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Journal articles on the topic 'Pollution – Ethiopia'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Andarge, Sewitemariam Desalegn, Abriham Sheferaw Areba, Robel Hussen Kabthymer, Miheret Tesfu Legesse, and Girum Gebremeskel Kanno. "Is Indoor Air Pollution From Different Fuel Types Associated With the Anemia Status of Pregnant Women in Ethiopia?" Journal of Primary Care & Community Health 12 (January 2021): 215013272110343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21501327211034374.

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Background Indoor air pollution from different fuel types has been linked with different adverse pregnancy outcomes. The study aimed to assess the link between indoor air pollution from different fuel types and anemia during pregnancy in Ethiopia. Method We have used the secondary data from the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey data. The anemia status of the pregnant women was the dichotomous outcome variable and the type of fuel used in the house was classified as high, medium, and low polluting fuels. Logistic regression was employed to determine the association between the exposu

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2

Urkato, Samuel, and Hio-Jung Shin. "Environmental Management Challenges of Emerging Industrial Firms: Evidence from Addis Ababa City, Ethiopia." American Journal of Trade and Policy 2, no. 3 (2015): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/ajtp.v2i3.390.

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In developing economies like Ethiopia, emerging industries are mostly subject to state protection, as a prominent rationale articulated by Hamilton (1791). However, they are less responsive to environmental health degradation caused by their effluent. In this paper, Akaki River pollution in Addis Ababa city is thought-out to understand how those industries aligning the river bank are polluting the environment and how local policy is responding to regulate it. By using secondary information, focus group discussion and key informant interview, this study describes that Ethiopian environmental po

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3

C, Isaxon, Eriksson A, Abera A, and Malmqvist E. "Assessment of outdoor air pollution in Adama, Ethiopia." Environmental Epidemiology 3 (October 2019): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ee9.0000607732.53692.f6.

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4

Sanbata, Habtamu, Araya Asfaw, and Abera Kumie. "Indoor air pollution in slum neighbourhoods of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Atmospheric Environment 89 (June 2014): 230–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.01.003.

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5

Tamire, Mulugeta, Abera Kumie, Adamu Addissie, et al. "High Levels of Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) Concentrations from Burning Solid Fuels in Rural Households of Butajira, Ethiopia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 13 (2021): 6942. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136942.

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The use of solid fuel, known to emit pollutants which cause damage to human health, is the primary energy option in Ethiopia. Thus, the aim of this study was to measure the level of household air pollution by using the 24-h mean concentration of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in 150 randomly recruited households in rural Butajira, Ethiopia. Data relating to household and cooking practices were obtained by conducting face-to-face interviews with the mothers. The 24-h mean (standard deviation) and median PM2.5 concentrations were 410 (220) and 340 µg/m3, respectively. Households using only trad

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6

Licence, Peter, and Nigist Asfaw. "The first Green Chemistry workshop in Ethiopia." Green Chemistry 7, no. 6 (2005): 401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b501367b.

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7

Abebe, Eyualem. "Aquatic nematodes from Ethiopia IV." Hydrobiologia 332, no. 1 (1996): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00020777.

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8

Abebe, Eyualem, and A. Coomans. "Aquatic nematodes from Ethiopia V." Hydrobiologia 332, no. 1 (1996): 27–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00020778.

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9

Abebe, Eyualem, and A. Coomans. "Aquatic nematodes from Ethiopia VI." Hydrobiologia 332, no. 1 (1996): 41–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00020779.

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10

Abebe, Eyualem, and A. Coomans. "Aquatic nematodes from Ethiopia VII." Hydrobiologia 341, no. 3 (1996): 197–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00014685.

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11

Abebe, Eyualem, and A. Coomans. "Aquatic nematodes from Ethiopia I." Hydrobiologia 324, no. 1 (1996): 1–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00017635.

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12

Abebe, Eyualem, and A. Coomans. "Aquatic nematodes from Ethiopia II." Hydrobiologia 324, no. 1 (1996): 53–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00017636.

