To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Polluter Pays Principle.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Polluter Pays Principle'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 36 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Polluter Pays Principle.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Yuen, Wai-ip Edmond, and 袁偉業. "Polluter pays principle laws in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31253623.
Full text
2
Yuen, Wai-ip. "Polluter pays principle laws in Hong Kong /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B17457166.
Full text
3
Yuen, Wai-ip Edmond. "A study of polluter pays principle policy in Hong Kong /." View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2005. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31365097.
Full text
4
Yuen, Wai-ip Edmond, and 袁偉業. "A study of polluter pays principle policy in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2005. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45012738.
Full text
5
Nabileyo, Oversea. "The polluter pays principle and environmental liability in South Africa / by Oversea Nabileyo." Thesis, North-West University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4712.
Full textAbstract:
Environmental liability rules are crucial in a country such as South Africa. The issue of liability pertaining to pollution of or harm to the environment is a critical area in our law as environmental liability is not adequately addressed in terms of South African law.1 Liability law is thus directed towards the objectives of damage prevention and the distribution of loss in accordance with considerations of social justice. Liability law is necessary in order to prevent environmental pollution or degradation. An example of pollution to the environment is when goods are transported and a traffic accident occurs, which results in the spillage of harmful substances. Harmful substances may for instance be easily transmitted to surface water or underground water. These substances may have adverse effects on human health and the environment.Thesis (LL.M. (Import and Export Law))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.
6
Chien, Li-Fen. "Do existing laws in South Africa hold directors personally liable for environmental transgressions?" University of the Western Cape, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/8008.
Full textAbstract:
Magister Legum - LLMThe number of environmental offences taking place continues to increase each year. Despite the special position of responsibility occupied by directors as the ‘directing mind and will’ of the companies responsible for the commission of these offences, directors appear to continue to be shielded unconditionally behind the separate legal personality of the company. This thesis consists of a thorough examination of existing environmental laws, as well as the Companies Act 71 of 2008 and the King IV Report on Corporate Governance, to determine whether the provisions contained therein may be interpreted so as to depart from the principle of separate legal personality (as provided for by corporate law) in order to hold directors personally liable for environmental transgressions.
7
Arnqvist, Angelica. "The Compatibility of EU State Aid for Environmental Protection with the Polluter Pays Principle : In the Context of the EU Emissions Trading System." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-168924.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis, examines three research questions concerning the coherence between the European Union (EU) rules about State aid for environmental protection and the “polluter-pays-principle” (PPP) in the context of the free allocation practice in the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS). The aim of the first research question is to study whether the free allocation of emission rights within the EU ETS is compatible with the EU State aid rules. The conclusion to this research question is that the free allocation practice does fulfil the criteria to constitute State aid but that the Commission has permitted derogations against this prohibition, provided certain conditions such as necessity and proportionality are fulfilled. The second research question is whether the free allocation method is compatible with the PPP. The PPP can be divided into an economic dimension and a legal dimension and it is concluded that the free allocation practice is contrary to at least the legal dimension of the PPP. According to the OECD, exceptions from the principle can be made but the EU has not established conditions for when such derogations from the PPP can be made. The third research question concerns the compatibility between the EU State aid rules and the PPP. Generally there is no disharmony between the State aid rules and the PPP, since the PPP should not be seen as a mere prohibition against aid to polluters, but can also be considered a complement to State aid rules. However in the specific case of the free allocation rules in the EU ETS, State aid measures contrary to the PPP are carried out. Since the EU has not established conditions for whether derogations from the PPP can be made, it is concluded that the free allocation practice within the EU ETS does expose a disharmony between the PPP and the State aid rules. It is suggested that the EU clarifies the conditions for permitting derogations from the PPP, in preparation for the fourth phase of the EU ETS.
8
Carlson, Jonna. "Principen att förorenaren betalar och den svenska miljöbalken." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Management and Economics, 2000. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-727.
Full textAbstract:
Kostnader förenade med återställande av förorenad natur är ofta stora och frågan är vem som skall betala. I princip finns det tre grundmönster för fördelningen av betalningsansvaret: kollektivt ansvar, individuellt ansvar och gruppansvar. Betalningsansvaret för miljöskador flyttas i allt högre grad från staten till enskilda förorenare. Detta synsätt överensstämmer också med den allmänna skadeståndsrättsliga principen att den som orsakar en skada är skyldig att reparera eller ersätta densamma. Finansieringssättet baserat på individuellt ansvar har formulerats i principen att förorenaren betalar, Polluter Pays Principle eller PPP. Sverige är en av de stater som bekänner sig till principen. Det faktum att principen har svagheter som innebär att den är svår att tillämpa i praktiken gör det intressant att se närmare på hur principen kommer till uttryck i svensk miljörätt. Syftet med uppsatsen är att utreda hur principen att förorenaren betalar kommer till uttryck i den svenska miljöbalken.
9
Johansson, Malin. "Munksund 5 : En rättsutredning gällande miljöbalkens efterbehandlingsansvar vid en miljöförorening." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för ekonomi, teknik och samhälle, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-74255.
Full textAbstract:
Munksund 5 är namnet på en timmerbogseringsbåt som sedan år 1964 ligger under vattenytan i Piteälven. Båten sägs ha förlist med upp emot 6 000 liter tjockolja kvar i tankarna. Det finns idag ingen registrerad ägare till båten. Sommaren 2018 observerades en stor oljefläck i närheten av båtens position. Det bekräftar en miljöförorening men det är fortfarande inte fastställt att oljan kom från Munksund 5. Syftet med denna uppsats har varit att undersöka hur miljöbalken reglerar efterbehandlingsansvaret vid en miljöförorening. Frågeställningarna som väglett arbetet är vad principen om att förorenaren betalar innebär samt vem som kan anses ha avhjälpandeansvaret efter Munksund 5. För att uppfylla syftet med uppsatsen har den rättsdogmatiska metoden använts. Utgångspunkten för metoden är att studera de allmänt accepterade rättskällorna. Av resultatet framgår att det är avgörande om Munksund 5 är att anse som en fristående delverksamhet eller som en integrerad verksamhet med sågverket, för att ansvar ska kunna riktas mot den tidigare verksamhetsutövaren. Det allmänna kommer att få stå för hela, eller stor del, av kostanden för de eventuella efterbehandlingsåtgärderna.
10
Ramos, Valéria Theodoro. "Les instruments économiques et le droit de l'environnement dans l'ordre juridique français et brésilien." Thesis, Paris 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA010289.
Full textAbstract:
L'étude comparative des droits français et brésilien démontre que la fiscalité, en tant qu'instrument juridique d'intervention économique, peut être au service de la protection de l'environnement. L'évolution des principes directeurs du droit de l'environnement, notamment le principe pollueur-payeur vers celui d'intégration, témoigne de la transformation de la prise en compte de l'environnement. Le principe pollueur-payeur reste circonscrit à la question des coûts. Le principe d'intégration, en tant que principe opératoire, est directement en rapport avec la prise de décision des agents publics et privés. Il permet (et même exige) la conciliation des systèmes juridiques fiscaux et environnementaux. La thèse fait apparaître l'ascension de la fiscalité comme instrument des politiques environnementales dans l'Union européenne et en France. Plus encore, on observe la place centrale que doit jouer en principe une fiscalité respectueuse de l'environnement dans la notion même du développement durable. En France, la maturité du débat dans le contexte du Grenelle de l'environnement montre que tous les instruments de protection, réglementaires et économiques - tels que les instruments fiscaux, sont censés être inscrits dans une politique publique cohérente de l'environnement. Au Brésil le développement durable est juridiquement consacré. Cette reconnaissance demande l'assainissement de l'ordre fiscal brésilien. Sans avoir besoin d'une réforme constitutionnelle, les incitations existantes doivent être aménagées pour éviter des effets négatifs sur l'environnementComparison between Brazilian and French law shows that taxation, as legal economic intervention tool, is intended to serve the protection of the environment. The evolution of the guiding principles of the environment law, most notably the move from the polluter-payer to the integration principles, shows that the environment is more and more taken into account. The polluter-payer principle is limited to costs. The integration principles, as an operating principle, has a direct connection with the decision making process used by private and public agents. It allows, and even demands, the conciliation of tax and environmental laws systems. If, within the European context, this evolution is clear within the French law, in Brazil the integration principles is barely known, even unknown. However, we believe it to be explicitly recognized by the Brazilian Constitution. Within the economic and social orders, protection of the environment is guaranteed. The State, as an agent of the Market, requires that impact analyses on the environment are made. It does so using tax benefits mechanism. ln this document, we are showing the evolution of the taxation as an instrument used for the environmental policies in the European Community and in France. Moreover, we can verify the central position of the "eco-friendly tax system" within the notion of sustainable development. ln France, the maturity of the debate, within the "Grenelle de l'environnement" context, allow us to understand that every protective instruments, whether regulated or economics - like the taxations -, are supposed to be part of a greater public policy which en sure their coherence
11
Bisogno, Marina. "La fiscalità ambientale : uno studio comparato Italia/Francia." Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01D007.
