Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Polluants organiques persistants'
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Péan, Samuel. "Effets des polluants organiques persistants sur le comportement des poissons." Phd thesis, Université de La Rochelle, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00818410.
Full textMarie-Rose, Stéphane Charlery. "Utilisation des zéolithes comme filtre catalytique des polluants organiques persistants." Poitiers, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009POIT2331.
Full textThis study deals with the catalytic oxidation of 1-methylnaphtalene (1. MN) a modele molecule of polycyclics aromatics hydrocarbons (PAHs) over USHY faujasite zeolite doped or not with platinium. The aim of this study was the use of the USHY zeolite as catalytic filter for the destruction of persistant organic pollutants (POPs) fromm incineration processes. In a first time we evaluated the potential of the USHY zeolite for the destruction of 1-MN alone into carbon dioxide and water, then in the presence of 1. 2-dichlorobenzene, a precursor of dioxin and finally in the presence of a complex mixture of HCI, NO, SO2 and NH3
Leblanc, Alix. "Effets d’un mélange de polluants organiques persistants sur le métabolisme hépatique." Thesis, Paris 5, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA05P629/document.
Full textEpidemiological studies have shown that exposure to certain xenobiotics is associated with an increased prevalence of metabolic diseases. Humans are exposed to mixtures of xenobiotics in a chronic and inevitable way. We studied the effects of the interaction of two xenobiotics on metabolism in the liver, the major organ for detoxification in the body. We chose two endocrine disruptors and persistent organic pollutants which activate different signaling pathways: 2,3,7,8 tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), which uses the AhR (Aryl hydrocarbon receptor) pathway, and α-endosulfan, an organochlorine pesticide, which acts via the PXR (pregnane X receptor) and/or the ER (estrogen receptor) pathway. Our aim was to determine the effects of this pollutant mixture, as compared to each pollutant alone, on the regulation in vitro of some hepatic metabolism pathways in the human hepatic cell line, HepaRG. In the first publication, a transcriptomic study of differentiated HepaRG cells was performed. The cells were exposed for 30h to 25nM TCDD, to 10 µM α-endosulfan or to the mixture. We observed that the mixture strongly inhibited the expression of some genes involved in the metabolism of glucose and alcohol. In the second study, we studied the mechanism of action of the mixture of pollutants on the metabolism of glucose. The expression of two genes involved in hepatic gluconeogenesis, glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pc), were reduced 80% by the mixture. The expression of other glucose metabolism genes (pyruvate kinase, glycogen synthase, glycogen phosphorylase, pyruvate dehydrogenase 2) also was decreased suggesting that the mixture might impact markedly carbohydrate metabolism. Furthermore, glucose production decreased 40% with the mixture under gluconeogenic conditions. Under glycolytic conditions, the oxidation of glucose into CO2 decreased 30% after 72h of exposure of the cells to the mixture. Long-term treatment (8 days) with lower doses (0.2 to 5 nM TCDD, 3 µM α-endosulfan) similarly decreased G6Pc and GLUT2 expression. We showed that TCDD activated the AhR pathway, and that ER was partly involved in the α-endosulfan effect. In the third part of this thesis, we studied the regulation of several enzymes involved in the metabolism of alcohol (alcohol dehydrogenase, ADH, cytochrome P450 2E1, CYP2E1) after activation of AhR. AhR agonists led to a decrease in the amounts of mRNAs for ADH1, 4, 6 and CYP2E1 and the corresponding proteins. We showed that this regulation uses the AhR genomic pathway. Furthermore, this effect was also observed after 8 days of treatment with lower doses of TCDD. Chronic exposure of individuals to low doses of xenobiotics in mixtures might significantly affect hepatic carbohydrate metabolism and be a contributing factor for the development of the metabolic syndrome
Ploteau, Stéphane. "Etude du lien entre l’exposition aux polluants organiques persistants et l’endométriose." Thesis, Nantes, Ecole nationale vétérinaire, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ONIR087F/document.
Full textEndometriosis is a gynecological disease for whichexposure to some environmental chemicals is evocatedamong the associated risk factors. Epidemiological studies are however globally non convergent and finally fairly conclusive. Their heterogeneity in terms of lesion localization and sub-phenotype, methodology, size and nature of the populations studied, as well as the limited number of monitored markers of exposure contribute to this situation. We realized a matched case-control study based on a biocollection of 113 patients including 68 patients suffering of deep endometriosis and 45 controls. We characterized the internal exposure levels of an extended range of around 78 persistent organic pollutants (including dioxins, polychlorobiphenyls, brominated flame retardants and organochlorine pesticides). Internal level exposures were measured in three biological compartments (omental fat, subcutaneous fat and serum). First, the distribution of these chemicals was characterized within these compartments. These extended exposure data from deep infiltrating endometriosis patients are the first ones available for France and give a new insight about the equilibrium of chemicals between storage and circulating compartments that should be further considered as a potential indicator permitting to establish a possible association between a chronic exposure to chemical hazards and human pathology. Afterwards, some of the targeted chemicals appeared significantly associated with deep endometriosis. A sub-stratification of our case population indicated a more significant relationship with the presence of endometrioma. Underlying mechanisms remain to be determined
Marçais, Johanna. "Transferts des polluants organiques persistants de l'atmosphère aux milieux aquatiques de montagne." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAA005/document.
Full textAtmospheric sources of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are relatively well known. Once in this compartment under both gas and particulate forms, these compounds are carried on more or less long range. Then, pollutants are eliminated by dry (aerosol) or wet (rain, snow) depositions according to meteorological conditions. The global planetary distribution of POPs affects all environments and mountain aquatic environments are not spared. Several studies on European high altitude mountain lakes have reported the presence of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). In these remote areas, the atmospheric compartment is the unique source of pollution. Few studies were conducted in order to understand and identify transfer mechanisms at the air-water interface in mountain. So, this thesis focused on POP exchanges at the air-water interface. In order to characterize atmospheric influence on aquatic compartment and calculate pollutant fluxes, two separate water systems were studied: a high altitude lake (Muzelle lake, Oisans) and an alpine river (Arc, Maurienne valley). Two POP families were targeted for their different physicochemical properties: PAHs and PCBs.In these mountain environments with limited access and energy, passive sampling strategy was chosen. Samplers were improved, developed in the lab or used to distinctly collect all POP forms in the air (gas, particulate, dry and wet depositions) and water (dissolved, particulate). A comparison of different atmospheric passive samplers was conducted to define the most reliable and representative. The air-water transfer studies were realized on the high altitude lake over two summer periods (2014 and 2015) and over a two years monitoring (2014 to 2016) in the alpine river. So, the atmospheric role on the alpine lake in summer was defined and air-water flux exchanges were calculated. As the alpine river is a more complex water system for the air-water transfers study and quantification, in a first time a space-time contamination monitoring was conducted along the river and a first approach was applied to calculate pollutant fluxes at the interface
Taralunga, Mihaela. "Oxydation catalytique de composés aromatiques chlorés représentatifs de polluants organiques persistants (POP)." Poitiers, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005POIT2295.
Full textThe subject of this thesis regards the environmental protection and atmospheric depollution, more particularly the elimination by catalytic way of the Persistent Organic Pollutants (POP) whose most famous representatives are the dioxins and furans. Model molecules such as chlorobenzene, 1,2-dichlorobenzene and benzofuran were used during this study. Among catalysts tested Pt/Faujasite prove to be active and selective catalysts at low temperature (T ~ 300- 350°C) for the catalytic oxidation of chlorobenzenes, only or in mixture with the benzofuran. This activity comes partly from the zeolite which is able to oxidize the chlorinated aromatic compounds. The addition of platinum increases the activity of zeolite but leads to the formation of the polychlorinated undesirable compounds. Nevertheless, the production of these by-products can be limited or removed while working in the presence of benzofuran
Vessigaud, Sandrine Schiavon Michel. "Re-mobilisation des hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques de terres industrielles de cokerie et mécanismes impliqués dans le "vieillissement" du fluoranthène." S. l. : S. n, 2007. http://theses.abes.fr/2007INPL013N.
Full textCorreia, Franck. "Etude expérimentale et modélisation de réacteurs photochimiques solaires : performances des médias photocatalytiques." Perpignan, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PERP1055.
