Relevant bibliographies by topics / Pollution, Antarctica

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters

Academic literature on the topic 'Pollution, Antarctica'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 19 February 2023
Last updated: 20 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Pollution, Antarctica"

1

Dethloff, Klaus, Ksenia Glushak, Annette Rinke, and Dörthe Handorf. "Antarctic 20th Century Accumulation Changes Based on Regional Climate Model Simulations." Advances in Meteorology 2010 (2010): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/327172.

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The regional climate model HIRHAM has been applied to Antarctica driven at the lateral and lower boundaries by European Reanalysis data ERA-40 for the period 1958–1998. Simulations over 4 decades, carried out with a horizontal resolution of 50 km, deliver a realistic simulation of the Antarctic atmospheric circulation, synoptic-scale pressure systems, and the spatial distribution of precipitation minus sublimation (P-E) structures. The simulated P-E pattern is in qualitative agreement with glaciological estimates. The estimated (P-E) trends demonstrate surfacemass accumulation increase at the West Antarctic coasts and reductions in parts of East Antarctica. The influence of the Antarctic Oscillation (AAO) on the near-surface climate and the surface mass accumulation over Antarctica have been investigated on the basis of ERA-40 data and HIRHAM simulations. It is shown that the regional accumulation changes are largely driven by changes in the transient activity around the Antarctic coasts due to the varying AAO phases. During positive AAO, more transient pressure systems travelling towards the continent, and Western Antarctica and parts of South-Eastern Antarctica gain more precipitation and mass. Over central Antarctica the prevailing anticyclone causes a strengthening of polar desertification connected with a reduced surface mass balance in the northern part of East Antarctica.
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2

Dahe, Qin, Paul A. Mayewski, W. Berry Lyons, Sun Junying, and Hou Shugui. "Lead pollution in Antarctic surface snow revealed along the route of the International Trans-Antarctic Expedition." Annals of Glaciology 29 (1999): 94–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756499781820897.

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AbstractThis paper reports the lead concentration and flux (where accumulation rate is available) along the route of the 1990 International Trans-Antarctic Expedition. The lead concentration in Larsen Ice Shelf and Antarctic Peninsula, the western part of the route, was 7.4 ± 4.1 pg g−1. The lead concentration in East Antarctic snow (South Pole to Mirny station) was 2 3 times higher than that in West Antarctica (Larsen Ice Shelf to South Pole). Taking into account the difference in site conditions, the difference between the above value over this area in 1989 and the value of 6.3 ±3.3 pg g−1 at a site within this area in 1980 (Wolff and Peel, 1985) is not significant. Because the relative contribution of soil dust, volcanoes and the oceans to lead concentration in Antarctica is about 0.5 pg g−1 under modern climatic conditions (Boutron and Patterson, 1987), it is believed that the lead in Antarctic surface snow is dominated by pollution input. The lead-concentration increase from west to east over the trans-Antarctic route suggests that remote Antarctica has been impacted by anthropogenic activities. The lowest lead flux (0.064 ng cn-2 a−1) was on the Antarctic Plateau, mainly reflecting the background global pollution. The mean flux of 0.273 ng cnT2 a−1 in the western part of the route (Larsen Ice Shelf to the Ellsworth Mountains) may result from the pollution input from the Southern Hemisphere. In addition to the influence of global and/or hemispheric pollution, local activities (notably the use of leaded gasolene) appear to have affected the region from Pionerskaya to Mirny.
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Lim, Zheng Syuen, Rasidnie Razin Wong, Chiew-Yen Wong, Azham Zulkharnain, Noor Azmi Shaharuddin, and Siti Aqlima Ahmad. "Bibliometric Analysis of Research on Diesel Pollution in Antarctica and a Review on Remediation Techniques." Applied Sciences 11, no. 3 (January 26, 2021): 1123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11031123.

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Diesel is a fuel commonly used in Antarctica to supply vessels and domestic applications on site. The increasing human activities in the continent consequently have generated high fuel demand, which in turn has increased the occurrence of oil pollution due to accidental events during refueling. A related study received growing interest as more detrimental effects have been reported on Antarctic ecosystems. By adopting the bibliometric analysis, the research on diesel pollution in Antarctica collected in the Scopus database was systematically analysed. An increment in annual publication growth from 1980 to 2019 was observed and two research clusters were illustrated with “hydrocarbons” as the core keyword. Several attempts have been conducted over the past decades to remove anthropogenic hydrocarbon from previous abandoned whaling sites as well as recent oil spill incidents. However, the remote and polar conditions of Antarctica constrained the installation and operation of clean-up infrastructure. This review also briefly encompasses the approaches from past to present on the management of fuel pollution in Antarctica and highlights the potential of phytoremediation as a new bioremediation prospect.
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Roslee, Ahmad Fareez Ahmad, Siti Aqlima Ahmad, Claudio Gomez-Fuentes, Noor Azmi Shaharuddin, Khalilah Abdul Khalil, and Azham Zulkharnain. "Scientometric Analysis of Diesel Pollutions in Antarctic Territories: A Review of Causes and Potential Bioremediation Approaches." Sustainability 13, no. 13 (June 23, 2021): 7064. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13137064.

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Despite the continuous enforcement of Antarctic Treaty System, ATS (1961), today Antarctica is constantly plagued by hydrocarbon pollution from both legacy and present-day wastes, especially near where anthropogenic activities are the most intense. The advances of science have led to multiple breakthroughs to bolster bioremediation techniques and revamp existing laws that prevent or limit the extent of hydrocarbon pollution in Antarctica. This review serves as the extension of collective efforts by the Antarctic communities through visual representation that summarizes decades of findings (circa 2000–2020) from various fields, pertinent to the application of microbe-mediated hydrocarbons remediation. A scientometric analysis was carried out based on indexed, scientific repositories (ScienceDirect and Scopus), encompassing various parameters, including but not limited to keywords co-occurrences, contributing countries, trends and current breakthroughs in polar researches. The emergence of keywords such as bioremediation, biosurfactants, petroleum hydrocarbons, biodiesel, metagenomics and Antarctic treaty policy portrays the dynamic shifts in Antarctic affairs during the last decades, which initially focused on exploration and resources exploitation before switching to scientific research and the more recent ecotourism. This review also presents the hydrocarbonoclastic microbes studied in the past, known and proposed metabolic pathways and genes related to hydrocarbon biodegradation as well as bacterial adaptations to low-temperature condition.
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Tomaselli, Keyan G. "Consuming nature: Antarctica, penguins and pollution." Critical Arts 26, no. 3 (July 2012): 328–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02560046.2012.705460.

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6

Abd Wahab Sha'arani, Shakirah, Nur Adeela Yasid, Muhammad Arif Mukhriz Ros Saidon Khudri, Mohd Yamin Shaari, Mohd Yunus Shukor, and Ahmad Razi Othman. "Isothermal Modelling on the Removal of Copper Using Durvillaea antarctica." Bioremediation Science and Technology Research 7, no. 1 (July 31, 2019): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.54987/bstr.v7i1.460.

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Heavy metals pollution in the Antarctica is emerging as an important problem due to anthropogenic activities. Bioremediation of metal pollution especially copper in Antarctica in the future using biosorption is the most environmental-friendly method. Biosorption using Durvillaea antarctica, an alga that lives in the Antarctic region does not involve the introduction of new potentially foreign species. In this study, the isotherms of copper biosorption by the alga is modelled according to various models ranging from one to five parameters models such as Henry, Langmuir, Dubinin-Radushkevich, Freundlich, BET, Toth, Sips, Fritz-Schlunder IV, Baudu and Fritz-Schlunder V. All gave visually acceptable fitting with the exception of the Henry model. Statistical analysis based on root-mean-square error (RMSE), adjusted coefficient of determination (adjR2), bias factor (BF), accuracy factor (AF) and corrected AICc (Akaike Information Criterion) showed that the Sips model is the best model. The calculated Sips parameters kS value of 12.52 (95% confidence interval from 3.593 to 21.439), qmS value of 0.97 (95% confidence interval from 0.905 to 1.026) and nS value of 0.67 (95% confidence interval from 0.531 to 0.806).
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Morton, Brian. "Antarctica." Marine Pollution Bulletin 52, no. 4 (April 2006): 357–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2006.02.003.

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Zhang, Min, Shigang Liu, Jun Bo, Ronghui Zheng, Fukun Hong, Fulong Gao, Xing Miao, Hai Li, and Chao Fang. "First Evidence of Microplastic Contamination in Antarctic Fish (Actinopterygii, Perciformes)." Water 14, no. 19 (September 29, 2022): 3070. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14193070.

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Microplastic (MP) pollution in Antarctica is a hot topic that has gained increasing attention in recent years. However, information regarding MP pollution in Antarctic fishes is currently very limited. The present study provides the first evidence of the occurrence and characteristics of MPs in species from five families of the order Perciformes, from the Amundsen Sea (AS) and Ross Sea (RS), Antarctica. MP abundances within the order Perciformes were at a medium level on a global scale, but were higher than those reported in other Antarctic organisms. The detection rate and abundance of MPs in the order Perciformes from the RS (50% and 1.286 items individual−1) were both higher than those from the AS (36% and 1.227 items individual−1). Moreover, the major composition and size of MPs were, respectively, polyacrylamide (PAM) and 100–200 μm in the RS, but rayon and 500–1,000 μm in the AS. These differences may be attributed to the different onshore scientific research stations, wastewater treatment facilities, marine activities, ocean currents, and local gyres in the two sea areas. Among the five fish families, members of the Artedidraconidae ingested the smallest MPs and the highest proportion of PAM, which is probably associated with their habitat and degradation effect of unique gut microbiome. The higher hazard index of MPs in fish from the RS is due to the presence of PAM and epoxy resin, which may also have far-reaching health implications for other Antarctic organisms and humans through food web transmission. Overall, long-term monitoring of MP pollution in Antarctic fish and their surrounding marine environment is highly desirable.
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Rong, Hua, Hou Shugui, Li Yuansheng, Pang Hongxi, Paul Mayewski, Sharon Sneed, An Chunlei, and Michael Handley. "Arsenic record from a 3 m snow pit at Dome Argus, Antarctica." Antarctic Science 28, no. 4 (March 18, 2016): 305–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102016000092.

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AbstractThis study presents an arsenic concentration time series from 1964–2009 at Dome Argus, Antarctica. The data show a very large increase in arsenic concentration from the mid-1980s to the late-1990s (by a factor of~22) compared with the values before the mid-1980s. This increase is likely to be related to the increased copper smelting in South America. Arsenic concentration then decreased in the late-1990s, most probably as a result of environmental regulations in South America. The sudden increase in arsenic concentration observed at Dome Argus coincides with similar increases observed at Dome Fuji and in Antarctica Ice Core-6 (IC-6) at the same time, suggesting that arsenic pollution during the period from the mid-1980s to the late-1990s was a regional phenomenon in Antarctica. Investigations of arsenic concentrations at these three Antarctic locations show that, during this time, regional arsenic distribution followed dust transport pathways associated with general climate models with South America as a major source region for the half of Antarctica facing the Atlantic and Indian oceans.
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Shirsat, S. V., and H. F. Graf. "An emission inventory of sulfur from anthropogenic sources in Antarctica." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 9, no. 1 (January 21, 2009): 1907–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-9-1907-2009.

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Abstract. This paper presents first results of a comprehensive emission inventory of chemical species from anthropogenic activities (power generation, vehicles, ships and aircraft) in Antarctica, covering the 2004–2005 period. The inventory is based on estimated emission rates of fuel consumption provided by some of the Antarctic research stations. Since the emission sources have different modes of operation and use a variety of fuel, the emission flux rate of chemical species is calculated by multiplying the fuel consumption value with the density of fuel and appropriate emission factors. A separate inventory is prepared for each anthropogenic emission source in Antarctica. Depending on the type of operation, emission rates of SO2, and BC (Black Carbon, from shipping only) have been calculated using the above technique. However, only results of SO2 emissions from each source are presented here. Emission inventory maps of SO2 depicting the track/path taken by each mobile source are shown. The total annual SO2 is 158 Mg from power generation and vehicle operations, 3873 Mg from ships and 56 Mg from aircraft for 2004–2005 and these values undergo strong seasonality following the human activity in Antarctica. Though these figures are small when compared to the emissions at most other regions of the world, they are an indication that human presence in Antarctica leads to at least local pollution. The sources are mainly line and point sources and thus the local pollution potentially is relatively strong.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Pollution, Antarctica"

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Wild, Seanan James. "Investigating Input Pathways of Persistent Organic Pollutants to Eastern Antarctica." Thesis, Griffith University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366687.

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Despite the apparent pristine conditions and remoteness of Antarctica, persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have been detected in the Antarctic ecosystem since the 1960s. Today, a variety of organic pollutants can be found in Antarctica, often concentrated in local biota. In this thesis I investigate four system input pathways for POPs to Australian Antarctic territory, Eastern Antarctica. This work has been conducted with the purpose of contributing to an understanding of the possible impacts of these pollutants under present and projected climate conditions, as well as establishing robust baselines from which to monitor temporal and spatial trends. The first long range environmental transport (LRET) pathway investigated was the introduction of POP via long range atmospheric transport (LRAT). Transport was assessed via high flow-through passive air sampling at Casey Station between 2009 and 2013, with sample changeover every 1 to 3 months. The results of this study present the first continuous, multi-year sampling effort for POPs originating from the Eastern Antarctic sector. The POP profile presented is distinct from other regions and is characterised by a dominance of agricultural, rather than manufacturing, chemicals, particularly hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and endosulfan. The study also presents the first reported occurrence of endosulfan in air masses on the Antarctic continent, providing evidence of the LRAT capabilities of this compound. Whilst a moderate data timespan of four years is presented, it is projected that continual monitoring at the decadal scale would be required to detect a 5% change in levels with 80% confidence, emphasising the importance of long term monitoring efforts.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith School of Environment
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
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Ghebretekle, Tsegai B. "Industrial pollution control and management in Ethiopia : a case study on Almeda textile factory and Sheba leather industry in Tigrai Regional State." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2015. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/67913/.

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As a new emerging industrializing nation, industrial pollution is a challenge in Ethiopia. To address the problem, the government has introduced different laws, policies, strategies and established environmental organizations at federal and regional levels. However, the government has not performed well in this regard due to various barriers militating against sustainable industrial pollution control and management. Partly this is due to organizational weaknesses, lack of effective implementation of standards as well as the absence of expertise and capacity building. The aim of this research is to investigate the practice of industrial pollution control and management in Ethiopia with particular emphasis on two selected industries. For the practical investigation a methodology that combines semi-structured interview from key informants in industrial pollution, together with documentary and observational data has been employed. The findings of the research show that the magnitude of industrial pollution is rapidly increasing in the country. This is particularly the case in the textile and leather industries. It is also more severe in urban centers where most of the industries are located. The problem is most operating industries in Ethiopia do not have waste treatment plants. They simply discharge their untreated effluent to the nearby rivers or drainage facilities in violation of the established standards. Even for those industries with treatment plants (including the two case study industries) the treatment plants are not functioning properly due to cost implications; and they discharge their effluent to the nearby rivers with nominal treatment. Thus, they are sources of damage to the environment and the nearby communities. The main barrier to industrial pollution control has been the application of weak form of sustainable development policy and lack of institutional regulations—including laws and organizational implementing mechanisms. This is manifested through lack of political will on the part of the government to enforce the existing industrial pollution control laws; lack of capacity (resource and personnel) and coordination among the environmental organizations. On the part of the affected community there is lack of awareness and organization to protect their constitutionally enshrined right—the right to clean and healthy environment. Similarly there is also lack of corporate social responsibility on the side of the two industries subject of the study.
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Emnet, Philipp Johannes. "Presence, Fate, and Behaviour of Emerging Micropollutants in the New Zealand and Antarctic Coastal Environment." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Chemistry, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/8535.

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Many chemicals used in everyday personal care products are today amongst the most commonly detected compounds in surface waters throughout the world. Collectively referred to as micropollutants, they include paraben preservatives, organic UV filters, alkylphenols, triclosan, and bisphenol-A. Micropollutants enter the aquatic environment predominantly via wastewater discharges. To date there has been only limited assessments on their presence and impacts in coastal environments. The wastewater treatment plants in Lyttelton, Governors Bay, and Diamond Harbour were found to discharge micropollutants into Whakaraupo Harbour. Similarly, the sewage effluents of the Antarctic research stations Scott Base and McMurdo Station were found to discharge micropollutants into Erebus Bay. Strong seasonal changes in the Whakaraupo effluent concentrations were observed, with concentrations higher in winter than in summer. Concentrations fluctuated greatly in Scott Base, reaching concentrations higher than have been previously reported internationally. The nine most commonly detected analytes were octylphenol, 4-MBC, BP-3, BP-1, triclosan, methyl triclosan, bisphenol-A, estrone, and coprostanol. The marine environments in Whakaraupo Harbour and Erebus Bay were found to be similarly impacted. The most commonly detected micropollutants in seawater in Whakaraupo Harbour were mParaben, 4-MBC, BP-3, OMC, bisphenol-A, and estrone. The marine sediments in Whakaraupo Harbour accumulated mParaben, octylphenol, 4-MBC, BP-3, BP-1, bisphenol-A, OMC, estrone, and coprostanol, while mussels bioaccumulated mParaben, octylphenol, and BP-3. The same range of micropollutants were detected in seawater throughout Erebus Bay, including the reference sites. Marine biota (clams, urchins, and fish), including those from the reference site, were shown to readily bioaccumulate mParaben, pParaben, octylphenol, BP-3, E2, EE2, and coprostanol. A much larger coastal area of Antarctica and New Zealand is therefore impacted than was previously thought. Photodegradation was identified as an important environmental degradation pathway for micropollutants. mParaben, BPA, EE2, and BP-3 are highly photo-stable, while triclosan and OP readily photodegrade. The low temperature and irradiance conditions in Antarctica were modelled to investigate their potential environmental persistence. Field measurements suggest the model may underestimate the photodegradation potential of some micropollutants.
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Mohamed, Amin Zarinah. "Heavy metal pollution in Antarctic soils." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Department of Chemistry, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/2879.

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Soil samples from 8 sites (7 contaminated and 1 reference) at Marble Point and Scott Base were assessed for heavy metal pollution. Samples were acid leached and analysed by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry for lead, zinc, cadmium and copper. Weathering of these metals from point source contaminants was established. Sequential leaching was then performed to evaluate the potential fate ofthe contaminants using the same techniques. Studies were limited to exchangeable fraction and metal fractions bound to carbonates, oxides and organic matter. In the majority of the samples, the oxide fraction formed the largest sink for extractable lead and zinc. In addition, increase in organic matter was observed for some soils. Low levels of extractable aluminium were found, confirming the limited extent of weathering possible in the cold, arid Antarctic climate. Two modes of origin of soluble salts were inferred from levels of sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium detected in the soils.
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Vallelonga, Paul Travis. "Measurement of Lead Isotopes in Snow and Ice from Law Dome and other sites in Antarctica to characterize the Lead and seek evidence of its origin." Thesis, Curtin University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/2580.

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Human activities such as mining and smelting of lead (Pb) ores and combustion of alkyllead additives in gasoline have resulted in extensive global Pb pollution. Since the late 1960's studies of polar ice and snow have been undertaken to evaluate the extent of anthropogenic Pb emissions in recent times as well as to investigate changes in anthropogenic Pb emissions in the more distant past. The polar ice sheets have been used to investigate Pb pollution as they offer a long-term record of human activity located far from pollution sources and sample aerosol emissions on a hemispheric scale. Lead isotopes have been previously used to identify sources of Pb in polar snow and ice, while new evaluations of Pb isotopic compositions in aerosols and Pb ore bodies allow more thorough evaluations of anthropogenic Pb emissions. Lead isotopic compositions and Pb and Barium (Ba) concentrations have been measured in snow and ice core samples from Law Dome, East Antarctica, to produce a detailed pollution history between 1530 AD and 1989 AD. Such a record has been produced to evaluate changes in anthropogenic Pb emission levels and sources over the past 500 years, to determine when industrial (anthropogenic) activities first began to influence Antarctica and also to investigate natural Pb fluxes to Antarctica. Additional samples were also collected from Law Dome snow and ice cores to respectively investigate seasonal variations in Pb and Ba deposition, and the influence of the 1815 AD volcanic eruption of Tambora, Indonesia. All samples were measured by thermal ionisation mass spectrometry, for which techniques were developed to reliably analyse Pb isotopic compositions in Antarctic samples containing sub-picogram per gram concentrations of Pb.Particular attention was given to the quantity of Pb added to the samples during the decontamination and sample storage stages of the sample preparation process. These stages, including the use of a stainless steel chisel for the decontamination, contributed ~5.2 pg to the total sample analysed, amounting to a concentration increase of ~13 fg g-1. In comparison, the mass spectrometer ion source contributed typically 89 +/- 19 fg to the blank, however its influence depended upon the amount of Pb available for analysis and so had the greatest impact when small volumes of samples with a very low concentration were analysed. As a consequence of these careful investigations of the Pb blank contributions to the samples, the corrections made to the Pb isotopic ratios and concentrations measured are smaller than previously reported evaluations of Pb in Antarctica by thermal ionisation mass spectrometry. The data indicate that East Antarctica was relatively pristine until -1884 AD, after which the first influence of anthropogenic Pb in Law Dome is observed. "Natural", pre-industrial, background concentrations of Pb and Ba were - 0.4 pg/g and - 1.3 pg/g, respectively, with Pb isotopic compositions within the range 206Pb/207Pb = 1.20 - 1.25 and 208Pb/207Pb = 2.46 - 2.50 and an average rock and soil dust Pb contribution of 8-12%. A major pollution event was observed at Law Dome between 1884 and 1908 AD, elevating the Pb concentration fourfold and changing 206Pb/207Pb ratios in the ice to ~1.12. Based on Pb isotopic systematics and Pb emissions statistics, this was attributed to Pb mined at Broken Hill and smelted at Broken Hill and Port Pirie, Australia.Anthropogenic Pb inputs to Law Dome were most significant from ~1900 to 1910 and from ~1960 to 1980. During the 20th century, Ba concentrations were consistently higher than "natural" levels. This was attributed to increased dust production, suggesting the influence of climate change and/or changes in land coverage with vegetation. Law Dome ice dated from 1814 AD to 1819 AD was analysed for Pb isotopes and Pb, Ba and Bismuth (Bi) concentrations to investigate the influence of the 1815 AD volcanic eruption of Tambora, Indonesia. The presence of volcanic debris in the core samples was observed from late-1816 AD to 1818 AD as an increase in sulphate concentrations and electrical conductivity of the ice. Barium concentrations were approximately three times higher than background levels from mid-1816 to mid1818, consistent with increased atmospheric loading of rock and soil dust, while enhanced Pb/Ba and Bi/Ba ratios, associated with deposition of volcanic debris, were observed at mid-1814 and from early-1817 to mid-1818. From the results, it appeared likely that Pb emitted from Tambora was removed from the atmosphere within the 1.6 year period required to transport aerosols to Antarctica. Increased Pb and Bi concentrations observed in Law Dome ice ~1818 AD were attributed to either increased heavy metal emissions from Mount Erebus, or increased fluxes of heavy metals to the Antarctic ice sheet resulting from climate and meteorological modifications following the Tambora eruption.A non-continuous series of Law Dome snow core samples dating from 1980 to 9185 AD were analysed to investigate seasonal variations in the deposition of Pb and Ba. It was found that Pb and Ba at Law Dome do exhibit seasonal variations in deposition, with higher concentrations of Pb and Ba usually observed during Summer and lower concentrations of Pb and Ba usually observed during the Autumn and Spring seasons. At Law Dome, broad patterns of seasonal Pb and Ba deposition are evident however these appear to be punctuated by short-term deposition events or may even be composed of a continuum of short-term deposition events. This variability suggests that complex meteorological systems are responsible for the transport of Pb and Ba to Law Dome, and probably Antarctica in general.
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6

Vallelonga, Paul Travis. "Measurement of Lead Isotopes in Snow and Ice from Law Dome and other sites in Antarctica to characterize the Lead and seek evidence of its origin." Curtin University of Technology, School of Applied Science, 2002. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=14018.

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Human activities such as mining and smelting of lead (Pb) ores and combustion of alkyllead additives in gasoline have resulted in extensive global Pb pollution. Since the late 1960's studies of polar ice and snow have been undertaken to evaluate the extent of anthropogenic Pb emissions in recent times as well as to investigate changes in anthropogenic Pb emissions in the more distant past. The polar ice sheets have been used to investigate Pb pollution as they offer a long-term record of human activity located far from pollution sources and sample aerosol emissions on a hemispheric scale. Lead isotopes have been previously used to identify sources of Pb in polar snow and ice, while new evaluations of Pb isotopic compositions in aerosols and Pb ore bodies allow more thorough evaluations of anthropogenic Pb emissions. Lead isotopic compositions and Pb and Barium (Ba) concentrations have been measured in snow and ice core samples from Law Dome, East Antarctica, to produce a detailed pollution history between 1530 AD and 1989 AD. Such a record has been produced to evaluate changes in anthropogenic Pb emission levels and sources over the past 500 years, to determine when industrial (anthropogenic) activities first began to influence Antarctica and also to investigate natural Pb fluxes to Antarctica. Additional samples were also collected from Law Dome snow and ice cores to respectively investigate seasonal variations in Pb and Ba deposition, and the influence of the 1815 AD volcanic eruption of Tambora, Indonesia. All samples were measured by thermal ionisation mass spectrometry, for which techniques were developed to reliably analyse Pb isotopic compositions in Antarctic samples containing sub-picogram per gram concentrations of Pb.
Particular attention was given to the quantity of Pb added to the samples during the decontamination and sample storage stages of the sample preparation process. These stages, including the use of a stainless steel chisel for the decontamination, contributed ~5.2 pg to the total sample analysed, amounting to a concentration increase of ~13 fg g-1. In comparison, the mass spectrometer ion source contributed typically 89 +/- 19 fg to the blank, however its influence depended upon the amount of Pb available for analysis and so had the greatest impact when small volumes of samples with a very low concentration were analysed. As a consequence of these careful investigations of the Pb blank contributions to the samples, the corrections made to the Pb isotopic ratios and concentrations measured are smaller than previously reported evaluations of Pb in Antarctica by thermal ionisation mass spectrometry. The data indicate that East Antarctica was relatively pristine until -1884 AD, after which the first influence of anthropogenic Pb in Law Dome is observed. "Natural", pre-industrial, background concentrations of Pb and Ba were - 0.4 pg/g and - 1.3 pg/g, respectively, with Pb isotopic compositions within the range 206Pb/207Pb = 1.20 - 1.25 and 208Pb/207Pb = 2.46 - 2.50 and an average rock and soil dust Pb contribution of 8-12%. A major pollution event was observed at Law Dome between 1884 and 1908 AD, elevating the Pb concentration fourfold and changing 206Pb/207Pb ratios in the ice to ~1.12. Based on Pb isotopic systematics and Pb emissions statistics, this was attributed to Pb mined at Broken Hill and smelted at Broken Hill and Port Pirie, Australia.
Anthropogenic Pb inputs to Law Dome were most significant from ~1900 to 1910 and from ~1960 to 1980. During the 20th century, Ba concentrations were consistently higher than "natural" levels. This was attributed to increased dust production, suggesting the influence of climate change and/or changes in land coverage with vegetation. Law Dome ice dated from 1814 AD to 1819 AD was analysed for Pb isotopes and Pb, Ba and Bismuth (Bi) concentrations to investigate the influence of the 1815 AD volcanic eruption of Tambora, Indonesia. The presence of volcanic debris in the core samples was observed from late-1816 AD to 1818 AD as an increase in sulphate concentrations and electrical conductivity of the ice. Barium concentrations were approximately three times higher than background levels from mid-1816 to mid1818, consistent with increased atmospheric loading of rock and soil dust, while enhanced Pb/Ba and Bi/Ba ratios, associated with deposition of volcanic debris, were observed at mid-1814 and from early-1817 to mid-1818. From the results, it appeared likely that Pb emitted from Tambora was removed from the atmosphere within the 1.6 year period required to transport aerosols to Antarctica. Increased Pb and Bi concentrations observed in Law Dome ice ~1818 AD were attributed to either increased heavy metal emissions from Mount Erebus, or increased fluxes of heavy metals to the Antarctic ice sheet resulting from climate and meteorological modifications following the Tambora eruption.
A non-continuous series of Law Dome snow core samples dating from 1980 to 9185 AD were analysed to investigate seasonal variations in the deposition of Pb and Ba. It was found that Pb and Ba at Law Dome do exhibit seasonal variations in deposition, with higher concentrations of Pb and Ba usually observed during Summer and lower concentrations of Pb and Ba usually observed during the Autumn and Spring seasons. At Law Dome, broad patterns of seasonal Pb and Ba deposition are evident however these appear to be punctuated by short-term deposition events or may even be composed of a continuum of short-term deposition events. This variability suggests that complex meteorological systems are responsible for the transport of Pb and Ba to Law Dome, and probably Antarctica in general.
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7

Dick, A. L. "Trace elements in Antarctic snow and air." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.376538.

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Angot, Hélène. "Cycle atmosphérique du mercure dans des zones reculées de l’Hémisphère Sud : cas de la couche limite marine subantarctique et du continent Antarctique." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAU014/document.

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Le mercure (Hg) est un métal émis dans l’atmosphère par des sources naturelles et anthropiques. Il est préoccupant à l’échelle mondiale de par sa propagation atmosphérique sur de longues distances, loin des sources d’émissions, sa persistance dans l’environnement, son potentiel de bioaccumulation dans les chaînes alimentaires aquatiques et ses effets néfastes sur la santé humaine. Les modèles atmosphériques, utilisés pour retracer son cheminement depuis les sources d’émissions jusqu’aux dépôts au sein des écosystèmes, sont entachés de fortes incertitudes en raison notamment de notre compréhension partielle des processus atmosphériques (réactions d’oxydo-réduction, dépôts, réémissions) et du manque de données d’observations à l’échelle planétaire. L’objectif de ces travaux de thèse est d’améliorer notre compréhension du cycle atmosphérique du Hg en trois sites reculés de l’Hémisphère Sud : l’île d’Amsterdam (AMS) en plein océan Indien, Concordia (DC) sur la calotte glaciaire antarctique et Dumont d’Urville (DDU) sur la côte Est du continent. Les données acquises à AMS démontrent une réactivité atmosphérique limitée du Hg dans cette région du globe. L’île étant faiblement et rarement influencée par des masses d’air continentales polluées, il s’agit d’un site clé pour la surveillance, sur le long terme, du bruit de fond atmosphérique aux moyennes latitudes de l’Hémisphère Sud. Les données acquises en Antarctique démontrent l’existence de processus inédits en termes de réactivité dans l’atmosphère et à l’interface air-neige. Les processus observés sur la calotte glaciaire influent par ailleurs sur le cycle du Hg à l’échelle continentale du fait des forts vents catabatiques. Ces avancées scientifiques permettront, à terme, de contraindre et d’améliorer les modèles atmosphériques globaux
Mercury (Hg) is a metal emitted by both natural and anthropogenic sources. It is of global concern owing to its long-range atmospheric transport, its persistence in the environment, its ability to bioaccumulate in ecosystems, and its negative effects on human health. Large uncertainties associated with atmospheric models – that trace the link from emissions to deposition of Hg onto environmental surfaces – arise as a result of our incomplete understanding of atmospheric processes (oxidation pathways, deposition, and re-emission) and of the scarcity of monitoring data at a global scale. The aim of this PhD work is to improve our understanding of the atmospheric Hg cycling at three remote sites of the Southern Hemisphere: Amsterdam Island (AMS) in the Indian Ocean, Concordia (DC) on the East Antarctic ice sheet, and Dumont d’Urville (DDU) on the East Antarctic coast. Data acquired at AMS suggest a limited atmospheric reactivity of Hg in this part of the globe. The advection of polluted continental air masses being scarce, AMS is a key site for the long-term monitoring of the atmospheric background in the Southern Hemisphere mid-latitudes. Data acquired in Antarctica highlight the occurrence of unprecedented processes in the atmosphere and at the air-snow interface. Due to katabatic winds flowing out from the East Antarctic ice sheet down the steep vertical drops along the coast, processes observed at DC influence the cycle of atmospheric Hg on a continental scale. These scientific breakthroughs will ultimately lead to improved global transport and deposition models
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Yogui, Gilvan Takeshi. "Polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants in the antarctic environment." 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-3032.

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Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are anthropogenic chemicals whose environmental behavior is similar to the well-known polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Few studies have quantified the amount and distribution of PBDEs in the southern hemisphere and Antarctica. The analyses reported in this dissertation document the levels of PBDEs in lichens, mosses and seabird eggs collected at King George Island, Antarctic Peninsula. The analyses were carried out using Gas Chromatography/Electron Impact-Mass Spectrometry (GC/EI-MS). Employing the ion stacking technique lowered detection limits and ensured instrument selectivity and sensitivity to the compounds of interest. Lichens and mosses absorb PBDEs directly from the atmosphere and their contamination indicates that long-range transport is the primary source of these chemicals to King George Island. The congener patterns of PBDEs in plants indicate that commercial mixtures of Penta-BDE and Octa-BDE have reached Antarctica. Differences in the levels of PBDEs observed in lichens and mosses are probably due to factors that govern the uptake of PBDEs from the atmosphere. Contamination in lichens showed a positive correlation with local precipitation. Conversely, absorption of PBDEs in mosses appears to be controlled by other plant-specific factors. Marine phytoplankton-derived aerosols are hypothesized to play an important role in the atmospheric transport of PBDEs to the Antarctic environment. PBDEs in south polar skua eggs revealed much higher concentration than in penguin eggs. This is likely associated with the northward migration of these seabirds during the non-breeding season. While penguins reside year-round in Antarctica, south polar skuas migrate northward and can be seen in boreal oceans during the austral winter. Distribution of PBDEs in penguin eggs matches the pattern found in local vegetation suggesting a common source for the chemicals. In contrast, the congener pattern of south polar skuas suggests that birds breeding at King George Island are wintering in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. A potential metabolism of PBDEs in penguin eggs during the incubation period seems to be limited. Most congeners were unaltered from source material in the eggs of chinstrap and gentoo penguins. Low levels of PBDEs, short incubation periods and energy constraints may explain these observations.
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Books on the topic "Pollution, Antarctica"

1

Paolo, Cescon, ed. Environmental chemistry in Antarctica. Amsterdam: Gordon & Breach, 2001.

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A tale of Antarctica. New York: Scholastic, 1989.

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A tale of Antarctica. London: Scholastic Publications, 1989.

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1945-, Triggs Gillian D., and British Institute of International and Comparative Law., eds. The Antarctic Treaty regime: Law, environment, and resources. Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: Cambridge University Press, 1987.

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Antarctic ecosystems: Environmental contamination, climate change, and human impact. Berlin: Springer, 2005.

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Zimmermann, Stephan. Persistente chlororganische Verbindungen in hochantarktischen Fischen =: Persistent organochlorines in high-Antarctic fish. Bremerhaven: Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung, 1997.

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Meeting, Antarctic Treaty Consultative. Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting: Papers containing recommendations and legal measures. [Washington, D.C: Library of Congress Photoduplication Service, 1991.

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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation. Antarctic Science, Tourism, and Conservation Act of 1996: Report of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation on S. 1645. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1996.

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Science, United States Congress House Committee on. Antarctic Environmental Protection Act of 1996: Report (to accompany H.R. 3060) (including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office). [Washington, D.C.?: U.S. G.P.O., 1996-, 1996.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science. Antarctic Environmental Protection Act of 1996: Report (to accompany H.R. 3060) (including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office). [Washington, D.C.?: U.S. G.P.O., 1996-, 1996.

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Book chapters on the topic "Pollution, Antarctica"

1

Corsolini, Simonetta. "Antarctica and NE Greenland: Marine Pollution in a Changing World." In Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals, 26–43. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98536-7_150.

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Corsolini, Simonetta. "Antarctica and NE Greenland: Marine Pollution in a Changing World." In Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals, 1–19. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71064-8_150-1.

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Adamson, E., and R. D. Seppelt. "A Comparison of Airborne Alkaline Pollution Damage in Selected Lichens and Mosses at Casey Station, Wilkes Land, Antarctica." In Antarctic Ecosystems, 347–53. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-84074-6_38.

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Szopińska, Małgorzata, Jacek Namieśnik, and Żaneta Polkowska. "How Important Is Research on Pollution Levels in Antarctica? Historical Approach, Difficulties and Current Trends." In Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 79–156. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/398_2015_5008.

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Carmela Montone, Rosalinda, César de Castro Martins, Marcos Henrique Maruch Tonelli, Tailisi Hoppe Trevizani, Marcia Caruso Bícego, Rubens Cesar Lopes Figueira, Ilana Elazari Klein Coaracy Wainer, and Jorge E. Marcovecchio. "Globalization of the antarctic seas pollution and climate change perspectives." In Marine Pollution and Climate Change, 237–78. Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, 2017.: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315119243-9.

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Boutron, Claude, Carlo Barbante, Sungmin Hong, Kevin Rosman, Michael Bolshov, Freddy Adams, Paolo Gabrielli, et al. "Heavy Metals in Antarctic and Greenland Snow and Ice Cores: Man Induced Changes During the Last Millennia and Natural Variations During the Last Climatic Cycles." In Persistent Pollution – Past, Present and Future, 19–46. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-17419-3_3.

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Flocco, Cecilia G., Walter P. Mac Cormack, and Kornelia Smalla. "Antarctic Soil Microbial Communities in a Changing Environment: Their Contributions to the Sustainability of Antarctic Ecosystems and the Bioremediation of Anthropogenic Pollution." In Springer Polar Sciences, 133–61. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02786-5_7.

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Raymond, T., C. K. King, B. Raymond, J. S. Stark, and I. Snape. "Oil Pollution in Antarctica." In Oil Spill Science and Technology, 759–803. Elsevier, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-809413-6.00014-x.

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Buckingham, Jack W., Rebecca H. Peel, Emily Rowlands, and Daniel R. Wilson. "Plastic Pollution in Antarctica and the Southern Ocean." In Plastic Pollution in the Global Ocean, 259–93. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789811259111_0010.

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Metcalf, Gilbert E. "Climate Change: What’s the Big Deal?" In Paying for Pollution, 7–22. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190694197.003.0002.

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Droughts, floods, soaring temperatures, sea-level rise, and melting ice are just some of the damages brought about by climate change. Chapter 1 details the cost of our failure to cut our emissions, from crop-destroying droughts to devastating floods. It also documents the inexorable build-up of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere as demonstrated by the Keeling curve and observations from Antarctic ice core samples. The chapter then provides a brief history of the science linking the build-up of atmospheric greenhouse gases and climate damages.
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