Full textAbstract:
À la suite des sollicitations internationales et européennes, les systèmes juridiques nationaux ont tenté de faire pénétrer l’environnement dans la structure ontologique de la fiscalité. Cette recherche explore les moyens par lesquels les instruments fiscaux – à la fois en termes de prélèvements et de dépenses – peuvent aider les États à atteindre leurs engagements en matière environnementale. C’est donc la signification de fiscalité environnementale qu’il s’agit d’individualiser, son essence et les caractéristiques de son mode opératoire. La fiscalité et l’environnement sont liés par une relation qui a évolué au fil du temps. Après avoir examiné ses origines économiques, qui ont ensuite trouvé leur place dans le droit positif, le cœur de cette recherche doctorale portera sur l’analyse juridique de l’écotaxe et de la dépense fiscale environnementale pour les évaluer à l’épreuve des principes fiscaux nationaux et européensEnvironmental taxation can contribute effectively to the achievement of international and European environmental objectives, and this research aims to examine its nature, characteristics and effects. Taxation and environment are linked by an old relationship, which has changed over time. It started for economic reasons and then found its place also in juridical principles. This research applies a broader approach to the concept of environmental taxation, focusing on the analysis of environmental taxes and tax expenditures, to evaluate their compatibility with national and European tax law principle
12
Bisogno, Marina. "La fiscalità ambientale. Uno studio comparato Italia/Francia." Tesi di dottorato, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.fedoa.unina.it/12719/1/bisogno_marina_30.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
L’ambiente è connesso alla fiscalità da un legame risalente, che si è evoluto nel corso dei secoli. Dopo aver esaminato le origini storiche, economiche, e giuridiche di questo rapporto, questa ricerca si concentrerà sull'analisi giuridica del tributo e dell'agevolazione ambientale, per valutare la loro compatibilità con i principi fiscali nazionali ed europei.
13
Teixeira, Marcia Cunha. "Trabalho penoso: da aplicação dos princípios ambientais para a reparação social dos danos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2138/tde-25112016-103026/.
Full textAbstract:
O presente estudo enfoca o trabalho penoso e as consequências nocivas à saúde dos trabalhadores que exercem atividades penosas, com evidência na reparação social dos danos e com fundamento nos princípios ambientais. Analisam-se o trabalho na sociedade atual, o processo de organização do trabalho, a globalização da economia, a precarização das relações de trabalho e os impactos sobre a saúde dos trabalhadores. Os princípios ambientais são estudados, bem como todo o arcabouço constitucional e legal de proteção ao direito à saúde no trabalho. Efetua-se o debate acerca do papel da sociedade civil, das entidades sindicais, dos empregadores, bem como dos poderes públicos, na fiscalização do meio ambiente de trabalho e na prevenção de doenças e acidentes do trabalho. A responsabilidade do empregador é examinada à luz da doutrina e da jurisprudência predominante nos nossos Tribunais. Realiza-se o estudo de doutrina sobre medicina do trabalho, em especial de ergonomia, psicologia do trabalho, bem como de textos de filosofia e sociologia do trabalho, economia e administração de empresas, para a caracterização da penosidade. Por fim, são debatidas formas de reparação dos danos, descartando-se a via da monetização do risco. Propõe-se a revogação de legislação em vigor, para que nova normatização efetivamente imponha aos responsáveis pelos danos causados aos trabalhadores, os empregadores que exigem tarefas ou condições de trabalho no limite do risco proibido, o dever de arcar com as despesas da reparação, de ressarcimento dos benefícios que serão gastos pelos cofres públicos.This study approaches the unsafe or overly strenuous labor practises and its nocuous effects on workers health, especially the compensation of the social harms based on the environmental principles. An analysis of the work in the current society is undertaken, along with that of the work organization process, of the economic globalization, of the deterioration of the working conditions and the impacts on the workers health. The environmental principles are addressed, as well as the entire occupational health protection legal framework, along with the debate regarding the roles of society, trade unions, employers, as well as the role of the government on investigating the work environment and preventing labor accidents and diseases. The employers responsibility is examined, according to the prevailing doctrine and cases. There are the doctrine studies regarding occupational medicine, especially ergonomics, occupational psychology; including the study of texts relating to labor philosophy and sociology, economy and business management, in order to distinguish the laboriousness. Lastly, there is the discussion about the compensation of the damages, excluding the commodification of the risk. The proposition repeals the current act, in order for the new statute to effectively hold the employers accountable for the damages caused to the employees, through the burden of bearing the costs of the reparation, as well as the reimbursement of the expenses incurred by the Treasury.
14
Nakamoto, Rita de Cássia Feitosa. "O princípio do poluidor pagador e o meio ambiente industrial sustentável." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2014. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/6548.
Full textAbstract:
Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:23:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
Rita de Cassia Feitosa Nakamoto.pdf: 2498288 bytes, checksum: fe007259c8135a50abda21f03f266958 (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2014-08-26The present study focuses on the theme of environment and pollution as a result of the industrialization process and the model of capitalist production itself aiming to invoke knowledge to instrumentalize positions on the sustainability of the industrial environment, including the polluter pays principle and adjacent principles the principle of user pays principle, the prevention principle, the precautionary principle, the principle of the protective payee. To achieve this purpose, the study that uses the deductive approach and bibliographic research talks about the conceptualization related to the environment and pollution, the consequences of industrial activity on the environment, the polluter pays principle, the sustainable development and the inference of the polluter pays principle and sustainable development in industrial activity. Finally, the adoption of these preventive practices favors entrepreneurs and community for enjoying the benefits of the shares of industrial production under conditions of environmental protection and preservation of the natural environment
O presente estudo se debruça sobre o tema do meio ambiente e da poluição resultado do processo de industrialização e do próprio modelo de produção capitalista e objetiva invocar conhecimentos para instrumentalizar as posições relativas à sustentabilidade do meio ambiente industrial, abrangendo o princípio do poluidor pagador e os princípios adjacentes princípio do usuário pagador, princípio da prevenção, princípio da precaução, princípio do protetor recebedor. Para atingir este propósito, o estudo que se apoia na abordagem dedutiva e na técnica de pesquisa bibliográfica discorre sobre a conceituação relacionada ao meio ambiente e à poluição, aos reflexos da atividade industrial no meio ambiente, ao princípio do poluidor pagador, ao desenvolvimento sustentável e à inferência do princípio do poluidor pagador e do desenvolvimento sustentável na atividade industrial. Na conclusão, percebe-se que a adoção dessas práticas preventivas favorece os empresários e a coletividade, por usufruírem os benefícios das ações da produção industrial sob as condições de proteção ambiental e da preservação do meio ambiente natural
15
Caruana, Nicolas. "La fiscalité environnementale : entre impératifs fiscaux et objectifs environnementaux : une approche conceptuelle de la fiscalité environnementale." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM1022/document.
Full textAbstract:
Toujours citée parmi les instruments économiques et financiers au service de la protection de l'environnement, très étudiée - notamment par les économistes de l'environnement - la fiscalité environnementale intéresse relativement peu les juristes et représente, en pratique, une part très faible des recettes fiscales des États. Ce paradoxe apparent tient, en grande partie, à la définition retenue de la notion de fiscalité environnementale. Souvent limitée aux écotaxes, cette notion est abordée de manière analytique, sur la base de critères a priori. Non seulement une telle approche ne permet pas d'embrasser les instruments fiscaux employés dans leur diversité, mais elle ne favorise pas l'émergence d'un véritable concept de fiscalité environnementale. Ce concept, que cette thèse se propose de définir, oscillant entre impératifs fiscaux et objectifs environnementaux, présente de multiples dimensions tant fiscales qu'économiques, tant politiques qu'écologiques. Une interrogation sur la pertinence des fondements (principes pollueur-payeur, de prévention, de précaution...) et des critères généralement proposés par la doctrine va révéler la nécessité de changer de paradigme, afin de parvenir à appréhender ce concept de fiscalité environnementale. Caractérisée par son efficience environnementale, la fiscalité environnementale n'a, en réalité, ni le champ d'application, ni la portée que lui prête le discours politiqueAlways mentioned amongst market based-instruments for cost-effective environmental policy, studied by many economists, environmental taxation is ignored by legal opinion and represent only a small amount of tax revenue. This paradox can mostly be explained by the way environnemental taxation is defined.Most of the time seen as exo-taxes, environmental taxation is tackled analytically, through the criteria established prima facie. Using this way of reasoning is not only insufficient to show all the ways the environment can be protected with environmental taxation, but is also preventing the emergence of a real concept of environmental taxation. This concept, that we are trying to define, is multidimensional ; it can be seen from different angles : legal, economic, political and/or scientific.Questioning the foundations of environmental taxation (principles such as the polluter-pay principle, the prevention principle, the precautionary principle...) and the way professors of law define it, will show that a paradigm shift is needed, to bring a concept of environmental taxation into light. Marked by its environmental efficiency, environmental taxation does not actually include the issues, nor has the beneficial consequences that politicians may imagine
16
Artigas, Priscila Santos. "Contribuição ao estudo das medidas compensatórias em direito ambiental." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2133/tde-15052013-163336/.