Full textThe considerable development of the industrial and agricultural activity has led to the emergence of new classes of organic pollutants called “persistant” that are resistant to conventional treatment processes. In this context, new processing techniques have emerged in the way to effectively treat this kind of pollutant. These techniques are generically called “Advanced Oxidation Techniques” (TOA). Heterogeneous photocatalysis is a promising technology extensively studied for two decades. This involves subjecting a semicoductor (solid catalyst) to artificial UV irradiation. Following the photoexcitation of the material, highly oxidizing radical species are generated thereby to degrade the pollutants in the surrouding environment. According to a sustainable development approach, one of the promising areas of development is to transfer the existing technology in artificial irradation to the use of solar energy as a source of UV radiation. The study presented in this paper targets heterogeneous solar photocatalysis coupling the solar UV radiation and the use of a solid catalyst (TiO2)
Graham, Meghan. "Effets de deux polluants organiques persistants sur l'expression du gène de la prolactine /." Thèse, Trois-Rivières : Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 2002. http://www.uqtr.ca/biblio/notice/resume/03-2235610R.html.
Full textEn-tête de t. : Université du Québec. Le chapitre 2 de ce mémoire est présenté sous forme d'article scientifique qui sera soumis au journal "The science of the total environment", sous le titre "Expression of PRL mRNA : In vitro modulation by toxaphene and 3,3',4,4'-TeCB"/ M. Graham, L. Cossette, J. Rousseau and M.-G. Martinoli. CaQTU CaQTU Bibliogr.: f. 43-48.
Graham, Meghan. "Effets de deux polluants organiques persistants sur l'expression du gène de la prolactine." Thèse, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 2002. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/2732/1/000685476.pdf.
Full textKoyaouili, Thierry-Jocker. "Etude des procédés plasmas dans l'élimination des polluants organiques persistants dans les effluents aqueux." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066727/document.
Full textThese research tasks made it possible to compare the performance of reactors gliding arcs first and second generation for the water treatment polluted. A reactor DBB point/plane was also developed. The study of characterization of transfer of matter in the rectors gliding arc as of the energy effectiveness showed that the engine gliding arc first generation is performent than that of the second generation. The difference between these two reactors must by the time of contact plasma solution and the phenomenon gas-liquid transfer. Let us note however that the conversion of phenol is mainly carried out with the species nitrogens. The numerical modeling under Comsol confirmed the mechanism of conversion of phenol proposed. The parametric study of elimination of the acetic acid with reactor DBD point/plane showed that the high frequency generator (40 kHz) releases enormously from heat which contributes certainly to the transfer of matter of the pollutant of the solution towards gas. It is thus possible to bring energy gradually to the system by using the low frequency generator (500 Hz) However, energy efficiency study has shown that low-frequency generator (500Hz) is more efficient than the high-frequency generator (40kHz). Which is justified by the fact that the energy consumed by the power of high-frequency generator is higher, making it uncompetitive
Costera, Pastor Adrián Rychen Guido. "Transfert des polluants organiques persistants (POP) du fourrage vers le lait chez le ruminant." S. l. : S. n, 2007. http://www.scd.inpl-nancy.fr/theses/2007_COSTERA_PASTOR_A.pdf.
Full textBeyram, Trifi. "Traitement des polluants organiques persistants par décharges à barrières diélectriques (DBD) et par décharges glissantes (Glidarc)." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066712.
Full textThis work reports on using plasma process that produces in situ highly oxidizing species able to degrade organic compounds to study the treatment of organic pollutants. By this way, we studied the degradation of some organic pollutant by gliding arc plasma (Glidarc) and by dielectrics barriers discharges (DBD). The first part was dedicated to the degradation of mercaptans by Glidarc with an optimization of different experimental parameters to finish with and application of this process to the decontamination of an industrial effluent rich in mercaptans. A second part was devoted to the study of the degradation of methyl red by Glidarc firstly then by DBD. After optimization of various experimental parameters, a comparison between the two techniques was performed. The third part presented the results obtained from the treatment of triphenylphosphine sulfide present in an organic phase on top of a water phase by Glidarc. A final section was devoted to the modeling of the degradation of methyl red by a new considered horizontal Glidarc reactor. Results show the efficiency of plasma process, DBD and Glidarc, for the treatment and degradation of organic pollutants. So plasma can be considered as an alternative technique compared to other conventional and usual remediation techniques as it has the advantage of being environmentally friendly, economical and efficient
Yonli, Arsène Hampougouni. "Caractérisation et ajustement de l'hydrophobicité de divers solides poreux : application à l'élimination de polluants organiques." Poitiers, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005POIT2353.
Full textHydrophobic silica and zeolites found numerous applications in separation technologies. They are going to replace activated carbon because of their interesting regeneration properties. Their adsorptive properties are linked to their Hydrophobicity index defined by Weitkamp. Many parameters play a key role in the values of Hydrophobicity indexes. In the case of zeolites, parameters such as the partial pressure of sorbates, their acidity, their crystallite sizes, the presence of structural defects and EFAl species in the structure. . . Determine the strength of the hydrophobic character. In the case of mesoporous silica, the silylation level is the main parameter determining the hydrophobic character. Phenol removal in aqueous solutions is efficient on hydrophobic zeolites and silylated silica. Chlorobenzene removal is efficient on the most acidic supports. This removal is improved on silylated mesoporous silicas
Costera, Pastor Adrián. "Transfert des polluants organiques persistants (POP) du fourrage vers le lait chez le ruminant." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007INPL028N/document.
Full textRuminant is exposed to POPs deposited on grasslands. This thesis study the transfer of PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PAHs from fodder and soil to milk. PHE, PYR and B[a]P contaminated grass was incubated in the rumen of cows in order to determine the in sacco disappearance of PAHs, cuticular n-alkanes and DM. The 3 PAHs disappeared (83%) in the 1st hour of incubation while the cuticular n-alkanes and DM disappearance was slower. The transfer of PAHs from grass and soil towards milk has been studied in vivo in goats. The transfer to milk of native PAHs is minimal whatever the matrix ingested. The transfer of PCDD/Fs and PCBs from contaminated hay to milk has been also studied. The CORs of PCBs varied from 5% to 90% and for PCDD/Fs from 1% to 40%. The risk of human exposure via milk could become meanly with PCDD/Fs an PCBs. The current safety threshold values in milk as well as toxicity of 1-OH-PYR must be reviewed
Fournier, Agnès. "Transfert de Polluants Organiques Persistants (POP) vers l’œuf de poule : influence des caracteristiques des polluants et du statut physiologique de l’animal." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011INPL031N.
Full textLaying hens are likely to be exposed to a wide range of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) potentially present in their environment. In the context of securing poultry farming systems regarding POPs, our research has focused on identifying and grading factors likely to influence the transfer of ingested POPs to eggs. These factors are related to the nature of the ingested matrix (soil or feed), to the characteristics of the animal (laying rate, fatness) and to the properties of the molecule (lipophilicity, sensitivity to metabolism). Different scientific approaches have been implemented: in vivo experimentation and mathematical modeling. In the frame of in vivo experiments we have assessed the relative bioavailability of PCBs from one naturally contaminated soil. In addition, we have calculated parameters of the kinetics of transfer to eggs of molecules that had never been studied in laying hens, such as emerging molecules (for example a brominated flame retardant, HBCD), or PAHs. Our results point out the dominant impact of the molecule metabolism on the shape of its kinetics and on its rate of transfer to eggs.The developed dynamic mathematical model makes it possible to pilot variations with time of the size of the lipid compartments in the animal and of the frequency of laying. It was used to assess the influence of these animal characteristics on the transfer of POPs to eggs. Laying rate proportionally influences the contamination level of eggs and of animal tissues at steady state. Body fat dilutes absorbed POPs in absence of laying and significantly influences the rate of decontamination of tissues during depuration subsequent to an exposure period
Merhabi, Fatmé. "Contamination par les polluants organiques persistants et émergents une étude de cas : la rivière Kadicha." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTG080.
