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1
Ahanotu, Dike N. "Heavy-duty vehicle weight and horsepower distributions : measurement of class-specific temporal and spatial variability." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/23213.
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Fomunung, Ignatius Wobyeba. "Predicting emissions rates for the Atlanta on-road light-duty vehicular fleet as a function of operating modes, control technologies, and engine charateristics." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/20834.
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Bachman, William Hendricks. "Towards a GIS-based modal model of automobile exhaust emissions." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/21762.
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Garretson, Charles C. "Evaluation of nitrogen oxide emission factors for heavy-duty diesel trucks based on ambient air measurements." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/20984.
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Lakshminarayanan, Anand. "Analysis of the sensitivity of photochemical airshed modeling to grid size and spatial and temporal distributions aof mobile source emissions." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/20835.
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Sturgess, M. "Selective catalytic reduction for light-duty diesel engines using ammonia gas." Thesis, Coventry University, 2012. http://curve.coventry.ac.uk/open/items/aa3c644b-15fd-429a-b457-a831d44c5dce/1.
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This thesis describes an investigation into the spatial species conversion profiles of a Cu-zeolite SCR under engine conditions at low exhaust gas temperatures; this was then compared with a CFD model that models the catalyst via a porous medium measuring 5 x 5 x 91 cells assuming a uniform cross-sectional flow distribution. Species conversion rates were sampled at fixed points in the axial direction. The analysis of the spatial conversion profiles is a more rigorous method in assessing the ability of a mathematical model to predict the experimental data. It can also assist in the optimisation of the catalyst size, minimising packaging requirements and manufacturing costs. The experiments were undertaken on a light-duty diesel engine at a speed of 1500rpm, and at a load of 6bar BMEP; this provided exhaust gas temeraqtures between 200 and 220°C. NO2:NOx ratios were controlled by changing the size and position of the diesel oxidation catalyst, the inlet NH3: NOx ratio was also also varied, ammonia gas was used instead of urea for the purposes of simlicity. The advantage of testing on an actual engine over lab-babed studies is that the conditions such as exhaust gas composition are more realistic. A 1D CFD model was constructed using the ‘porous medium approach’ with kinetics obtained from open literature. Results from the simulations were then compared with the experimental data for the same engine conditions. It was observed that the majority of the NOx conversion took place in the first half of the brick for all NH3: NOx ratios investigated, and that the formation of N2O via NO2 and ammonia had the same influence as the ‘fast’ SCR reaction just after the inlet, which the CFD model failed to predict for the base case analyses. The influence of the inlet ammonia on the model was also noticed to be greater than in the experiments. Simple transient analyses were also undertaken on the short SCR bricks for NO2: NOx ratios of 0.6 and 0.07, and it was observed that the response time to steady-state was noticeably higher in the experiments than in the model. Modifications made to the model, including decreasing the influence of the ‘fast’ SCR reaction, and the addition of an empirical term onto the ammonia adsorption provided a noticeably better agreement for different NH3: NOx injection ratios. The desorption kinetics in the model were also altered by increasing the strength of the bonding of the ammonia onto the adsorption sites. This improved the transient agreement between the model and the experiments, but reduced the steady-state concentrations at the exit of the brick for all NH3:NOx ratios investigated.
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Miller, David J. "Effect of oil age on polyaromatic hydrocarbon emissions from automobiles." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/101130.
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Automobiles are known to emit polyaromatic hydrocarbons. The literature indicates that the emission levels of these compounds are correlated with oil age, and it has been hypothesized that entry of oil into the combustion chamber is a major cause of these emissions. This experiment investigated the relationship between oil age and these polyaromatic hydrocarbon emissions. It was found that the three polyaromatics of interest seem to be emitted inconsistently and irregularly. It is possible that this was due to a buildup on the combustion chamber walls of these compounds: polyaromatics are formed in the quench layer near these walls and can accumulate there until dynamic equilibrium is reached. This may not have been reached at the time of the investigation since the engine was relatively new. This would be of interest for future investigations.<br>M.S.
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Toral, del Rio Maria Isabel. "An analysis of the influence of phosphorus poisoning on the exhaust emission after treatement systems of light-duty diesel vehicles." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/697.