Full textAbstract:
Este trabalho estuda o instituto das medidas compensatórias como uma nova obrigação imposta pelo direito aos empreendimentos com potencial de causar impactos negativos ao meio ambiente. A pesquisa do tema se deu de forma crítica, enfrentando as contradições do sistema econômico vigente. Verificou-se que as medidas compensatórias emergiram da mais evidente crise ambiental ou à crescente escassez dos recursos naturais, buscando, ao mesmo tempo, a proteção ambiental e a manutenção do sistema de mercado. Procurando a melhor funcionalidade das medidas, pretendeu-se demonstrar que elas não se equiparam a uma forma de reparação por dano futuro, tampouco se enquadram necessariamente em uma espécie tributária; podem, como quis o Supremo Tribunal Federal, ser chamadas de compartilhamento de despesas entre o Poder Público e os empreendedores pelos custos da utilização dos recursos naturais no processo produtivo. Na verdade, em razão de serem dotadas das características da transversalidade e da interdisciplinaridade, as medidas compensatórias apresentam-se com diversas facetas, podendo mostrar características predominantes de mecanismos de comando e controle, como também de instrumentos econômicos. Assim, concluiu-se nesta tese ser um instituto híbrido, não enquadrável em uma categoria jurídica estanque. Verificou-se, ainda, ser necessária uma análise estrutural a fim de serem eficazes. Nesse sentido, propôs-se a sua instituição por normas primárias, nas quais se fixem padrões mínimos e com critérios objetivos de aplicação. Para tanto concluir, o estudo partiu dos debates já travados, tanto pela jurisprudência quanto pela doutrina, acerca da constitucionalidade, metodologia de cálculo e natureza jurídica de uma das medidas compensatórias, chamada compensação ambiental, instituída pela Lei nº 9.985/2000 (Lei do Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação-SNUC). A partir daí, buscou-se demonstrar o processo subjacente à edição de normas ambientais, recaindo nos princípios do Direito Ambiental, dentre eles o importante princípio do poluidor-pagador, cuja premissa é internalizar os custos pela utilização dos recursos naturais no processo produtivo, para não serem assumidos pelo Poder Público e por toda a coletividade. Ainda, buscou-se diferenciar os conceitos de dano ambiental e de impacto negativo ao meio ambiente, porquanto as medidas compensatórias visam a compensar o meio ambiente pelos impactos negativos, significando uma perda aceita, prevista e gerenciada; o dano ambiental, por sua vez, é algo intolerável, indesejado e, por isso, objeto de reparação civil objetiva, de responsabilidade administrativa e, ainda, da penalização criminalThis paper studies the institution of compensatory measures, considered as a new obligation imposed by law for projects with the potential to cause adverse environmental impacts. The theme was investigated critically, facing the contradictions of the current economic system. In this regard, we verified compensatory measures instituted to cope with an increasingly apparent environmental crisis and the growing shortage of natural resources, while seeking environmental protection and maintenance of the market. In the search for a better functionality of the measures, we sought to demonstrate that they do not represent a form of compensation for future damages, nor do they necessarily fall within the range of any legitimate taxation. In fact, these measures were adopted by the Supreme Court more as a sharing of costs between government and entrepreneurs for the use of natural resources in the production process. Fundamentally, the compensatory measures of this instrument, equipped with characteristics of transversality and interdisciplinarity, present different aspects, which can deploy features to carry out command and control mechanisms, as well as economic instruments. Our thesis has therefore led us to the conclusion that this instrument is not readily classifiable under any isolated legal category, and should be looked upon as a hybrid mechanism. Nevertheless, we considered that a structural analysis was necessary to ensure the effectiveness of the measures. In this respect, we proposed it be instituted on primary norms, with the establishment of minimum standards and objective application criteria. This required starting with debates conducted in jurisprudence and doctrine over the constitutionality, method of calculation, and legal nature of a compensatory measure called environmental compensation, established by Law No. 9.985/2000 (Law of the National System of Conservation Units, SNUC). From there, we sought to demonstrate the process behind the issuing of environmental standards falling within the principles of environmental law; among which the important polluter pays principle, which is premised on the environmental externalities of economic activities that use natural resources, and prevents that pollution costs be borne by Government and, ultimately, by the whole community. We went on by delimiting the concepts of environmental damage and negative environmental impact, considering that compensatory measures aim at providing compensation for adverse impacts, which signify accepted, provided and managed losses. Environmental damage, in turn, is something unacceptable and undesirable, and must therefore be subject to civil liability, as well as criminal penalties.
17
Keryjaouen, Isa. "Contribution à l'étude de la fiscalité environnementale : regards croisés à partir de la France et du Brésil." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lorient, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LORIL617.
Full textAbstract:
La protection de l’environnement dans les préoccupations étatiques n’est pas récente et pourtant elle n’est toujours pas satisfaisante et pleinement efficace, en France comme au Brésil, pays sur lesquels porte cette étude. Et même si d’un côté, on a pu observer une montée en puissance des débats publics concernant la protection de l’environnement par la fiscalité, de l’autre côté, la mise en place des outils fiscaux environnementaux dans les systèmes fiscaux nationaux reste marginale. À travers des techniques d’incitation ou de dissuasion des comportements, la fiscalité gagne une place particulièrement privilégiée parmi les instruments de protection de l’environnement, en s’appuyant notamment sur les principes du pollueur-payeur, de prévention ou de précaution, mais également sur la théorie économique du double dividende. Cependant, des obstacles persistent qui tiennent d’une part à la difficile conciliation de ces mécanismes fiscaux avec d’autres principes, non moins importants, comme la légalité, l’égalité et l’universalité budgétaire, d’autre part à la nécessité de dépasser certains risques économiques et budgétaires intrinsèques aux impôts environnementaux. De ce fait, cette étude vise à contribuer à la discussion actuelle en apportant un regard croisé entre France et Brésil, notamment sur la construction d’un droit fiscal environnemental et sur ses diverses dimensions, qu’elles se situent dans le domaine environnemental, politique, économique ou sociétalThe protection of the environment is not a new concern at state level and yet it is still not satisfactory and fully effective in the countries covered in this study: France and Brazil. And even if on the one hand, an increase has been observed in public debate regarding the protection of the environment by fiscal means, on the other hand, the implementation of environmental fiscal tools in national taxation systems remains marginal. Through behavioral incentive or dissuasion techniques, taxation has a particularly privileged role amongst environmental protection instruments, based on the polluter pays and prevention or precaution principles, but also on the economic theory of double dividends. However, obstacles remain, related on the one hand to the difficulty of reconciling fiscal mechanisms with other, no less important, principles such as legality, equality and budgetary universality and on the other hand to the necessity of overcoming certain economic and budgetary risks intrinsic to environmental taxation. Thus, this study aims to contribute to the current discussion by looking at the French and Brazilian perspectives, particularly regarding the formulation of environmental tax law and its various dimensions, be they in the environmental, political, economical or social domains
18
Samuelsson, Per. "Miljöbalkens avhjälpandeansvar - särskilt om verksamhetsutövarbegreppet och bakomliggande aktörer : En analys av nuvarande reglering och framtida möjligheter." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-245867.