Full textThe river contamination with persistent and emerging organic pollutants has raised an increasing concern about their impact on exposed ecosystems. Small Mediterranean coastal rivers have great and fast variations of hydrological flow along the year and can rapidly bring to the mediterranean sea the contamination occurring in the coastal area, especially where population density is high. The Kadicha river basin in Northern Lebanon is an illustrative example of multiple pressures encountered in the Mediterranean basin: it is a small coastal river affected by disorganized and rapid urbanization, a population growth and a chronic default of wastewater collection and treatment. In this context, various contaminants, witness of different anthropic activities were selected and analyzed within the Kadicha river basin.The main objective of this thesis was to determine the impact of anthropogenic activities on the Kadicha River watershed through the study of the contamination with persistent and emerging organic pollutants. Then, the potential environmental risk associated with their presence was assessed. Among emerging contaminants, several compounds having different physico-chemical properties were selected: personal care products (ultraviolet absorbents, musks), insecticides, biocides and surfactants (alkylphenols) and pharmaceutical products. Thus 41 hydrophobic compounds and 23 hydrophilic compounds were studied in sediments and water respectively. The environmental matrices were collected during two sampling campaigns corresponding to wet and dry seasons along sites impacted by urban, rural and mixture land uses (residential and agricultural zones).The results indicate : i) a detection of the totality of persistant organic pollutants and personal care products, insecticides, biocides and surfactants and 6 pharmaceuticals were detected, ii) a higher contamination (in terms of concentrations and diversity of molecules) in urban than in rural zones, iii) a selection of potential markers of urbanization (permethrin, galaxolide and UV-326) iv) an environmental risk for several compounds (ofloxacine (pharmaceutical), low molecular weight PAHs and polychlorinated biphenyls) was identified and v) a higher potential risk associated with the presence of persistent organic pollutants.These results can be considered a knowledge base on anthropogenic pressures and levels of contamination with persistent and emerging organic pollutants in the Kadicha river watershed. The data acquired as well as the potential environmental risks associated with the presence of certain molecules in the Kadicha river watershed lead to propose these molecules as a part of future monitoring programs for anthropized rivers in the Mediterranean basin
El, Wanny Nadine. "Stratégies de séquestration de polluants organiques organochlorés par des matrices carbonées." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2021. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/DDOC_T_2021_0315_EL_WANNY.pdf.
Full textSoil contamination by organochlorine pollutants is a problem for ecosystem and human health. lt is not always possible to degrade these persistent molecules. The challenge is to prevent their adverse effects on the biota or their migration to other compartments of the agroecosystem. The use of nanoporous carbonaceous materials originated from plants can be one way. The objective of this thesis is ta select from a panel of carbon matrices those capable of effectively trapping contaminants such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs), as well as chlordecone (CLD). These matrices differ from each other by their properties (biochar vs activated carbon), conditioned by the pyrolysis and/or activation process used, as well as by the nature of the raw material used. The challenge is to produce, characterize and select the most efficient carbonaceous materials to maximize this sequestration. ln vitro environmental availability or bioaccessibility tests were used to perform a screening and then in vivo tests were set up to validate the effectiveness on a small number of carbonaceous materials. The in vivo tests were developed on three models of biota. An interaction emerges between the type of test, the carbon matrix used and the contaminants. lt appears that the effectiveness of the strategy depends on the target biota or the assessment method used. Regarding contaminants, it appears that the structure of the molecule could be at the origin of different behaviours. Regarding carbonaceous matrices, activated carbons were more efficient than biochars. Specific surface and microporosity are necessary conditions for the efficiency of activated carbons and mainly explain the difference in efficiency between biochars and activated carbons
Tabelsi, Souhaila. "Dépollution des effluents industriels tunisiens chargés en polluants organiques persistants par les procédés d'oxydation avancée." Phd thesis, Université de Marne la Vallée, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00742438.
Full textBaïs, Nelsie. "Etude du post-traitement des fumées d'incinérateur : élimination de polluants organiques persistants sur des matériaux carbonés adsorbants à température élevée." Rennes 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003REN10101.
Full textFournier, Agnès. "Transfert de Polluants Organiques Persistants (POP) vers l’œuf de poule : influence des caracteristiques des polluants et du statut physiologique de l’animal." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011INPL031N/document.
Full textLaying hens are likely to be exposed to a wide range of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) potentially present in their environment. In the context of securing poultry farming systems regarding POPs, our research has focused on identifying and grading factors likely to influence the transfer of ingested POPs to eggs. These factors are related to the nature of the ingested matrix (soil or feed), to the characteristics of the animal (laying rate, fatness) and to the properties of the molecule (lipophilicity, sensitivity to metabolism). Different scientific approaches have been implemented: in vivo experimentation and mathematical modeling. In the frame of in vivo experiments we have assessed the relative bioavailability of PCBs from one naturally contaminated soil. In addition, we have calculated parameters of the kinetics of transfer to eggs of molecules that had never been studied in laying hens, such as emerging molecules (for example a brominated flame retardant, HBCD), or PAHs. Our results point out the dominant impact of the molecule metabolism on the shape of its kinetics and on its rate of transfer to eggs.The developed dynamic mathematical model makes it possible to pilot variations with time of the size of the lipid compartments in the animal and of the frequency of laying. It was used to assess the influence of these animal characteristics on the transfer of POPs to eggs. Laying rate proportionally influences the contamination level of eggs and of animal tissues at steady state. Body fat dilutes absorbed POPs in absence of laying and significantly influences the rate of decontamination of tissues during depuration subsequent to an exposure period
Sawka, Corinne. "Contamination des logements français en composés organiques semi-volatils en phase particulaire." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015REN1B033/document.
Full textSemi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) refer to a broad spectrum of molecules from different chemical families that have numerous properties. They can be used as pesticides, plasticizers, flame retardants, surfactants, lubricants, etc. Consequently, they are introduced in numerous applications in buildings or used daily by the entire population. Once emitted through evaporation or abrasion in the indoor environment or introduced from the outdoors, their chemical or biological degradation is limited, and they persist indoors. This persistence also explains why some SVOCs that were banned a few years ago are still detected in the air and dust inside buildings. In indoor environments, SVOCs are divided between the gas phase, airborne particles, and dust settled on floors and surfaces. SVOCs are of concern due to their established or suspected health effects and their widespread exposure through different environmental media and pathways. The objective of the thesis was to study the concentrations of 66 SVOCs on airborne particles (PM10) and 48 SVOCs in settled dust in two samples of dwellings randomly selected across France. PM10 were sampled during the nationwide housing survey carried out by the French Observatory of indoor air quality in 2003-2005. The dust samples were collected from vacuum cleaner bags during a nationwide survey carried out in French dwellings where at least one child aged 6 months to 6 years lived (2008-2009). The SVOCs to be analyzed had prior been selected using a ranking method based on their toxicity and indoor concentrations. The data analysis focused in particular on the identification of French specificities in terms of detected molecules and measured concentrations. It highlighted some determinants of exposure, e.g., influence of particle size, type of dust collected, dust bioaccessibility, which are not always considered and limit the comparability of results. The measured concentrations were also used to assess the health ranking implemented prior to this work and to confirm its relevance. The concentrations measured both in the air and in settled dust were compared to study the similarities in terms of concentrations and SVOC mixtures. Finally, the exposure doses to SVOCs were calculated for both a child and an adult to assess the respective contributions of inhalation and ingestion to these compounds in particulate phase in dwellings
Trifi, Beyram. "Traitement des polluants organiques persistants par décharges à barrières diélectriques (DBD) et par décharges glissantes (Glidarc)." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00710610.
Full textPerrière, Clémentine. "Effets d’un mélange de polluants organiques persistants sur le métabolisme énergétique de cellules cancéreuses coliques humaines." Thesis, Paris 5, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA05P629.
Full textDuring tumorigenesis most of cancer cells exhibit an altered metabolism that is characterized by an elevated uptake of glucose and an increased glycolytic rate; this phenomenon is known as the Warburg effect. Compelling recent evidences suggest that alteration of cellular metabolism is critical during cancer development and constitutes a major feature of aggressive tumour. Considering the recent observations on the impact of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) on cell metabolism, we hypothesize that POPs could exert their carcinogenic effects by promoting metabolic alterations that could converge to a metabolic shift supporting a tumoral phenotype. Proliferating colon cancer cells (Caco2) were treated with TCDD (25 nM) or/and α-endosulfan (10 µM), two environmental pollutants mainly produced by human activities and designated by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as probably or well-established carcinogenic to humans. A significant decrease of glucose and glutamine oxidation (60%) was observed after a treatment for 48 hours with the two pollutants while each pollutant alone had no significant effect. These observations are correlated with an increased lactate production by two fold. These effects are maintained in the presence of antioxidative NAC (10 mM), suggesting that they are independent of the oxidative status of the cell. We also observed a decreased incorporation of glucose in total lipids (50%). The ATP production and the cell respiration level were significantly decreased by the mixture by about 50% and 80%, respectively. In the same conditions, the glycogen production and the NADPH/NADPH,H+ ratio were unchanged. Taken together, these results suggest that POPs could worsen the metabolic phenotype of cancer cells. The molecular mechanisms underlying the POPs-induced metabolic reprograming are under investigation and should provide a better understanding of the signalling pathways involved in POPs action on the regulation of the energetic metabolism balance and their consequence on cancer
Ounnas, Fayçal. "Influence de la matrice sol sur la biodisponibilitté orale des Polluants Organiques Persistants chez les ruminants laitiers." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011INPL042N/document.