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Climate change has become a discussion topic of exponentially increasing urgency and importance amoung world leaders of all disciplines. These changes are brought about by the emission of so-called Greenhouse gases from various human activities. The primary cause of CO2 emissions is the burning of the Earth’s supply of nonrenewable natural fossil fuels like coal, oil and natural gas. The world first agreed on the prevention of “dangerous” climatic changes at the Earth Summit in 1992. The Kyoto Protocol of 1997 was the first step toward protection of the atmosphere and prescribes restrictions on emission pollutants. Since then the vehicle gas emissions are being controlled by means of different gas emissions norms, like the European Union Norm in Europe. The automotive manufacturers and suppliers are collectively working on reducing overall vehicle emissions. They are focusing on several different emission limiting possibilities, for example improved engine design, special fuel development and exhaust gas treatment systems. The exhaust gas treatment process requires continuous controlling and management of the exhaust gas emissions while driving a vehicle. Certain factors such as high emission temperatures have a negative influence on the life span of these systems. Their functionality and durability is also known to be reduced by the presence of chemical poisoning species like sulphur, phosphorus, zinc and calcium. The chemical poisoning species are produced during combustion of fuel and engine oil. They are therefore contained in the exhaust emissions and can poison the catalyst when passing over it. Phosphorous poisoning is particularly problematic and should be reduced considerably. This study involves the investigation of the phosphorous poisoning process and aims to provide clarity regarding the influences of different fuel and oil compositions on the severity of the process. Engine oil and biodiesel are two major sources of phosphorous poisoning. The phosphorus contained in biodiesel fuel is a natural component and can be minimized during the refining procedure. In contrast to others studies, the biodiesel fuel used during this project was SME (Soya Methyl Ester) with a 20% biodiesel content. This choice of fuel was made because of the increasingly important role that this type of biodiesel is playing in the European market and the future tendency to increase the percentage of biodiesel in the mixture with standard diesel fuel. The phosphorus contained in engine oil is a necessary additive to retain the antioxidant and anti-wear properties of the oil. This study examined the poisoning influences from the most commonly used phosphorus containing oil additive, Zinc Dithiophosphates (ZDDP), as well as a Zn-free, phosphorus containing anti-wear oil additive. This formulation provides information about the phosphorus poisoning process as caused by the engine oil in the absence of Zn in the oil additives. The results show how the phosphorus content in biodiesel fuel affects the functionality of the exhaust gas treatment systems and the importance of reducing the permitted content of phosphorus contained in the fuel. Reducing the phosphorus content in the fuel will conserve the functionality of the exhaust gas treatment systems during their operational life and thereby protect the environmental from emission pollutants. It also provides insight into the differences in the poisoning processes when the phosphorus deposited on the catalyst comes from biodiesel fuel and when it comes from the engine oil. Finally the results also illustrate the influence of different phosphorous forms contained in engine oil additives on the catalyst poisoning process. This information could be used for the development of new oil additive formulations.
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Okumu, Fredrick Oluoch. "Electrochemical analysis of selected polychlorinated biphenyls and contaminated water remediation using polyaniline coated sawdust." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2325.
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Thesis (MTech (Chemistry))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2012.<br>Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are known harmful chemicals which require urgent
remediation, monitoring and assessment in the environment. The predominant current
methods used to analyze PCBs involve expertise and are cost intensive. Most of these
methods are chromatographic based techniques which are difficult to sustain in Africa due to
the expensive nature of the instrument, costly running expenses and skilled labour required.
These limitations face Africans, who are the most affected by the presence of PCBs in their
environment as a result of improper disposal and usage of these compounds.
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Giavis, Konstantinos C. "Catalytic control of individual hydrocarbons from a small utility gasoline engine." Thesis, This resource online, 1993. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-09292009-020311/.
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Udell, Thomas Gregory. "Reducing emissions of older vehicles through fuel system conversion to natural gas." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19896.
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Chien, Jui-Yu. "The future and outlook of alternative fuel bus industry and its marketing strategy." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2002. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2332.