Full textAbstract:
Syftet med denna uppsats är i första hand att utreda, analysera samt utvärdera den närmare innebörden av verksamhetsutövarbegreppet i 10 kap. 2 § MB och, i andra hand, om begreppet, utifrån de aktuella intressena på området är ändamålsenligt utformat. Den övergripande frågeställningen utgörs av om någon annan än den som formellt sett driver verksamheten kan omfattas av verksamhetsutövarbegreppet och därmed det dit tillhörande avhjälpandeansvaret. I anslutning till denna mer övergripande problemställning aktualiseras flertalet andra delfrågor, varav de mest centrala kan sammanfattas enligt följande. i) Under vilka förutsättningar kan bakomliggande aktörer svara såsom verksamhetsutövare och därmed omfattas av avhjälpandeansvaret? ii) Kan Sverige, i avsaknad av en mer precis verksamhetsutövardefinition, anses leva upp till sina unionsrättsliga åtaganden? iii) Hur förhåller sig verksamhetsutövarbegreppet till ansvarsgenombrottsinstitutet iv) Föreligger det ett behov för en mer effektiv eller tydligare reglering rörande verksamhetsutövaransvaret och hur kan en sådan i sådant fall kan utformas? I förevarande uppsats aktualiseras därmed, av naturliga skäl, tre olika rättsområden; miljö-, EU- och associationsrätt men utgångspunkten är primärt miljörättslig.
19
Combe, Marius. "Instruments économiques et protection de la biodiversité : analyse juridique des mécanismes de compensation écologique et de paiements pour services environnementaux." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSE3055.
Full textAbstract:
Regroupés sous le vocable d’« instruments économiques » – ou instruments de marché (market-based instrument) –, les mécanismes de compensation écologique et de paiements pour services environnementaux se sont imposés comme des instruments incontournables des politiques de protection de la biodiversité et des écosystèmes. Articulés autour d’une pluralité de principes (principe pollueur-payeur, principe bénéficiaire-payeur, etc.) et de concepts (services écosystémiques, capital naturel, etc.) largement influencés par les approches économiques de la biodiversité et des écosystèmes, ces deux instruments caractérisent l’émergence d’une nouvelle approche des politiques environnementales. L’étude révèle la pluralité des liens juridiques qui unissent la compensation écologique et les paiements pour services environnementaux. Tantôt rapprochés, tantôt distingués, ces mécanismes s’imposent, in fine, comme les deux faces d’une même pièce. L’utilisation des paiements pour services environnementaux, à des fins de compensation écologique, apparaît toutefois comme une orientation préoccupante de nature à détourner cet instrument de son objet. En dépit de leurs vertus théoriques, l’efficacité des mécanismes de compensation écologique et de paiements pour services environnementaux pour la protection de la biodiversité se révèle discutable, justifiant un renforcement et une mise en cohérence de leur cadre juridiqueGathered under the term “economic instruments” – or market-base instruments -, mechanisms for ecological compensation and payments for environmental services have established themselves as the essential tool for the biodiversity and ecosystem protection policies. Built around a plurality of principles (polluter pays principle, beneficiary pays principle, etc.) and concepts (ecosystem services, natural capital, etc.) largely influenced by economical approaches of biodiversity and ecosystems, these two instruments characterize the oncoming of a new take on environmental policies. The study reveals the plurality of judicial links that unite ecological compensation and payments for environmental services. Sometimes close together, sometimes distinguishable, these mechanisms are, in fine, both sides of a same coin. The use of payments for environmental services, as ecological compensation, appears however as a preoccupying orientation, likely to deflect this instrument from its purpose. In spite of their theoretical virtues, the efficiency of ecological compensation mechanisms and payments for environmental services for the protection of biodiversity turns out to be questionable, justifying a reinforcement and more consistency in their legal framework
20
Sow, Amadou. "Les principes généraux du droit de l'environnement et les conventions régionales dans la lutte contre la pollution marine en Afrique." Thesis, Université Paris-Panthéon-Assas, 2022. https://docassas.u-paris2.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/406be0fa-f17b-4618-a361-2dcb38b0f4e1.
Full textAbstract:
Le problème de la dégradation de l’environnement n’est plus aujourd’hui celui de la rédaction de nouvelles conventions, même si tous les domaines ne sont pas encore couverts par le droit, mais bel et bien celui de l’effectivité et de la mise en application des normes en vigueur. Le plus souvent le droit existe mais il est inappliqué ou mal appliqué. Ceci soulève deux difficultés : l’une relative à la mise en œuvre du droit et, l’autre portant sur le contrôle de sa bonne application. Dans ce contexte, le continent africain ne peut œuvrer à son unité et son développement économique sans se soucier du changement climatique notamment dû aux gaz à effet de serre et de la destruction du milieu marin. Par ailleurs, l’Organisation pour l’harmonisation en Afrique de droit des affaires (OHADA) doit permettre à l’Afrique de progresser et d’œuvrer à la responsabilisation des entreprises en matière de protection de l’environnement et du climat. Face à ce vide juridique, l’OHADA devrait s’intéresser dans un proche avenir à l’adoption d’un acte uniforme relatif à la Responsabilité sociale et environnementale. La mise en œuvre des politiques environnementales et du droit qui en résulte nécessite une véritable révolution culturelle. Ainsi, ce sont les jeunes générations qui doivent recevoir une éducation adaptée sur les nouveaux enjeux écologiques. Si les principes généraux du droit de l’environnement contribuent de manière importante au développement de la soft law en droit international, il est plus étonnant de constater que le phénomène prend une importance croissante en droit interne. Au-delà des aspects juridiques formels, la mise en œuvre des conventions régionales imposera de relever d’autres défis, au premier rang desquels figure le renforcement des capacités institutionnelles des autorités nationales à concilier les impératifs économiques, sociaux et environnementauxThe problem of environmental deterioration is not linked to the draft of new agreements anymore, even though not all fields are covered so far by the existing law, but to the efficiency of the norms in effect. Most often, law exists, but is badly applied or not applied at all. This leads to two problems: first, the implementation of law, and second, the control of its application. In this context, the African continent cannot achieve its unity and its economic development without caring of the sword of Damocles which is the global warming caused by greenhouse gases and environmental destruction. Furthermore, the OHADA (Organization for the Harmonization in Africa of Business Law) should allow Africa to significantly advance on the subject of the companies’ responsible behaviour in terms of environmental and climate protection. In order to fill this gap, the OHADA should adopt in the near future a Uniform Act concerning social and environmental responsibility. The implementation of environmental policies and the application of the norms arising from them require a cultural revolution. The young generations should receive an education which is adapted to the new ecological challenges. The principles contribute in an important way to the development of the soft law in international law, but it is even more surprising that this phenomenon is more and more important in national law. Beyond formal legal aspects, the implementation of regional agreements will be confronted to further challenges: first of all, the reinforcement of the national institutional authorities’ capacity to reconcile economic, social and environmental imperatives
21
Monpion, Anne. "Le principe pollueur payeur et l'activité agricole dans l'Union européenne." Limoges, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007LIMO1005.
Full textAbstract:
L'activité agricole, telle qu'elle est pratiquée en Europe, est source de pollution. En effet, la politique agricole commune a largement contribué à la réalisation de dommages environnementaux importants causés aux ressources naturelles. Le principe pollueur payeur, l'un des fondements de la politique environnementale communautaire, semble résolument écarter les moyens mis en oeuvre pour lutter contre cette pollution. Les deux piliers de la PAC ont en quelque sorte organisé cette inimitié. Le premier pilier, en déconnectant les prix des signaux du marché, ne permet pas aux producteurs d'internaliser les coûts externes. Le deuxième pilier tente quant à lui de lutter contre les pollutions agricoles par le biais d'aides financières alors que le principe pollueur payeur est un principe de non subvention. La politique environnementale de la communauté, en vertu du principe d'intégration, constitue un autre angle d'attaque. Or, le caractère diffus des pollutions agricoles représente un obstacle insurmontable à la mise en oeuvre du principe pollueur payeur par la réglementation environnementale. L'impossibilité de déterminer le pollueur, conséquence du caractère diffus des pollutions, s'oppose à l'exécution des fonctions préventives et curatives du principe en matière agricole. Des progrès ont cependant été réalisés grâce au processus de réforme de la PAC qui en favorise l'application. Pour autant ce principe ne guide pas encore la politique communautaire de la lutte contre les pollutions agricoles. Il apparaît définitivement banni de ce secteur laissant à la collectivité la charge des coûts résultant de la prévention et de la réparation des dommages causés à l'environnementThe agricultural activity, as it done in Europe, is a source of pollutions. Indeed, the common agricultural policy (CAP), which is based upon productivity, has played a great part in the realisation of important environmental damages caused to natural resources. The polluter pays principle, one of the foundations of the common environmental policy, seems to be resolutely put aside ways enforced to struggle against agricultural pollutions. The both pillars of the common agricultural policy have in some way set up that enmity. The first pillar, which has disconnected the prices of agricultural products from market signals, doesn't allow producers to internalise external costs. Regarding to the second pillar, it tries to struggle against agricultural pollutions by financial supports whereas the polluter pays principle is a no subvention principle. The common environmental policy, in accordance with the integration principle, represents another way to fight against those pollutions. Unfortunately their diffuse nature is an obstable to the enforcement of the polluter pays principle by environmental regulation. The diffuse nature of the pollutions makes the identification of the polluter impossible. So the enforcement of the preventive and curative functions of the polluter pays principle is very difficult. However, improvements have been carried out thanks to the continuous reform process of the CAP which indirectly promotes the enforcement of the principle. It doesn't mean that it leads the common policy of fight against agricultural pollutions. It seems to be definitively banished from that sector which means that the society bears the load of environmental damages costs
22
Bomfim, Wadih Habib. "Vítimas da contaminação por chumbo e a luta pelo direito: o caso do município de Santo Amaro na Bahia." Universidade Catolica de Salvador, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/123456730/319.