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13

Abebe, Eyualem, and A. Coomans. "Aquatic nematodes from Ethiopia III." Hydrobiologia 324, no. 1 (1996): 79–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00017637.

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14

Adank, Marieke, John Butterworth, Sam Godfrey, and Michael Abera. "Looking beyond headline indicators: water and sanitation services in small towns in Ethiopia." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 6, no. 3 (2016): 435–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2016.034.

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This paper presents findings on water and sanitation service levels from 16 small and medium towns in four regions of Ethiopia. In these settlements, the proportion of people with access to improved water and sanitation services is found to be high and consistent with other major datasets and reports for urban Ethiopia. However, when service characteristics such as reliability, quality, quantity and accessibility (including travel and queuing time) of water are considered, and for sanitation, quality and use, a different picture emerges. Only a small minority of households, 9% for water and 3%

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15

Tilahun, Ketema, and Broder J. Merkel. "Assessment of groundwater vulnerability to pollution in Dire Dawa, Ethiopia using DRASTIC." Environmental Earth Sciences 59, no. 7 (2009): 1485–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12665-009-0134-1.

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16

Mourad, Khaldoon A., and Sadame Mohammed Yimer. "Socio-economic Potential of Rainwater Harvesting in Ethiopia." Sustainable Agriculture Research 6, no. 1 (2016): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v6n1p73.

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Clean water scarcity becomes a critical issue in many parts of Ethiopia due to the high population growth, water pollution and climate change. The high annual rainfall rates make rainwater harvesting one of the best options to mitigate water scarcity. This study was conducted to analyze the economic feasibility of water harvesting for individual houses in Dessie-town. The results show that the harvested water from a 60 m2 roof can cover all non-potable water needs or can cultivate a small garden, 50 m2, with some needed crops. Cultivating tomatoes and onions can increase the annual household’s

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17

Fry, Dionna, Dejene Mideksa, Argaw Ambelu, et al. "Adoption and sustained use of the arborloo in rural Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 5, no. 3 (2015): 412–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2015.149.

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In rural Ethiopia, only 19% of the population has access to improved sanitation, which has no doubt contributed to high levels of diarrhea, trachoma, and helminth infection. Low-cost sanitation options are needed in Ethiopia, but few studies have assessed their effectiveness and sustainability. The composting arborloo is one such option. Catholic Relief Services (CRS) has promoted the arborloo since 2004. Eighty thousand Ethiopian households have constructed arborloos with their assistance. We assessed the arborloo's adoption and sustainability in 20 communities that received arborloo promotio

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18

Bedada, Tesfaye L., Teshome B. Eshete, Samson G. Gebre, et al. "Virological Quality of Urban Rivers and Hospitals Wastewaters in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Open Microbiology Journal 13, no. 1 (2019): 164–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874285801913010164.

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Background: Polluted rivers and hospital wastewater become a greater concern because of their public health and environmental hazards with high tendency to result in epidemics. Methods and Materials: The current study investigated 84 samples of Urban rivers and 30 samples of hospitals wastewaters in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia between February and April, 2017. The simultaneous detection of male-specific and somatic Coliphages from the samples was carried out using Escherichia coli CB390 as the host according to the single agar layer plaque assay at public health microbiology laboratory of Ethiopian

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19

Badea, Cătălin. "Water Conflicts: The Case of the Nile River and the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam." Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Studia Europaea 65, no. 2 (2020): 179–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbeuropaea.2020.2.09.

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"The most crucial element of every life form on our planet, water has always been a source of potential animosity between clans, tribes and even states. With the advent of modern technology we have devoted less and less of our attention to this all-needed resource, but pollution, large-scale industrialization and agriculture, the population boom of the last centuries and crucially the climate calamity that it threatens to unleash, forces us to reconsider the key role played by water in the delicate and fragile ecosystem of our planet. This article takes a look at how water is, and will increas

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20

TADDESE, GIRMA. "Land Degradation: A Challenge to Ethiopia." Environmental Management 27, no. 6 (2001): 815–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002670010190.