Full textPersistent Organic Pollutants (PoP) can be accumulated through the “memory effect of soil”. Ruminants can therefore be exposed to the PoP through involuntary ingestion of the contaminated soil. On pasture, soil ingested by ruminants can reach 800 g of soil per day. But PoP interact with the soil particles, leading to the formation of strong bonds which can decrease their bioavailability. Therefore, we developed several approaches in order to determine the bioavailability of soil-bound PoP. Indeed, more precision on the impact of soil on the bioavailability of the contaminants is essential to assess the transfer to the animal products. The investigations focused on two PoP families: the Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) which are readily cleared and the PolyChloroBiphenyls (PCB) which are poorly metabolized. For the PCB, the relative bioavailability was estimated by comparing the values of the transfer coefficients or « Carry-Over Rates » obtained after soil ingestion, with that those obtained in the literature with other food matrices such as hay. The second study was conducted in order to calculate the bioavailability of soil-bound PAH. This experimental approach lay in comparing soil matrix with the reference matrix (oil) through the urinary excretion of the major hydroxylated PAH metabolites. The last investigation focused on the statistical combination of the results of several studies that address a set of related research on the role of organic matter (organic carbon) on the bioaccessibility of the PAH in the gastro-intestinal tract. The results of the studies performed show that soil has limited impact on the PoP bioavailability in ruminants. However, the lipophilicity of PoP seems to play a role in regulating their bioavailability. Indeed, soil impact is not significant for Phenanthrene (three-ring molecule), whereas the bioavailability of Pyrene is estimated at 50 % (four-ring molecule). The bioaccessibility in the gastro-intestinal tract is a component of the bioavailability; it was estimated for PAH at between 0.2 and 46%, and seems to be led by the concentration of PAH and the organic carbon content in soil. These results suggest that soil matrix deserves some special focus because its properties of geoaccumulation may increase the risk of transfer of PoP to the ruminant. The geosorbant property of soil, which explains its role as environmental reservoir of PoP, does not appear enough to avoid contamination of animal products, in the conditions of the lactating ruminant digestif tract. Particular attention should be paid to soil in the scenarios of risk assessment
Lauzent, Mathilde. "Etude de l’écodynamique des polluants organiques persistants et des micropolluants halogénés d’intérêt émergent dans les milieux aquatiques." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0733/document.
Full textPCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls), PBDEs (polybrominated biphenyl ethers) and OCPs (organochlorine pesticides) are anthropogenic compounds classified as POPs (Persistent Organic Pollutants), their use was restricted or prohibited. These compounds are ubiquitous, persistent and bioaccumulative and they are still present in the environment; this is the reason why it is important to continue the study of the fate and impact in the environment. Due to their usage restriction, other compounds are now used to replace them, such as alternative flame retardants (RFAs). These brominated and chlorinated compounds have physicochemical properties comparable to those of POPs and can thus be potentially hazardous to the environment. In addition, RFAs are expected to occur at lower concentrations than PCBs and PBDEs, whether in the biotic and abiotic compartments. Thus, one of the challenges of the present work was to develop a multiresidue method, based on gas chromatography coupled with a time-of-flight mass spectrometer, allowing for the simultaneous analysis of 17 RFAs at levels below ng.g-1. The levels and patterns of POP and RFA contamination were reported in the biotic and abiotic compartments of selected hydrosystems. The biomagnification potential of these compounds was also studied by determining trophic magnification factors (TMF) in the Gironde estuary and in the Rhône basin. In the Gironde estuary, it was shown that some RFA biomagnify as much or more than some historical POPs. Furthermore, in the Rhône basin, the use of TMF for predictive purpose, for BDE-47 or ΣPBDEs-WFD for example, was discussed and found possible
Fontmorin, Jean-Marie. "Couplage entre un procédé électrochimique et un traitement biologique pour la dégradation de composés organiques persistants." Rennes, Ecole nationale supérieure de chimie, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ENCR0014.
Full textThis PhD work deals with the coupling of an electrochemical process with a biological treatment for the degradation of persistent organic compounds. The electrochemical process used as a pretreatment is based on a home-made electrochemical flow cell with a graphite felt as a working electrode. During the pretreatment step, 96% of the chlorinated herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) was degraded, and a mineralization rate of 34% was obtained. The BOD5/COD was increased from 0,04 to 0,25 meaning that the biodegradability of the solution was significantly improved. The subsequent biological treatment carried out with activated sludge confirmed the efficiency of the electrochemical pretreatment. Indeed, kinetics of mineralization were increased, even though the persistence of some by-products was noticed. The elimination of a 2,4-D commercial solution (U46D®) was also studied. The first results were reproducible, but the relevance of the coupling system should be qualified because of the higher biodegradability of the commercial solution. The last part of this work was dedicated to the electrocatalytic reduction of halogenated organic compounds. Catalytic properties of several cobalt and nickel complexes were studied by cyclic voltammetry in organic solvents, but also in water or hydro-alcoholic media. The nickel-based complex was first used in homogeneous catalysis and then in heterogeneous catalysis after it was entrapped in Nafion® films for the dechlorination of dichloropropane, used as a target compound
Vollaire, Yan. "Les polluants organiques persistants dans une lagune méditerranéenne protégée (réserve de biosphère MAB-UNESCO) : approche écologique et écotoxicologique." Paris 11, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA112301.
Full textThe evaluation and the prediction of the ecotoxicological impact of the organic contaminants constitute essential stages to halt the biodiversity loss and to reinforce the capacities in management of ecosystems. In a first time, this present study aimed to check the potency of the stable isotopes methodology applied to an anthropized environment. Following this objective, two studies using the perch Perca fluviatilis, raised and fed under controlled conditions, were carried out. The first study showed the variation of the fractionation factor when the diet changed, the second showed that a food contamination, with an organic, pollutant had no effect on the discrimination factor in liver, gills and muscle of perch. The method of the stable isotopes, applied to a food web in the Vaccarès lagoon (Camargue, South of the France), allowed to characterise of a biomagnification process of some organic contaminants. The latter occurred for molecules of different Kow and sometimes for Kow lower than 5 (e. G. Pesticides). In the aim of preventing the appearance of associated pathologies, the validation of in situ biomarkers was often considered. Even if, the activity of the AChE in eel varied with the degree of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, the evaluated biochemical indicators showed the inconsistency of the principle of “universal biomarker”. Finally, to these main objectives, was added the understanding of the role played by rice fields in the contamination of a food web in the Vaccarès lagoon, and the use of bivalve filters, Corbicula fluminea, in the monitoring of the water quality
Iya-Sou, Djakaou. "Elimination de solutés organiques polluants d'effluents liquides par plasma non thermique : comparaison des processus mis en jeu à l'interface liquide-plasma dans les procédés Glidarc et DBD." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066213.
Full textThe role of oxidant species created in the gas phase has been investigated in two non-thermal plasma processes applied for the water treatment: Gliding Arc and falling film Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) processes. Three different model organic pollutants have been treated in the two discharge reactors. The obtained results, from easier to more difficult to remove, are as follows: phenol>> Heptanol> pCBA> for the Glidarc reactor and 1-Heptanol >> Phenol> pCBA for DBD falling film reactor. The differences between the two reactors are not only due to the quality and quantity of active species generated in each case but also to the mass transfer at the gas-liquid interface. The removal mechanisms also differ depending on the characteristics of the pollutant treated. Phenol reacts strongly with °NO2 radicals produced by the dissociation of N2O4 in the liquid phase. For 1-Heptanol, the degradation is proceeded by desorption assisted by the gas phase reactions with the short-lived species. For this type of pollutant, the DBD reactor is the most competitive, partly due to the efficient mass transfer owing to the convective movements generated in the liquid by the discharge. In the case of pCBA, the removal rate is weak in the two processes because of the insufficient production of OH° radicals in the solution. Finally, a numerical simulation allowed us to validate the proposed elimination mechanisms
Persic, Ana. "Modalités de contamination par les polluants organiques persistants des réseaux trophiques lagunaires. Application de la méthode des isotopes stables." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00008851.
Full textPeršić, Ana. "Modalités de contamination par les polluants organiques persistants des réseaux trophiques lagunaires : application de la méthode des isotopes stables." Paris 11, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA112272.
