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Journal articles on the topic 'Pollution, Antarctica'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 19 February 2023

Last updated: 20 February 2023

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1

Dethloff, Klaus, Ksenia Glushak, Annette Rinke, and Dörthe Handorf. "Antarctic 20th Century Accumulation Changes Based on Regional Climate Model Simulations." Advances in Meteorology 2010 (2010): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/327172.

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The regional climate model HIRHAM has been applied to Antarctica driven at the lateral and lower boundaries by European Reanalysis data ERA-40 for the period 1958–1998. Simulations over 4 decades, carried out with a horizontal resolution of 50 km, deliver a realistic simulation of the Antarctic atmospheric circulation, synoptic-scale pressure systems, and the spatial distribution of precipitation minus sublimation (P-E) structures. The simulated P-E pattern is in qualitative agreement with glaciological estimates. The estimated (P-E) trends demonstrate surfacemass accumulation increase at the West Antarctic coasts and reductions in parts of East Antarctica. The influence of the Antarctic Oscillation (AAO) on the near-surface climate and the surface mass accumulation over Antarctica have been investigated on the basis of ERA-40 data and HIRHAM simulations. It is shown that the regional accumulation changes are largely driven by changes in the transient activity around the Antarctic coasts due to the varying AAO phases. During positive AAO, more transient pressure systems travelling towards the continent, and Western Antarctica and parts of South-Eastern Antarctica gain more precipitation and mass. Over central Antarctica the prevailing anticyclone causes a strengthening of polar desertification connected with a reduced surface mass balance in the northern part of East Antarctica.

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2

Dahe, Qin, Paul A. Mayewski, W. Berry Lyons, Sun Junying, and Hou Shugui. "Lead pollution in Antarctic surface snow revealed along the route of the International Trans-Antarctic Expedition." Annals of Glaciology 29 (1999): 94–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756499781820897.

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AbstractThis paper reports the lead concentration and flux (where accumulation rate is available) along the route of the 1990 International Trans-Antarctic Expedition. The lead concentration in Larsen Ice Shelf and Antarctic Peninsula, the western part of the route, was 7.4 ± 4.1 pg g−1. The lead concentration in East Antarctic snow (South Pole to Mirny station) was 2 3 times higher than that in West Antarctica (Larsen Ice Shelf to South Pole). Taking into account the difference in site conditions, the difference between the above value over this area in 1989 and the value of 6.3 ±3.3 pg g−1 at a site within this area in 1980 (Wolff and Peel, 1985) is not significant. Because the relative contribution of soil dust, volcanoes and the oceans to lead concentration in Antarctica is about 0.5 pg g−1 under modern climatic conditions (Boutron and Patterson, 1987), it is believed that the lead in Antarctic surface snow is dominated by pollution input. The lead-concentration increase from west to east over the trans-Antarctic route suggests that remote Antarctica has been impacted by anthropogenic activities. The lowest lead flux (0.064 ng cn-2 a−1) was on the Antarctic Plateau, mainly reflecting the background global pollution. The mean flux of 0.273 ng cnT2 a−1 in the western part of the route (Larsen Ice Shelf to the Ellsworth Mountains) may result from the pollution input from the Southern Hemisphere. In addition to the influence of global and/or hemispheric pollution, local activities (notably the use of leaded gasolene) appear to have affected the region from Pionerskaya to Mirny.

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3

Lim, Zheng Syuen, Rasidnie Razin Wong, Chiew-Yen Wong, Azham Zulkharnain, Noor Azmi Shaharuddin, and Siti Aqlima Ahmad. "Bibliometric Analysis of Research on Diesel Pollution in Antarctica and a Review on Remediation Techniques." Applied Sciences 11, no. 3 (2021): 1123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11031123.

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Diesel is a fuel commonly used in Antarctica to supply vessels and domestic applications on site. The increasing human activities in the continent consequently have generated high fuel demand, which in turn has increased the occurrence of oil pollution due to accidental events during refueling. A related study received growing interest as more detrimental effects have been reported on Antarctic ecosystems. By adopting the bibliometric analysis, the research on diesel pollution in Antarctica collected in the Scopus database was systematically analysed. An increment in annual publication growth from 1980 to 2019 was observed and two research clusters were illustrated with “hydrocarbons” as the core keyword. Several attempts have been conducted over the past decades to remove anthropogenic hydrocarbon from previous abandoned whaling sites as well as recent oil spill incidents. However, the remote and polar conditions of Antarctica constrained the installation and operation of clean-up infrastructure. This review also briefly encompasses the approaches from past to present on the management of fuel pollution in Antarctica and highlights the potential of phytoremediation as a new bioremediation prospect.

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4

Roslee, Ahmad Fareez Ahmad, Siti Aqlima Ahmad, Claudio Gomez-Fuentes, Noor Azmi Shaharuddin, Khalilah Abdul Khalil, and Azham Zulkharnain. "Scientometric Analysis of Diesel Pollutions in Antarctic Territories: A Review of Causes and Potential Bioremediation Approaches." Sustainability 13, no. 13 (2021): 7064. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13137064.