Full textAbstract:
Submitted by Marcio Emanuel Paixão Santos (marcio.santos@ucsal.br) on 2017-02-18T12:04:59Z
No. of bitstreams: 1
dissertação 17 out 2012.pdf: 43382411 bytes, checksum: 54819efd81f3a0fe4c55508efec49591 (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Maria Emília Carvalho Ribeiro (maria.ribeiro@ucsal.br) on 2017-02-22T18:16:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao 17 out 2012.pdf: 43382411 bytes, checksum: 54819efd81f3a0fe4c55508efec49591 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-22T18:16:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao 17 out 2012.pdf: 43382411 bytes, checksum: 54819efd81f3a0fe4c55508efec49591 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-18
Com base na linha de pesquisa, analisa-se a contaminação por chumbo em Santo Amaro da Purificação na Bahia, decorrente da poluição causada pela indústria COBRAC – Companhia Brasileira de Chumbo e as conseqüências para a saúde dos trabalhadores e da população residente no entorno desta. Enfoca-se, ainda, o passivo ambiental representado por cerca de quinhentas toneladas de escória de chumbo deixadas para trás, após o fechamento da fábrica, em 1993. Aborda-se a questão da responsabilidade da empresa poluidora no sentido de reparar os danos causados ao meio ambiente, aos trabalhadores e à população, bem como, procurase demonstrar a responsabilidade subsidiária do Estado, para responder pelos prejuízos, em caso de negligência no uso dos meios legais para punir os poluidores forçando-os a repararem os danos causados. Em seguida, demonstra-se as formas de responsabilidade civil e a atuação da Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos nos casos em que atuou condenando o estado brasileiro quando este foi negligente ao deixar de punir os infratores dos direitos ínsitos à personalidade humana. Posteriormente se faz, uma análise dos processos ajuizados pelas vítimas e da resposta dada pelo Poder Judiciário e pelo Estado. Em síntese, busca-se mostrar as formas de solução postas pelo direito pátrio e internacional, no sentido de reparar os sofrimentos das vítimas pela contaminação por chumbo.
It intends to analyze cases of victims of lead contamination in Santo Amaro, Bahia, caused by the company pollution COBRAC – Brazilian Company Lead and the effects to the health of workers and living population around the Industry. Also shows the environmental damages caused by five hundred tons of lead slag, left behind after the shutdown of the industry in 1993 and its consequences for the environment and the health of the population. It addresses the responsibility of polluting company to repair the damage caused to the environment, to workers and to the population, and, at the same time, tries to demonstrate the State subsidiary responsibility to respond for those damages, in case of negligence in the use of legal means to punish polluters for the damage, forcing them to repair it. Next, shows the kinds of liability and participation of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights in the cases that condemned the Brazilian State, when it was negligent to punish the infractors of the human personality rights. Finally, analyzes the lawsuits brought by the lead contamination victims and what response was given by the Judiciary and the State. In synthesis, it is intended to show the ways of solutions in national and international law, in the direction to repair the sufferings of the victims of lead contamination
23
Bai, Song. "L'unification des régimes de responsabilité civile en matière de pollution marine." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM1049.
Full textAbstract:
Depuis le sinistre du pétrolier Torrey Canyon, l'OMI a élaboré les Conventions CLC, SNPD et hydrocarbure. Celles-ci ont mis en place les régimes d'indemnisation des dommages par pollution causés par les navires. Les victimes de la pollution peuvent agir en responsabilité contre le propriétaire du navire ou directement contre l'assureur du propriétaire du navire pour les dommages par pollution (y compris les frais de nettoyage). Selon ces conventions internationales, le propriétaire du navire est en droit de limiter sa responsabilité dont l'indemnité est calculée en fonction du tonnage du navire en cause. De plus, le fonds FIPOL, créé par la convention portant création du fonds FIPOL, prend le relais de la convention CLC lorsque l'indemnité dépasse la limitation de responsabilité prévue par cette dernière convention. Mais est-ce que ces conventions prévoient une indemnisation suffisante pour les dommages par pollution ? Et existe-t-il des conflits entre les conventions internationales ? Il est vrai que la plupart des pollutions marines de faible ampleur sont suffisamment indemnisées. Mais tel n'est pas le cas pour les pollutions majeures. De plus, les conventions CLC, SNPD et hydrocarbures de soute n'ont pas prévu des champs d'application identiques. C'est ainsi que ces conventions internationales sont susceptibles d'être en conflit dans le cas où la pollution est causée par les substances polluantes transportées par le navire et les hydrocarbures de soute du navire en cause. La présente thèse a pour objet de présenter les régimes internationaux de responsabilité civile du propriétaire du navire en matière de pollution marine et essaie de proposer une solution pour résoudre les conflits entre les conventions internationalesSince the Torrey Canyon oil spill, the International Maritime Organization began drafting three international conventions (CLC, HNS and bunker oil conventions) to establish civil liability for compensation for ship-source pollution damages. Claims for compensation for pollution damages (including clean-up costs) may be brought against the owner of ships which caused the damages or directly against the owner's insurer. The ship-owner is normally entitled to limit his liability to an amount which is linked to the tonnage of his ship. Furthermore, the IOPC funds which was set up in 1992 under the IOPC convention 1992 is able to compensate the victims when compensation under the CLC 1992 is not available or not adequate. But do these international regimes work well ? And are there conflicts between the International conventions ? Certainly, the most of loss resulting from oil spills from sea can be compensated by the CLC/ IOPC system. But the compensation under CLC/IOPC is not able to be enough for the major pollution events. If the CLC, HNS and bunker oil Conventions don't set up the same scopes, these International Conventions might be in conflict in case of transportation of dangerous goods or hazardous goods by sea, because the spill of the bunker oil and the hazardous goods would cause a major marine pollution. This paper gives an overview of international liability and compensation regime, and tries to give a proposal to resolve the conflicts between the international conventions
24
Leclerc, Thomas. "Les mesures correctives des émissions aériennes de gaz à effet de serre : Contribution à l'étude des interactions entre les ordres juridiques en droit international public." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0751/document.
Full textAbstract:
La recherche d'une mesure mondiale et corrective des émissions de gaz à effet de serreafin de réduire l'impact de l'activité aérienne internationale sur les changements climatiques a étéconfrontée à l'émergence d'obstacles, sous forme de conflits de normes, liés au défi général del'interaction entre le droit international de l'aviation civile, le droit international des changementsclimatiques et le droit de l'Union européenne. La conciliation des normes matérielles etinstitutionnelles concernées, sur la base d'une interprétation évolutive de la convention de Chicago,est alors apparue comme l'unique solution pour remédier aux situations conflictuelles constatées.Le recours à cette démarche interprétative maintient néanmoins un climat d'insécurité juridique etpose la question des limites à l'adaptation du droit international de l'aviation civile au défi d'uneprotection du climat mondial. Ce travail d'analyse vise alors à démontrer qu'un recours à cettedémarche interprétative n'est pas toujours nécessaire et qu'une application rigoureuse de ladistinction intrinsèque au droit international de l'aviation civile séparant le domaine de lanavigation aérienne du domaine du transport aérien international est la clef du problème. Ellepermet en effet de proposer une solution corrective respectueuse des ordres juridiques fonctionnelsconcernés tout en rétablissant un climat de sécurité juridique indispensable au développementsoutenable de l'aviation civile internationaleLooking for a global and corrective measure to reduce greenhouse gas emissions frominternational civil aviation has been facing legal obstacles. These obstacles took the form ofconflicts of norms linked to the general challenge of the interactions between international aviationlaw, climate change law and the law of the European Union. Using evolutionary interpretation ofthe Chicago Convention in order to reconcile norms of substantive and institutional nature emergedas the best solution. However, this method perpetuates legal uncertainty and poses the generalchallenge of flexibly and elasticity of the Chicago Convention in response to the climate changechallenge. This study examines the above mentioned issues of interactions between legal ordersand provides recommendations to restore legal certainty needed to ensure sustainable developmentof international civil aviation. More specifically, this study reveals the underestimated relevance ofthe ongoing distinction between the legal regimes of air navigation and air transport, which is a keylegal element in the search for a global and corrective solution to the impact of international civilaviation on climate change
25
Santhi, Kanna Dorai Kannan. "Industrial Pollution and Economic Compensation : A Study of Down Stream Villages in Noyyal River, Tirupur, Tamil Nadu, South India." Thesis, Linköping : Linköping University. Department of Water and Environmental Studies, 2008. http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:223033/FULLTEXT02.
