensitizers, (photocatalytic efficacy, activation in the visible range) and the matrix properties (transparency and capacity of adsorption) are key parameters. DCA encapsulated sol-gel monoliths were found to be the most efficient materials for DMS conversion. On the contrary hydrophobic materials with better absorption capacity appear to be promising for the photoxidation of toluene. These results indicate that supported photosensitizers may find some possible applications for the treatment of polluted gases
Brouette, Nicolas. "Influence des propriétés interfaciales de couches organiques sur l'adsorption de protéines globulaires." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209645.
Full textL'adsorption de myoglobine deutérée sur des monocouches hydrophobes d'OTS et de PS a été étudiée par réflectivité de neutrons pour des solutions de protéines de différentes concentrations (de 1 mg/ml à 0.01 mg/ml). A basse concentration, les protéines adsorbées se dénaturent et s'étalent sur le substrat hydrophobe et l'adsorption résulte en une fine couche dense en protéines. Sur le PS, les protéines s'étalent moins, ce qui est en accord avec la moindre hydrophobicité du PS. A haute concentration, une couche supplémentaire peu dénaturée est observée au-dessus de la première couche.
La cinétique d'adsorption primaire de HSA a été étudiée par ellipsométrie sur des brosses de PEG (Mw = 35700 Da) de différentes densités de greffage. Les résultats confirment que les brosses de PEG répriment l'adsorption de protéines. En outre, l'adsorption est très rapide sur le PS, tandis que sur les brosses, l'adsorption est plus lente. Le comportement à temps long de la quantité adsorbée Γ en fonction de la densité de greffage σ est en accord semi-quantitatif avec une théorie développée par Halperin et basée sur les différentes contributions à l'énergie libre d'une protéine adsorbée. Il a également été mis en évidence un régime pour lequel le taux d'adsorption dΓ/dt décroît exponentiellement avec la quantité de protéines adsorbées Γ.
L'adsorption de protéines (lysozyme, HSA et myoglobine) a ensuite été étudiée sur des brosses de PNIPAM en fonction des paramètres de la brosse et de la température. Les brosses ont été greffées par ATRP à partir d'une monocouche d'OEG (oligo éthylène glycol) silanisé contenant du brome comme initiateur. Il a été montré que l'adsorption primaire sur la surface de greffage est inférieure à 0.1 mg/m^2 et que l'adsorption ternaire dans la brosse, en dessous et au-dessus de la LCST, ne dépasse pas 1 mg/m^2 (~ 2% de fraction volumique en protéines). La résistance à l'adsorption a été associée à la présence d'une région hydrophile superficielle qui pourrait présenter une barrière cinétique à l'adsorption des protéines dans le cœur moins polaire de la brosse.
L'ensemble de ces résultats montre que les propriétés interfaciales du substrat jouent un rôle crucial dans les processus d'adsorption des protéines.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Darracq, Guillaume. "Couplage de l’absorption dans une phase organique et de la biodégradation dans un réacteur multiphasique. Application au traitement de Composés Organiques Volatils hydrophobes." Rennes, Ecole nationale supérieure de chimie, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ENCR0005.
Full textEl, Azzi Désirée. "Transfert de polluants organiques et inorganiques dans les hydrosystèmes en période de crue : interactions avec les matières en suspension et la matière organique." Toulouse 3, 2012. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1885/.
