Journal articles: 'Pollution point sources'

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Kibble, Andrew, and Roy Harrison. "Point sources of air pollution." Occupational Medicine 55, no. 6 (September 1, 2005): 425–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqi138.

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Paladino, Ombretta, Arianna Moranda, and Mahdi Seyedsalehi. "A Method for Identifying Pollution Sources of Heavy Metals and PAH for a Risk-Based Management of a Mediterranean Harbour." Scientifica 2017 (2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4690715.

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A procedure for assessing harbour pollution by heavy metals and PAH and the possible sources of contamination is proposed. The procedure is based on a ratio-matching method applied to the results of principal component analysis (PCA), and it allows discrimination between point and nonpoint sources. The approach can be adopted when many sources of pollution can contribute in a very narrow coastal ecosystem, both internal and outside but close to the harbour, and was used to identify the possible point sources of contamination in a Mediterranean Harbour (Port of Vado, Savona, Italy). 235 sediment samples were collected in 81 sampling points during four monitoring campaigns and 28 chemicals were searched for within the collected samples. PCA of total samples allowed the assessment of 8 main possible point sources, while the refining ratio-matching identified 1 sampling point as a possible PAH source, 2 sampling points as Cd point sources, and 3 sampling points as C > 12 point sources. By a map analysis it was possible to assess two internal sources of pollution directly related to terminals activity. The study is the prosecution of a previous work aimed at assessing Savona-Vado Harbour pollution levels and suggested strategies to regulate the harbour activities.

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Xiang, Long, Zhong Bo Yu, Li Chen, Jia Ji He, Cheng Chen, and Xiao Lei Fu. "Evaluating the Characteristics of Hydraulic Driven Non-Point Source Pollution Loss in Agricultural Watershed." Applied Mechanics and Materials 212-213 (October 2012): 518–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.212-213.518.

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Non-point source (NPS) pollution is one of the major pollution sources in agricultural watershed, and the NPS pollution is the governing factor for polluting surface water. In this paper, series of hydrologic response units were set in various land-use plots to observe the runoff yields and NPS pollution yields from 2008 to 2010. The rainfall and fertilization were recorded in various types of land-use. Based on the long-term observation data, the characteristics of flow yield and critical precipitation intensities for generating runoff were quantified, and the hydraulic driven NPS pollutions (TN, TP) were analyzed temporally and spatially. The results show the flow yield is positive to total amount and intensity of precipitation and hillslope, but negative to vegetation canopy and Tillage intensity. Based on surface hydraulic conditions, the NPS pollution yield on various lands are calculated statistically. The seasonal fluctuations of NPS pollution yield rates are strongly related to flow production and human artificial fertilization. This work will enhance the understanding of NPS loss in agricultural watersheds.

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Dong, De Ming, Dong Mei Liang, Ji Li Ma, Yong Zhang, Ju Wang, and Chun Sheng Fang. "Research of Non-Point Source Pollution Quantity Discharged into the Source Area of Liao River." Applied Mechanics and Materials 295-298 (February 2013): 1643–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.295-298.1643.

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First, this paper estimates all kinds of non-point source pollutant emissions in the source areas of Liao river, then calculates the pollutant quantity discharged into the river from rural living sources, planting pollution sources, livestock and poultry breeding pollution sources and aquaculture pollution sources in detail in the source areas. The results of the paper could provide a scientific basis for making a far-reaching significant watershed management scheme.

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Ma, Jian, Xin Chen, and Yi Shi. "Distinguishing the Main Pollution Source an Efficient Way in Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution Control." Advanced Materials Research 347-353 (October 2011): 2195–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.347-353.2195.

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Agricultural non-point source (NPS) pollution is a growing environmental problem, contributing much to water eutrophication in China as well as in other parts of the world. NPS pollutants are heterogeneously distributed and discharged from agricultural lands and other sources, and extremely hard to control by technical measures. Hence, control of the water quality problems caused by agricultural NPS pollution becomes difficult if recommended best management practices (BMPs) can’t be well implemented. In this paper, current research progress related to distinguishing agricultural NPS pollution sources was reviewed. Three pivotal methods for identifying agricultural NPS pollution sources were introduced and the advantages and disadvantages of each approach were discussed. Finally suggestions were presented on better identifying agricultural NPS pollution sources in China.

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Langhammer, Jakub. "Evaluation of non-point sources of surface water pollution." Geografie 107, no. 1 (2002): 23–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.37040/geografie2002107010023.

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The non-point pollution sources represent an increasingly important component of the total pollution balance in the country as a result of a gradual reduction of the pollution load from point sources of surface water pollution. As this pollution component cannot be directly measured, various methods of calculation and modelling are used. The author has developed a new methodology for accurate evaluation of the spatial distribution of the pollution load from a river basin under the form of an empirical grid-based GIS model. The article describes this methodology and its application to the Berounka river basin with the aim to evaluate the spatial distribution of the load of the key pollution parameters.

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Schaffner, Monika, Hans-Peter Bader, and Ruth Scheidegger. "Modeling the contribution of point sources and non-point sources to Thachin River water pollution." Science of The Total Environment 407, no. 17 (August 2009): 4902–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.05.007.

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Su, Jing, Yanhua Qiu, Yuling Lu, Xiaosong Yang, and Songyan Li. "Use of Multivariate Statistical Techniques to Study Spatial Variability and Sources Apportionment of Pollution in Rivers Flowing into the Laizhou Bay in Dongying District." Water 13, no. 6 (March 12, 2021): 772. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13060772.

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Spatial variability and source apportionment of river pollution flowing into the Bohai Sea are of great significance to the pollution liability and development of control strategies to reduce the terrestrial discharge of pollution in the ocean. In this study, ten water quality variables from 14 monitoring sites in rivers flowing into Laizhou Bay were obtained to investigate the spatial variation and pollution sources in Dongying District from 2018–2019. The survey area was divided into a low pollution (LP) zone and a high pollution (HP) zone by cluster analysis based on ten indicators. Principle component analysis/factor analysis with a geographic information system was performed to identify the four main pollution sources in the survey area. Compared with the positive matrix factorization model, the absolute principal component score-multiple linear regression (APCS-MLR) model was more appropriate for the source apportionment of pollution in the surface water of Dongying District. The point source pollution of domestic sewage (23.6%) was the most crucial pollution source of water in the LP zone, followed by non-point pollution from agricultural activity (16.4%). The contribution rate in the HP zone analyzed by the APCS-MLR model followed a decreasing order: point source pollution from domestic sewage (28.5%) > non-point pollution source of overland runoff (14.8%) > point source pollution of hybrid wastewater (12.4%) > point source pollution from industries sewage (10.6%). Therefore, the spatial distribution and sources of pollution in the investigated area should be considered while developing control measures to reduce the discharge of pollution to Laizhou Bay.

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Wang, Wen Yong, Bo Jun Ke, and Gao Ping Fu. "The Emission Inventory Complication of Air Pollution Sources of Chengdu Urban Agglomerations." Advanced Materials Research 807-809 (September 2013): 204–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.807-809.204.

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This thesis has provided a detailed survey of the basic situation of air pollution sources (point sources, non-point sources and line sources) in Chengdu urban agglomeration and calculated the pollutant emissions for each type of pollution sources by using the pollution source monitoring data (on-line monitoring and routine monitoring) or emission factor method. A temporal allocation has been carried out for the emissions of each type of sources (point sources, non-point sources and line sources) according to the production characteristics of the industrial enterprises which discharge air pollutants, the working and living law of human being and driving rules of vehicles. As for the spatial allocation of pollution sources, enterprises with confirmed location have been located by their latitude and longitude. For pollution sources whose location is unknown, their spatial allocation has been carried out and a detailed emission inventory of the pollution sources has been compiled on the basis of the population ratio of each grid and GDP output ratio, which provides basis data for the air quality stimulation and policy-making for prevention and control of air pollution of urban agglomeration.

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Yang, Dong Fang, Feng You Wang, Hua Zhong He, You Fu Wu, and Si Xi Zhu. "Effect of Hg on Jiaozhou BayWaters – The Change Process of the Hg Pollution Sources." Advanced Materials Research 955-959 (June 2014): 1443–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.955-959.1443.

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Based on investigation data in Jiaozhou bay waters from 1979 to 1985(absent of 1984), this paper tried to anylysis the horizontal distributions and pollution sources and characteristics of Hg in Jiaozhou Bay. The results showed that, the horizonal distributions of Hg in surface water of Jiaozhou Bay showed decreasing trends from river flow direct, and the major pollution source of Hg was point source, whose pollutants were transferred by stream discharge. Under the influences of point source pollution, the Hg concentrations in surface waters could range from 0.46-13.04 μg.L-1; while under the influences of ocean current itself, the concentration of Hg in bay mouth area could range from 0.46-13.04 μg.L-1. The pollution sources of Hg in Jiaozhou Bay could be catagoried as two levels as high-pollution sources and non-pollution sources, due to Hg in this bay was mainly impacted by point source. It is necessary to enhance the recovery ratio of Hg, and to reduce the discharge of Hg.

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Meng, Chong, Hua Yin, Fan Li Kong, and Yu Li. "Roles of Rural Contiguous Improvement Measures on the Non-Point Source Pollution Control in Rural Area in China." Advanced Materials Research 1030-1032 (September 2014): 687–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1030-1032.687.

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Nowadays, agricultural non-point source pollution has become the main pollution source of water environment, especially for drinking water. Water sources protection has become a major problem in national economy and people's livelihood. Rural contiguous improvement project, including rural drinking water source protection, rural domestic sewage treatment, rural living garbage and livestock industry pollution treatment, can not only improve rural living environment, but also effectively reduce the non-point source pollution source of the water sources. A case study in north China showed that, after rural contiguous improvement, the amount of pollution source reduced significantly, so as to protect and improve the environmental quality of water source reserve effectively.

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12

NEWMAN, ALAN. "Water pollution point sources still significant in urban areas." Environmental Science & Technology 29, no. 3 (March 1995): 114A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00003a738.

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13

Wierzbińska, Monika. "MODELING OF AIR POLLUTION DISPERSION EMITTED FROM POINT SOURCES." Inżynieria Ekologiczna 18, no. 2 (April 1, 2017): 199–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.12912/23920629/68315.

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Zhou, Liying, Zichen Li, Linglong Meng, Tianxin Li, and Namir Domingos Raimundo Lopes. "Environmental Risk Assessment for PM2.5 Pollution from Non-Point Sources in the Mining Area Based on Multi-Source Superposition and Diffusion." Sustainability 13, no. 12 (June 10, 2021): 6619. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13126619.

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To identify high-concentration contributing sources and highly dispersive pollution sources of fine particulate matter, analyze the relationship between the location and distribution shape of emission sources and the concentration contribution and dispersion of particulate matter, and realize the atmospheric environment risk simulation and the differential control of non-point sources in the mining area, taking a large mining area in Inner Mongolia as an example, we classified the emission sources of PM2.5 (particulate matter less than 2.5 μm) and complied with the emission inventory. A CALPUFF model was used to simulate the contribution for the PM2.5 concentration of six types of emission sources and a multi-source superposition. Through scenario simulation, we analyzed the relationship between the spatial distribution of emission sources and the emission concentration and diffusion in a large mining area. We analyzed the relative risks of six types of sources under the influence of other superimposed sources and the change of emission concentration during transmission. We established a three-dimensional evaluation model to assess the atmospheric environmental risk of PM2.5 non-point sources in the mining area, considering the change rate of PM2.5 concentration with migration, the relative contribution ratio of superimposed sources, and the equal contribution index of the standard concentration. The results show that the maximum equal contribution index of standard concentration of multi-source superposition was 4.40. Among them, non-paved roads, exposed surface sources of coal piles, and exposed surface sources of mine pits and dumps were the top three pollution contributors, and their maximum equal contribution indexes of standard concentration were 2.40, 2.21, and 2.10, respectively. The effect of superimposed pollution sources was affected by the wind field and the spatial distribution density of emission sources, while the dispersion was affected by the wind direction and the distribution direction of pollution sources. In the case of the same source intensity and emission area, the denser the source distribution was, the higher the emission concentration was, the smaller the contribution ratio of superimposed sources was, and the greater the relative pollution risk was. When the angle between the direction of dispersed linear pollution sources and the dominant wind direction was smaller, the emission concentration was higher, but the diffusion surface was smaller. When the angle with the direction of wind direction was larger, the emission concentration was lower, but the diffusion surface was larger. Concentrated pollution sources had the highest concentration and the diffusion surface was in the middle. Non-paved roads had the highest environmental risk, with an average risk of 5.61 × 10−2, followed by coal piles with an average value of 2.06 × 10−2, followed by pits and dumps with an average value of 1.89 × 10−2; the environmental risk of loading and unloading sources was the lowest. Unpaved roads were pollution sources with high relative pollution risk and diffusion risk, and their average relative pollution risk and diffusion risk were 2.34 × 10−2 and 3.28 × 10−2, respectively. In the case of multi-source superposition, the high-risk areas were mainly heavily polluted areas with intensive emission sources, while the medium-risk areas were moderately polluted areas with scattered pollution sources, and the diffusion risk was high. This research concludes that the dispersed distribution of pollution sources can reduce pollution risk, and the smaller the angle is between the linear distribution direction of pollution sources and the dominant wind direction, the smaller the diffusion risk is. Therefore, differentiated control can be carried out according to the characteristics of pollution sources. The conclusions can provide methods and theoretical support for the control of atmospheric environment risk, pollution prevention, and control planning in mining areas.

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Candela, Angela, Gabriele Freni, Giorgio Mannina, and Gaspare Viviani. "Quantification of diffuse and concentrated pollutant loads at the watershed-scale: an Italian case study." Water Science and Technology 59, no. 11 (June 1, 2009): 2125–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.882.

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In this study, diffuse and point source pollutant loads were evaluated using an Italian case study: the Nocella catchment, which has been subject to extensive monitoring. The Nocella catchment is located in Sicily (Italy) and has an area of about 60 km2. The river receives wastewater and stormwater from two urban areas drained by combined sewers. The two sewer systems, two wastewater treatment plants and a river reach were monitored during both dry and wet weather periods. Thereafter, an integrated catchment-scale model was applied to simulate point pollutant sources, i.e., pollution coming from the urban drainage system, and nonpoint pollutant sources, i.e., pollution coming from agricultural and wildlife activities. Different models were combined and long-term simulations were carried out in order to reconstruct the total pollutant loads discharged into the receiving water body and identify the roles of the different pollutant sources. This study demonstrates the complexity of water quality assessment in partially urbanised natural basins where neither point nor nonpoint sources can be neglected. Point sources are mainly responsible for acute oxygen demanding polluting impact during wet weather periods, and both point and nonpoint sources are responsible for the impact of nutrients on the receiving water body.

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Fredrick, Mwanuzi. "Modelling of Agricultural Non-point Sources Pollutants in Upper Pangani River Basin (UPRB), Tanzania." Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology 30, no. 2 (December 31, 2007): 119–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.52339/tjet.v30i2.405.

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The Upper Pangani River and its watershed are increasingly being impacted by environmental problems which includenon point source pollutants that are threatening the watershed resources. Increased human activities due to populationincrease, and hence agricultural activities, livestock development, the use of agrochemicals and other land developmentin the basin, have tended to lead to a serious pollution of the river water which also affects not only the aquatic life butalso human health.With intensive and extensive modern agriculture in which artificial fertilizers are in frequent use, there is a highprobability to find chemicals easily flowing into water, thus polluting it. The introduction of agricultural chemicals inrivers may be detrimental. Nitrogen and Phosphorus which are present in agricultural chemicals are essential plantnutrients, which when introduced into surface waters may cause some health problems such as blue-baby syndrome andstomach cancer.To carry out this study we divided the Upper Pangani River basin into two sub-basins; Kikuletwa and Ruvu. The studyconcentrated on Ruvu sub-basin to study and model the pollution transported to the rivers. QUAL2E model was chosenand applied to assess the pollution status of the river network. The model simulated stream flow, dissolved oxygen,phosphorus and nitrogen compounds. From model results, the amount of non-point source load reaching Ruvu river wasfound to be 7857.81tons/yr for nitrogen and 12057.39 tons/yr for phosphorus. The results of the QUAL2E model suggestthat there is pollution at upstream rivers as a result of application of fertilizers to the irrigation schemes which are themain sources of non point source pollution.

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Wang, Dong, Ya Juan Yu, Xiang Wang, Kai Huang, and Shu Xia Yu. "Optimization Strategies for Agricultural Non-Point Source Reduction." Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (May 2012): 1184–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.1184.

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A methodological framework is brought forward, with the aim of reducing the agricultural non-point source (ANPS) pollution from the overuse of fertilizers and pesticides in rural area of the lake Dianchi watershed. In order to build a bridge connecting the public and the authority, a simplified decision support tool is conceived to realize the management target. Firstly, a rapid calculation method for the agricultural non-point source pollution is given called factor - coefficient method. Multiple kinds of agricultural non-point loads are calculated from both the pollution factors and the pollution coefficients. The sources include the farmland runoff, rural life, livestock and poultry, and so on. Then a checklist of engineering and management strategies to reduce ANPS are listed. Finally, according to the specific flowchart, the Best Management Practices (BMPs) to control the agricultural non-point source pollution of Lake Dianchi would be built, adapting with the real conditions of the watershed.

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Yano, Kimberly Ann, Franz Kevin Geronimo, Nash Jett Reyes, and Lee Hyung Kim. "Characterization and comparison of microplastic occurrence in point and non-point pollution sources." Science of The Total Environment 797 (November 2021): 148939. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148939.

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Zhong, Wei, Xiao Yu Ma, and Jin Xu. "Research on the Environmental Influence of Temporal and Spatial Variation of Point Pollution Source for River Section." Advanced Materials Research 1092-1093 (March 2015): 903–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1092-1093.903.

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Land-based source of pollution is one of the main causes of pollution in the Bohai sea coastal waters, and drainage channel is the main contributor of Land-based source of pollution. Based on principal component analysis method for analysis of single factor evaluation method, selection principles for putting Tianjin Dagu river sewage pollution source location and determined the sample point, research history data and field monitoring of sewage and poisonous and harmful substances, determine a list of priority control pollutants and point pollution sources; Some corresponding land-based source of pollution control method and pollution prevention and control strategies was put forward in the paper.

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Gao, X. P., G. N. Li, G. R. Li, and C. Zhang. "Modeling the effects of point and non-point source pollution on a diversion channel from Yellow River to an artificial lake in China." Water Science and Technology 71, no. 12 (April 6, 2015): 1806–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.161.

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The Dragon lake diversion channel (DLDC) is the only river that recharges Dragon Lake, an artificial lake in China. This paper examines the main factors influencing water quality by investigating point source and non-point source pollutants along the main route. Based on the complicated system of rivers and desilting basins, a three-dimensional water quality model using environmental fluid dynamics code (EFDC) was developed. The model of DLDC was calibrated and verified using observed data. The error ranges of river water level, total phosphorus, total nitrogen and chemical oxygen demand were within 5%, 10%, 16% and 20%, respectively, all of which meet the precision requirement. The model was employed to predict the concentrations of pollutants in the main stream under current pollution loads within a year and a flood lasting for 24 hours. The results revealed that the main pollution sources that influence the water quality of waterways were the point sources followed by the non-point pollution sources. Water quality improved when large water quantities were delivered and this trend can be described as dilution. The water quality of the Dongfeng main channel meets the requirement; however, the water quality of the Dongfeng River is somewhat poor, and the water quality of the Wei River is seriously contaminated. To address these problems, we suggest that the Dongfeng River and Wei River adopt a culvert under its riverbeds.

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Amaya, F. L., T. A. Gonzales, E. C. Hernandez, E. V. Luzano, and N. P. Mercado. "Estimating Point and Non-Point Sources of Pollution in Biñan River Basin, the Philippines." APCBEE Procedia 1 (2012): 233–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apcbee.2012.03.038.

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Yuan, Xiaodie, and Zhang Jun. "Water Resource Risk Assessment Based on Non-Point Source Pollution." Water 13, no. 14 (July 9, 2021): 1907. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13141907.

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As one of the most important causes of water quality deterioration, NPS (non-point source) pollution has become an urgent environmental and livelihood issue. To date, there have been only a few studies focusing on NPS pollution conforming to the estimation, and the pollution sources are mainly concentrated in nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients. Unlike studies that only consider the intensity of nitrogen and phosphorus loads, the NPS pollution risk for the China’s Fuxian Lake Basin was evaluated in this study by using IECM (Improve Export Coefficient Model) and RUSLE (Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation) models to estimate nitrogen and phosphorus loads and soil loss and by using a multi-factor NPS pollution risk assessment index established on the basis of the data mentioned above. First, the results showed that the load intensity of nitrogen and phosphorus pollution in the Fuxian Lake Basin is low, so agricultural production and life are important sources of pollution. Second, the soil loss degree of erosion in the Fuxian Lake is mild, so topography is one of the most important factors affecting soil erosion. Third, the risk of NPS pollution in the Fuxian Lake Basin is at a medium level and its spatial distribution characteristics are similar to the intensity characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus loss. Nitrogen, phosphorus, sediment, and mean concentrations are important factors affecting NPS pollution. These factors involve both natural and man-made environments. Therefore, it is necessary to comprehensively consider the factors affecting NPS in order to assess the NPS risk more accurately, as well as to better solve the problem of ecological pollution of water resources and to allow environmental restoration.

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Ekenta, O. E. "Catchment Modelling Of Non – Point Source Pollution Accretion For Rivers." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, no. 2 (January 29, 2016): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n2p309.

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Catchment process simulation models are designed to model the interaction of hydrological, geochemical and ecological processes and the effects of change. TOMCAT, a catchment scale model was applied in modeling the transport of determinands from non-point (diffuse) sources to Mimram river, a tributary of the river Thames. The magnitude and timing of the processes taking place is stochastic with the model representing as accurately as possible the systematic and random variability of various model inputs and their inter-relationships. The results indicate that the BOD, NH4N and Un-ionised NH3 loads which enter the rivers from non-point sources increased by 0.55mg/l, 0.024mg/l and 0.001mg/l respectively. These values are relatively small. The Dissolved Oxygen concentration along the reach increased by 2.5 mg/l indicating substantial re-aeration along the reach. The accretion value for the conservative determinand Chloride was 3.75mg/l. Non-point source pollutants accretion to the Mimram is influenced by agricultural and silvicultural practices in the catchment. The results of the investigation indicate that the model could be adopted by environmental pollution control agencies as a management tool for intervention in the area of pollution abatement for catchments.

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Ding, Xiaowen, and Lin Liu. "Long-Term Effects of Anthropogenic Factors on Nonpoint Source Pollution in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River." Sustainability 11, no. 8 (April 15, 2019): 2246. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11082246.