Full text
26
Ericson, Frida. "Kundcentrerade miljöåtgärder - En studie av Pan Nordic Logistics kunders krav på miljövänliga transporter : Customer centered environmental measures - A study of Pan Nordic Logistics customers demand for environment-friendly transport." Thesis, Jönköping University, JTH, Industrial Engineering and Management, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-1335.
Full textAbstract:
Traditional product features such as price, quality and supply service have been extended and nowadays includes environmental aspects as well. It raises new and increasing demands on haulier companies. The transport sector is responsible for a large part of the pollutants causing today’s environmental problems. The business is being closely monitored and to operate environmental friendly is seen as one of the most important elements for the industry’s future development. Haulier companies must not only meet the restrictions of the government, but also respond to the customers’ demands on
environmental performance.
The aim of the study is to review the environmental demands of PNLs present customers and what they think their demands will look like in three years time. The scope of the survey is two-fold. The study will partly review if the changing environmental aspects can impact on supply service and price; and partly investigate the importance of an environmental certification. To reach the aim of the study qualitative interviews have been carried out with nine of PNLs present customers. The choice of customers has been made to represent
an overall picture of PNLs customer portfolio.
The study concluded that supply service and price is more important than environmental aspects today. The customers are prone to compromise on delivery time and price to the advantage of the environment. But it can not cost too much or take too long, and there must be a possible choice of transport.
There are today no expressed environmental demands on transport, but the conclusion is that it is only a matter of time before they will prevail. The results prove that environmental issues are estimated to be fundamental for hauliers in the future. It is seen as a competitive advantage to be at the leading edge of offering green transportation alternatives.
It is considered important today that hauliers pursue environmental issues aggressively. A certification according to ISO or other environmental management systems is considered less important. The results show that environmental management systems and an operative environmental framework will increase in importance in the future when choosing between hauliers.
27
Ferrer, Dupuy Plàcida. "Perspectiva jurídico-financiera del medio ambiente." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7287.
Full textAbstract:
Este trabajo plantea el estudio del concepto del medio ambiente y de los principios que lo informan desde el gasto público. El marco teórico es el Derecho financiero constitucional y el Derecho de los gastos públicos. Se analiza ampliamente la concepción de la protección del medio ambiente como necesidad pública y los instrumentos jurídicos para satisfacer esta necesidad.La posibilidad de configurar el medio ambiente como necesidad pública obliga al análisis de la compleja función otorgada al Estado en cuanto obligado a intervenir en la protección y conservación del medio ambiente, que presenta el problema, no tan sólo de tener que adoptar una gran diversidad de medidas de protección en función del elemento a proteger, sino también un elevado coste. Por ello el trabajo se centra en los instrumentos financieros y económicos para la protección del medio ambiente en nuestro país, haciendo hincapié en la problemática de las subvenciones e incentivos fiscales aplicados al medio ambiente.
This work deals with the concept of environment and its legal principles from the perspective of public expenditure. Constitutional Financial Law and the Law of Public Expenditure provide the theoretical framework of the study. The analysis focuses on the conception of environmental protection as a public need, and on the legal instruments to fulfil such need.
Understanding the environment as a public need requires a proper analysis of the State's complex functions. In particular, State intervention in activities of environmental protection and conservation arises problems not only related with the adoption of a wide diversity of protection measures according to the intended element to be protected, but also with the high cost of protection. Therefore, the study focuses on the financial and economic instruments for environmental protection used in our country, and specifically it deals with the use of subsidies and tax incentives for environmental purposes.
28
Pole, Adrian Leonard. "Factors preventing the successful implementation of the polluter pays principle : a case study of the Bayne's Spruit." 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/4553.
Full textAbstract:
Despite the pollution control provisions provided in national and local legislation that
explicitly or implicitly give effect to the polluter pays principle (PPP), certain rivers
continue to suffer from persistent industrial pollution. This research focuses on one such
river, the Bayne's Spruit, as a case study. The Bayne's Spruit is a small river that is
located within an urban catchment, and which has been subjected to wet industrial
pollution for over a decade. Much of this pollution is associated with the Pietermaritzburg
edible oil industry. This pollution impacts negatively on a downstream community that
uses the river for irrigation of subsistence crops, for recreation and for subsistence fish
harvesting. The pollution has also severely degraded the riverine ecosystem. This
research commenced with a literature review of the PPP in its international, national and
local context. It was noted that the current legislative framework for implementation of
the PPP with regard to pollution of rivers in South Africa comprises primarily of the
National Water Act 36 of 1998 (NWA), the National Environmental Management Act
107 of 1998, and the Pietermaritzburg-Msunduzi industrial effluent bylaws of November
1998. The case study was approached using a largely qualitative methodology, although
quantitative data was also relied upon where feasible. The historical context of the case
study was provided by conducting a review of newspaper reports, a review of.
government inspection records, and a review of water quality data (including biomonitoring
and chemical data). The current status of the Bayne's Spruit was then
explored by conducting in-depth historical interviews with community members, and by
conducting direct observation of the environmental status of the Bayne's Spruit. This data
was supplemented by an analysis of the test results of sampled industrial effluent, and by
information obtained from representatives of two edible oil companies. In-depth,
purposively selected interviews were conducted with various role players. (local
government, regional government and industry) to identify what factors are preventing
the successful implementation of the PPP in the case study area. Factors identified
include a lack of environmental ethic within the edible oil industry, with some of these
companies free riding on the Bayne's Spruit to maximize their profits. At a local level,
factors preventing implementation of the PPP include deficiencies in the local industrial effluent bylaws, failures to administer and implement provisions contained in the bylaws,
capacity restrictions and institutional paralysis. National legislation is not being
successfully implemented because the government agency empowered under the NWA is
deferring primary responsibility for dealing with pollution to the local authority. Factors
also include difficulties associated with monitoring of rivers, including lack of capacity to
engage in monitoring, and confusion over the functions of the various spheres of
government. Finally, enforcement complexities are a major factor preventing successful
implementation of the PPP. These problems relate to inadequate penalties, enforcement
arrangements, capacity problems, separation of authority to operate the municipal sewer
works and to enforce the industrial effluent bylaws, difficulties in identifying the
offending polluter (causation), problems with access to company premises, the open
access character of the storm water drainage system, previous failed prosecutions and
reliance on the criminal justice system.Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, 2002.
29
Willenbrock, Christel. "A policy analysis of waste management legislation in Canada and Germany with a focus on the polluter pays principle." Thesis, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/4364.
Full textAbstract:
My thesis critically examines the legal approach to waste management that Canada and
Germany have taken over the past twenty years. Waste management offers an excellent
paradigm for understanding pollution issues in general, as waste disposal, in one form or
another, lies at the root of all pollution. As a highly visible environmental problem, waste has
earned a great deal of attention from environmental policy and law makers. Waste
management law represents a "microcosm" of environmental law, and thus offers a
particularly suitable context for analysing the development of modern environmental policy.
Environmental degradation is caused by the aggregated decisions of all members of
society. This implies that everyone must be involved in the effort to reestablish the vital link
between the eco-system and the economy. Some argue that environmental problems result
from market failure and that polluters must be given an incentive to consider environmental
issues as a cost factor in their decision-making. Since its development in the 1970s in the
economic context, the polluter pays principle has become a basic element of environmental
policy, serving as an instrument to determine who should bear responsibility for
environmental protection. In my thesis, I examine how this concept has been integrated into
national policies. In particular, I analyse the implementation of the principle in the context of
contaminated sites remediation and of recycling, where new concepts of environmental
responsibility have emerged. The polluter pays principle is a promising concept for finding a solution to certain
environmental problems. If the necessary ecological reforms are to take place, however, law
and policy require a moral dimension to change people's attitude towards their environment.