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According to the current governmental regulations, all diesel buses will be replaced in the United States and the European market within the next ten years. There are over 60,000 buses in the United States and each year over 3,000 new buses of approximately 40 feet in length are purchased. The bus market has a growth rate of four to five percent per year over the last two years. The improvements in technology offered by United States companies prove unsatisfactory in terms of bus performance and the emissions of new buses. The energy crisis in the United States and concern over the health hazards of the diesel fuel exhaust gases and particulates, alternative fuel vehicles are in great demand in the transit market world wide.
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Bongiovanni, Alessandro. "Etude des effets promoteurs dans les réactions catalytiques de dépollution par l'argent et l'or." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210682.
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La catalyse hétérogène influe sur la cinétique des réactions chimiques pour favoriser la formation de produits souhaités. Appliquée à la dépollution atmosphérique, elle permet de réduire considérablement l'émission de polluants. Son plus grand succès public est d'ailleurs sans conteste le pot catalytique pour les moteurs à essence. Malgré ce succès, beaucoup reste à faire pour améliorer la dépollution à basse température et pour des conditions d'utilisations très différentes telles que celles imposées par les moteurs Diesel et "lean burn".<p><p>Lors de ce travail nous nous sommes intéressés à ces sujets. Tout d'abord, nous avons étudié l'effet du SO2 sur la réduction catalytique sélective des NOx sur des catalyseurs Ag/Al2O3 dans les conditions des moteurs Diesel. Le dioxyde de soufre est reconnu comme un poison de catalyseurs. Dans cette thèse, nous avons étudié un effet promoteur du SO2. Les catalyseurs qui ont fait l’objet de ce travail ont été préparés au laboratoire. Nous avons fait varier différents paramètres tels que la température, la nature de l'hydrocarbure ou encore la concentration de SO2 afin de mieux cerner cet effet promoteur. Nous avons mis en évidence que cet effet promoteur est observable lorsque le propène est utilisé comme réducteur, alors qu'avec le propane il s'agit plutôt d'un effet négatif du SO2.<p><p>Le deuxième sujet étudié dans ce travail est l'oxydation du CO sur des catalyseurs Au/TiO2, soit préparés au laboratoire, soit fournis comme référence du World Gold Council. Ces catalyseurs offrent l’avantage de pouvoir oxyder le CO à basse température, ce qui pourrait résoudre le problème de la pollution liée au démarrage à froid des automobiles. Ces catalyseurs subissent une désactivation que nous avons analysée par spectroscopie infrarouge (DRIFT et FTIR). Une étude XPS-SIMS de catalyseurs ayant des activités différentes nous a permis de mettre en évidence des concentrations de sodium différentes sur ces catalyseurs. Dans cette thèse, nous nous sommes plus particulièrement intéressés à l'influence du potassium. Pour mettre en évidence l'influence de celui-ci sur l'activité catalytique, des catalyseurs Au/TiO2 furent préparés en absence stricte d'alcalins et d'alcalino-terreux pour ajouter par après, de manière contrôlée, les quantités souhaitées de potassium. La composition des catalyseurs préparés fut contrôlée par XPS-SIMS. Il s'avère que la présence de potassium permet d'accroître l'activité catalytique, néanmoins il semble y avoir une concentration optimale de potassium qui varie en fonction de la composition/morphologie du catalyseur Au/TiO2 au départ, c'est-à-dire sans modification par ajout de potassium.<p><br>Doctorat en Sciences<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Rhudy, Scott Alan. "A remote sensing evaluation of the effectiveness of oxygenated fuels in the Raleigh, NC MSA." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/25872.
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Breedlove, Joseph Toth. "Environmental Protection Agency enforcement and facility pollution control device selection /." Full text (PDF) from UMI/Dissertation Abstracts International, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3008288.
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Huddleston, Brian J. "An Internship in Environmental Compliance and Water Management with Duke Energy Cincinnati, Ohio." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1303052585.
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Supnithadnaporn, Anupit. "Three essays in program evaluation the case of Atlanta inspection and maintenance program /." Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/29770.
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Thesis (Ph.D)--Public Policy, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009.<br>Committee Chair: Noonan, Douglas; Committee Member: Castillo, Marco; Committee Member: Chang, Michael; Committee Member: Cozzens, Susan; Committee Member: Rodgers, Michael. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.