Full textAs a part of a national biomonitoring project, the principal objectif of this study was the determination of bioaccumulation patterns of persistent organic pollutants POPs : organochlorinated pesticides and polychlorobiphenyls within aquatic food webs in the Camargue Biosphere Reserve. The stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis, performed on 16 dominant aquatic animal species, confirmed the high complexity of trophic relations, but also their stability detremined by constraints related to the natural and anthropic environmental fluctuations. After the detection of all the investigated POPs in all trophic levels, the possible bioaccumulation patterns of the contaminants were analysed. By using the isotopic method, biomagnification processus was highlighted for the most persistent pollutants (dieldrin, HCB) but also for alpha endosulfan, whose trophic transfer depends on the intensity of the contamination resulting from the biodisponibility of the substance, itself related to the season. For all the other analyzed substances, the bioconcentration directly from water seems to be the dominant way of contamination in a shallow aquatic ecosystem such as the Vaccarès lagoon. Additionaly, some biomarkers were validated in situ in relation to the trophic level and the food web structure. The evaluated biochemical indicators failed to demonstrate the existance of a hypothetical "universal biomarker". A synthetic biological parameter of metabolic capacities would represent a considerable asset for such validation. The influence of a chemical or physical disturbance on metabolic allocation of 13C and 15N, supposed stable under given conditions, could be a promising approach
Mercier, Rachel. "Traitement par des champignons filamenteux de sols contaminés par des composés organiques persistants : application aux hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques." Aix-Marseille 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998AIX11082.
Full textLoizeau, Vincent. "Prise en compte d'un modèle de sol multi-couches pour la simulation multi-milieux à l'échelle européenne des polluants organiques persistants." Thesis, Paris Est, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PEST1168/document.
Full textPersitent Organic Pollutants (POPs) are toxic substances that bioaccumulate in the food chain. Once emitted in the atmosphere, they are transported by the wind and deposited on soil. Since they are persistent, they can be reemited from soil to atmosphere by volatilization and travel over very long distances. This process is called grasshopper effect. Thus, POPs may be found at significant levels far from their emission source. It is necessary to understand the transport and fate of these pollutants in order to support the decision making process and reduce human exposure to POPs. Regulations over the last decades lead to a decrease of anthropogenic emissions and subsequent decrease of atmospheric concentration. In this context, the soil is no longer a sink of POPs but can be a source to the atmosphere. Many numeric models aim to study the behavior of POPs in the environment. Most of them consider soil compartment as a homogeneous box, leading to an underestimation of reemissions. Then, it appears of great importance to develop more realistic soil models. The objective of my thesis was to develop such a model, with vertical transport within the soil. This model was evaluated against measured concentration soil profile. We also conducted a sensitivity analysis to identify the key parameters involved in the process of reemissions. Then, the soil model was coupled with an atmospheric transport model. A case study was finally undertaken to estimate the impacts of reemissions on global-mass balance of POPs at European scale
Kanzari, Fehmi. "Etude de la contamination des sédiments de surface par des polluants organiques persistants (hydrocarbures, polychlorobiphényles et pesticides) dans des cours d'eau méditerranéens." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM4353.
Full textPersistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), largely present in the environment via sewage wastewater (WWTP) and anthropogenic activities are a source of contamination of the aquatic environment. The environmental risk assessment of these compounds involves their specific and quantitative chemical analysis and estimation of their origin next to the contaminated areas. This study was a qualitative and quantitative analysis, internationally, for about thirty organic compounds representative in terms of use and relevant in terms of environmental impact. The approach used incorporates a detection step and a step for evaluating the toxicity of the compounds targeted to estimate their level of ecological risk. The detection of these compounds in the sediment matrix required the development of a Soxhlet extraction method and the development of a method of detection by GC-MS. Validation of this method allowed to carry out a sampling campaign of 54 stations spread over four watersheds (Arc, Huveaune, the Durance, the Etang de Berre and Oued Medjerda), to assess the level of contamination by POPs. This work intends to carry out a guided sampling (before and after major works such as STEP, industries ...) sediments of different rivers in the Mediterranean area and study both infection rates and the origin of POPs. At the regional and international levels, the subject responds to a strong societal demand. Indeed, it is essential to characterize the quality of streams and to estimate their contamination. This work has allowed a consistent inventory level of contamination. The PAH analysis is done by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC / MS)
Mattioda, Christophe. "Développement de méthodes d'analyses alternatives des polluants organiques persistants dans les échantillons de fumées d'incinération : application du protocole à leur suivi à l'émission des usines d'incinération et dans l'environnement." Rennes 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006REN1S024.
Full textBissagou, Koumba Gaelle. "Fragmentations chimique et physique de plastiques et microplastiques en eau douce sous irradiation UV-visible." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CLFAC016/document.
Full textThe question of marine litter and their environmental impact gains importance. It was shown that 80% of plastics results from terrestrial sources, while 20% come from coastlines and seas. Many authors point to a serious environmental problem involved to the absorption of POPs (persistent organic pollutants) by plastic detritus, thus initiating a potential source of contamination of the food chain. All authors attribute the fragmentation to "microplastic" (size < 5mm) to phenomena related to degradation, under UV without ever having demonstrated or analysed it. The rivers constituting then a privileged vector of transport of the terrestrial waste towards the seas and oceans, we decided to highlight (and quantify) the presence of microplastics in a river known as "wild" as the Allier. At the laboratory, we develop simulation protocols for the fragmentation of plastics under UV irradiation of various plastic materials in fresh water. We analyse both the chemical molecules resulting from the degradation of plastics and transferred to the aqueous medium as well as the molecular changes that can undergo the material
Martinez, Alvarez Ignacio. "Les nanomatériaux comme porteurs des polluants organiques persistants : évaluation des risques pour l'environnement aquatique basée sur l’étude d’un petit invertébré et d’un poisson modèle." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020BORD0332.
Full textPresence and effects of micro- (< 5mm) and nanomaterials (<100 nm, NM) in the environment are a current issue of concern. Aquatic ecosystems with high pollution pressure already present a cocktail of chemicals, where micro- and NMs can act as sponges for these pollutants due to their high surface to volume ratio and hydrophobic surface. This phenomenon can alter the bioavailability of the pollutants present in the aquatic ecosystem, especially for hydrophobic compounds and, therefore, modulate their toxicity to aquatic organisms. Therefore, in the present Thesis the following objectives were established: (1) To assess the potential bioavailability and toxicity of polystyrene nanoplastics (NPs), and of microplastics (MPs) alone and with sorbed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to brine shrimp larvae and zebrafish; (2) To determine sorption capacity of PAHs to MPs and graphene oxide NMs (GNMs); (3) To assess the potential bioavailability and toxicity of GNMs alone and with sorbed PAHs to zebrafish.Exposure to pristine MPs did not cause any significant impact on brine shrimp larvae and zebrafish embryo survival, while some treatments containing elevated concentrations (mg/L) of MPs with sorbed benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) and B(a)P alone resulted in acute toxicity. In addition, both sizes of MPs were successful vectors of B(a)P to brine shrimp and zebrafish embryos. Results indicated that small MPs (0.5 µm) showed higher maximum sorption capacity for B(a)P than larger MPs (4.5 µm). In the case of a complex and environmentally relevant PAH mixture, as that formed in the water accommodated fraction (WAF) of a crude oil, a relatively limited sorption to 4.5 µm MPs, driven by the hydrophobicity and initial concentration of each PAH, was observed. In adult zebrafish, MPs did not act as PAH vehicle after 21-day exposure to MPs with sorbed PAHs. Only fish exposed to MPs for 21 days presented changes in the transcription level of biotransformation metabolism-related gene cyp1a in the liver, along with a significant increase in the prevalence of liver vacuolisation. 21 days of exposure to NPs, but not to MPs, caused oxidative stress in adult zebrafish. Ingestion of NPs was observed in the developing organisms (brine shrimp and zebrafish). In embryos, fluorescent NPs were specially localised in the eyes, yolk sac and tail, showing their capacity to translocate and spread into the embryo body.For GNMs, graphene oxide (GO) showed a higher sorption capacity for B(a)P than MPs. For the PAH mixture of the WAF, sorption to GO was also higher than to MPs. In embryos exposed to different GNMs alone and with PAHs, no significant mortality was recorded for any treatment. Nevertheless, malformation rate increased significantly in embryos exposed to the highest concentrations (5 or 10 mg/L) of GO, reduced GO alone and with sorbed B(a)P. According to chemical analysis of adult fish tissues, bioavailability of PAH sorbed to GO for fish was lower than in the case of PAHs alone. Only biochemical responses and genes related to biotransformation metabolism were altered in the liver of fish exposed to B(a)P for 3 days. Transcription level of genes related to oxidative stress were not altered. On the contrary, the gills of fish exposed to GO with sorbed B(a)P and to B(a)P for 3 days and co-exposed to GO and WAF for 21 days showed significantly higher oxidative stress than control fish. A common neurotoxic effect was caused in all fish treated for 21 days. Finally, adult fish exposed to GO presented GO ingestion and liver vacuolisation, but absence of GO translocation to the adult tissue was reported. The present work shows evidences of the capacity of MPs with sorbed PAHs to cause sublethal effects (1) and to carry PAHs (2) in brine shrimp and zebrafish. Finally, GO was greater carrier of PAHs to zebrafish than MPs (3) due to its higher sorption capacity (2), exerting oxidative stress and neurotoxicity as the main sublethal effects in adult zebrafish