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21

Adamu, Lake Belete, and Kamil Dino Adem. "Quality and Performance Evaluation of Jatropha Oil Blended with Kerosene for Cooking Stoves in Ethiopia." Journal of Renewable Energy 2020 (August 17, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7610585.

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In Ethiopia, the majority of rural household uses firewood with three-stone fire for cooking. Due to poor performance of the stove, there are major health issues created by indoor air pollution. To alleviate this problem, various efforts are undergoing such as the use of plant oil as an alternative fuel for cooking. This plant’s oils are available in the rural areas with minimal effort and water. In this study, Jatropha oil was blended with kerosene to present it as an alternative fuel for the rural poor in Ethiopia. The blends of varying proportions of Jatropha oil and kerosene were prepared,

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22

Esayas, Befikadu, Belay Simane, Ermias Teferi, Victor Ongoma, and Nigussie Tefera. "Climate Variability and Farmers’ Perception in Southern Ethiopia." Advances in Meteorology 2019 (June 2, 2019): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7341465.

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The study aims to analyze climate variability and farmers’ perception in Southern Ethiopia. Gridded annual temperature and precipitation data were obtained from the National Meteorological Agency (NMA) of Ethiopia for the period between 1983 and 2014. Using a multistage sampling technique, 403 farm households were surveyed to substantiate farmers’ perceptions about climate variability and change. The study applied a nonparametric Sen’s slope estimator and Mann–Kendall’s trend tests to detect the magnitude and statistical significance of climate variability and binary logit regression model to

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23

Teklay, Aregawi, and Meareg Amare. "Water quality characteristics and pollution levels of heavy metals in Lake Haiq, Ethiopia." Ethiopian Journal of Science and Technology 8, no. 1 (2015): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ejst.v8i1.2.

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24

Zelalem, Berhanu, and Mengesha Mamo. "Assessment of external insulation problems related to pollution and climatic conditions in Ethiopia." IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine 36, no. 4 (2020): 36–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mei.2020.9111098.

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25

Gudeta, Tadesse, and Desta Assefa. "Assessment of Pharmaceuticals Waste Practices Among Private Drug Retail Outlets in Ethiopia." Journal of Primary Care & Community Health 11 (January 2020): 215013272092049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2150132720920496.

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Background: Pharmaceuticals waste is a public safety concern, resulting in a possible accidental poisoning, misuse, and environmental pollution. Thus, appropriate disposal of the damaged and expired medicines would save lives and protect the ecological system. Objective: The study was aimed to assess knowledge, attitudes, and disposal practices of pharmaceuticals waste among practitioners in private retail outlets. Method: A facility-based descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among private practitioners in retail outlets of Jimma city from November 20 to December 19, 2018. All priva

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26

Teshome, Asaminew, and Jie Zhang. "Increase of Extreme Drought over Ethiopia under Climate Warming." Advances in Meteorology 2019 (August 25, 2019): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5235429.

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Recurrent extreme drought and flood in Ethiopia lead to more economic loss. This study examines change and trends of 21 climate extremes of temperature and precipitation over Ethiopia by using indices from the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices (ETCCDI). The analysis was based on the records of observed meteorological data and the future projected from the CMIP5 model under RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios. The results of the seasonal standardized rainfall anomaly and EOF analysis show a decreasing rainfall in JJAS season and significant va

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27

Woldegiyorgis, Tegenu Argaw. "Analysis of Solar PV Energy Systems for Rural Villages of Nekemte Area, Oromiya Region, Ethiopia." Journal of Modern Materials 6, no. 1 (2019): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/jmm.6.1.13-22.