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Timpanaro, Anthony. "Reduction of NOx Emissions in a Single Cylinder Diesel Engine Using SNCR with In-Cylinder Injection of Aqueous Urea." UNF Digital Commons, 2019. https://digitalcommons.unf.edu/etd/876.
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The subject of this study is the effect of in-cylinder selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) of NOx emissions in diesel exhaust gas by means of direct injection of aqueous urea ((NH2)2CO) into the combustion chamber. A single cylinder diesel test engine was modified to accept an electronically controlled secondary common rail injection system to deliver the aqueous urea directly into the cylinder during engine operation.
Direct in-cylinder injection was chosen in order to ensure precise delivery of the reducing agent without the risk of any premature reactions taking place. Unlike direct in-cylinder injection of neat water, aqueous urea also works as a reducing agent by breaking down into ammonia (NH3) and Cyanuric Acid ((HOCN)3). These compounds serve as the primary reducing agents in the NOx reduction mechanism explored here. The main reducing agent, aqueous urea, was admixed with glycerol (C3H8O3) in an 80-20 ratio, by weight, to function as a lubricant for the secondary injector.
The aqueous urea injection timing and duration is critical to the reduction of NOx emissions due to the dependence of SNCR NOx reduction on critical factors such as temperature, pressure, reducing agent to NOx ratio, Oxygen and radical content, residence time and NH3 slip. From scoping engine tests at loads of 40 percent and 80 percent at 1500 rpm, an aqueous urea injection strategy was developed. The final injection strategy chosen was four molar ratios, 4.0, 2.0, 1.0 and 0.5 with five varying injection timings of 60, 20, 10, 0, and -30 degrees after top dead center (ATDC). In addition to the base line and aqueous urea tests, water injection and an 80-20 water-glycerol solution reduction agent tests were also conducted to compare the effects of said additives as well. The comparison of baseline and SNCR operation was expected to show that the urea acted as a reducing agent, lowering NOx emissions up to 100% (based on exhaust stream studies) in the diesel exhaust gas without the aid of a catalyst.
The data collected from the engine tests showed that the aqueous urea-glycerol solution secondary had no effect on the reduction of NOx and even resulted in an increase of up to 5% in some tests. This was due to the low average in-cylinder temperature as well as a short residence time, prohibiting the reduction reaction from taking place. The neat water and water-glycerol solution secondary injection was found to have a reduction effect of up to 59% on NOx production in the emissions due to the evaporative cooling effect and increased heat capacity of the water.
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Su, Yang-TI, and 蘇暘堤. "On-Site Inspection and Management of Air Pollution Control Devices for Stationary Sources." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/cd6ed2.
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碩士<br>國立臺北科技大學<br>環境工程與管理研究所<br>100<br>A well-designed air pollution prevention device can successfully decrease the amount of air pollution as well as increasing the production efficiency. It is also considered as an easier approach in pollution reduction. According to operation laws, regular inspection is required to stationary pollution sources, while advices or penalty is given to those not qualified. Since the inspection is implemented on a periodical basis, the quality of prevention equipments is essential to the effectiveness of pollution process. The current research aims at delivering a parametric study on the device efficiency based on the theoretical prediction and on-site measurement to five factories of distinct processes. Pollution concentrations before and after the measurement devices are taken from the aforementioned factories according to EPA (Environmental Protection Administration) released standards, such as NIEA A413.74C，A101.73C and A723.72C. These results are served as a reference to the implemention of stationary pollution control.
Research results show that no siginificant difficicney is observed between the realistic measurement and theoretical prediction of the prevention devices. For example, WS-1、WS-3、WS-4 yields realistic efficiency as 79.18%, 45.8%, and 93.6%, while the theoretical prediction are 83.53%, 48.36%, and 96.28% respectively. However, both of these results still fall behind the regulations,Considering the factors affecting equipment efficiency, decreasing the pressure of a wet scrubber to a certain ragne increases the liquid-gas ratio and nozzle pressure. Additionally, changing the type of filter medium and spray height remarkably enlarges the removal efficiency to gasous pollutants. To bag houses, choosing filter bags with higher parameter bears better removal efficiency to particulate pollutants. For instance, the removal efficiency of BH with filter fiber parameter (σ)=1000m-1 and t=5min yields removal efficiency up to 92%.