La presencia y los efectos de micro- (<5 mm) y nanomateriales (100 nm, NM) en el medio ambiente es un tema de preocupación actual. En sistemas acuáticos que presentan un coctel de químicos debido a la alta presión de la contaminación, los micro- y NMs pueden actuar como esponjas para los contaminantes debido a su alto ratio superficie/volumen y a la hidrofobicidad de su superficie. Este fenómeno puede alterar la biodisponibilidad de los contaminantes presentes en los ecosistemas acuáticos, especialmente para los compuestos hidrófobos, y seguidamente, modular su toxicidad para los organismos acuáticos. Por ello, en la presente tesis los siguientes objetivos fueron establecidos: (1) Evaluar la biodisponibilidad y la toxicidad potencial de nanoplásticos de poliestireno (NPs), y de microplásticos (MPs) solos o con hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos ad/absorbidos (HAPs) para la larva de Artemia y el pez cebra; (2) Determinar la capacidad de ad/absorción de HAPs por los MPs y los NMs de óxido de grafeno (GNMs); (3) Evaluar la biodisponibilidad y toxicidad de GNMs solos o con HAPs ad/absorbidos para el pez cebra.La exposición a MPs prístinos no causó ningún impacto significativo en la supervivencia de la larva de Artemia o del embrión de pez cebra, mientras que algunos tratamientos que contenían elevadas concentraciones (mg/L) de MPs con benzo(a)pireno (B(a)P) ad/absorbido y B(a)P sólo resultaron en toxicidad aguda. Además, ambos tamaños de MPs fueron exitosos vectores de B(a)P en larvas de Artemia y embriones de pez cebra. Los resultados indicaron que los MPs pequeños (0.5 μm) mostraron una mayor capacidad máxima de ad/absorción de B(a)P que los MPs grandes (4.5 μm MPs). Para una mezcla compleja y medioambientalmente relevante de HAPs, como es la formada en la fracción acomodada al agua (WAF) de un petróleo crudo, se observó una ad/absorción limitada relativamente a 4.5 μm MPs y que dependió de la hidrofobicidad y la concentración inicial de cada HAP. En adultos de pez cebra, los MPs no actuaron como vehículos de HAP después de 21 días de exposición a MPs con HAPs ad/absorbidos. Solo aquellos peces expuestos a MPs durante 21 días presentaron cambios en los niveles de transcripción del gen cyp1a relacionado con el metabolismo de biotransformación en el hígado, junto con un aumento significativo de la prevalencia de la vacuolización del hígado. 21 días de exposición a NPs, pero no a MPs, causó un estrés oxidativo en los adultos de pez cebra. La ingestión de NPs se observó en los organismos en desarrollo (Artemia y pez cebra). En embriones, los NPs fluorescentes se localizaron específicamente en los ojos, saco vitelino y cola, mostrando la capacidad de los mismos para ser internalizados y repartidos en el interior del cuerpo del embrión.Para los GNMs, el óxido de grafeno (GO) presentó una mayor capacidad de ad/absorción de B(a)P que los MPs. Para la mezcla de HAPs del WAF, la ad/absorcíon a GO fue de nuevo mayor que para los MPs. Para los embriones expuestos a diferentes GNMs solos y con HAPs no se obtuvo una mortalidad significativa. Aun así, el ratio de malformaciones aumento significativamente en embriones expuestos a las concentraciones más altas (5 o 10 mg/L) de GO, GO reducido solo o con B(a)P ad/absorbido. De acuerdo con los ensayos químicos en el tejido de pez adulto, la biodisponibilidad de HAP ad/absorbidos a GO para peces fue menor que en los peces expuestos a HAPs solos. Solo se vieron alteradas las respuestas bioquímicas y los genes relacionados con el metabolismo de biotransformación en hígado de pez expuesto a B(a)P durante 3 días. [...]
Ceccarelli, Raffaela. "Détérioration des parchemins liée aux facteurs environnementaux : étude physico-chimique." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MNHN0002.
Full textThis thesis was completed in co-tutoring between the Università degli Studi di Torino (Dipartimento di Chimica IFM), and the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle of Paris (Centre de Recherche sur la Conservation des Documents Graphiques) supported by the Université Italo-Française. Its aim was to reach a better understanding of the processes damaging parchments through the study of the effect of environmental deterioration factors. This thesis was carried out within the compass of the European IDAP project (Improved Damage Assessment of Parchments). Deterioration of collagen, by far the main component of parchment, was studied in the first part of the work by measuring the changes in its thermal stability. Both DSC analysis of collagen thermal denaturation and TG measurements were performed on new parchments (taken as reference), then subjected to artificial ageing, and ancient parchments from libraries and archives. Results were used to evaluate the damage level of parchments by considering two criteria: a) variation of thermodynamic parameters obtained from the analysis of collagen denaturation DSC peaks as a consequence of the ageing treatment; b) presence of other DSC peaks, in addition to the main one, caused by further degradation in collagen structure. Dry heat and pollutants commonly present in urban atmosphere (SO2 and NOx) proved to be the main damaging factors, especially if their effects are combined. Besides, a protocol for the classification of damage level of ancient parchments was derived from the most substantial changes provoked by artificial ageing. A deeper study on the effect of nitrogen oxides NOx showed they react with water present in parchments and form species such as NO2¯ and NO3¯. The chemical species thus generated react by hydrolysing and oxidizing both main collagen chains and side chains of amino acids. These hypotheses were confirmed by the ESI-MS study of models proteins, such as lysozyme and bovine serum albumine (BSA), exposed to high levels of NOx. Mass spectrometry showed that these proteins give rise to ionic interactions with NO3¯ (with NO2¯, only in few cases), and that new species of higher and lower masses are formed as a consequence of oxidation and hydrolysis. Results of infrared spectroscopy showed that the behaviour of these model systems is quite similar to that of collagen in parchment. Lastly, analysis of NOx exposed amino acids allowed us to identify some main degradation products, such as methionine sulfoxyde and methionine sulfone derived from methionine oxidation, and the nitrotyrosine derived from tyrosine nitration whereas amino acids as glycine and proline were not influenced. Nitrotyrosine has proved capable of acting as a specific marker of deterioration induced by NOx
La tesi è stata sviluppata presso il Centre de Recherches sur la Conservation des Documents Graphiques e il Dipartimento di Chimica IFM, secondo un accordo di co-tutela tra l'Università degli Studi di Torino e il Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle promosso dall'Università Franco-Italiana. L'obiettivo è stato l'approfondimento della conoscenza dei processi di danneggiamento delle pergamene attraverso lo studio dell'effetto dei fattori ambientali di deterioramento. La tesi è stata svolta in collaborazione con il progetto europeo IDAP (Improved Damage Assessment of Parchments). Nella prima parte del lavoro, il deterioramento delle pergamene è stato determinato tramite la misura di parametri termodinamici relativi alla denaturazione termica del collagene, che rappresenta il costituente pressoché esclusivo della pergamena. Le misure sono state effettuate mediante DSC e TG utilizzando sia pergamene nuove (come riferimenti), in seguito sottoposte a procedimenti di invecchiamento accelerato, sia pergamene antiche provenienti da archivi e biblioteche. I risultati hanno consentito di valutare il livello di deterioramento delle pergamene in base a due criteri principali: a) variazione dei parametri termodinamici ottenuti dal picco DSC di denaturazione termica del collagene in conseguenza dei trattamenti di invecchiamento; b) presenza di altri picchi DSC, oltre quello principale, dovuti a particolari danni subiti dalla struttura del collagene. Il calore secco ed i comuni inquinanti presenti nelle atmosfere urbane (SO2 e NOx) sono risultati i principali fattori di deterioramento, il cui effetto aumenta se i vari fattori sono combinati tra loro. E' stata inoltre elaborata una classificazione del livello di degrado delle pergamene antiche in base al confronto con i risultati ottenuti con le pergamene invecchiate artificialmente. Uno studio più approfondito sull'effetto di NOx ha dimostrato che gli ossidi di azoto reagiscono con l'acqua presente nelle pergamene formando specie come NO2¯ e NO3¯. L'insieme delle specie chimiche presenti agisce idrolizzando e ossidando il collagene a livello della catena principale e delle catene laterali degli amminoacidi. Tali ipotesi sono state confermate attraverso lo studio ESI-MS di proteine modello, quali il lisozima e la bovine serum albumine (BSA), esposte ad alte concentrazioni di NOx. La spettrometria di massa ha mostrato che tali proteine stabiliscono interazioni ioniche con NO3¯ (e a volte con NO2¯), e che si formano nel contempo nuove specie a massa superiore e inferiore dovute all'ossidazione e all'idrolisi. I risultati in spettroscopia IR hanno posto in evidenza che il comportamento dei sistemi modello è analogo a quello delle pergamene. Infine, le analisi effettuate su amminoacidi esposti a NOx hanno permesso di individuare, come principali effetti del degrado, specie derivanti dall'ossidazione della metionina (metioninsulfone e metioninsulfossido) e dalla nitrazione della tirosina (nitrotirosina), mentre amminoacidi come glicina e prolina sembrano non essere influenzati. La nitrotirosina ha dimostrato di poter essere scelta come marker per il deterioramento indotto da NOx
Rabodonirina, Rondro Suzanah. "Contaminants organiques (HAP, Me-HAP, PCB) en environnement : étude de milieu naturel et de faisabilité de bioremédiation." Thesis, Lille 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL10170/document.