Full textThe mechanisms involved in the transfer of organic and inorganic pollutants to streams in agricultural watersheds are largely studied. However, few studies concern storm events responsible for the transportation of large quantities of pollutants to the outlet and they rarely take into account a multi-pollution dynamic. A heavy monitoring was therefore conducted during the storm event of May 2010 at the outlet of the Save river (1110 Km2) in the south west of France. The majority of pollutants and their controlling factors (dissolved and particulate organic carbon (DOC and POC) and suspended particulate matter (SPM)) are more concentrated during storm flow than base flow and their concentration increases with stream water discharge. Pollutants are also more concentrated during these events. Hydrograph separations showed that pollutants are primarily transported in the surface runoff adsorbed onto SPM when they have a low solubility (hydrophobic) and in the subsurface runoff linked to DOC when they are soluble. Different kinds of chemical bonds can exist between pollutants and the different SPM fractions (organic matter, clay and oxides). In order to investigate these bonds, we studied in particular Cu dynamic in the small wine growing catchment of Baillaury (18. 2 Km2), close to Banyuls sur Mer (Eastern Pyrénées), within the framework of the CRUMED project (EC2CO-INSU/CNRS). This Mediterranean type-flow regime stream is mostly cultivated with vineyards and has been treated with Bordeaux mixture for centuries. Moderate to significant enrichments of soils at different depth, river bottom sediments and suspended matters were revealed. Anthropogenic contribution to this enrichment is estimated between 50 and 85 % in all samples showing that the Cu present in the river is mainly due to agricultural practices. Sequential chemical extractions SCE) allow us to determine Cu distribution in the different residual and non-residual fractions (exchangeable, acido-soluble, Mn and Fe oxides, organic matter), showing that anthropogenic Cu is mainly adsorbed onto iron oxides. The isotopic Cu composition measured in each fraction shows that Cu transported in solution and adsorbed onto organic matter seems to be associated without any fractioning. Gross samples have signatures similar to the bedrock and so studying the detailed SCE fractions is essential. Combining SCE and isotopic signatures is a powerful tool to understand Cu distribution and transfer in the environment. However, in the environment, a pollutant is rarely alone and other pollutants can influence its fate. Therefore, in order to investigate the influence of the presence of other pollutants on a pollutant's adsorption, organic (two pesticides: alachlore and aclonifen) and inorganic (two heavy metals: Cu and Cd) pollutants adsorption on natural SPM (collected in the Save river during the flood) were studied. Most studied pollutants were influenced by the presence of one or more other pollutants in the water, trace metals to a lesser extent than pesticides. The order of presence in the water also influences the adsorption rate of the pollutant onto SPM. The mutual influence can be due to competition for the same adsorption sites or to the creation of complexes between pollutants. These complexes can modify the adsorption capacities of each pollutant. These original results obtained in this work open up new perspectives and requests
Mahjoub, Olfa. "Caractérisation de micropolluants organiques dans les eaux usées traitées et diagnostic du transfert vers le sol et la nappe : Cas de la région de Oued Souhil, Nabeul, Tunisie." Montpellier 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON13518.
Full textOccurrence of trace organic micropollutants (OMP) in reused treated wastewater (TWW) may eventually contaminate the environment. Few studies were carried out on soil and groundwater contamination. In our study, we have characterized OMP in TWW reused in an irrigated area and an artificial recharge site, and in soil and groundwater. Resorting to analytical and bioanalytical tools has demonstrated that TWW reused for irrigation of two irrigated areas contains compound likely to bind to estrogen (ER), aryl hydrocarbon (AhR) and Pregnane X (PXR) receptors. Investigated compounds found in irrigation water and soils were alkylphenols and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. ER and AhR activities detected on infiltration basin soils indicated recent load of their ligands by TWW. Nevertheless, they do not seem to be persistent. During the irrigated area soil monitoring, slight increasing AhR activities were registered indicating likely load of ligands by TWW. Estrogenic activities were detected only 4 months after irrigation start. In groundwater, detected ER activities indicate occurrence of their ligands brought probably by spread TWW (recharge and irrigation). Carbamazepine, a pharmaceutical suggested as TWW contamination tracer, was detected in irrigation water. As an indicator of OMP transfer, registered concentrations in groundwater were about 10 fold lower
Biard, Pierre-François. "Contribution au développement d’un procédé de lavage chimique compact : traitement du sulfure d’hydrogène par le chlore à l’échelle semi-industrielle et de COV odorants par oxydation avancée ozone/peroxyde d’hydrogène à l’échelle du laboratoire." Rennes 1, 2009. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00541110.
Full textTo increase the compactness of chemical scrubbing processes for the deodorization of waste gases, an intense gas-liquid contactor has been developed. It works at co-current with a high superficial gas velocity to obtain high mass transfer performances and reduced residence time. The first part of the study focuses on the transition of the process to the semi-industrial scale for hydrogen sulphide treatment on a waste water treatment plant. The results demonstrate interesting transfer efficiencies (until 95%). The next step was to develop and optimize a scrubbing solution suitable for the treatment of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), based on the combination of ozone and hydrogen peroxide (peroxone process) using dimethyldisulfide as test pollutant. Hydroxyl radicals formed by ozone decomposition allowed to enhance DMDS mass transfer. Finally, the peroxone process was tested with the implementation of the scrubbing liquid recirculation for the treatment of several VOC with different chemical natures. The oxidation optimisation allowed to re-use the scrubbing liquid, which represents an interesting cost reduction for this process
Delâge, Frédéric. "Echauffement des lits de charbon actif lors de l'adsorption de composés organiques volatils : étude expérimentale et modélisation." Poitiers, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000POIT2284.