The following control strategies to stationary pollution sources are then drawn from the results of current study. 1. Careful control and inspection per pollution components and percentage. 2. Careful examination and verification to equipment specification. 3. Enforcement to the management and inspection of permitted values. 4. Enforcement and implementation to the operation manual of prevention equipments. 5. Proper adjustment to the period of inspection. 6. Implementation to the automatic inspection equipments.
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Chen, Wen-Yi, and 陳文屹. "The efficiency assessment of air pollution control devices for a municipal solid waste plant." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/56008957096455124599.
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碩士<br>國立臺灣大學<br>環境工程學研究所<br>94<br>Waste management is one of the most important problems today. Recently years because of the government support, the proportion of waste incineration is increasing. Some strategies including resource recycling, and it would make great impact on the operation of the municipal solid waste (MSW) plant. This research will discuss the operation and performance of the MSW incinerator and its air pollution control devices (APCDs) from the continuous emission monitoring system (CEMS) data. The purpose we try to integrate the laboratory-scale parameters with the efficiency assessment for MSW plant. Otherwise, this research will find out the well operation conditions to improve the efficiency assessment adapting to MSW plant via Multivariate analysis.
The results shows that the change in the waste components effect incineration products. It have good performance as the combustion chamber heat loading, stoker burning rate, destruction and removal efficiency and combustion efficiency(CE), will reach the excellent situation. The CE is about 99.98% on condition that the 150%-170% amount of excess air, 900℃ of incinerator temperature, and 4 seconds for residency time.
In good operation of semi-dry spray tower, if we control the liquid- gas ratio (L/G) to 9 l/Nm3, the stoichiometric ratio (SR) to 2.2, the inlet pressure of semi-dry sprayer to -40mmH2O, and the residual time to 56% of current setting, the removal efficiency of acid gas could be promoted as well as economizing the use of resources. The relation between dioxin emission and active carbon quantity also be investigated, and the model is established in this part.
In the result of baghouse filter , we suggest setting the air to cloth ratio (A/C) to 0.5m/min and the pressure drop to 150mmH2O.It is also confirmed that we can predict the operation condition by simplifying the analyzing process with using single filter model and the lab scale parameters.
Finally, this research is established some operation models by the multivariate analysis, and it could be a reference in order to reduce the flue gas emission as well as promote the operation for MSW plant.
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Lin, Jung-Jeng, and 林忠正. "The Effects of Air Pollution Control Devices on the Dioxin Emissions from Municipal Waste Incinerators." Thesis, 2000. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/28030143389163918232.
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碩士<br>國立中央大學<br>環境工程研究所<br>88<br>Due to the rapid increase of municipal solid waste in Taiwan, the government has enacted the policy of building large-scale municipal solid waste incinerators (MWIs) since 1984. The percentage of municipal waste to be incinerated will be greater than 90% after 2004. Because of the incineration of municipal solid waste (MSW) is the most important source of dioxin, the dioxin emission from the MWIs has caused much public concerns. Development of effective dioxin control technology is essential for the successful waste management plan. In this study evaluation of the dioxin removal efficiency of the air pollution control device (APCD) at two existing MWIs in Taiwan is conducted via stack sampling and analysis. MWI-A is equipped with electrostatic precipitators followed by wet scrubbers while MWI-B is equipped with cyclones, dry lime scrubbing systems and fabric filters as APCDs. Results indicate that the patterns of dioxin isomers at APCD inlet and stack are similar for both MWIs. The dioxin concentration at APCD inlet of MWI-B is 2.75 times higher than that of MWI-A, but it’s similar at stack. This indicate that the concentration of dioxins generated at MWI-A is higher than that of MWI-B as the gas stream flows through APCD. Dioxin removal efficiency at MWI-A is negative because the operating temperature of the APCD falls in the de novo reaction window (200~350°C). During the first year of carbon injection, the concentrations of emitted dioxin decrease greatly at MWI-B. The dioxin removal efficiency increases from 5.88% to 87.63 and 91.28 %, respectively compared to the condition without activated carbon injection. At the second year, the dioxin removal efficiency reaches 98.6% after injecting 43.4 mg/Nm3 of activated carbon. The lower efficiency at the first year can be attributed to the memory effect, i.e. the dioxin or precursor desorbs slowly to the flue gas and increases the dioxin concentration at stack, resulting in lower dioxin removal efficiency than expected.