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Currently, the main energy source used in rural areas of Ethiopia for cooking and heating is unprocessed biomass and fossil fuel such as kerosene, paraffin and petrol/diesel. These energy sources generate large volume of indoor air pollution that increases the risk of chronic diseases. Solar energy is the most practical and economical way of bringing power to poor and remote communities in the long-term and Ethiopia is strategically located in a maximum sun shines hours zone. This study assessed the potential of a solar PV power system to provide the required electricity for a rural community

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28

Yohannes, Yared Beyene, Yoshinori Ikenaka, Shouta M. M. Nakayama, and Mayumi Ishizuka. "Organochlorine pesticides in bird species and their prey (fish) from the Ethiopian Rift Valley region, Ethiopia." Environmental Pollution 192 (September 2014): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2014.05.007.

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29

Balidemaj, Festina, Christina Isaxon, Asmamaw Abera, and Ebba Malmqvist. "Indoor Air Pollution Exposure of Women in Adama, Ethiopia, and Assessment of Disease Burden Attributable to Risk Factor." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 18 (2021): 9859. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189859.

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Introduction and aim: Air pollution, a major environmental threat to human health, contributes to the premature deaths of millions of people worldwide. Cooking with solid fuels, such as charcoal and wood, in low- and middle-income countries generates very high emissions of particulate matter within and near the household as a result of their inefficient combustion. Women are especially exposed, as they often perform the cooking. The purpose of this study was to assess the burden of disease attributable to household air pollution exposure from cooking among women in Adama, Ethiopia. Methods: Ai

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30

Subash, Thanappan, Dhanasekaran Dhanasekaran, and Sathya Prabha. "Assessment of Indoor and Traffic Air Pollution in Ambo, Oromia Region, Ethiopia: A Review." International Journal of Engineering and Science 06, no. 01 (2017): 05–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/1813-0601020511.

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31

Tenaw, Dagmawe. "Getting into the details: structural effects of economic growth on environmental pollution in Ethiopia." Heliyon 7, no. 7 (2021): e07688. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07688.

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32

Angello, Zelalem, Beshah Behailu, and Jens Tränckner. "Selection of Optimum Pollution Load Reduction and Water Quality Improvement Approaches Using Scenario Based Water Quality Modeling in Little Akaki River, Ethiopia." Water 13, no. 5 (2021): 584. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13050584.

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The collective impacts of rapid urbanization, poor pollution management practices and insufficient sanitation infrastructure have driven the water quality deterioration in Little Akaki River (LAR), Ethiopia. Water quality modeling using QUAL2Kw was conducted in the LAR aimed at selecting the optimal water quality improvement and pollution load reduction approaches based on the evaluation of five scenarios: modification of point sources (PS) load (S1), modification of nonpoint sources (NPS) load (S2), simultaneous modification of PS and NPS load (S3), application of local oxygenators and fish p

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33

Samuel, B., S. Solomon, F. Daniel, G. M. Zinabu, and G. Riise. "Heavy Metals Contamination of Soil in the Vicinity of Hawassa Industrial Zone, Ethiopia." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 24, no. 8 (2020): 1447–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v24i8.21.

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Industrial effluents, containing heavy metals, drain directly into downstream water sources within the Hawassa Industrial Zone. These, water sources are used for irrigation, drinking water and other domestic purposes. The load of pollutants, environmental risks and potential human impacts are generally, unknown for soil in Ethiopia. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the extent of heavy metal pollution of soil within the Hawassa Industrial Zone and to evaluate environmental impacts using contamination factor (CF), degree of contamination (Cd), modified degree of contamination (m

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34

Gebreyohannes, Ftsum, Abraha Gebrekidan, Amanuel Hedera, and Samuael Estifanos. "Investigations of Physico-Chemical Parameters and its Pollution Implications of Elala River, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia." Momona Ethiopian Journal of Science 7, no. 2 (2015): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/mejs.v7i2.7.