Full textBabou, Kammoe Romuald Brice. "Élimination des ions ammonium de solutions aqueuses par la silice mésoporeuse (SBA-15) fonctionnalisée avec des groupements organiques acides." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25183.
Full textWater pollution resulting from the excessive presence of nitrogen nutrients arising from agricultural practices and human activities such as the discharge of domestic and industrial wastewater has become a major environmental problem. The main objective of this study is to optimize the formulation of new adsorbents for the removal of ammonium ions contained in agricultural runoff. For this purpose, two mesoporous materials functionalized with arene and propyl sulfonic acid groups by cocondensation and post-synthesis grafting on the one hand and a novel adsorbent containing a bridged benzene moiety on the other hand were synthesized. They have been characterized and tested in batch and continuous modes. Arene and propylsulfonic acid adsorbents with an organosilane/silica molar ratio of 20% show a maximum adsorption capacity of about 25 mg NH4+/g at the lowest temperature studied (5° C). For a given initial ammonium concentration, the removal efficiency (W) increased with increasing adsorbent loading. The adsorption capacity was improved by increasing the molar organosilane silica ratio to reach 42 mg NH4+/g with a ratio of 40% at 25 ° C. The equilibrium data of both adsorbents followed the Langmuir model and the kinetic pseudo second order model is the one that best describes their kinetic behavior. Negative values of the enthalpy (ΔH0) and entropy (ΔS0) obtained indicate that the reaction is exothermic and that there is downward of the random arrangement of the adsorbate at the solid/liquid interface, respectively. Finally, the adsorbents are regenerated easily and maintained their adsorption capacity after five consecutive cycles of adsorption-desorption. The continuous study was conducted with the arene sulfonic acid adsorbent synthesized by grafting. The results obtained show that the time of occurrence of breakthrough curves decreases with increasing flow rate and initial ammonium concentration, but increases with increased bed height. Thomas and Yoon-Nelson models allowed a good prediction of experimental breakthrough curves. Finally, the breakthrough curves were not changed significantly after three consecutive cycles of adsorption-desorption. With the adsorbent containing the bridged benzene group, adsorption capacities between 34 and 40 mg NH4+/g were obtained.
Daubert, Isabelle. "Etude de l'association d'un contacteur gaz/liquide et d'un réacteur biologique pour le traitement d'effluents gazeux industriels." Toulouse, INSA, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ISAT0024.
Full textAmong all kinds of atmospheric pollution, VOCs have raised a lot of interest recently. For high flow rates of low polluted gaseous effluents, one of the most suitable technologies seems to be biological treatment. However, industrial applications are limited because of impracticalities including short useful life or large plant size. In this situation, the use of the aero-ejector, a gas/liquid contactor with high transfer efficiency, is one solution for decreasing plant dimensions, if pressure drop is reduced. This research work deals with an evaluation of aero-ejector characteristics and performances and analyses the feasibility of a process associating the aero-ejector with a biological reactor for gaseous effluent treatment. Three model molecules were used ; the ethanol, the methyl ethyl ketone and the butyl acetate. The first section presents VOC treatment context, including existing technologies and their limitations. Descriptions of their application fields and costs allow comparison of these technologies. An analysis and optimisation of the aero-ejector performance as a mass transfer system is undertaken in the second section. Modifications of the internal geometry allowed the definition of a configuration suitable for industrial conditions concerning pressure drop and efficiency. A systematic study of the influence of operating conditions on transfer performances leads to the comprehension of the aero-ejector role in the contactor and to the definition of sizing criteria as a function of pollutants and technological constraints. Finally, in the third section, the system combining the aero-ejector with a biological reactor is studied for the complete treatment of a gaseous effluent polluted with several VOCs
Clavelin, Pierre. "Contribution à l’étude de la pollution des sols par des composés organochlorés : : préparation de mélanges témoins - : Etude comparative de techniques d'extraction." Lyon, INSA, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993ISAL0088.