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WEI, YEN YI, and 嚴逸偉. "Adsorbtion/Desorption Effects of Particulate Activated Carbon(PAC) for Chlorinated in Air Pollution Control Devices." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/79337152699482958319.
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碩士<br>國立屏東科技大學<br>環境工程與科學系<br>94<br>This research is in a bid to investigate 2,4,6-tirchlorophenol de/adsorption reacting with active carbon on furnace bed by using spouted beds. In the follow-up experiment, adsorption of chlorides corresponding to active carbon is conducted by means of packed bed system under given concentration. We aim to know that the amount of active carbon adsorption on optimal/stimulated conditions , and how different furnaces respond to organic or non-organic chlorides in terms of desorption behavior.
The statistics shows that the desorptions are 7.79μg/g equivalent to 97%, 1.19μg/g, equivalent to 99%, by dint of two furnace beds respectively. If exploiting benzene chloride, 2,4,6-tirchlorophenol as well as mercuric chloride to conduct our experiment, we obtain 1.92 μg/g-PAC, 1.20 μg/g-PAC, 508.3μg/g-PAC respectively. When considering inlet concentration, we find out the adsorption ratio is 1.2：1.0：2.0. In conclusion, the adsorption efficiency is ranked as such, mercuric chloride＞benzene chloride＞2,4,6-triphenol chloride, while desorption amounts are as follows: 1.66 μg/g-PAC, 1.19 μg/g-PAC, 480.6 μg/g-PAC.
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Chen, Yun-Hua, and 陳筠樺. "Catalytic Effect of Fly Ash on Potential Formation and Destruction for PBDD/Fs in the Air Pollution Control Devices." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/77344040482418516373.
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碩士<br>國立屏東科技大學<br>環境工程與科學系所<br>98<br>The formation and release of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs), from thermal treatment of e-wastes that contain brominated flame retardants (BFRs), have received considerable attention. Fly ash and stack flue gas from municipal solid waste incinerators have been documented to contain elevated concentrations of PBDD/Fs. According to peer studies, the environmental PBDFs concentrations were several orders of magnitude higher than the concentration of PBDDs in samples from the e-waste facility or from soil and from the chemical-industrial complex. Reported environmental PBDD/Fs concentrations are about thousand times above that of their chlorinated counterparts (PCDD/Fs), which have many well-known anthropogenic sources but also some natural sources. Mixed brominated/chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins have mainly been reported for sites in the immediate vicinity of anthropogenic combustion. Experiments were conducted adding the inorganic chloride or bromide sources with bag house fly ashes in a packed bed reactor under real flue gas conditions to simulate the filter cake zone. Our studies indicated that the hagenated dioxin yields between the fly ash residue phase and the downstream flue gas was significantly changed under the catalytic effects of precursors. In this study, 12 2,3,7,8-substituted PBDD/Fs congeners were determined. In the 0.01% HgCl2(s) and 0.01% HgBr2(s) addition cases, the PCDD/Fs fraction is 96.01% and 32.21% in the residue phase, is 3.99% and 67.79% in the gas phase, respectively. The results showed that the chlorine source has obviously changed the PCDD/Fs distribution in the residue phase. Furthermore, the PBDD/Fs fraction is 16.23% and 9.16% in the residue phase, is 83.77% and 90.84% in the gas phase, respectively. It shows that the main formation of PBDD/Fs happen in the gas phase. Particularly, the bromine source added has obvious benefits in the gas phase for PBDD/Fs. On fraction of PCDD/Fs and PBDD/Fs congener profiles, the OCDD was predominant of PCDD/Fs in the residue phase, followed by 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD； On the other hand, the OBDF was predominant of PBDD/Fs in the residue phase, followed by 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpBDF. In the downstream of flue gas, the PCDD/Fs and PBDD/Fs congeners were still these four dominant species. The results of the study indicate that adding chlorine source into the fly ash has significantly enhancement for the PCDD/Fs in the residue phase, but adding bromine source has significantly enhancement for the PBDD/Fs formation in the gas phase. This study suggests that both chlorinated and brominated precursors could cause the conversion of halogenated dioxins in the particle control devices. Especially, the brominated compounds exist to enhance the gaseous emission phase.