Environmental policy cannot be left to the uncertainties of profit signals in the market place,
as a strategic approach in both space and time mandates an active role for government. The
aim of this thesis is to point out some of the ways in which Canadian and German
environmental policy, as implemented in waste law, has tried to cope with the complex issue
of environmental protection and, in particular, whether and how a new concept of individual
responsibility for the environment has gained recognition.
30
Alimi, Abiola. "Overview of Pay-As-You-Throw (PAYT) in the world: opportunities and challenges." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/24699.
Full textAbstract:
There has been strict environmental legislation that aims at protecting the
environment from various detrimental actions. Besides, there have been
increasing concerns on resources consumption as well as economic developments.
These turn out to be major drivers for a growing amount of
countries to strive towards a reduction in the quantity of solid waste that
are being sent to the landfills as well as to enhance diversion and recycling.
Furthermore, there have been concerted efforts not only on lowering the
incessant increase in the aggregate waste production but also on improving
the awareness of the citizens on the need for waste reduction. Consequently,
various viable measures that can be exploited have been the main concerns
worldwide. Besides, different countries are reviewing the waste management
financial mechanisms and giving more considerations to the environmental
policy. Conventionally, general tax payments or levies are used by a lot of
countries to fund their waste services. This approach fails to be fair enough
to provide an objective link between the actual individual waste production
and costs charged for waste disposal. As a result, the citizens have little or
no motivational incentive to be conscious of the produced waste quantity
by the conventional approach. An alternative approach to this is differentiated
fee systems known as pay-as-you-throw (PAYT). The PAYT has been
receiving growing attention under the waste reduction goal due to the fair
proportionality between waste management costs and amount of produced
waste. This dissertation presents overviews of PAYT across the world. The
main aim of this dissertation is to analyze the opportunities and challenges
of PAYT in the World so as to study its effectiveness not only in waste reduction
but also in offering fair proportionality between waste management
costs and actual amount of produced waste. To achieve the research objectives,
the dissertation presents results of research on municipal waste management
in some parts of the world. Moreover, the dissertation emphasizes
mainly on the effects of different municipal solid waste charging systems not
only on separating but also on recycling efforts of the respective households
and municipalities. Furthermore, different relevant waste charging systems
are considered along with the applicable ideologies of the municipal legislations
in an attempt to study the behavior of different municipalities and
households under alternative waste treatment/charging schemes. In addition,
results of surveys conducted on different municipalities and households
across the world is presented. Based on the results, it is inferred that the
generated waste is comparatively low in municipalities where PAYT charging
scheme is being implemented due to the fact that people tend to separate
their waste and generate lesser residual waste. Also, some factors that influence
adequate waste separation are presented. The analyzed factors can be
of great help in policy recommendations for the PAYT charging systems introduction
and implementation in various countries. In addition, a number
of PAYT systems related issues such as legislation, design, implementation
and impact are discussed. The analysis carried out in different countries,
about the PAYT results, shows that PATY systems implementation can result
into 15–30% rise in recycling as well as 30–40% reduction in waste to
landfill.Atualmente existe legislação rigorosa na área do ambiente, que visa proteger o meio ambiente de vários impactes negativos, associada à crescente preocupação sobre o consumo de recursos, bem como ao desenvolvimento económico. Estes são os principais impulsionadores para que cada vez mais países se esforcem em reduzir a quantidade de resíduos enviados para os aterros e em aumentar as taxas de reciclagem. Além disso, tem havido esforços concertados, não só na redução do aumento incessante da produção global de resíduos, mas também na sensibilização dos cidadãos relativamente à necessidade de prevenir a geração de resíduos. Neste sentido, tem sido preocupação em todo o mundo, a exploração e aplicação de várias medidas. Além disso, diferentes países têm vindo a rever os mecanismos financeiros de gestão de resíduos, passando a ter em consideração a política ambiental. Por norma, os pagamentos de impostos e de taxas, são usados por muitos países para financiar os serviços de gestão de resíduos. Esta abordagem não é suficientemente justa para fornecer uma ligação objectiva entre a produção individual real de resíduos e os custos cobrados pela sua correta gestão. Como resultado, os cidadãos têm pouco ou nenhum incentivo motivacional para estarem conscientes da quantidade de resíduos produzidos. Uma abordagem alternativa para isso é o sistema de pagamento diferenciado, do serviço de gestão de resíduos, conhecido como pay-as-youthrow (PAYT). O sistema PAYT tem sido alvo de crescente atenção, pois ele contribui para a redução de resíduos gerados, devido à justa proporcionalidade entre os custos de gestão de resíduos e a quantidade de resíduos produzidos. Esta dissertação apresenta uma visão geral do sistema PAYT em todo o mundo. O principal objetivo desta dissertação é analisar as oportunidades e desafios do PAYT no mundo, de modo a estudar sua eficácia, não apenas na redução de resíduos, mas também em oferecer justa proporcionalidade entre os custos de gestão de resíduos e a quantidade real de resíduos produzidos. Para atingir os objetivos propostos, a dissertação apresenta resultados da pesquisa realizada sobre a gestão municipal de resíduos em algumas partes do mundo. Além disso, a dissertação enfatiza os efeitos dos diferentes sistemas municipais de cobrança do serviço de gestão de resíduos nos esforços dos municípios e munícipes na separação para reciclagem. São consideradas diferentes formas de cobrança, associadas aos diferentes tipos de legislação municipal, na tentativa de avaliar o comportamento de diferentes municípios e famílias sob esquemas alternativos de cobrança / tratamento de resíduos. Nesse sentido, são apresentados resultados de pesquisas conduzidas em diferentes municípios e domicílios em todo o mundo. Com base nos resultados, infere-se que a quantidade de resíduos gerados é comparativamente mais baixa nos municípios onde o regime de cobrança PAYT está sendo implementado, devido ao facto de que as pessoas tendem a separar seus resíduos e gerar menos resíduos indiferenciados. São apresentados alguns fatores que influenciam a separação adequada de resíduos. Os fatores analisados podem ser de grande ajuda em recomendações na decisão política para a introdução e implementação de sistemas de cobrança PAYT, em vários países. Além disso, uma série de questões relacionadas com os sistemas PAYT, tais como legislação, projeto, implementação e impacto, são discutidas. A análise realizada em diferentes países, sobre os resultados da implementação do sistema PAYT, mostra que este pode resultar num aumento de 15 a 30% na reciclagem de resíduos, bem como uma redução de 30% a 40% nos resíduos enviados para aterro.
Mestrado em Estudos Ambientais
31
Nováková, Alexandra. "Právní odpovědnost za ekologickou újmu." Master's thesis, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-329205.
Full textAbstract:
! This thesis discusses the issue of liability for environmental damages, which includes (i) public-law liability (in Czech legal framework described as "environmental injury") and (ii) private-law liability. The Act on Environmental Damage transposed the Directive on Environmental Liability (the "Directive"), the aim of which is prevention and remedy of environmental damage. The Act on Environmental Damage is legally binding from August 17, 2008, as lex specialis to the Act on Environment and other Acts on respective environmental components. Although the Act on Environmental Damage is based on the public-law approach, the private-law liability remains unaffected. According to the Act on Environmental Damage, the strict liability is imposed on operators of certain high-risk occupational activities and these operators are obliged to implement preventive and remedial measures and bear associated costs. Furthermore, the operators must provide relevant information on the request of competent public authorities.
32
Cimburková, Iveta. "Finanční aspekty právní odpovědnosti za ekologickou újmu." Master's thesis, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-329983.
Full textAbstract:
This diploma thesis provides an overview of the aspects connected with financial assurance of liability for environmental damage. First parts of the work define the frame for this topic through its essentials terms and theoretical basis. Also there are introduced the main functions of economic instruments. Part 3 briefly focuses on the ways of codification of liability in the international public law. The main part of this work is dedicated to an adoption of the polluter pays principle to the European Union law and the Czech national law system. Thus parts 4 and 5 describe and evaluate efficiency of this liability system from the perspective of obligation to assure a financial security. Last part gives a list of possible instruments which may be used as a suitable financial security according to the statute n. 167/2008 Sb.
33
Derlich, Stanislav. "Nápravná opatření v ochraně životního prostředí." Doctoral thesis, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-311546.