Full textThe industrial revolution, technological change, population growth and urbanization have affected not only the economy and politics all around the world but also the environment. Various types of pollutants are generated and introduced permanently into the environment through industrial, agricultural and/or municipal discharges. These pollutants include the persistent organic pollutants or POPs which can develop dangerous effects to human health and the ecosystem. In addition, they are reported detected in all the environmental components including the atmosphere, water resources, soils, sediments and biota. Since the discovery of the insecticides DDT in human tissue, the fate and behavior of these type of hazardous pollutants have caught the interest of researchers. In this work, our target contaminants are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their methylated derivatives (Me-PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The first part of our study investigated the contamination level of theses POPs in the different compartments of the environment (water, suspended solid matters, sediment, soil). Their occurrence and distribution were evaluated in the dissolved, particulate and sedimentary phases of the freshwater system of the Scheldt basin in the border area between France and Belgium in FRB-RegionNPC "BIOFOZI" program. An ecotoxicological risk assessment was also carried out. The same investigations were also conducted in soil samples originating from northern France and from Madagascar. The second part of the present work concern a feasibility study of PAHs-contaminated soil bio-treatment (bioremediation)
Navarro, Pauline. "Impacts d'une exposition prénatale aux polluants organiques persistants (POPs) et à une supplémentation maternelle en acide folique sur le profil cardiométabolique d'une lignée de rats mâles." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/36445.
Full textPersistent organic pollutants (POPs) are toxic compounds, highly resistant to degradation which are transported by atmospheric and ocean currents up to the Arctic. As a result, Inuit people are directly exposed to POPs through the contamination of the Arctic food chain. On the other hand, the prevalence of type-2 diabetes (T2D) has dramatically increased in this population during the last decades. In addition, prenatal exposure to POPs is associated with the onset of metabolic disorders in offspring later life. As a methyl group donor, folic acid (FA) may limit the deleterious effects of POPs. The general objective of this thesis is to determine whether FA supplementation of dams’ diet before and during pregnancy can overcome the effects of prenatal exposure to POPs, on glucose homeostasis, lipid response and inflammatory response in three generations of male descendants via paternal transmission in a rat model. To achieve our objectives, we reproduced a prenatal paternal exposure, using a three-generation rat model. Sprague-Dawley females (F0) were exposed to a POPs mixture (or corn oil), +/- FA supplementation through the diet before and during gestation for a total of nine weeks. F1 and F2 males were mated with untreated females. In F1 males, prenatal POPs exposure increased fasting glucose and C-peptide levels, which is a biomarker of insulin secretion, as well as hepatic triglyceride and plasma and hepatic cholesterol levels. F2 males from the POPs-treated lineage also showed higher plasma Cpeptide levels. Prenatal FA supplementation lowered plasma C-peptide and plasma cholesterol levels in F1 males. In F3 males, FA supplementation counteracted the POPsinduced higher C-peptide levels indicating normalization of insulin secretion. No differences in the inflammatory response of F1, F2 and F3 males were observed following POPs exposure or FA supplementation. In conclusion, our work shows that prenatal POPs exposure can lead to the onset of cardiometabolic disorders up to the F3 generation of male rats via paternal transmission. Prenatal FA supplementation can partially counteract the deleterious POPs effects, particularly on insulin secretion.
Mbusnum, Gweth Kevin. "Evaluation of hydrophobic organic contaminants in two aquatic environmments of Cental Africa, Cameroon : lake Barombi Mbo and the Wouri estuary mangrove." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020AIXM0266.
Full textPersistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) are compounds that are highly toxic to living organisms, persistent in the environment, undergo long distance transport and accumulate in organic-rich phases (sediments and fatty tissues). Given the vulnerability of aquatic ecosystems to pollution and scarcity of data on POPs in Africa and, this thesis examines the level of Organochlorinated Pesticides (OCPs), Polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) and Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Lake Barombi Watershed (LBW) and Wouri Estuary Mangrove (WEM) in Cameroon. In LBW, OCPs detected were endosulfan, hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), dieldrin and aldrin. No OCPs were detected in water and the most frequently detected were HCHs with higher levels in soil than sediments (stream and lake). The α/γ-HCH ratio indicated recent use of lindane. The presence of OCPs is attributed to agriculture and fishing. PAH levels were higher in lake sediments than other samples. Pyrolytic sources of PAHs were predominant specifically combustion of grass, wood or coal. Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQGs) indicated low ecological risks to aquatic life. In the WEM, PAHs levels in sediments were more abundant than Chlorinated Pesticides (CLPs) and PCBs. The most abundant CLPs were endosulfan, alachlor, heptachlor, lindane (γ-HCH) and DDT for which metabolites pattern revealed recent use. PAHs ratios showed a predominant pyrolytic input. The presence of POPs in the WEM is mainly attributed to disease vector control (malaria), municipal waste dumps, industrial emissions and effluents, open burning of wastes, petroleum exploitation and harbour activities. SQGs implied low to moderate predictive biological toxicity
Djakaou, Iya-Sou. "Elimination de solutés organiques polluants d'effluents liquides par plasma non thermique : comparaison des processus mis en jeu à l'interface liquide-plasma dans les procédés Glidarc et DBD." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00831334.
Full textCannas, Marcella. "Effets des polychlorobiphényles et de l’hypoxie sur l’énergétique, les performances cardiaques et le comportement anti-prédateur chez les juvéniles de sole commune (Solea solea)." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LAROS331/document.
Full textThe Atlantic coastal zone constitutes an important nursery for the juveniles of the common sole (Solea solea, Linnaeus on 1758). To assess the effect of anthropisation on the survival of the juveniles of common sole, the effects of the hypoxia and\or Polychlorinated Biphenyles (PCBs) on their physiological performances (aerobic metabolism and cardiac performances) were assessed as well as their antipredator behaviour. For that purpose, the study was carried out at two levels of biological organization, the organ and the individual. Sole contamination with PCB (670 ng and 2239 ng PCB g-1 of food), was made experimentally via the trophic pathway, during 30 and 60 days. Our results suggest that PCBs slightly affected the aerobic metabolism. An increase of the standard metabolic rate participate to raise the level of critical oxygen concentration (CritO2) in soles exposed to long term to the highest concentration of PCB was noted. In the same way, the cardiac performances seem to be slightly affected by PCB-contamination. A decrease in the peak tension was noted in PCB-contaminated soles forced to an intense activity. In addition it was noted an increase in the participation of the sarcoplasmic reticulum to the force of contraction in the hearts of soles contaminated compared with hearts of control soles. The results obtained with regard to the simulation of the attack of a predator showed that responsiveness was lower in hypoxia compared with normoxia associated with a decrease of their cryptic capacity. In general, even if the PCB seems to have slight effects on the tested physiological performances, it cannot be excluded that long term exposure to PCBs can compromise the development and the survival of the juveniles of common sole, independently of their association with limiting environmental conditions such as hypoxia
Yehya, Sarah. "Modulation de l’absorption intestinale de la chlordécone (CLD) par l’utilisation de substances séquestrantes : application à l’élevage en zones contaminées." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0259/document.