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ARP, Henning A. "Multiple actors and arenas : European Community regulation in a polycentric system : a case study on car emission policy." Doctoral thesis, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5208.
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Defence date: 10 November 1995<br>Examining board: Adrienne Héritier (EUI) ; Prof. Gerhard Lembruch (Universität Konstanz) ; Prof. Giandomenico Majone (EUI - supervisor) ; Prof. Roger Morgan (EUI - co-supervisor) ; Prof. Jeremy Richardson (University of Essex)<br>First made available online: 13 September 2016
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Wang-RuJhuang and 莊旺儒. "Removal of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins, Dibenzofurans and Polychlorinated Biphenyls from Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator by Using Air Pollution Control Devices." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/syt7uz.
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碩士<br>國立成功大學<br>環境工程學系<br>103<br>Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are the main compounds of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). PCDD/Fs and PCBs both have high toxicity, low median lethal dosage (LD50). PCDD/Fs and PCBs in atmosphere were easily transferred into ecosystem by dry and wet deposition, and cause biomagnification and bioconcentration. The main sources of PCDD/Fs and PCBs in environment include waste incineration, power generation, energy industry, mental smelting and some chemical industry. In this study, we focused on the removal efficiencies of PCDD/Fs and PCBs using air pollution control techniques, such as semi-dry sorbent injection, activated carbon injection, and fabric filter in the stack flue gases of municipal solid wastes incinerator (MSWI).
In this study, the removal efficiency of particles for semi-dry sorbent injection, activated carbon injection and fabric filter, whole air pollution control devices were 39.8%, 97.35% and 98.25%, respectively. The removal efficiency of total-PCDD/Fs-TEQ for semi-dry sorbent injection, activated carbon injection and fabric filter, whole air pollution control devices were 30.65%, 99.0% and 99.35%, respectively. According to PCDD/Fs congener profiles, OCDD and 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD were highly dominant in PCDDs parts, OCDF and 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF were mainly in PCDFs parts in stack flue gas. The removal efficiency of total-PCBs-TEQ for semi-dry sorbent injection, activated carbon injection and fabric filter, whole air pollution control devices were 41.55%, 95.9% and 97.85%, respectively. According to PCBs congener profiles, PCB-77 was main species, followed by PCB-118 in stack flue gas.
The results of removal efficiency in this study can compared with others incinerators, and develop relevant strategies to reduce the emission of PCDD/Fs and PCBs during incineration process.
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Govindasamy, Prabeshan. "Predicting emissions using an on-road vehicle performance simulator." Thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/4522.
Full textAbstract:
South Africa is coming under increasing pressure to conform to the rest of the world in
terms of emissions regulations. The pressure is caused by a number of factors:
international organisations requiring local companies to adhere to environmental
conservation policies, evidence from within South Africa that efforts are being made to
reduce environmental pollution in line with other countries and keeping abreast of the
latest technologies that have been incorporated into vehicles to reduce emissions.
In light of these problems associated with emiSSions, a study was initiated by the
Department of Transport and the School of Bioresources Engineering and
Environmental Hydrology at the University of Natal to investigate and develop a
method of predicting emissions from a diesel engine. The main objective of this
research was to incorporate this model into SimTrans in order to estimate emissions
generated from a vehicle while it is travelling along specific routes in South Africa.
SimTrans is a mechanistically based model, developed at the School, that simulates a
vehicle travelling along a route, requiring input for the road profile and vehicle and
engine specifications.