Full textIn a first step, we have tried to prepare dry or humidified mixtures composed with clays or real soils homogeneously spiked by organochlorine pollutants (Pyralène Tl, chlorophenols). Beyond the homogeneity aspect, we wanted to know if the preparation procedure allow to obtain pollutant adsorption on the absorbent. Finally we propose a protocol (with a rotary evaporator) satisfying the homogeneity critter. However, we observe some pollutant losses and we show that, for dry mixtures, the pollutant is not adsorbed but only coats soil particles. We demonstrate the water effect on adsorption. In a second step, with these synthetic mixtures, we compared the efficiency of four types of extraction techniques: thermal way (micro sublimation, thermal desorption, pyro-injection), by liquid organic solvents (Soxhlet, Soxtec), by carbon dioxide (liquid, gas or supercritical) and by water leaching (at various temperature and pression conditions). Good recoveries are found with techniques using temperature and/or pressure (micro-sublimation) an and an solvent (water, carbon dioxide or organic solvent). As well as adsorption, water influences desorption quality
Dam, Marcel Van. "Absorption sélective du dioxyde de soufre par des solvants organiques : étude des paramètres d'interaction, de solubilité et de cinétique." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998INPL055N.
Full textRusch, Benoît. "Etude spectroscopique en conditions hydrodynamiques contrôlées du transfert des espèces organiques à l'interface minéral / solution." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NAN10028/document.
Full textThe present work contributes to identify the physico-chemical mechanisms controlling the transfer of organic solutes at the interface between an aqueous solution and a mineral assemblage such as sand-iron oxide similar to naturally occurring iron bearing minerals in soils. In parallel, the influence of hydrodynamic conditions on the transfer let to determine under which conditions adsorption constants obtained from batch are suitable to describe reactive transport in porous media. We synthesized in this study some mineral materials based on the association of one sand and one iron oxide, either goethite or hematite, respectively by precipitation (GCS, Goethite Coated Sand) or by deposition on sand (HCS, Hematite Coated Sand). According to the infrared study of GCS, the hydroxyl groups of quartz surface are involved in the iron oxide-coating and Raman spectra show that oxides apply mechanical strain on crystalline lattice of quartz. These findings justify the strong adhesion of the iron oxide on the quartz support. Experiments to study adsorption of salicylate and gentisate were conducted in batch in order to understand and modelize kinetic and thermodynamic aspects of each reaction. For column experiments, the hydrodynamic parameters (porosity, dispersivity, Peclet number) were deduced from a non-reactive tracer experiment before the breakthrough curves of organic compounds were recorded. Macroscopic sorption data from batch and column were confronted to molecular information provided by Raman end infrared spectra recorded after sorption to clarify the most likely structure of surface complex in each case. Salicylate sorbed onto GCS forms a mononuclear bidentate structure (chelate), both in batch and in column: one carboxylic oxygen and the ortho phenolic oxygen bind one iron atom of the goethite surface. Whatever the flow rate is, the breakthrough curves of salicylate through GCS display two stages. This behaviour can be explained by an effect of pH that changes during the adsorption and mostly by the displacement of an adsorption equilibrium. Indeed some reactive surface sites on GCS are initially occupied by silicates and salicylate puts them back to solution when replacing them. Calculations based on this hypothesis agree with experimental data. This singularity of salicylate compared to gentisate is due to sorption properties of salicylate towards GCS assemblage. For both molecules, adsorbed amounts at equilibrium are equal in batch and in column and breakthrough curves do not depend very much on the flow rate, indicating that local thermodynamic equilibrium is achieved in column. On HCS, the amount of gentisate or salicylate sorbed in batch is much higher than that retained in column. This behaviour independent of the molecule is typical of non-equilibrium and may be a characteristic of HCS system (nanohematite on quartz) in column. In prospect, these explanations could be refined by developing in situ vibrational spectroscopies to supervise the adsorption process in real time and without disturbing the system: in situ backscattering Raman spectra at different positions alongside the column and/or attenuated total reflexion infrared spectra by using an optical fiber installed in the column
Zein, Eddin Mohamed Yahia. "Caractérisation de catalyseurs bimétalliques cobalt-manganèse issus de carbonyles, actifs en hydrogénation du CO." Lyon 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989LYO10094.
Full textTaleb, Belambri Nour-Ourida. "Contribution à l'étude de l'adsorption d'un tensioactif zwittérionique sur électrode de mercure." Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20214.
Full textOndarts, Michel. "Evaluation des performances d’un bio-procédé de dépollution de l’air intérieur." Pau, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PAUU3019.
Full textFor many years, energy policy has led to poor indoor air quality. Nowadays, Indoor Air Pollution (IAP) is one of the main causes of some diseases increasing as asthma, allergies. In this study, two biofilters performances for IAP treatment are evaluated. The biofilters are packed with compost (green waste compost or green waste compost/activated carbon) for IAP removal. For this purpose, a protocol including a model effluent as representative as possible of IAP, defined by numerous compounds with different physical and chemical properties at very low concentration, was established. During biofiltration operation, the 2 biofilters exhibited high removal efficiencies (up to 90 %) during the first 40 days for 6 volatile organic compounds and nitrogen dioxide. The following days, the decrease of bed moisture led to removal efficiency decreases. The experimental removal efficiencies achieved for hydrophobic compounds as limonene and undecane, close to 100 %, together with a model, have pointed out that complex transfer phenomena involving both adsorption and absorption occur during biofiltration. Only trichloroethylene, known to be hard to biodegrade, was not biodegraded: only sorption and desorption phenomena were observed. In these starvation conditions, only a biomass fraction could be maintained in the biofilter. Pollutants and also compost were carbon sources necessary for this maintenance. However, compost biodegradation generated by-products. Finally, this biological activity and the different pollutant transfer (adsorption and absorption) allowed biofilters to remove typical IAP with different physical and chemical properties at low concentration
Raux, Julie. "Transferts des contaminants organiques dans les bassins versants du Pays du Roumois et du Plateau du Neubourg." Phd thesis, Université de Rouen, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00731536.
Full textLeclerc, Hervé. "Caractérisation par spectroscopie infrarouge de solides organiques inorganiques de type MOF (Metal Organic Framework) : Thèse soutenue sur un ensemble de travaux." Caen, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011CAEN2017.
Full textThis study reports the characterization by in situ infrared spectroscopy of an isostructural family of four porous MOFs (MOF: Metal Organic Framework) denoted MIL-100(X) (MIL: Material from the Institute Lavoisier) with X: Al3+, Fe3+, Al3+ and V3+. The characterizations of the metallic centers and acido-basic properties have been performed at different temperature of activation by adsorption or not of probe molecules such as CO, CO2, CD3CN, pyridine and propyne. The first part devoted to the MIL-100(Cr), reveals the lack of any significant basic sites but the occurrence of Cr3+ Lewis acid sites located on the trimers. Adsorption of water or alcohols transforms the Lewis sites into Bronsted acid sites whose strength depends on the nature of the adsorbate and of the complex formed. The second part is dedicated to the study of the MIL-100(Fe) material. It reveals first the presence of Fe3+ sites able to be reduced into Fe2+ sites by thermal treatment under vacuum and secondly demonstrates the occurrence of a pi-back donation effect which increases the interactions between Fe2+ unsaturated sites and molecules such as CO, propene and propyne. The spectroscopic study of MIL-100(Al) presented in the third part reports for the first time a precise characterization of unsaturated pentahedral Al3+ sites present in a large amount and in a well defined crystallographic environment. The last chapter presents the characterization of MIL-100(V) activated at different temperatures: nature of the extra framework species and of unsaturated metallic sites
Vuong, François. "Modélisation du comportement des cartouches de protection respiratoire : exposition à des atmosphères complexes de vapeurs organiques et effet des cycles d’utilisation." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0255/document.
Full textVolatile organic compounds (VOC) represent a chemical risk for workers. Respiratory protective cartridges are effective equipment against vapours exposure. The objective of the present PhD thesis is the modelling of cartridge exposure in more complex situations: presence of vapours mixture and reuse cycle, from a dynamic adsorption experimental study in column bed. Further to the contribution of R. Chauveau (PhD thesis -24/11/2014), the present manuscript extends the study vapours mixtures adsorption on activated carbon. The second section is devoted to model a cycle use in 3 steps (exposure - storage – reuse), for 6 VOC: acetone, acetonitrile, 2-butanone, cyclohexane, dichloromethane and ethanol. VOC mixtures exposure and kinetic study by the method of perturbative chromatography have been carried out. The service life is correctly predicted for acetone/ethanol and cyclohexane/heptane mixtures. A deviation has been observed for ethanol/cyclohexane mixture because the adsorption equilibrium has not been accurately reproduced by model. These works have also pointed out inconsistency in the preventive approach which assimilates a mixture exposure to single vapour exposure by the most volatile compound at concentration the sum of that of all components of the mixture. Regarding the risks related to cartridge reuse, immediate breakthrough upon reuse (IBUR) has been experimentally recorded. This behaviour can be described by a static diffusion model. The mass transfer in the particle by surface diffusion is the main reason. The risk of IBUR is higher for fast diffusing VOC: acetonitrile, acetone and dichloromethane. An assessment is suggested in order to distinguish the properties of the system which can influence the occurrence of IBUR
Martinez, Alvarez Ignacio. "Les nanomatériaux comme porteurs des polluants organiques persistants : évaluation des risques pour l'environnement aquatique basée sur l’étude d’un petit invertébré et d’un poisson modèle." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020BORD0332.
Full textPresence and effects of micro- (< 5mm) and nanomaterials (<100 nm, NM) in the environment are a current issue of concern. Aquatic ecosystems with high pollution pressure already present a cocktail of chemicals, where micro- and NMs can act as sponges for these pollutants due to their high surface to volume ratio and hydrophobic surface. This phenomenon can alter the bioavailability of the pollutants present in the aquatic ecosystem, especially for hydrophobic compounds and, therefore, modulate their toxicity to aquatic organisms. Therefore, in the present Thesis the following objectives were established: (1) To assess the potential bioavailability and toxicity of polystyrene nanoplastics (NPs), and of microplastics (MPs) alone and with sorbed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to brine shrimp larvae and zebrafish; (2) To determine sorption capacity of PAHs to MPs and graphene oxide NMs (GNMs); (3) To assess the potential bioavailability and toxicity of GNMs alone and with sorbed PAHs to zebrafish.Exposure to pristine MPs did not cause any significant impact on brine shrimp larvae and zebrafish embryo survival, while some treatments containing elevated concentrations (mg/L) of MPs with sorbed benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) and B(a)P alone resulted in acute toxicity. In addition, both sizes of MPs were successful vectors of B(a)P to brine shrimp and zebrafish embryos. Results indicated that small MPs (0.5 µm) showed higher maximum sorption capacity for B(a)P than larger MPs (4.5 µm). In the case of a complex and environmentally relevant PAH mixture, as that formed in the water accommodated fraction (WAF) of a crude oil, a relatively limited sorption to 4.5 µm MPs, driven by the hydrophobicity and initial concentration of each PAH, was observed. In adult zebrafish, MPs did not act as PAH vehicle after 21-day exposure to MPs with sorbed PAHs. Only fish exposed to MPs for 21 days presented changes in the transcription level of biotransformation metabolism-related gene cyp1a in the liver, along with a significant increase in the prevalence of liver vacuolisation. 