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35

Hadis, Sebsib, Mulugeta Tesfaye, and Shimelis Hailu. "River Pollution in Ethiopia: An Exploratory Assessment of the Causes and Effects on Environmental Sustainability." Social Sciences 8, no. 5 (2019): 226. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ss.20190805.13.

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36

Mohammed, Hassen, Fekadu Yohannes, and Gete Zeleke. "Validation of agricultural non-point source (AGNPS) pollution model in Kori watershed, South Wollo, Ethiopia." International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 6, no. 2 (2004): 97–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2004.08.002.

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37

Major, Yeshiemebet, Demeke Kifle, Lisa Spoof, and Jussi Meriluoto. "Cyanobacteria and microcystins in Koka reservoir (Ethiopia)." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 25, no. 27 (2018): 26861–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2727-2.

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38

Ameha, Aklilu, H. O. Larsen, and Mulugeta Lemenih. "Participatory Forest Management in Ethiopia: Learning from Pilot Projects." Environmental Management 53, no. 4 (2014): 838–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-014-0243-9.

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39

Ejigu, Andinet, Araya Asfaw, Nigist Asfaw, and Peter Licence. "Moringa stenopetala seed oil as a potential feedstock for biodiesel production in Ethiopia." Green Chemistry 12, no. 2 (2010): 316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b916500b.

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40

Sahiledengle, Biniyam, Zinash Teferu, Yohannes Tekalegn, et al. "A Multilevel Analysis of Factors Associated with Childhood Diarrhea in Ethiopia." Environmental Health Insights 15 (January 2021): 117863022110098. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/11786302211009894.

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Background: Childhood diarrhea is the major contributor to the deaths of children under the age of 5 years in Ethiopia, but evidence at the national level to identify the contributing factors associated with diarrhea by considering the clustering effects is limited. Hence, this study aimed to identify factors associated with childhood diarrhea at the individual and community levels. Methods: A secondary data analysis was conducted using the 2011 and 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) data. A total of 23 321 children with their mothers were included in this study, and multileve

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41

Kent, Eliza F., and Izabela Orlowska. "Accidental Environmentalists." Worldviews 22, no. 2 (2018): 113–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685357-02201101.

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Abstract In the highlands of Ethiopia, the only remaining stands of native forest are around churches of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahido Church. Though hailed as community-conserved areas by environmentalists, we argue that the conservation of such forest is not intentional, but rather an indirect result of the religious norms, beliefs and practices surrounding the sites. In actuality, the religiosity surrounding church forests maintains the purity of the most holy space in the center of the shrine, the tabot, a replica of the Ark of the Covenant, which ensures that the church is a legitimate

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42

Girmay, Gebreyohannes, J. Nyssen, J. Poesen, et al. "Land reclamation using reservoir sediments in Tigray, northern Ethiopia." Soil Use and Management 28, no. 1 (2011): 113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2011.00368.x.

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43

Esayas, Befikadu, Belay Simane, Ermias Teferi, Victor Ongoma, and Nigussie Tefera. "Trends in Extreme Climate Events over Three Agroecological Zones of Southern Ethiopia." Advances in Meteorology 2018 (October 16, 2018): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7354157.

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The study aims to assess trends in extremes of surface temperature and precipitation through the application of the World Meteorological Organization’s (WMO) Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices (ETCCDI) on datasets representing three agroecological zones in Southern Ethiopia. The indices are applied to daily temperature and precipitation data. Nonparametric Sen’s slope estimator and Mann–Kendall’s trend tests are used to detect the magnitude and statistical significance of changes in extreme climate, respectively. All agroecological zones (AEZs) have experienced both positive a

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44

KIDANE-MARIAM, TADESSE. "Environmental and Habitat Management: The Case of Ethiopia and Ghana." Environmental Management 31, no. 3 (2003): 313–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-002-2846-9.

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45

Tadesse, Addis, Hae Koo Kim, and Adugna Debela. "Calibration of Nitrogen Fertilizer for Quality Protein Maize (Zea mays L.) Based on In-Season Estimated Yield using a Handheld NDVI Sensor in the Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia." Asia Pacific Journal of Energy and Environment 3, no. 1 (2016): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/apjee.v3i1.228.

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Maize is one of a highly valued crop in the national diet of Ethiopians especially in southern and southeastern regions of the country; it is produces across various agro-ecologies of the country. However, its productivity is constrained by blanket application of mineral nutrients, in particular, nitrogen (N). In this study, we aimed to test site-specific nutrient management supported by precision agriculture tools can provide extension agents and farmers better ways to manage nitrogen, to increase net benefit and reduce environmental pollution. The drastic increase in N fertilizer cost, envir

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46

Lencha, Semaria Moga, Mihret Dananto Ulsido, and Alemayehu Muluneh. "Evaluation of Seasonal and Spatial Variations in Water Quality and Identification of Potential Sources of Pollution Using Multivariate Statistical Techniques for Lake Hawassa Watershed, Ethiopia." Applied Sciences 11, no. 19 (2021): 8991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11198991.

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The magnitude of pollution in Lake Hawassa has been exacerbated by population growth and economic development in the city of Hawassa, which is hydrologically closed and retains pollutants entering it. This study was therefore aimed at examining seasonal and spatial variations in the water quality of Lake Hawassa Watershed (LHW) and identifying possible sources of pollution using multivariate statistical techniques. Water and effluent samples from LHW were collected monthly for analysis of 19 physicochemical parameters during dry and wet seasons at 19 monitoring stations. Multivariate statistic

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47

Mohammed, Akalewold Fedilu, Abdurahman Hamza Ibrahim, and Degwale Gebeyehu Belay. "Socio-Economic and Environmental Impacts of Poor Paper Management at Higher Education Institutions in Ethiopia." International Journal of Risk and Contingency Management 7, no. 2 (2018): 24–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijrcm.2018040102.

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Currently there are 34 universities in Ethiopia which enrolled hundreds of thousands of students which generated large volume of waste paper a year. Therefore, this article has an objective of assessing the socio-economic and environmental impacts of poor paper management at higher education institutions of Ethiopia with a particular focus on Hawassa University. The findings of the study revealed that a large volume of paper is consumed for different academic purposes. Due to the poor management of paper consumption as well as poor waste management practices, the university faced socio-economi

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48

Aregahegn, Zeyede, and Mulate Zerihun. "Study on Irrigation Water Quality in the Rift Valley Areas of Awash River Basin, Ethiopia." Applied and Environmental Soil Science 2021 (February 6, 2021): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8844745.

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Awash River water has been impaired by various types of pollution owing to waste released from different socioeconomic activities in its basin. This study aimed to evaluate the water quality of the Awash River and its tributaries in the basin used for irrigation purposes. Sampling sites were identified based on the pollution sources, accessibility, and land-use coverage. A total of 17 sampling sites were chosen along the Awash River, and samplings were collected four times a year through different seasons. The overall water quality and suitability for irrigation are explained using multiple wa

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49

Barnes, Brooke, Huantian Cao, Theodore Drab, and Jason Pearson. "Design of Sustainable Relief Housing in Ethiopia: An Implementation of Cradle to Cradle Design in Earthbag Construction." American Journal of Environmental Sciences 5, no. 2 (2009): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3844/ajessp.2009.137.144.

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50

Ogolla, Bondi D. "Water Pollution Control in Africa: A Comparative Legal Survey." Journal of African Law 33, no. 2 (1989): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021855300008093.

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A country's water resources are important not only for the continued well-being of its population but also because water is a critical element in its economic development. Water is vital for human, animal and plant life. Life cannot exist without it. Most domestic needs in developing countries are satisfied through direct access to natural sources. The World Health Organisation in 1976 estimated that only 38 per cent of the total population in developing countries had access to safe water supplies. This means that 62 per cent of the population resorted to lakes, rivers, streams and wells for d

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