After a preliminary investigation it was decided to use a neural network to predict
emissions, as it provides accurate results and is more suitable for a quantitative analysis
which is what was required for this study. The emissions that were predicted were NOx
(Nitric oxide-NO and Nitric dioxide-N02), CO (carbon monoxide), HC (unbumt
hydrocarbons) and particulates. The neural netWork was trained on emissions data
obtained from an ADE 447Ti engine. These neural networks were then integrated into
the existing SimTrans. Apart from the neural network, an algorithm to consider the
effect of ambient conditions on the output of the engine was also included in the model.
A sensitivity analysis was carried out using the model to prioritise the factors affecting
emissions. Finally using the data for the ADE 447Ti engine, a trip with a Mercedes
Benz 2644S-24 was simulated using different scenarios over the routes from Durban to
Johannesburg and Cape Town to Johannesburg in South Africa to quantify the
emissions that were generated.<br>Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2002.
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Smailes, Robert L. "A multiple accounts approach for analyzing the effectiveness of NOx emissions controls in the GVRD airshed." Thesis, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/4542.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis presents an analysis of air quality control initiatives in the GVRD. Starting with
an examination of deteriorating regional air quality, oxides of nitrogen emissions (NOx), are
the focus (as a precursor to ground level ozone.) The research demonstrates that if the status
quo is maintained, episodes of ground level ozone will get worse and the effects will be far
reaching and expensive. The Greater Vancouver Regional District's Air Quality
Management Plan is reviewed, with emphasis on analysis and evaluation of emission
reduction strategies. Emission Reduction Measures (ERMs) are various methods of reducing
air pollution (including scrubbers on smoke stacks, transportation demand management,
alternative fuels and motor vehicle inspection/maintenance programs.) Emission Reduction
Measures are viewed as the tools that must be implemented to solve air quality problems.
Environmentally, the most desirable solution would be to implement all ERMs. However,
factors such as cost effectiveness and social, financial, political and customer service impacts
must be considered and the best measures should be implemented first. The best solutions
are those that meet as many objectives as possible while causing the least amount of negative
impacts on the economy, society, government and the environment. Finding optimal
solutions is a task that requires formalization of common sense. Analytical frameworks such
as the cost/benefit analysis, decision analysis and the multiple account/objective analysis are
considered as potential tools to help "make sense" of the complexity of air quality policy
decisions. The intent is to provide useful and readily understandable information to decision
makers. The Multiple Account Analysis (as used by The Crown Corporations Secretariat) is
applied to an assortment of Emission Reduction Measures to help identify the "best" order for implementation. This method provides results
that compare accounts of importance (such as cost effectiveness and emission reduction
potential) and presents decision makers with quality information highlighting tradeoffs and
preferences. In the scope of this paper, four ERMs are analyzed across accounts and the
results presented in a matrix. The AirCare Program appears as the best choice for effective
reduction of oxides of nitrogen when compared to alternative fuels, vanpooling and the
Burrard thermal generating plant rebuild.
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Lin, Wen-Hui, and 林文輝. "Failure Modes and Effects Analysis of the Air Pollution Control Device－take Refuse Incineration Plant as an Example." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/01427776308494629543.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立交通大學<br>工學院碩士在職專班產業安全與防災組<br>96<br>Incineration plant is the cogeneration plant making the heat energy by the rejects as the fuel. The heat energy passes through the boiler, and produces the high temperature and high pressure which leads the turbine to generate electricity. And the waste gas produced by burning should pass air pollution control device and can be released. The main procedure consists of receiving trash, dealing with slag, fly ash, waste gas, waste water, steam generator and air.
This research focuses on the air pollution control devices of incineration plants. The air pollution control device system consists of cyclones, fabric filters and spray reactors, and all of which are divided into equipment units and parts. The failure modes and effects analysis of hazard analysis was applied to discuss failure sort of the system and possible effects of the system so as to prevent it in advance. Besides, I applied air simulation to every mixture of modes of failure air pollution control devices with the condition of management, predict density of pollution, and estimated the effect of waste released by the incineration plant to the surrounding air quality when the air pollution control device did not work.
By air simulation, the density of pollution caused at a short time when air pollution control device did not work was out of regulation and could pollute the environment. The stricter had to stop the incinerator in reality because it was impossible to keep it running when air pollution control device did not work..