21 days of exposure to NPs, but not to MPs, caused oxidative stress in adult zebrafish. Ingestion of NPs was observed in the developing organisms (brine shrimp and zebrafish). In embryos, fluorescent NPs were specially localised in the eyes, yolk sac and tail, showing their capacity to translocate and spread into the embryo body.For GNMs, graphene oxide (GO) showed a higher sorption capacity for B(a)P than MPs. For the PAH mixture of the WAF, sorption to GO was also higher than to MPs. In embryos exposed to different GNMs alone and with PAHs, no significant mortality was recorded for any treatment. Nevertheless, malformation rate increased significantly in embryos exposed to the highest concentrations (5 or 10 mg/L) of GO, reduced GO alone and with sorbed B(a)P. According to chemical analysis of adult fish tissues, bioavailability of PAH sorbed to GO for fish was lower than in the case of PAHs alone. Only biochemical responses and genes related to biotransformation metabolism were altered in the liver of fish exposed to B(a)P for 3 days. Transcription level of genes related to oxidative stress were not altered. On the contrary, the gills of fish exposed to GO with sorbed B(a)P and to B(a)P for 3 days and co-exposed to GO and WAF for 21 days showed significantly higher oxidative stress than control fish. A common neurotoxic effect was caused in all fish treated for 21 days. Finally, adult fish exposed to GO presented GO ingestion and liver vacuolisation, but absence of GO translocation to the adult tissue was reported. The present work shows evidences of the capacity of MPs with sorbed PAHs to cause sublethal effects (1) and to carry PAHs (2) in brine shrimp and zebrafish. Finally, GO was greater carrier of PAHs to zebrafish than MPs (3) due to its higher sorption capacity (2), exerting oxidative stress and neurotoxicity as the main sublethal effects in adult zebrafish
La presencia y los efectos de micro- (<5 mm) y nanomateriales (100 nm, NM) en el medio ambiente es un tema de preocupación actual. En sistemas acuáticos que presentan un coctel de químicos debido a la alta presión de la contaminación, los micro- y NMs pueden actuar como esponjas para los contaminantes debido a su alto ratio superficie/volumen y a la hidrofobicidad de su superficie. Este fenómeno puede alterar la biodisponibilidad de los contaminantes presentes en los ecosistemas acuáticos, especialmente para los compuestos hidrófobos, y seguidamente, modular su toxicidad para los organismos acuáticos. Por ello, en la presente tesis los siguientes objetivos fueron establecidos: (1) Evaluar la biodisponibilidad y la toxicidad potencial de nanoplásticos de poliestireno (NPs), y de microplásticos (MPs) solos o con hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos ad/absorbidos (HAPs) para la larva de Artemia y el pez cebra; (2) Determinar la capacidad de ad/absorción de HAPs por los MPs y los NMs de óxido de grafeno (GNMs); (3) Evaluar la biodisponibilidad y toxicidad de GNMs solos o con HAPs ad/absorbidos para el pez cebra.La exposición a MPs prístinos no causó ningún impacto significativo en la supervivencia de la larva de Artemia o del embrión de pez cebra, mientras que algunos tratamientos que contenían elevadas concentraciones (mg/L) de MPs con benzo(a)pireno (B(a)P) ad/absorbido y B(a)P sólo resultaron en toxicidad aguda. Además, ambos tamaños de MPs fueron exitosos vectores de B(a)P en larvas de Artemia y embriones de pez cebra. Los resultados indicaron que los MPs pequeños (0.5 μm) mostraron una mayor capacidad máxima de ad/absorción de B(a)P que los MPs grandes (4.5 μm MPs). Para una mezcla compleja y medioambientalmente relevante de HAPs, como es la formada en la fracción acomodada al agua (WAF) de un petróleo crudo, se observó una ad/absorción limitada relativamente a 4.5 μm MPs y que dependió de la hidrofobicidad y la concentración inicial de cada HAP. En adultos de pez cebra, los MPs no actuaron como vehículos de HAP después de 21 días de exposición a MPs con HAPs ad/absorbidos. Solo aquellos peces expuestos a MPs durante 21 días presentaron cambios en los niveles de transcripción del gen cyp1a relacionado con el metabolismo de biotransformación en el hígado, junto con un aumento significativo de la prevalencia de la vacuolización del hígado. 21 días de exposición a NPs, pero no a MPs, causó un estrés oxidativo en los adultos de pez cebra. La ingestión de NPs se observó en los organismos en desarrollo (Artemia y pez cebra). En embriones, los NPs fluorescentes se localizaron específicamente en los ojos, saco vitelino y cola, mostrando la capacidad de los mismos para ser internalizados y repartidos en el interior del cuerpo del embrión.Para los GNMs, el óxido de grafeno (GO) presentó una mayor capacidad de ad/absorción de B(a)P que los MPs. Para la mezcla de HAPs del WAF, la ad/absorcíon a GO fue de nuevo mayor que para los MPs. Para los embriones expuestos a diferentes GNMs solos y con HAPs no se obtuvo una mortalidad significativa. Aun así, el ratio de malformaciones aumento significativamente en embriones expuestos a las concentraciones más altas (5 o 10 mg/L) de GO, GO reducido solo o con B(a)P ad/absorbido. De acuerdo con los ensayos químicos en el tejido de pez adulto, la biodisponibilidad de HAP ad/absorbidos a GO para peces fue menor que en los peces expuestos a HAPs solos. Solo se vieron alteradas las respuestas bioquímicas y los genes relacionados con el metabolismo de biotransformación en hígado de pez expuesto a B(a)P durante 3 días. [...]