Full textThe contamination of agricultural soils by chlordecone threatens the sustainability of outdoor farming in the West Indies. In order to maintain the latter while protecting consumers of terrestrial animal products, several strategies are being studied. This thesis is focused on one of them which consists of sequestering chlordecone in order to significantly reduce its bioavailability for the animal. The experimental approach was carried out in stages, based on three pillars: biochar or activated carbon as sequestering materials, the use of artificial soils and the concept of relative bioavailability to assess sequestration performance. Tests conducted with activated charcoal (based on dates kernels, coconut or lignite) have shown that chlordecone is sequestered in an aqueous medium or in animals, but for the latter it only works if chlordecone and sequestering matrix had a prolonged contact time (or maturation) with ingestion by the animal. These results show the interest of in situ sequestration, ie directly in the contaminated soil likely to be ingested by the animals. As activated charcoal has a high cost, a priori less expensive carbonaceous materials have been tested: biochars based on various wood species. These biochars produced at two pyrolysis temperatures (500 and 700 ° C) were characterized from a physical point of view (porosity) and selected via an in vitro environmental availability test. In vivo tests (on piglets) did not show that these selected biochars were able to effectively sequester chlordecone, since the relative bioavailability was not different from one (reference = standard soil without organic matter). The presence of peat in the artificial soil does not prevent trapping by exogenous carbonaceous matrices. The in vitro test used and the in vivo test give equivalent tendencies to reduce the relative bioavailability, which is interesting in a logic of validation of the in vitro test. These positive results show that the strategy of sequestration by highly carbonaceous materials is possible, requires properties of microporosity and access to pores close to those of an activated carbon, but contingent on the experimental conditions implemented, they must be continued and validated on natural soils
González, Hernández Yusmel. "Modélisation et simulation d'un bioréacteur à membranes immergées pour le traitement des eaux usées urbaines et hospitalières." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018INPT0151/document.
Full textThis thesis presents the modelling of a submerged membrane bioreactor (SMBR) using experimental values coming from SMBR at bench and pilot scale, for the treatment of urban and hospital wastewater respectively. The main objective of this work was to develop a global model integrating a biological model and a model for membrane fouling, with upgraded precision, consistency and calibration in the description of the functioning of these systems. For this, concerning the biological model, an evolution of the Activated Sludge Model 3 (ASM3), including the simultaneous growth and substrate storage, and the bound and soluble extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) production was proposed. The concentration of these EPS joined to those of the total suspended solids (TSS) are the variables transmitted to the new version of the membrane fouling model. This last one can take into account the influence of these substances in the cake porosity. A new procedure was developed to calibrate the parameters taking into account their influence on the model and their uncertainty. This procedure used the data obtained on experimental SMBR and respirometry. It allowed the calibration and successful validation of the developed model. At the same time, a methodology was adapted for the carbon material fractionation according to the ASM models taking into account the phenomenon of substrate storage. Finally, a parametric sensitivity study was conducted, where the global model achieved to respond adequately to the perturbations of the main variables that influence on the membrane fouling process. The high correspondence obtained between numerical and experimental results, as well as the ability of the model to explain most of the cases reported in the literature, evidence the relevance of phenomena considered in the model. Thus, the developed model is justified and the interest of the phenomenological feature of the model is highlighted
Aubry, Eléna. "Etude de l'expression du gène CYP1A1 et d'un gène ABC chez l'anguille européenne Anguilla anguilla en conditions de stress chimique." Pau, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PAUU3024.
Full textThe detoxification systems, CYP1A1 and MXR, have been studied at the transcriptional level for the first time in European eel to have biomarkers to evaluate the effect of persistent organic contaminants on these detoxification processes. The phase I biotransformation enzyme CYP1A1 and the energy-dependent export pump MXR have complementary activities, a wide activity range (PAHs, PCBs, dioxins, pesticides) and an inducibility depending on the aquatic chemical contamination. The induction of the CYP1A1 and MXR systems has been studied in the liver of eels exposed to inducers like HAPs in controlled conditions in aquariums. The consequences of these chemical stresses at the transcriptional level were observed by quantifying the hepatic level of CYP1A1 and MXR-like mRNA by real-time RT-PCR, showing the induction of the expression of the corresponding genes. The transcriptional biomarker CYP1A1, together with the enzymatic biomarker, revealed the induction of CYP1A1 in the different experimental conditions. So the transcriptional biomarker CYP1A1 might be used in future in situ studies. The lack of induction of the MXR-like gene expression in the same experimental conditions highlights the fact that the expression of the studied gene can not constitute a biomarker of exposition to pollutants. The homology of the genic sequence with a gene very close to MXR but playing no important role in detoxification, and a scheme of tissular expression different from the one of the MXR gene reinforce this result
Liber, Yohan. "Étude des déterminants biologiques de l'absorption de la chlordécone par la plante." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSET010.
Full textThe objective of this thesis is to understand the reasons why some plants are able to absorb more organic pollutants than others. The aim is to understand the parameters that, at the plant level, control the penetration into the roots and then the transfer to the aerial parts. Chlordecone was selected as a study molecule for its physico-chemical characteristics suitable for the study of soil-plant transfers (lowvolatility and relative hydrophobicity) but also because of the high stakes around contaminated soils in the FrenchWest Indies. Initially, we decided to relate the processes linked to plant growth to the capacity to accumulate chlordecone during laboratory tests. Model grasses, such as wheat ormiscanthus, allowed us to identify the biological traits involved in the absorption and then translocation of the molecule in the different parts of the plant. At the end of this first phase, the efficiency of transpiration, which also reflects the plant’s ability to use water, emerged as the main determinant of the concentration of chlordecone in the plant. In a second phase, we sought to assess the potential for contamination of the spontaneous flora of the contaminated fields in Guadeloupe, through stratified sampling, i.e. sampling oriented by a priori knowledge or by certain determinants highlighted during the laboratory phase. In 70% of the cases, the analysis of this spontaneous flora enabled us to highlight the significant risk of exceeding regulatory thresholds in animal meat fed with the plant cover of the contaminated plots. Cultivation practices, such as intensified tillage, also appeared to be significantly correlated with the increase in the amount of chlordecone found in the plant
Cannas, Marcella. "Effets des polychlorobiphényles et de l'hypoxie sur l'énergétique, les performances cardiaques et le comportement anti-prédateur chez les juvéniles de sole commune (Solea solea)." Phd thesis, Université de La Rochelle, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00688130.
Full textGherdaoui, Chems Eddine. "Traitement par voie radiative des composés aromatiques organochlorés." Thesis, Lille 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL1R080.
Full textPolychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) refer to a family of high molecular weight organochlorine compounds formed from two benzene rings substituted with chlorine atoms. Their physicochemical properties have led to the use of these products mainly as dielectric fluids in electrical transformers. Because of their toxicity, the production and use of PCBs has been banned since 1987.The aim of this thesis is to develop a clean inactivation process by UV-Visible light driven photodegradation of chlorinated aromatic compounds of the PCB family. The study aims to achieve an overall PCB concentration of less than 50 milligrams per kilogram of transformer oil, while maintaining the chemical and physical properties of the oil after processing. To this end, we have developed a methodology for the identification of PCBs and the monitoring of the evaluation of their respective contents through analytical methods such as nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and gas chromatography (GC) coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS)
Gherdaoui, Chems Eddine. "Traitement par voie radiative des composés aromatiques organochlorés." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2018-2021), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LILUR080.
Full textPolychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) refer to a family of high molecular weight organochlorine compounds formed from two benzene rings substituted with chlorine atoms. Their physicochemical properties have led to the use of these products mainly as dielectric fluids in electrical transformers. Because of their toxicity, the production and use of PCBs has been banned since 1987.The aim of this thesis is to develop a clean inactivation process by UV-Visible light driven photodegradation of chlorinated aromatic compounds of the PCB family. The study aims to achieve an overall PCB concentration of less than 50 milligrams per kilogram of transformer oil, while maintaining the chemical and physical properties of the oil after processing. To this end, we have developed a methodology for the identification of PCBs and the monitoring of the evaluation of their respective contents through analytical methods such as nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and gas chromatography (GC) coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS)