Academic literature on the topic 'Pollution Load Index (PLI)'

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Journal articles on the topic "Pollution Load Index (PLI)"

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ELhariri, Khadija S., Mohamed S. Hamouda, and Mariam M. ELmughrbe. "Determining Pollution Level for the Marine Environment Using the Pollution Load Index." مجلة علوم البحار والتقنيات البيئية 8, no. 1 (2022): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.59743/jmset.v8i1.5.

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Monitoring means Monitoring, Data, Indicators, Assessment, and Knowledge. Based on this context the Pollution Load Index (PLI), has been applied using the data obtained from the analysis of water and algae. Algae and Posidonia oceanic were considered as good candidates among the different species selected by the United Nation Environmental Program (UNEP). The concentrations of the metals (Zn, Pb, Cd, and Cu) were measured in two marine green algae namely Ulva sp and Enteromorpha sp, that were collected from four Sites, during the winter and summer seasons. The results of the PLI calculated showed that the values for Enteromorpha species were 1.2 indicating a polluted condition, while PLI values for Ulva species were 3.3. With regard to site B (Juliana area), the PLI value for Ulva species was found to be 4.1 indicating an acceptable condition while it was a clean condition for the Enteromorpha species at the same sites. Enteromorpha species is a good accumulator of heavy metals and could be also a good candidate for monitoring the Libyan coastline. The results also show that the PLI index could be an important tool for the assessment of the marine environment.
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Sukri, Nor Sayzwani, Siti Amirah Aspin, Nurul Liyana Kamarulzaman, et al. "Assessment of metal pollution using enrichment factor (EF) and pollution load index (PLI) in sediments of selected Terengganu rivers, Malaysia." Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences 14, no. 2 (2018): 235–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v14n2.1065.

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Anthropogenic activities that happen in Terengganu River were contributed to sediment pollution at that area. The sediment pollution occurred when sediment are additional influenced with chemical adsorption between the metals, grain size, and organic matter. Thus, this study was conducted to assess the metal pollution using Enrichment Factor (EF) and Pollution Load Index (PLI) and compared with the previous study. A total of 15 sediment samples were collected from 5 different rives and metal concentration were analyzed using flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (ASS). The metal concentration ranged as followed: Cr (0.48-12.80 mg/kg), Cu (0.38-15.20 mg/kg), Mg (202.00-2769.00mg/kg), K (63.36-1730.00 mg/kg), Mn (4.27-33.70 mg/kg), Zn (2.05-31.30 mg/kg) and Cl (141.00-584.00 mg/kg) respectively. Enrichment Factor (EF) and Pollution Load Index (PLI) were used as a pollution indicator to access the sediment pollution in selected Terengganu Rivers. The mean Enrichment Factor (EF) value indicated in decrease order Cl (34.70) > Zn (23.44) > Cu (10.37) > Cr (1.95) > K (1.58) > Mg (1.16)> Mn (0.87). Meanwhile, Pollution Load Index (PLI) value showed below than 1 in all sampling stations. When compared with previous study, Mg and Cl metals need to take further action due to dramatically increased within seven years. The output from this study will be useful for environmental management at Terengganu Rivers.
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Sangilidurai, Karthika, Sivasubramanian Karuppusamy, Dhevagi Periyasamy, et al. "Ecological risk assessment of microplastics in agricultural soils of Coimbatore region, India." Natural Resources for Human Health 4, no. 2 (2024): 152–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.53365/nrfhh/184013.

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Although plastics provide numerous conveniences for human life, concerns about ecosystems and human life are rising tremendously due to increased plastic production and consumption. The ubiquitous presence and undeniable distribution of microplastics (MPs) in agricultural usage created a major risk concern for soil ecology and human health. The ecological risk assessment of microplastics in agricultural sites in the Coimbatore region of South India has been evaluated using three ecological risk indices: Pollution Hazard Index (PHI), Pollution Load Index (PLI), and Potential Ecological Risk Index (PERI). Based on the concentration of hazardous MPs (Polyethylene, polystyrene, polyacrylonitrile, polyacrylamide, polyacrylamide, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride) in sampling sites, risk assessment indicated the major risk level in inorganic fertilizers applied site. Meanwhile, PLI indicated that all the sites were in category I with low pollution load in the region. However, the hazard scores of polymers increased the PERI values and exhibited their values in the extremely dangerous category. Since the models for evaluating MPs risk in agricultural sites are not yet developed, this calculation is cautiously calculated and further research could gradually add base reference data for understanding the distribution, ecological risk, and trophic transfer of MPs.
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Al-Dahar, Rashid K., Adel M. Rabee, and Riyam J. Mohammed. "Calculation of soil pollution indices with elements in residential areas of Baghdad city." Bionatura 8, no. 1 (2023): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.21931/rb/2023.08.01.43.

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Estimation of elements: Pb, Zn, Mn, Cd, and Cu, which were conducted seasonally from October-2021 till March-2022 in residential areas of Baghdad City using Geoaccumulation index (Igeo), enrichment factor ratios (EF), the factor of contamination (CF), contamination degree (Cd), index of pollution load (PLI) and index of potential ecological risk (Eif). The overall contamination factor in the research area is limited from low contamination with Cu, Mn, and Zn, moderately contaminated to very high contamination with Pb and Cd, while the assessment according to the I-geo index shows categories that vary from a slightly polluted to unpolluted by those examined heavy metals. The pollution load index indicates that the soils in some residential areas in Baghdad City have high levels of contamination by certain heavy metals. According to the EF results, the areas were moderately to significantly enriched with Pb and Cd and minimally enriched with Mn, Zn, and Cu. The potential for ecological risk had an irregular distribution, and the overall ecological risk level ranged from moderate to low. The PLI depicts the research area's vulnerability to soil heavy metal contamination and associated ecological concerns, particularly from lead and cadmium. Keywords: Pollution Index, Enrichment Factor, PLI index, Potential ecological risk.
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Ramal, Majeed Mattar, and Huda Sulaiman Ghalib. "Heavy Metals Assessment in Sediments Beds of Habbaniyah Lake, Iraq." Journal of Applied Research and Technology, no. 2 (April 27, 2023): 281–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/icat.24486736e.2023.21.2.1742.

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Heavy Metals (HMs) concentrations in a sediment sample from Habbaniyah Lake (HL), Iraq (Cr, Cd, Ni, Fe, Co, Zn, Pb, and Cu). 33 locations have been selected in the field of study from October 2020 to April 2021 to evaluate the contamination of HMs in sediments by using pollution load index (PLI), contamination factor (CF), Contamination degree (CD), and geo-accumulation index (I-geo). Atomic Absorption Spectrometer AAS was used to determine heavy metal concentrations (USA Phoenix-986). The following are the average concentrations: 2152.97 mg/kg for Fe, 47.35 mg/kg for Pb, 25.18 mg/kg for Cr, 18.00 mg/kg for Ni, 10.60 mg/kg for Co, 9.57 mg/kg for Zn, 4.53 mg/kg for Cu and 3.53 mg/kg for Cd during the research time. The average concentration of Pb, Ni, Fe, and Cd surpassed the USEPA recommendation. Cd is responsible for extremely high contamination; Pb is responsible for moderate pollution and severe contamination at some places based on the contamination factor (CF). According to contamination degree (CD), The Lake is classified as significant pollution degree and very pollution degree in some sites. Results indicated that HL is not contaminated with HMs according to geo-accumulation index and PLI for all sample locations during the study period. The lake is unpolluted by Fe, Cr, Co, Ni, Zn, and Cu according to contamination factor (CF), geo-accumulation index (I-geo), pollution load index (PLI), and Contamination degree (CD).
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Mannaa, Ammar A., Athar Ali Khan, Rabea Haredy, and Aaid G. Al-Zubieri. "Contamination Evaluation of Heavy Metals in a Sediment Core from the Al-Salam Lagoon, Jeddah Coast, Saudi Arabia." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 8 (2021): 899. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9080899.

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The Al-Salam Lagoon is one of the recreational sites along the Jeddah coast, showing the environmental impacts of urbanization along the coast. A sediment core (220 cm) was collected from the intertidal zone to evaluate the heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Pb) and geochemical indices (contamination factor, geo-accumulation index, and pollution load index). In the organ-ic-rich muddy sediments (0–100 cm), there is a high metals content and a pollution load index of ~3, indicting anthropogenic impacts with high Cu contamination (CF:12) and moderate Fe, Mn, Cr, Ni, Zn, and Pb contamination (CF: <3). The organic matter and heavy metals washed through surface run-off from the land and deposited as urban waste. Down the core, consistent metals concentration, CF, and Igeo trends indicate a common pollutant source and pollution load variations over time. In the sediment section (70–40 cm), a high organic matter, metal concentration, CF, Igeo, and PLI value (≥5) suggest an uncontrolled pollution load. The decreased and stable trends of environmental indicators toward surface sediments suggest measures taken to control the pollution along the Jeddah coast. Below 110 cm, the carbonate-rich sediments have low organic matter and metals, showing an unpolluted depositional environment. The negative geo-accumulation index implies a geogenic source and indicates no anthropogenic impacts as inferred from low (~1.0) CF and PLI.
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Wei, Wenchao, Yun Zhang, Licheng Wang, et al. "Microplastic Pollution and Its Ecological Risks in the Xisha Islands, South China Sea." Toxics 13, no. 3 (2025): 205. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13030205.

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China is facing increasing marine microplastic pollution. Despite the fact that the South China Sea is the largest marine area in China, the ecological danger and present state of microplastic contamination in this region have not been systematically and comprehensively investigated. This study analyzed the abundance, distribution, and characteristics of microplastics in different environmental media and biological samples from the Xisha Islands in the South China Sea, and then the ecological risk assessment of microplastic pollution in this area was conducted. The findings indicated that the quantities of sediments, soil, water, fish, and birds were 41.56 ± 19.12 items/kg, 92.94 ± 111.05 items/kg, 2.89 ± 1.92 items/L, 2.57 ± 2.12 items/ind, and 1.702 ± 1.50 items/ind, respectively. By evaluating the pollution load index (PLI), polymer hazard index (PHI), and potential ecological risk index (PERI), the PLI of the Xisha Islands in the South China Sea as a whole indicated that the hazard level was slightly polluted, the PHI was at a high-risk level, and the PERI samples were at no risk, except for the soil and seawater, which were at a medium-risk level.
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Yadav, Arti, and Pawan Kumar Yadav. "Pollution Load Index (PLI) of field irrigated with wastewater of Mawaiya Drain in Naini suburbs of Allahabad District." Current World Environment 13, no. 1 (2018): 159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.13.1.15.

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Wastewater irrigation is practiced in outskirts of several cities of India. Enhanced growth and productivity of crops possess threat of heavy metal accumulation while irrigated with wastewater. Assessment of heavy metal accumulation in soil flooded with wastewater of Mawaiya drain in Naini region of Allahabad district, using parameter of contamination factor and pollution load index (PLI). Samples of soil were taken from the fields irrigated with wastewater and analyzed for heavy metals by using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). The maximum accumulation of heavy metal was observed for iron in soil. Heavy metal contamination is soil was assessed by estimation of contamination factor which was observed for Cu (0.7858), Fe (296.1864), Zn (0.4304), Pb (1.1661) and Ni (1.8912). Pollution load index (PLI) used for assessment of soil contamination and observed that maximum contamination (PLI, 74.31) was in water stressed conditions of summer. Heavy metals concentration in wastewater and accumulation in soil found within WHO limits in present study which may increase if unmanaged wastewater flooding continued.
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Faiz, Y., S. Waheed, and N. Siddique. "Air Quality Assessment of Faisalabad and Gujranwala Cities of Pakistan: Application of Pollution Indices." Nucleus 52, no. 2 (2015): 55–62. https://doi.org/10.71330/thenucleus.2015.650.

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Urban air quality of industrial cities of Pakistan, namely Gujranwala and Faisalabad was assessed in terms of pollution level indicators such as pollution load index (PLI), geoaccumulation index (Igeo), pollution index (PI) and integrated pollution index (IPI). It was found that both cities have elevated metal concentrations indicating heavy to extreme contamination for most of the sites. Local anthropogenic activities and elevated geo-accumulation indices for different suite of elements were used to indicate possible pollutant sources in these two industrial cities to be traffic derived emissions, suspended soil, road dust, construction materials, fossil fuel and industrial emissions, tanneries, chrome plating units and metal smelters. Comparison of the pollution indices shows that Ba, Br, Ca, Cd, Na, Pb, Sb and Zn have mean PLI, Igeo, PI and IPI for both cities which are in the highly polluted category. Cu, La, Sc, V and Zr have pollution indices corresponding to high or extreme levels in Faisalabad only while Cr and Ti are highly polluting only in Gujranwala. In Faisalabad and Gujranwala it was found that 91.43 % and 85.29 % respectively of the PI data occurs in high level of pollution implying that to some extent Faisalabad is more polluted as compared to Gujranwala.
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Esmaeilzadeh, Marjan, Elham Mahmoudpuor, Somayeh Haghighat, Sara Esmaeilzadeh, Hamide Aliani, and Najmeh Yazdanfar. "Contamination and ecological risk assessment of trace elements in sediments of the Anzali Wetland, Northern Iran." Water Science and Technology 84, no. 9 (2021): 2578–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2021.455.

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Abstract In this paper, concentrations of some heavy metals in surficial sediments of the International Anzali Wetland were measured, this wetland is located in the northern part of Iran. Sediment pollution levels were examined and analyzed using reliable pollution indices including Pollution Load Index (PLI), Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo) and Enrichment Factor (CF), and finally it was revealed that heavy metal pollution ranged from low to moderate loads in the wetland. According to Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQGs) and Ecological Risk Index (ERI), it was concluded that As and Ni may have significant toxic impacts on aquatic organisms and also according to Effect Range Median (ERM), the toxicity probability of sediments in the Anzali wetland was estimated at 21%.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Pollution Load Index (PLI)"

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Jablonski, Daniel. "AN ASSESSMENT OF CWA SECTION 303(d) PRIORITIZATION OF IMPAIRED WATER BODIES IN ILLINOIS." OpenSIUC, 2011. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/669.

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Water quality has been an issue of concern since the settlement of man and continues to be of great concern today in many locations around the world. In the United States, to address the issues of water pollution, the U.S. Congress passed the Clean Water Act (CWA) in 1972. This study examines the implementation and prioritization of impaired water bodies listed on the Illinois CWA section 303(d) list between 1992 and 2004. This study used the Delphi survey method to obtain opinions from water quality/management experts that reside in the state of Illinois. The goal of this study was to determine if a consensus could be reached amongst water quality experts on the severity of individual water pollutants for a given designated use of a water body by assigning weights, determining if any prioritization trends exist within the current Illinois 303(d) process, as well as identifying any shortcomings of the process and suggesting possible modes of improvement. The survey identified four major shortcomings of Illinois' current approach to water quality management: 1) limited funding and manpower, 2) lack of coordination/monitoring, 3) failure to regulate point sources, and 4) lack of biological monitoring. The survey respondents indicated that the entire state needs attention in terms of water quality improvement and that agriculture and urban runoff are the most important sources of water pollution and water body impairment. They rated the current prioritization system as being between "average" and "good" and identified that development of a weighting scheme could be feasible as long as it received adequate funding and adequate stakeholder support. The measure of consensus among respondents regarding weights for individual pollutants and designated uses varied significantly; however, the overwhelming majority of consensus values improved after participants were asked to revise their original responses in an effort to move towards central tendency in the distribution of assigned ranks.
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Makuleke, Peace. "An assessment of impacts of landfill composition on soil quality, heavy metal and plant health : a case of Lumberstewart landfill in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe." Diss., 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/27575.

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Landfills have served as the major sites for waste disposal in both developed and developing countries. Upon closure of a landfill site, the surface could be converted to a golf course, recreation park, playground, animal refuge, tennis court and industrial site. Even when closed, landfills still have the potential to contaminate the surrounding environment as a result of the migration of leachate from decomposing waste contained in the site. This study focused on assessing the impacts of a closed landfill on soils and plants at Lumberstewart closed landfill site in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. Soil samples were collected at three different depths (0-30 cm, 30 - 60 cm and 60-90 cm) at the landfill and a control site. The soil samples were analysed for their texture, pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter content, cation exchange capacity and concentrations of Cd, Cu, Cr, Fe, Ni and Zn. Samples of jimson weed and pigweed growing at the closed landfill and the control site were collected from the same sites where soil samples were collected, and the concentrations of the same set of heavy metals in these weeds determined. Soil samples were digested using EPA method 3050B: Acid Digestion of Sediments, Sludge and soils whereas nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide was used for digestion of plant samples. Both plant and soil digests were analyzed for heavy metals concentrations using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS). Soils from the landfill as well as the control site had a high content of sand with soil pH values which were alkaline. The electrical conductivity values of the soil samples were relatively low ranging from 0.39 to 1.67 dS/m, indicating low levels of salts in soils at the landfill. The concentrations of heavy metals at the closed landfill site were higher than the control site. Heavy metals concentrations in soils at the closed landfill followed the order Fe>Zn>Cu>Cr>Ni>Cd. Results indicated that Fe was exceptionally higher than the other metals with concentration values averaging 45690±17255 mg/kg. Cadmium on the other hand had the least concentration with values of 0.01±0.00 mg/kg. Values of Enrichment Factors of heavy metals around the soil at different depths indicated that the enrichment of heavy metals increased with depth at the landfill up to 30-60 cm after which a decrease was observed. Values for heavy metal Contamination Factor of soils around the landfill ranged from low concentration (CF<1) to very high concentration (CF>6). The Pollution Load Index (PLI) values for the soil at the Lumberstewart landfill indicated that all sites were polluted (PLI>1). Site 6 had significantly higher mean concentration of heavy metals in soils at the landfill whereas site 11 had the least. The concentrations of Cd and Ni in soils at the landfill were below permissible limits of South African National Norms and Standards (NNS) as prescribed by NEMA (2008) in South Africa whereas Cr, Cu and Zn in soils were above the NNS permissible limits. Heavy metal concentrations in soils at the landfill were above World Health (WHO) permissible limits except for Cd which was equal (0.01 mg/kg) to the permissible values of Cd in the soils at sites 5, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12. Mean concentrations of heavy metals in jimson weed and pigweed were in the order Fe>Zn>Cu>Cr>Ni>Cd. The concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe and Zn in both plants from all sites at the landfill were significantly higher than the control site. Heavy metal transfer coefficient for both plants indicated that heavy metal uptake was more species dependent than soil heavy metal concentration dependent. The results from this research indicate that though the Lumberstewart Landfill has been closed, it is still affecting the soils in the vicinity of the landfill. Plants and water around the Lumberstewart closed landfill could be at risk from heavy metal contamination. High concentrations of heavy metals observed in the soil could present a health risk to communities should they decide to use the landfill site for arable purposes.<br>Environmental Sciences<br>M. Sc. (Environmental Science)
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Book chapters on the topic "Pollution Load Index (PLI)"

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Diarrassouba Tuo, Adama, Issiaka Ben Chérif Traoré, and Albert Trokourey. "Use of Several Pollution Indices for Metal Contamination Assessment in Aquatic Ecosystems, A Case Study, Ebrié Lagoon-Côte d’Ivoire." In Heavy Metals - Recent Advances [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.110244.

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In aquatic ecosystems, trace metals (TMs) are widely studied due to their harmful effects on living organisms and humans. The aim of the present study was to use different pollution indices to characterize the sediments contamination with six TMs (As, Cd, Fe, Hg, Mn and Pb). Sediments samples were collected in April 2006 with a Van Veen grab at five stations located in the Ebrie Lagoon (Côte d’Ivoire). TMs concentrations were determined using an ICP-MS Instrument for the calculation of the contamination index (CI), contamination factor (CF), pollution load index (PLI), enrichment factor (EF) and Muller’s index of geoaccumulation (Igeo). The CI revealed the sediments contamination in As, Cd and Pb, while CF highlighted their contamination in Hg, As, Fe and Cd. Regarding the PLI, the sediments were uncontaminated with TMs. The EF showed the sediments enrichment with Hg, Pb and As, while the Igeo revealed their pollution with As, Fe, Pb and Cd. In conclusion, the PLI is a useful tool for different locations characterization, while the others (CI, CF, EF, and Igeo) allow individual characterization regarding each TM. Due to high contents in As, Cd and Pb, the studied area need a particular attention.
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Pramod Kumar, Madri, Tella Lakshmi Prasad, Kothapalli Nagalakshmi, Nadimikeri Jayaraju, and Ballari Lakshmanna. "Concentrations of Heavy Metals as Proxies of Marine Pollution along Nellore Coast of South District, Andhra Pradesh." In Heavy Metals - Their Environmental Impacts and Mitigation [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95275.

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Bottom sediment samples from six stations were sampled in pre monsoon 2016, from the Govindampalli – Durgarajupatnam (GP-DP) coast. Heavy metals viz., Fe, Mn, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn and Cd analysis was carried out by using ICP-OES, and the average concentrations are as follows Fe &gt; Mn &gt; Zn &gt; Cr &gt; Pb &gt; Ni &gt; Cu &gt; Cd. Various environmental indices like Factor Analysis (FA), Geo-accumulation Index (Igeo), Enrichment Factor (EF) and Pollution Load Index (PLI) were applied to the chemical data in order to know the levels of contamination and factors contributing to the pollution. Correlation coefficient results exhibits significant positive and negative relationships among Fe, Mn, Pb, Zn, Cd. All the environmental indices suggest that heavy metals were present at higher concentrations and the impacts of anthropogenic activities are crucial that serves as source of heavy metals in the zone. Relatively, maximum number of heavy metals viz., Fe, Ni and Pb were accumulated at the brackish environment i.e., at confluence of Swarnamukhi river (GP-S Station).
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Kwame Teye, Albert, and Isaac Kow Tetteh. "Heavy Metal Pollution Resulting from Informal E-Waste Recycling in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana." In Heavy Metals - Recent Advances [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.112397.

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This study investigated concentrations and spatial distributions of four heavy metals: Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Copper (Cu), and Lead (Pb) in the soil and drainage systems resulting from informal e-waste recycling at Ashaiman, a town in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana. Twenty-four soil samples were randomly taken from two open burning sites, and three water samples from a drainage that flows through the scrapyard were digested using standard wet digestion methods. An atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) was used to analyze three replicates per sampling location for the heavy metals. The results revealed that the soil and drainage samples were polluted, with the metallic levels exceeding the World Health Organization (WHO), the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) of Ghana limits. Geoaccumulation index (Igeo), pollution load index (PLI), and contamination factor (CF) further confirmed the contamination of the scrapyard by the heavy metals. Spatial distribution maps showed elevated levels of the heavy metals at portions designated for open burning and disposal of e-waste materials. The research corroborates studies on pollution of the environment by informal e-waste activities and underscores the urgent need for policy implementation and law enforcement to halt further pollution.
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Runova, Elena, Vera Savchenkova, Ekaterina Demina-Moskovskaya, and Anastasia Baranenkova. "Assessment of the State of Forest Plant Communities of Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in the Conditions of Urban Ecosystems." In Vegetation Index and Dynamics [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96625.

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Siberian cities are characterized by one feature: many of them have preserved natural woodlands during construction, which on the one hand give a completely unusual, unique appearance to cities, on the other hand, trees suffer from recreational load, high levels of pollution and other anthropogenic factors. To assess the condition of pine stands, 3 test areas (0.5 ha, 0.1 ha and 1.9 ha) were laid. All considered plantings of natural origin are areas of woodland that were preserved during the construction of the city and are subject to recreational and industrial pollution. The test sites belong to areas with a high anthropogenic load, as they are located along highways and in close proximity to residential and public buildings and are part of parks with a high recreational load. The average age of trees is 70–80 years. The sanitary condition of the massif and its landscape characteristics are also determined. The critical condition of the massif is established, requiring sanitary logging and other forestry measures that could reduce recreational and anthropogenic loads.
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Kesimal, Ayhan, Kadir Karaman, Ferdi Cihangir, and Bayram Ercikdi. "Excavatability Assessment of Rock Masses for Geotechnical Studies." In Advances in Civil and Industrial Engineering. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2709-1.ch006.

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The excavatability of rocks is of importance for the selection of suitable and cost–effective excavation methods not only in mining and quarrying but also in the construction of tunnels, subways, highways and dams. Moreover, selection of the right excavation method and equipment in mining and geotechnical projects depends on the excavatability properties of rocks. A number of different methods have been proposed to evaluate the excavatability of rocks based on their geotechnical properties, such as rock mass rating (RMR), uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), discontinuity spacing of rock masses, point load index (PLI) and seismic velocity of intact rock. The type of equipment used and the method of working also affect the excavatability of rocks. In this work, the term excavatability is considered as the ease of excavation of rock and rock masses and comprises the methods of digging, ripping, breaking and blasting for easy/very easy, moderate to difficult, soft or moderately to highly fractured rock and very difficult excavation conditions, respectively.
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Kong, Jingjing, Tingting Gao, Qu Chen, et al. "A Study of the Toxic Effects of Microplastic Pollution on Aquatic Organisms and a Methodology for Dynamic Assessment." In Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications. IOS Press, 2025. https://doi.org/10.3233/faia250254.

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In order to solve the problem that the traditional methods for assessing micro plastic pollution are not accurate, the research on toxic effects of micro plastic pollution on aquatic organisms and dynamic assessment methods has been proposed. In this paper, stereomicroscope and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer were used to identify the apparent characteristics and polymer composition of microplastics, and pollution risk index, pollution load index and ecological risk index were used to assess the ecological risk of microplastics pollution in the study area. The experimental results showed that the detection rate of micro plastic pollution in surface water was 20%∼100%, the highest detection value was 420ng/L, and the predicted ineffective concentration (PNEC) derived from chronic toxicity data such as development, reproduction and behavior was 1.36 × 10-6 mg/L; The risk quotient calculated based on chronic toxicity is 0.03-36.76. Conclusion: This method can effectively improve the toxic effect of micro plastic pollution on aquatic organisms and the accuracy of dynamic assessment.
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Busuyi Raji, Iyioluwa, and Lobina Gertrude Palamuleni. "Toxic Heavy Metals in Soil and Plants from a Gold Mining Area, South Africa." In Heavy Metals - Recent Advances [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.109639.

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The mining of mineral deposits abundant in South Africa has led to the release of toxic heavy metals into the environment. The aim of this study was to investigate heavy metal pollution from a gold mining area. The concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, lead, and zinc were analyzed in soil and plants found within 500 m and 1000 m radius of a gold mine established in North-West. The concentrations of these heavy metals were determined using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. The results showed that the concentrations of the studied heavy metals were all below the national and international threshold but higher than the concentrations found several kilometers away from the mining area, the natural background concentration. The results from the pollution load index shows that the topsoil is contaminated for the selected heavy metals. There was accumulation of the studied heavy metals in the studied Eragrostis hypnoides plant’s leaves and roots. In this study, it was revealed that zinc and cadmium bioaccumulated in the plant via the soil. These findings suggests that the consumption of agricultural products from farms within the 1 km radius of the mining site could be detrimental to the wellbeing of direct and indirect consumers.
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Conference papers on the topic "Pollution Load Index (PLI)"

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UNSAL, Murat Huseyin, Gytautas IGNATAVIČIUS, Roberta VALSKIENĖ, and Vaidotas VALSKYS. "Long-term heavy metal accumulation in sediment dust of schools in Vilnius: a case study." In 12th International Conference “Environmental Engineering”. VILNIUS TECH, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2023.901.

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This study aims to determine concentrations of chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), and copper (Cu) their contamination characteristics, in the samples of dust collected from eleven different schools in the Vilnius region and were investigated. X-ray fluorescence spectrometry was used to analyze the collected dust samples. The geo-accumulation index (Igeo) and pollution load index were used to determine the contamination level (PLI). The average concentrations distributed as follows: Zn &gt; Cr &gt; Cu &gt; Pb &gt; As &gt; Hg. Ni and Cd were below the detection threshold. Average Igeo values of schools’ show that above 3 class observed. Only in three schools that Hg was detected and for these schools Igeo values shows no contamination according to index classes. The levels of Cu, Zn in all schools exceeded the contamination limit of Igeo value class 6, and the levels of Pb, Cr in some schools also exceeded this limit. As for PLI values, in all the other schools, were above 1, indicating a decrease in the quality of the site. Only for Hg it was below 1.
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Alsafran, Mohammed, Kamal Usman, Hareb Al Jabri, and Muhammad Rizwan. "Ecological and Health Risks Assessment of Potentially Toxic Metals and Metalloids Contaminants." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2021.0015.

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Potentially toxic environmental contaminants, including metals and metalloids, are commonly found in emerging economies. At high concentrations, elements such as As, Cr, and Ni can be hazardous and may lead to various health problems in humans, including cancer. The current study measured As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn concentrations in agricultural soils. Pollution levels and potential negative impacts on human and environmental health were determined using the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) standard methodologies. According to the study’s findings, the studied element concentrations descended in the following order: Zn &gt; Cr &gt; V &gt; Ni &gt; As &gt; Cu &gt; Pb &gt; Cd. Of these, As (27.6 mg/kg), Cr (85.7 mg/kg), Ni (61.9 mg/kg), and Zn (92.3 mg/kg) concentrations were higher than average world background levels. Each of these elements also had an enrichment factor (EF &gt; 1), indicating their anthropogenic origin. The combined pollution load index (PLI &gt; 1) and geo-accumulation index (Igeo) range values of −0.2–2.5 further indicated that the soil was polluted up to 58%. However, the ecological risk factor (Er ≤ 40.6) and potential ecological risk index (PERI = 79.6) suggested low ecological risk. A human health risk evaluation showed that only As, with a hazard index (HI) of 1.3, posed a non-carcinogenic risk to infants. Additionally, As, Cr, and Ni, with total carcinogenic risk (TCR) values of 1.18 × 10−4 and 2.06 × 10−4 for adults and children, respectively, proved carcinogenic to both age groups. The elements’ carcinogenic risk (CR) potential descended in the following order: Ni &gt; As &gt; Cr. Additionally, for both adults and children, oral ingestion is the most likely exposure pathway. Our findings support the need for closer monitoring of potentially toxic metals and metalloids levels in cultivated soils and farm produce in Qatar.
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Arman, Hasan, AbdulAziz Khalid Khalifa Alazzani, Mansoor Saleh Ayedh Al Harthi, Ahmed Qayed Mosaad Alharbi, Mulham Abdalla Al Mansour, and Safwan Paramban. "Comparative Study on Strength Characteristics of Carbonate Rocks from Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (UAE)." In 4th European Regional Conference of IAEG. University of Zagreb Faculty of Civil Engineering, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5592/co/euroengeo.2024.116.

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Rock strength determination either in-situ or laboratory requires time consuming processes on rock sampling, sample preparation and testing. Various testing methods such as uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), point load index PLI (Is(50)), indirect tensile strength (ITS), and Schmidt hammer (either on core, SHVC or rock block samples, SVHRB) tests are commonly used to measure rock strength in laboratory. In this study, sixty rock blocks, which have approximately 30x30x30 cm size and represent different type of carbonate rocks were collected from three different locations of the Al Ain city, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (UAE). After a quality inspection of rock blocks – free of any visibly discontinuities, fractures, filling material, etc., only selected forty-three rock blocks were used for Schmidt hammer tests on rock blocks (SHVRB). Then, the NX size (54 mm) core samples from the same rock blocks were drilled, trimmed, measured, and different strength tests of the UCS, PLI (Is(50)), and ITS were carried out on core samples according the suggested ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials). The various relations between the mean UCS and the mean of the other measured strength values were estimated with representative empirical equations. The results indicated that variable correlations, strong to very week, between the rock strength parameters with specific determination of coefficient (R2) values. The best correlation was between the mean UCS vs the mean PLI (Is(50)) (R2 = 0.70) and the mean PLI (Is(50)) vs the mean ITS (R2 = 0.62). The provided various rock strength parameters may be specific within the arid environment of the investigated carbonate rocks. However, the results may still be useful as comparative guidelines for decision makers and engineers for different engineering applications in the region and regions of other carbonate rocks.
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Singovszka, Eva. "COMPARISON OF POLLUTION LOAD INDEX IN BOTTOM SEDIMENTS OF SIX RIVERS ON EAST OF SLOVAKIA." In 18th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM2018. Stef92 Technology, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2018/5.2/s20.031.

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Keivanfard, M., and G. Nemati. "Detection of harmonic pollution ranking of non-linear load in the HORMOZGAN distribution power system by using new power quality index." In 22nd International Conference and Exhibition on Electricity Distribution (CIRED 2013). Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp.2013.1218.

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Abugharara, Abdelsalam N., Abourawi M. Alwaar, Stephen D. Butt, and Charles A. Hurich. "Baseline Development of Rock Anisotropy Investigation Utilizing Empirical Relationships Between Oriented Physical and Mechanical Measurements and Drilling Performance." In ASME 2016 35th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2016-55141.

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This paper describes a baseline investigation to confirm the isotropy of rocks material through physical and mechanical measurements followed by oriented drilling. This baseline is intended to evaluate drilling experiments in anisotropic rock materials to determine the significance of the anisotropy on drilling performance. The conducted tests include oriented measurements of compressional and shear wave velocities (Vp and Vs, respectively), density, Elastic Moduli, Point Load Strength Index (PLI), Indirect Tensile (IT) strength, and Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS). The oriented laboratory drilling experiments were conducted under various pump flow rates and several weights on bit (WOB). In this work, an isotropic rock like material (RLM) was developed using Portland cement and fine-grained aggregate. The tested RLM specimens were of medium strength of ∼50 MPa. The RLM samples were cored in different orientations and then, tested and drilled according to these orientations. (e.g. 0°, 45° and 90°, representing horizontal, diagonal and vertical directions, respectively). Two main sets of lab tests were performed including pre-drilling and drilling tests. For the pre-drilling lab experiments, two main sets of tests were conducted to determine the physical and mechanical properties of samples (as outlined above) including PLI, IT, UCS, Vp, Vs, density and corresponding isotropic Dynamic Elastic Moduli. For the drilling tests, a vertical lab scale drilling rig was used with a 35 mm dual-cutter Polycrystalline Diamond Compact “PDC” bit. The drilling parameters involved were flow rates, nominal rotary speed of 300 rpm, and various WOB under atmospheric pressure. The relationships between the drilling data were analyzed including drilling rate of penetration (ROP), depth of cut (DOC), and corresponding effective WOB. The results of all mechanical, physical and drilling measurements and tests show consistent values indicating the isotropy of the tested rock material. This consistency verifies that the drilling tests are free of bias associated with drilling orientation.
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Radojičić, Vuk, Zivojin Smiljkovic, Ksenija Stojanović, and Aleksandra Skrobonja. "HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT OF HEAVY METALS IN THE EASTERN SLOPES OF THE SUVA PLANINA MOUNTAIN – A SCENARIO ANALYSIS." In 8th Workshop Food and Drug Safety and Quality. Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/8fdsq.pb9vr.

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In this study, a scenario analysis of risk associated with regular excursions to the Suva Planina Mountain, Serbia, for adults and children over a period of five years is performed because of the high concentrations of certain heavy metals in the soil. Additionally, the source of contamination was evaluated by identifying potential anthropogenic influences as well as products of natural geological processes. For that purpose, the Pollution Load Index, Geoaccumulation Index, and Hakanson contamination factor are used.
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