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Despite the continuous enforcement of Antarctic Treaty System, ATS (1961), today Antarctica is constantly plagued by hydrocarbon pollution from both legacy and present-day wastes, especially near where anthropogenic activities are the most intense. The advances of science have led to multiple breakthroughs to bolster bioremediation techniques and revamp existing laws that prevent or limit the extent of hydrocarbon pollution in Antarctica. This review serves as the extension of collective efforts by the Antarctic communities through visual representation that summarizes decades of findings (circa 2000–2020) from various fields, pertinent to the application of microbe-mediated hydrocarbons remediation. A scientometric analysis was carried out based on indexed, scientific repositories (ScienceDirect and Scopus), encompassing various parameters, including but not limited to keywords co-occurrences, contributing countries, trends and current breakthroughs in polar researches. The emergence of keywords such as bioremediation, biosurfactants, petroleum hydrocarbons, biodiesel, metagenomics and Antarctic treaty policy portrays the dynamic shifts in Antarctic affairs during the last decades, which initially focused on exploration and resources exploitation before switching to scientific research and the more recent ecotourism. This review also presents the hydrocarbonoclastic microbes studied in the past, known and proposed metabolic pathways and genes related to hydrocarbon biodegradation as well as bacterial adaptations to low-temperature condition.

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5

Tomaselli, Keyan G. "Consuming nature: Antarctica, penguins and pollution." Critical Arts 26, no. 3 (2012): 328–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02560046.2012.705460.

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6

Abd Wahab Sha'arani, Shakirah, Nur Adeela Yasid, Muhammad Arif Mukhriz Ros Saidon Khudri, Mohd Yamin Shaari, Mohd Yunus Shukor, and Ahmad Razi Othman. "Isothermal Modelling on the Removal of Copper Using Durvillaea antarctica." Bioremediation Science and Technology Research 7, no. 1 (2019): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.54987/bstr.v7i1.460.

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Heavy metals pollution in the Antarctica is emerging as an important problem due to anthropogenic activities. Bioremediation of metal pollution especially copper in Antarctica in the future using biosorption is the most environmental-friendly method. Biosorption using Durvillaea antarctica, an alga that lives in the Antarctic region does not involve the introduction of new potentially foreign species. In this study, the isotherms of copper biosorption by the alga is modelled according to various models ranging from one to five parameters models such as Henry, Langmuir, Dubinin-Radushkevich, Freundlich, BET, Toth, Sips, Fritz-Schlunder IV, Baudu and Fritz-Schlunder V. All gave visually acceptable fitting with the exception of the Henry model. Statistical analysis based on root-mean-square error (RMSE), adjusted coefficient of determination (adjR2), bias factor (BF), accuracy factor (AF) and corrected AICc (Akaike Information Criterion) showed that the Sips model is the best model. The calculated Sips parameters kS value of 12.52 (95% confidence interval from 3.593 to 21.439), qmS value of 0.97 (95% confidence interval from 0.905 to 1.026) and nS value of 0.67 (95% confidence interval from 0.531 to 0.806).

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7

Morton, Brian. "Antarctica." Marine Pollution Bulletin 52, no. 4 (2006): 357–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2006.02.003.

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8

Zhang, Min, Shigang Liu, Jun Bo, et al. "First Evidence of Microplastic Contamination in Antarctic Fish (Actinopterygii, Perciformes)." Water 14, no. 19 (2022): 3070. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14193070.

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Microplastic (MP) pollution in Antarctica is a hot topic that has gained increasing attention in recent years. However, information regarding MP pollution in Antarctic fishes is currently very limited. The present study provides the first evidence of the occurrence and characteristics of MPs in species from five families of the order Perciformes, from the Amundsen Sea (AS) and Ross Sea (RS), Antarctica. MP abundances within the order Perciformes were at a medium level on a global scale, but were higher than those reported in other Antarctic organisms. The detection rate and abundance of MPs in the order Perciformes from the RS (50% and 1.286 items individual−1) were both higher than those from the AS (36% and 1.227 items individual−1). Moreover, the major composition and size of MPs were, respectively, polyacrylamide (PAM) and 100–200 μm in the RS, but rayon and 500–1,000 μm in the AS. These differences may be attributed to the different onshore scientific research stations, wastewater treatment facilities, marine activities, ocean currents, and local gyres in the two sea areas. Among the five fish families, members of the Artedidraconidae ingested the smallest MPs and the highest proportion of PAM, which is probably associated with their habitat and degradation effect of unique gut microbiome. The higher hazard index of MPs in fish from the RS is due to the presence of PAM and epoxy resin, which may also have far-reaching health implications for other Antarctic organisms and humans through food web transmission. Overall, long-term monitoring of MP pollution in Antarctic fish and their surrounding marine environment is highly desirable.

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9

Rong, Hua, Hou Shugui, Li Yuansheng, et al. "Arsenic record from a 3 m snow pit at Dome Argus, Antarctica." Antarctic Science 28, no. 4 (2016): 305–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102016000092.

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AbstractThis study presents an arsenic concentration time series from 1964–2009 at Dome Argus, Antarctica. The data show a very large increase in arsenic concentration from the mid-1980s to the late-1990s (by a factor of~22) compared with the values before the mid-1980s. This increase is likely to be related to the increased copper smelting in South America. Arsenic concentration then decreased in the late-1990s, most probably as a result of environmental regulations in South America. The sudden increase in arsenic concentration observed at Dome Argus coincides with similar increases observed at Dome Fuji and in Antarctica Ice Core-6 (IC-6) at the same time, suggesting that arsenic pollution during the period from the mid-1980s to the late-1990s was a regional phenomenon in Antarctica. Investigations of arsenic concentrations at these three Antarctic locations show that, during this time, regional arsenic distribution followed dust transport pathways associated with general climate models with South America as a major source region for the half of Antarctica facing the Atlantic and Indian oceans.

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10

Shirsat, S. V., and H. F. Graf. "An emission inventory of sulfur from anthropogenic sources in Antarctica." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 9, no. 1 (2009): 1907–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-9-1907-2009.

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Abstract. This paper presents first results of a comprehensive emission inventory of chemical species from anthropogenic activities (power generation, vehicles, ships and aircraft) in Antarctica, covering the 2004–2005 period. The inventory is based on estimated emission rates of fuel consumption provided by some of the Antarctic research stations. Since the emission sources have different modes of operation and use a variety of fuel, the emission flux rate of chemical species is calculated by multiplying the fuel consumption value with the density of fuel and appropriate emission factors. A separate inventory is prepared for each anthropogenic emission source in Antarctica. Depending on the type of operation, emission rates of SO2, and BC (Black Carbon, from shipping only) have been calculated using the above technique. However, only results of SO2 emissions from each source are presented here. Emission inventory maps of SO2 depicting the track/path taken by each mobile source are shown. The total annual SO2 is 158 Mg from power generation and vehicle operations, 3873 Mg from ships and 56 Mg from aircraft for 2004–2005 and these values undergo strong seasonality following the human activity in Antarctica. Though these figures are small when compared to the emissions at most other regions of the world, they are an indication that human presence in Antarctica leads to at least local pollution. The sources are mainly line and point sources and thus the local pollution potentially is relatively strong.

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11

Shirsat, S. V., and H. F. Graf. "An emission inventory of sulfur from anthropogenic sources in Antarctica." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 9, no. 10 (2009): 3397–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-3397-2009.

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Abstract. This paper presents first results of a comprehensive emission inventory of chemical species from anthropogenic activities (power generation, vehicles, ships and aircraft) in Antarctica, covering the 2004–2005 period. The inventory is based on estimated emission rates of fuel consumption provided by some of the Antarctic research stations. Since the emission sources have different modes of operation and use a variety of fuel, the emission flux rate of chemical species is calculated by multiplying the fuel consumption value with the density of fuel and appropriate emission factors. A separate inventory is prepared for each anthropogenic emission source in Antarctica. Depending on the type of operation, emission rates of SO2, and BC (Black Carbon, from shipping only) have been calculated using the above technique. However, only results of SO2 emissions from each source are presented here. Emission inventory maps of SO2 depicting the track/path taken by each mobile source are shown. The total annual SO2 is 158 Mg from power generation and vehicle operations, 3873 Mg from ships and 56 Mg from aircraft for 2004–2005 and these values undergo strong seasonality following the human activity in Antarctica. Though these figures are small when compared to the emissions at most other regions of the world, they are an indication that human presence in Antarctica leads to at least local pollution. The sources are mainly line and point sources and thus the local pollution potentially is relatively strong.

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12

Johnson, Kevin M., Juliet M. Wong, Umihiko Hoshijima, Cailan S. Sugano, and Gretchen E. Hofmann. "Seasonal transcriptomes of the Antarctic pteropod, Limacina helicina antarctica." Marine Environmental Research 143 (January 2019): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2018.10.006.

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13

Zhu, Guoping, Mi Duan, Julian R. Ashford, Lian Wei, Mengxiao Zhou, and Sophie Bestley. "Otolith nucleus chemistry distinguishes Electrona antarctica in the westward-flowing Antarctic Slope Current and eastward-flowing Antarctic Circumpolar Current off East Antarctica." Marine Environmental Research 142 (November 2018): 7–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2018.09.010.

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14

Graf, H. F., S. V. Shirsat, C. Oppenheimer, M. J. Jarvis, R. Podzun, and D. Jacob. "Continental Scale Antarctic deposition of sulphur and black carbon from anthropogenic and volcanic sources." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 9, no. 6 (2009): 26577–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-9-26577-2009.

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Abstract. While Antarctica is often described as a pristine environment, the potential threats from local pollution sources including tourist ships and emissions associated with scientific activities have recently been raised. However, to date there has been no systematic attempt to model the impacts of such pollutants at the continental scale. Indeed, until very recently there was not even a sulphur emission budget available for Antarctica. Here we present the first comprehensive study of atmospheric pollution in Antarctica using a limited area chemistry climate model, and a monthly emissions inventory for sulphur from maintenance of research stations, ground and air traffic, shipping and the active volcano Mt. Erebus. We find that ship emissions, both sulphurous and black carbon, dominate anthropogenic pollution near the ground. These are likely to rise considerably if recent trends in tourism continue.

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15

Anzano, Jesús, Elisa Abás, César Marina-Montes, et al. "A Review of Atmospheric Aerosols in Antarctica: From Characterization to Data Processing." Atmosphere 13, no. 10 (2022): 1621. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13101621.

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One of the major problems of the present era is air pollution, not only for its impact on climate change but also for the diseases provoked by this scourge. Among the most concerning air pollutants is particulate matter, since it can travel long distances and affect the entire globe. Antarctica is extremely sensitive to climate change and essential for regulating temperature and permitting life on Earth. Therefore, air quality studies in this region are extremely important. The aim of this review is to present the work conducted on the identification and detection of aerosols and particulate matter in the Antarctic region in the last 20 years. These studies revealed a large number of organic and inorganic species. Organochlorine pesticides or polychlorinated biphenyls represent almost 50% of the organic fraction detected in Antarctica. Furthermore, heavy metals such as Hg and Pb were also found in the region related to anthropogenic activities. To summarize, this work detailed different analytical techniques and data processing to help characterize Antarctic aerosols and their potential sources.

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16

González-Pleiter, Miguel, Gissell Lacerot, Carlos Edo, et al. "A pilot study about microplastics and mesoplastics in an Antarctic glacier." Cryosphere 15, no. 6 (2021): 2531–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2531-2021.

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Abstract. Plastics have been found in several compartments in Antarctica. However, there is currently no evidence of their presence on Antarctic glaciers. Our pilot study investigated plastic occurrence on two ice surfaces (one area around Uruguay Lake and another one around Ionosferico Lake) that constitute part of the ablation zone of Collins Glacier (King George Island, Antarctica). Our results showed that expanded polystyrene (EPS) was ubiquitous, ranging from 0.17 to 0.33 items m−2, whereas polyester was found only on the ice surface around Uruguay Lake (0.25 items m−2). Furthermore, we evaluated the daily changes in the presence of plastics in these areas in the absence of rainfall to clarify the role of the wind in their transport. We registered an atmospheric dry deposition rate between 0.08 items m−2 d−1 on the ice surface around Uruguay Lake and 0.17 items m−2 d−1 on the ice surface around Ionosferico Lake. Our pilot study is the first report of plastic pollution presence on an Antarctic glacier, possibly originated from local current and past activities and likely deposited by wind transport.

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17

Puasa, Nurul Aini, Azham Zulkharnain, Gayathiri Verasoundarapandian, et al. "Effects of Diesel, Heavy Metals and Plastics Pollution on Penguins in Antarctica: A Review." Animals 11, no. 9 (2021): 2505. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11092505.

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Antarctica is a relatively pristine continent that attracts scientists and tourists alike. However, the risk of environmental pollution in Antarctica is increasing with the increase in the number of visitors. Recently, there has been a surge in interest regarding diesel, heavy metals and microplastics pollution. Contamination from these pollutants poses risks to the environment and the health of organisms inhabiting the continent. Penguins are one of the most prominent and widely distributed animals in Antarctica and are at major risk due to pollution. Even on a small scale, the impacts of pollution toward penguin populations are extensive. This review discusses the background of penguins in Antarctica, the anthropogenic pollution and cases, as well as the impacts of diesel, heavy metals and microplastics toxicities on penguins. The trends of the literature for the emerging risks of these pollutants are also reviewed through a bibliometric approach and network mapping analysis. A sum of 27 articles are analyzed on the effects of varying pollutants on penguins in Antarctica from 2000 to 2020 using the VOSviewer bibliometric software, Microsoft Excel and Tableau Public. Research articles collected from the Scopus database are evaluated for the most applicable research themes according to the bibliometric indicators (articles, geography distribution, annual production, integrated subject areas, key source journals and keyword or term interactions). Although bibliometric studies on the present research theme are not frequent, our results are sub-optimal due to the small number of search query matches from the Scopus database. As a result, our findings offer only a fragmentary comprehension of the topics in question. Nevertheless, this review provides valuable inputs regarding prospective research avenues for researchers to pursue in the future.

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18

Graf, H. F., S. V. Shirsat, C. Oppenheimer, M. J. Jarvis, R. Podzun, and D. Jacob. "Continental scale Antarctic deposition of sulphur and black carbon from anthropogenic and volcanic sources." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10, no. 5 (2010): 2457–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-2457-2010.

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Abstract. While Antarctica is often described as a pristine environment, there is an increasing awareness of the potential threats from local pollution sources including tourist ships and emissions associated with scientific activities. However, to date there has been no systematic attempt to model the impacts of such pollutants at the continental scale. Indeed, until very recently there was not even a sulphur emission budget available for Antarctica. Here we present the first comprehensive study of atmospheric pollution in Antarctica using a limited area chemistry climate model, and a monthly emissions inventory for sulphur from maintenance of research stations, ground and air traffic, shipping and the active Erebus volcano. We find that ship emissions, both sulphurous and black carbon, dominate anthropogenic pollution near the ground. Their prevalence is likely to rise dramatically if recent trends in tourism continue.

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19

Zakaria, Nur Nadhirah, Claudio Gomez-Fuentes, Khalilah Abdul Khalil, et al. "Statistical Optimisation of Diesel Biodegradation at Low Temperatures by an Antarctic Marine Bacterial Consortium Isolated from Non-Contaminated Seawater." Microorganisms 9, no. 6 (2021): 1213. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9061213.

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Hydrocarbon pollution is widespread around the globe and, even in the remoteness of Antarctica, the impacts of hydrocarbons from anthropogenic sources are still apparent. Antarctica’s chronically cold temperatures and other extreme environmental conditions reduce the rates of biological processes, including the biodegradation of pollutants. However, the native Antarctic microbial diversity provides a reservoir of cold-adapted microorganisms, some of which have the potential for biodegradation. This study evaluated the diesel hydrocarbon-degrading ability of a psychrotolerant marine bacterial consortium obtained from the coast of the north-west Antarctic Peninsula. The consortium’s growth conditions were optimised using one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) and statistical response surface methodology (RSM), which identified optimal growth conditions of pH 8.0, 10 °C, 25 ppt NaCl and 1.5 g/L NH4NO3. The predicted model was highly significant and confirmed that the parameters’ salinity, temperature, nitrogen concentration and initial diesel concentration significantly influenced diesel biodegradation. Using the optimised values generated by RSM, a mass reduction of 12.23 mg/mL from the initial 30.518 mg/mL (4% (w/v)) concentration of diesel was achieved within a 6 d incubation period. This study provides further evidence for the presence of native hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria in non-contaminated Antarctic seawater.

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20

Wolff, E. W. "Signals of atmospheric pollution in polar snow and ice." Antarctic Science 2, no. 3 (1990): 189–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095410209000027x.

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In their upper layers, the polar ice sheets contain a detailed record of changes in the atmosphere over the industrial period. Measurements from air bubbles in ice have shown that the CO2 content of the atmosphere has increased by 25% in the last 200 years, and that of CH4 has more than doubled. Ice core records have demonstrated a close correspondence between greenhouse gases and temperature during the last glacial cycle. Profiles of radioactive species in snow clearly document nuclear bomb tests in the atmosphere, and the recent Chernobyl accident has also left a signal in Northern Hemisphere ice. Nitrate has more than doubled in Greenland snow over the industrial period, while sulphate has more than trebled. No significant trend is seen in Antarctic snow for these anions. Pb increased 100-fold until the 1970s in Greenland snow, but concentrations appear now to be declining. A small increase is also recorded in Antarctic snow. Organochlorine compounds offer great potential for pollution studies in snow. The ability to study global scale pollution in polar ice could be hampered if there is significant local pollution. In Antarctica, impact on the atmosphere from local human activities is still mainly confined to small areas near stations.

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21

Caroli, Sergio. "Antarctic environmental banking: the quest for a global approach." Antarctic Science 8, no. 3 (1996): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102096000314.

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Recent estimates report that more than eight million substances are known and that about 70 000 of them are widely exploited as pesticides, food additives, pharmaceuticals and industrial compounds with a total production of several million tons per year. The global circulation of polluting chemicals is well known to have reached even the Antarctic continent. This has resulted in an enhancement both of the baseline levels of naturally occurring organic and inorganic substances and an increasing presence of man-made compounds that simply should not be there. Localized anthropogenic activities are also contributing to the overall low yet progressive deterioration of the pristine Antarctic conditions. Local pollution may well be alleviated by a full implementation of the Madrid Protocol, but the crucial phenomena of worldwide chemical contamination will continue. To maximize the value of Antarctica as a source of global baseline data cooperative and harmonized approaches need to be adopted at the international level to monitor chemical pollution, thus avoiding useless duplication of effort and maximizing the comparability of data. From this standpoint the importance of the establishment of Antarctic environmental specimen banks cannot be exaggerated. The rationale behind such undertakings is certainly not new: specimen banks have been in operation for twenty years e.g. at the former National Bureau of Standards (now National Institute of Standards and Technology) in the USA, at the Swedish Museum of Natural History and at the Jülich Research Center in Germany.

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22

Banchón, Carlos, Tamara Borodulina, Paola Posligua, and Miguel Gualoto. "Biostabilization of sewage sludge in the Antarctic." Antarctic Science 31, no. 4 (2019): 216–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102019000221.

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Antarctica is no longer a pristine environment due to atmospheric pollution, fuel spills, inadequate waste management and wastewater discharges from anthropogenic activities (Harris 1998, Stark et al. 2015). Approximately 37% of the permanent stations and 69% of the summer stations lack any form of sewage treatment (Gröndahl et al. 2009). The characteristics of wastewater from stations are also of concern because they are a complex mix of contaminants containing human waste, cosmetics, viruses, dyes, detergents, medications, chemicals from laboratories and even microplastics (Bhardwaj et al. 2018). In Antarctica, treatment plants discharge treated water into the sea and then sludge is packed and sealed into drums for later shipment to Chile. Nevertheless, sewage sludge (c. 59–88% organic matter) could become a biosolid instead of being a waste if correctly stabilized. The Ecuadorian Antarctic station ‘Pedro Vicente Maldonado’ produced c. 200 kg of sewage sludge during expeditions in 2017 and 2018. Thus, the aim of the present study was to biostabilize sewage sludge using two methods (one thermal and one biological) at the Ecuadorian Antarctic station. As a result, the stabilization of sewage sludge produced a biosolid that was easier and more cost effective to transport, avoiding odour problems.

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23

Jerez, Silvia, Miguel Motas, Jesús Benzal, Julia Diaz, and Andrés Barbosa. "Monitoring trace elements in Antarctic penguin chicks from South Shetland Islands, Antarctica." Marine Pollution Bulletin 69, no. 1-2 (2013): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.01.004.

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24

Alam, I. A., and M. Sadiq. "Metal concentrations in Antarctic sediment samples collected during the Trans-Antarctica 1990 expedition." Marine Pollution Bulletin 26, no. 9 (1993): 523–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-326x(93)90472-v.

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25

Jones, Peter. "Environmental insurance for Antarctica?" Marine Pollution Bulletin 30, no. 2 (1995): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-326x(95)90248-a.

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26

Triggs, Gillian D. "Antarctica, the glittering prize!" Marine Pollution Bulletin 19, no. 5 (1988): 202–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-326x(88)90231-7.

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27

Duff, Alexandra. "UK acts on Antarctica." Marine Pollution Bulletin 20, no. 9 (1989): 422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-326x(89)90043-x.

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28

Golubev, Sergey. "Seabirds in Conditions of Local Chronic Oil Pollution, Davis Sea, Antarctica." Birds 2, no. 3 (2021): 275–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/birds2030020.

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Oil spills are rare in Antarctica. They threaten flying birds and penguins. This is the first report on the interactions of seabirds with oil in the area of the Mirny Station (East Antarctica). The purpose of the study is to determine the total number of seabird species interacting with oil in and around the Mirny Station, to assess the extent of pollution and to identify the most important sites of interactions. Oil pollution is found on the ground, on the continental ice and, on the seawater surface, both directly in the Mirny and beyond. Five species of seabirds were in contact with oil. Oil pollution threats have been identified for breeding and molting Adélie Penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) and vagrant Macaroni Penguins (Eudyptes chrysolophus). Less affected by oil pollution during the breeding season were tube-nosed bird species and skuas. The most important places of interaction of seabirds with oil are at Cape Mabus, on the islands of Zykov, Tokarev, and Stroiteley. Evidence of long-term oil pollution of the environment is indicative of the chronic nature of the impacts on the coastal ecosystem.

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29

Kukharchyk, Tamara, Sergey Kakareka, and Yury Giginyak. "Trace elements in soils of oases of Enderby Land (on an example of Vecherny oasis)." Czech Polar Reports 8, no. 2 (2018): 162–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cpr2018-2-13.

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The content of trace elements in the soils of the Vecherny Oasis (Enderby Land, East Antarctica), where the construction of the Belarusian Antarctic Station started in December 2015, is considered. The results of the research are based on data collected during four Belarusian Antarctic expeditions in the period from 2011 to 2017, and analytical testing of soil samples taken from impacted and non-impacted sites. A total of 22 soil samples were analyzed for the content of trace elements; to compare the levels of accumulation and possible migration pathways, 7 samples of bottom sediments were also analyzed. Determination of trace elements was carried out using the AAS method (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni, Zn, Fe, Mn) and emission spectral analysis (about 40 elements). The average values and range of concentrations of trace elements in soils and bottom sediments of the oasis are presented. The possible dependence of the trace elements content on the location positions in the landscape and on the sources of impact is discussed. It is shown, that the variability of metals content in soil profile for background site is low. In comparison with other oases of Antarctica no hotspots have been revealed and no significant areas of soil contamination have been identified yet, which is largely due to the fragmentation of the soil cover and lack of significant sources of pollution.

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30

Lenihan, Hunter S., John S. Oliver, James M. Oakden, and Mark D. Stephenson. "Intense and localized benthic marine pollution around McMurdo Station, Antarctica." Marine Pollution Bulletin 21, no. 9 (1990): 422–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-326x(90)90761-v.

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31

Bharudin, Izwan, Mohd Faizal Abu Bakar, Noor Haza Fazlin Hashim, et al. "Unravelling the adaptation strategies employed by Glaciozyma antarctica PI12 on Antarctic sea ice." Marine Environmental Research 137 (June 2018): 169–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2018.03.007.

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32

Sancho, Leopoldo, Ana Pintado, and T. Green. "Antarctic Studies Show Lichens to be Excellent Biomonitors of Climate Change." Diversity 11, no. 3 (2019): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d11030042.

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Lichens have been used as biomonitors for multiple purposes. They are well-known as air pollution indicators around urban and industrial centers. More recently, several attempts have been made to use lichens as monitors of climate change especially in alpine and polar regions. In this paper, we review the value of saxicolous lichens for monitoring environmental changes in Antarctic regions. The pristine Antarctica offers a unique opportunity to study the effects of climate change along a latitudinal gradient that extends between 62° and 87° S. Both lichen species diversity and thallus growth rate seem to show significant correlations to mean annual temperature for gradients across the continent as well as to short time climate oscillation in the Antarctic Peninsula. Competition interactions appear to be small so that individual thalli develop in balance with environmental conditions and, as a result, can indicate the trends in productivity for discrete time intervals over long periods of time.

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33

Darham, Syazani, Sharifah Nabilah Syed-Muhaimin, Kavilasni Subramaniam, et al. "Optimisation of Various Physicochemical Variables Affecting Molybdenum Bioremediation Using Antarctic Bacterium, Arthrobacter sp. Strain AQ5-05." Water 13, no. 17 (2021): 2367. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13172367.

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The versatility of a rare metal, molybdenum (Mo) in many industrial applications is one of the reasons why Mo is currently one of the growing environmental pollutants worldwide. Traces of inorganic contaminants, including Mo, have been discovered in Antarctica and are compromising the ecosystem. Bioremediation utilising bacteria to transform pollutants into a less toxic form is one of the approaches for solving Mo pollution. Mo reduction is a process of transforming sodium molybdate with an oxidation state of 6+ to Mo-blue, an inert version of the compound. Although there are a few Mo-reducing microbes that have been identified worldwide, only two studies were reported on the microbial reduction of Mo in Antarctica. Therefore, this study was done to assess the ability of Antarctic bacterium, Arthrobacter sp. strain AQ5-05, in reducing Mo. Optimisation of Mo reduction in Mo-supplemented media was carried out using one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) and response surface methodology (RSM) approaches. Through OFAT, Mo was reduced optimally with substrate concentration of sucrose, ammonium sulphate, and molybdate at 1 g/L, 0.2 g/L, and 10 mM, respectively. The pH and salinity of the media were the best at 7.0 and 0.5 g/L, respectively, while the optimal temperature was at 10 °C. Further optimisation using RSM showed greater Mo-blue production in comparison to OFAT. The strain was able to stand high concentration of Mo and low temperature conditions, thus showing its potential in reducing Mo in Antarctica by employing conditions optimised by RSM.

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Bruni, V., T. L. Maugeri, and L. Monticelli. "Faecal pollution indicators in the Terra Nova Bay (Ross Sea, Antarctica)." Marine Pollution Bulletin 34, no. 11 (1997): 908–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0025-326x(97)00050-7.

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35

Chu, Wan-Loy, Nguk-Ling Dang, Yih-Yih Kok, Kok-Seng Ivan Yap, Siew-Moi Phang, and Peter Convey. "Heavy metal pollution in Antarctica and its potential impacts on algae." Polar Science 20 (June 2019): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polar.2018.10.004.

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36

Lenihan, Hunter S. "Benthic marine pollution around McMurdo Station, Antarctica: A summary of findings." Marine Pollution Bulletin 25, no. 9-12 (1992): 318–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-326x(92)90689-4.

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37

Kuklinski, Piotr, Leszek Wicikowski, Mariusz Koper, et al. "Offshore surface waters of Antarctica are free of microplastics, as revealed by a circum-Antarctic study." Marine Pollution Bulletin 149 (December 2019): 110573. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110573.

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38

Ruisi, Serena, Donatella Barreca, Laura Selbmann, Laura Zucconi, and Silvano Onofri. "Fungi in Antarctica." Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology 6, no. 1-3 (2006): 127–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11157-006-9107-y.

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39

Matsuhiro, B., E. Zu�iga, M. Jashes, and M. Guacucano. "sulfated polysaccharides from Durvillaea antarctica." Hydrobiologia 321, no. 1 (1996): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00018679.

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40

Sims, Geoff, Michael C. B. Ashley, Xiangqun Cui, et al. "Airglow and Aurorae from Dome A, Antarctica." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 8, S288 (2012): 302–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921312017048.

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AbstractDespite the absence of artificial light pollution at Antarctic plateau sites such as Dome A, other factors such as airglow, aurorae and extended periods of twilight have the potential to adversely affect optical observations. We present a statistical analysis of the airglow and aurorae at Dome A using spectroscopic data from Nigel, an optical/near-IR spectrometer operating in the 300–850 nm range. The median auroral contribution to the B, V and R photometric bands is found to be 22.9, 23.4 and 23.0 mag arcsec−2 respectively. We are also able to quantify the amount of annual dark time available as a function of wavelength; on average twilight ends when the Sun reaches a zenith distance of 102.6°.

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Park, Seojeong, In-Young Ahn, Eunchong Sin, JeongHee Shim, and Taewon Kim. "Ocean freshening and acidification differentially influence mortality and behavior of the Antarctic amphipod Gondogeneia antarctica." Marine Environmental Research 154 (February 2020): 104847. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.104847.

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42

Mangoni, Olga, Maria Saggiomo, Francesco Bolinesi, et al. "Phaeocystis antarctica unusual summer bloom in stratified antarctic coastal waters (Terra Nova Bay, Ross Sea)." Marine Environmental Research 151 (October 2019): 104733. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.05.012.

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43

Radionov, V. F. "Variability of aerosol extinction of solar radiation in Antarctica." Antarctic Science 6, no. 3 (1994): 419–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102094000635.

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Temporal variations of the aerosol optical depth and transmission coefficient of the atmosphere are considered using data from Mirny Observatory, Antarctica. Year-to-year variability of these parameters is determined mainly by stratospheric aerosol pollution due to volcanic activity. A considerable increase of atmospheric turbidity has been observed since the end of September 1991. This phenomenon seems to be associated with the Mount Pinatubo volcanic eruption.

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44

Golubev, Sergey. "Macroplastic in Seabirds at Mirny, Antarctica." Birds 1, no. 1 (2020): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/birds1010003.

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Plastic debris makes up the majority of marine debris around the world, and pollution is a serious threat to marine wildlife. Threats represent two types of biological interactions with plastic: entanglement and ingestion. This paper describes interactions of seabirds with plastic in Mirny and draw the attention of researchers to the existing problem. In 2012/2013 and 2015/2016, year-round observations of the author were carried out at Mirny station and Haswell Islands (area of about 12 km2), east Antarctica. One case of entanglement of a molting adult Adélie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) in a fishing line was been identified; in addition to one case of an adult emperor penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri) mistakenly ingesting plastic braided rope and subsequently feeding it as part of a food lump to the chick, and two cases of macroplastics found in pellets of south polar skuas (Catharacta maccormicki). Registrations of entanglement and ingestion of macroplastic by seabirds in Mirny are rare. They signal to us about problem that needs to be included in the monitoring for the health of terrestrial biota of the Haswell archipelago.

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45

McDonald, S. J., M. C. Kennicutt, H. Liu, and S. H. Safe. "Assessing aromatic hydrocarbon exposure in Antarctic fish captured near palmer and McMurdo Stations, Antarctica." Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 29, no. 2 (1995): 232–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00212974.

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46

Kakareka, Sergey, and Sviatlana Salivonchyk. "Retrospective modelling of air pollution due to the operation of scientific stations in Antarctica: an experience of reanalysis." Antarctic Science 34, no. 1 (2022): 45–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102021000547.

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AbstractThis article is devoted to the assessment of trends of atmospheric air pollution and atmospheric impacts on the environment in the oases of the Thala Hills, Enderby Land, East Antarctica. Estimates of annual emissions of SO2, nitrogen oxides (NOx), inhalable particulate matter with a diameter of ≤ 10 μm (PM10) and CO and their dynamics over 56 years of Thala Hills exploration are given, as well as levels of surface air concentrations of SO2, NOx, PM10 and PM10 atmospheric depositions using air dispersion modelling. It is shown, in particular, that average annual emissions of NOx, PM10 and CO peaked in the early 1990s and have decreased 30.9 times by now. Sulphur dioxide emissions were highest in the late 1960s–late 1970s and decreased 270 times since then. Results of comparisons of modelled air concentrations and depositions with the available data on the measurement of surface air pollutant concentrations and atmospheric depositions are presented. Sources of uncertainties in the estimates of emissions, ground-level concentrations and depositions are described. Proposed approaches can be used to assess the cumulative impacts of ongoing and planned activities on atmospheric air and on other components of the environment through assessing the atmospheric air in the Antarctic Treaty area.

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Risebrough, Robert W. "Chemical change in Antarctica—Significance? A perspective." Marine Pollution Bulletin 25, no. 9-12 (1992): 227–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-326x(92)90673-t.

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48

Harris, Colin M., and Janice Meadows. "Environmental management in Antarctica Instruments and institutions." Marine Pollution Bulletin 25, no. 9-12 (1992): 239–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-326x(92)90676-w.

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49

Runcie, John W., and Martin J. Riddle. "Metal concentrations in macroalgae from East Antarctica." Marine Pollution Bulletin 49, no. 11-12 (2004): 1114–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2004.09.001.

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50

Chaparro, Marcos A. E., Héctor Nuñez, Juan M. Lirio, Claudia S. G. Gogorza, and Ana M. Sinito. "Magnetic screening and heavy metal pollution studies in soils from Marambio Station, Antarctica." Antarctic Science 19, no. 3 (2007): 379–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102007000454.

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AbstractMagnetic screening as a cost-effective and non-time-consuming approach has been successfully carried out in Marambio soils and seems to be a suitable method for contamination assessment in Antarctic areas. Ferromagnetic minerals are found in most samples, and magnetite-like carriers are especially dominant in samples collected near pollution sources. Lead and zinc are the main trace elements that have adversely impacted on some areas in this station, both are end products from different pollution sources derived from fuel combustion and residues, solid waste, paints, etc. The correlation results between magnetic and chemical variables show moderate relationships varying from 0.409 to 0.663; this fact supports the use of magnetic parameters, such as magnetic susceptibility and bivariate ratios, for pollution monitoring. The magnetic properties, heavy metal contents, and related maps of these soils can be considered as a reference in the area for future temporal and/or spatial work.

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