Full textAbstract:
The remedial measures in the protection of the environment. This thesis focus on the remedial measures which belong to legal instruments and create an integral part of the public law. The public bodies, which are responsible for the enforcement of public interests, are in charge of enforcement of remedial measures to be done. As in the international law, the state is primarily responsible for remedying of damages arising from activities under its jurisdiction. Despite the remedial measures are incorporated into almost all legal enactments, the quality of the legislature is rather low and this legal tool has been beyond the academical interest. The remedial measures represent one of the most important instruments of the environment protection and are closely connected with the principles of the environment protection, i.e. the principle of the sustainable development, the polluter- pays principle, the preventive principle and the principle of the State responsibility. The remedial measures create a part of the measures within the environment protection, which primarily work as subsequent measures and partly as continuous and preventive ones. The remedial measures comprise different kinds of measures, the main goal of which is to remedy changes which are considered to be undesired from the legal and...
34
Costa, Anita Salomé de Castro. "Projeto de alargamento do sistema Pay-As-You-Throw (PAYT) na cidade de Guimarães." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/64525.
Full textAbstract:
Dissertação de mestrado em Gestão AmbientalOs resíduos sólidos urbanos constituem um grave problema ambiental, social e de saúde pública, sendo imperativo a formalização de técnicas e alternativas de gestão e, mais importante, a alteração de comportamentos sociais com o intuito de se alterar o quadro atual. A produção excessiva de resíduos traz consigo o problema da eliminação destes, os aterros autorizados encontram-se em pontos de saturação e, com políticas que definem que as quantidades de deposição em aterro devem ser cada vez menores torna-se essencial apostar em novas metodologias de gestão destes resíduos. Na tentativa de fortificar a sua atuação verde, de diminuir a produção de resíduos indiferenciados e de promover os bons comportamentos ambientais, o município de Guimarães implementou no Centro Histórico e Zona Envolvente um sistema pay-as-you-throw. Após um longo processo de implementação o projeto encontra-se já no seu terceiro ano funcionando através de uma tarifa associada à pré-compra de sacos para resíduos indiferenciados não existindo custos associados aos sacos para resíduos seletivos. O trabalho que se apresenta pretende analisar e documentar a implementação do sistema pay-as-youthrow numa nova área do município de Guimarães. De forma a executar este projeto foi estabelecido um cronograma que possibilitou a alteração faseada do sistema tarifário. Durante os nove meses de trabalho foram realizadas inúmeras deslocações ao terreno que permitiram avaliar e identificar todas as características importantes a considerar na implementação. Não existiu, no entanto, a necessidade de efetuar o cálculo da tarifa visto que o modelo a implementar será o mesmo que se encontra atualmente em funcionamento no Centro Histórico e Zona Envolvente da cidade. Verificou-se que a implementação deste tipo de projetos está diretamente dependente de campanhas de sensibilização pela necessidade de se alterar comportamentos, tendo sido por isso delineadas um conjunto de ações que fomentam o contato direto com os novos utilizadores mantendo-os em constante proximidade com a problemática, incentivando os bons comportamentos ambientais.
Urban solid waste constitutes a serious environmental, social and public health problem, and it is imperative to formalise new techniques, management alternatives and, more importantly, to change social behaviour in order to modify the current situation. Excessive waste production brings with it the problem of the disposal, authorised landfills are at saturation points and, with politics that define that the quantities deposited in landfills should be increasingly smaller it becomes essential to invest in new methodologies for managing this waste. In the attempt to strengthen its green performance, reduce the production of undifferentiated waste and promote good environmental behavior, the municipality of Guimarães implemented a pay-as-you-throw system in the Historic Center and surrounding area. After a long implementation process, the project is already in its third year, this system works through a tariff associated with the pre-purchase of bags for undifferentiated waste with no costs associated with bags for selective waste. The work that is presentend intends to analyze and document the implementation of the pay-as-youthrow system in a new area of the municipality of Guimarães. In order to execute this project a schedule was established that made possible the phased change of the tariff system. During the nine months of the work, there were numerous field trips that allowed to evaluate and identify all the importante characteristics to consider in the implementation. It was found that the implementation of this type of projects is directly dependent on awareness campaigns due to the need to change behaviours, and therefore a set of actions was delineated that enourages direct contact with new users, keeping them in constant proximity to the issue, motivating good environmental behaviours.
35
Heunis, Louis Barend. "The quantification of medical waste from the point of generation to the point of disposal: case studies at three private hospitals in Pretoria." Diss., 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/23143.
Full textAbstract:
The South African Waste Information System (SAWIS) was developed by the Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism (DEAT) in 2005. This is a system used by government and industry to capture routine data on the tonnages of waste generated, recycled and disposed of in South Africa on a monthly and annual basis. All waste producers and waste management organisations should contribute to this national waste database and should accurately monitor the types and quantities of waste produced and handled. According to DEAT (2006) the need for Data verification is important. DEAT (2006:59) defined the term Data Verification as: "assessing data accuracy, completeness, consistency, availability and internal control practices that serve to determine the overall reliability of the data collected."
The aim of the study is to determine a procedure, as well as the nature and extent of internal and external source documents, which could be used in the reconciliation of medical waste quantities from generation to disposal. The key objectives are to determine whether the selected hospitals keep internal records of the quantities of medical waste generated; to reconcile the waste quantities on the internal records with the external records, such as the collection certificates, invoices and waste incineration certificates; to ascertain whether the quantity of medical waste generated is equal to the quantity of waste incinerated and disposed of to determine the ratio factor between the quantity of medical waste before incineration and the quantity of the residue (ashes) after incineration, and to make recommendations on the reconciliation of waste quantities from the point of generation to the point of disposal.
The results of the study indicate that the destruction certificate is the proof that the waste that was on-site collected by the service provider has been disposed /treated. Especially as an internal control measure. The health care risk waste (HCRW) management record keeping of quantities of weight as per Hospital A, Hospital B and Hospital C allows the opportunity to analyse the weight per month and per Hospital and per category and to make comparisons. The weakness or the gap however still exist that the waste is not weighed at the point of origin, but at the point where the waste service provider collects the waste onsite. It is from this point onwards that the service level agreement between the hospital and the waste service provider and the document management system and the tracking receipt and the waste collection documents (WCD) becomes relevant and where the quantities of waste per category are for the first time recorded. The hypothesis as stated in Chapter 1 was proven valid.
The study concludes that reconciliation and comparison between the collection certificate and the destruction certificate and the monthly invoice is therefore possible, but the risk of mixing of waste and the understating or overstating of waste quantities is still not overcome.Environmental Sciences
M. Sc. (Environmental management)
36
Van, der Merwe Timothy David. "The carbon tax as a market-based enforcement mechanism to ensure compliance with environmental law and address pollution." Diss., 2018. http://uir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/25643.
Full textAbstract:
This study emanates from the worldwide issue of climate change, as well as the need for all nations to make an effort to reduce their carbon emissions and move towards greener economies. It delves into South Africa's current command-and-control environmental enforcement regime and highlights the pitfalls that allow major air polluters to avoid sanction of any form in many instances. This poor environmental enforcement and compliance effectively means that South Africa is unlikely to be capable of meeting targets set under international agreements. The study confirms that environmental enforcement is inadequately addressed in South Africa. This is attributable to the inherent shortcomings of command-and-control approaches, including that they are inflexible and offer few incentives for firms to modify behaviour to reduce emissions. Poor enforcement of environmental legislation results in negative externalities caused by air pollution being borne by people who did not create such pollution. The study therefore advocates the use of market-based mechanisms as an alternative to traditional command-and-control approaches to environmental enforcement.
In light of the South African government's recent publication of the Draft Carbon Tax Bill, carbon taxes as a subset of market-based environmental enforcement mechanisms have the potential to better enforce the polluter pays principle. Mexico, arguably the most forward-thinking developing nation in terms of climate change mitigation, has taken numerous steps towards meeting international commitments, including the implementation of a carbon tax. While South Africa's proposed carbon tax does differ from Mexico's in some respects, the basic premise remains the same and some comparisons can be made in this regard, with accompanying lessons to be learned. Such lessons include that it is imperative that the carbon tax must be set at a high enough rate to meet international commitments whilst at the same time avoiding adverse economic effects, maintaining social welfare and stabilising economic output levels. The proposed carbon tax, while unable to achieve this on its own, is a good place to start and should be utilised in conjunction with the Draft Climate Change Bill to effectively and efficaciously bring about the required change. The proposed carbon tax undoubtedly has the potential to better hold major air polluters responsible for their CO2 and other GHG emissions.Private Law
LL. M.