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With the continuous enhancement of point source pollution control, non-point source (NPS) pollution has become an important factor in the deterioration of surface water quality. Meanwhile, due to the soaring global population, long-term effects of anthropogenic factors on non-point source pollution in large river basins have increasingly attracted worldwide attention. The Yangtze river is the largest river basin of China, and protecting its ecological environment has great significance on protecting the lifeline of the entire Yangtze river. In this study, the improved output coefficient and nutrient losses empirical model were used to conduct space–time simulations of non-point source pollution in the upper reaches of the Yangtze river (URYR) based on GIS during 1960–2003. This method reveals the anthropogenic effects of non-point source pollution in the upper reaches of the Yangtze river. The results indicate that the impacts of anthropogenic factors on dissolved pollutants increased significantly, while those on sediment and adsorbed pollutants increased first and then decreased during the simulation year. Agricultural land use and atmospheric deposition, as well as rural life, were the main sources of dissolved pollutants. In addition, dry land and paddy fields were the major sources of sediment and adsorbed pollutants. For the load intensities, the long-term effects of anthropogenic factors on dissolved pollutants increased rapidly, and those on the load intensity of sediment and adsorbed pollutants increased first and then decreased. Therefore, the study would propose some corresponding environmental management measures to strengthen environmental protection and non-point source pollution control in the upper reaches of the Yangtze river.

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Lee, Gyumin, Kyung Soo Jun, and Minji Kang. "Framework to prioritize watersheds for diffuse pollution management in the Republic of Korea: application of multi-criteria analysis using the Delphi method." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 19, no. 12 (December 5, 2019): 2767–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-2767-2019.

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Abstract. This study aimed to develop a risk-based approach for determining control areas to manage non-point source pollution, developing a framework to prioritize catchments by considering the characteristics of polluted runoff from non-point sources. The best management, decision-making, and scientific approaches, such as the technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) and the Delphi technique, are required for the designation of control areas and the application of the best management practices to the control areas. Multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods can handle the diversity and complexity of non-point source pollution. The Delphi technique was employed for selecting the assessment criteria/sub-criteria and determining their weights. Sub-criteria for each catchment unit were scored with either a quantitative or qualitative scale. All non-point pollution sources in mainland Republic of Korea were included, with the exception of a few islands, with catchment prioritization and pollution vulnerability evaluations shown as thematic maps. This study contributes to the field by developing a new risk-based approach for ranking and prioritizing catchments; this provides valuable information for the Ministry of Environment to use to identify control areas and manage non-point source pollution.

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Ekpo Essien, Obot. "Comparative Pollution Contribution of Three Point Sources of Pollution to Urban Drainage Stream Degradation, Uyo." American Journal of Water Resources 2, no. 1 (February 17, 2014): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.12691/ajwr-2-1-2.

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Ait-El-Fquih, B., J. F. Giovannelli, N. Paul, A. Girard, and I. Hoteit. "Parametric Bayesian estimation of point-like pollution sources of groundwater layers." Signal Processing 168 (March 2020): 107339. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sigpro.2019.107339.

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O'Shea, Lucy. "An economic approach to reducing water pollution: point and diffuse sources." Science of The Total Environment 282-283 (January 2002): 49–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0048-9697(01)00938-x.

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Revzan, K. L. "Effectiveness of local ventilation in removing simulated pollution from point sources." Environment International 12, no. 1-4 (January 1986): 449–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0160-4120(86)90060-7.

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30

Shendell, Derek G. "The Multiple Benefits of Removing Major Outdoor Air Pollution Point Sources." American Journal of Public Health 111, no. 5 (May 2021): 770–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2021.306248.

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Mao, Li Hua, and Xue Mei Han. "Countermeasures of Non-Point Source Pollution Prevention and Control in Wohushan Waterhead Area." Advanced Materials Research 864-867 (December 2013): 1466–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.864-867.1466.

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Wohushan reservoir is an important drinking water source for south urban area of Jinan, however, the water quality of Wohushan reservoir is not safe, and agricultural non-point source pollution is the main reason that caused the water quality deteriorate. This paper analysed the sources of non-point source pollution through datum of population and agriculture production and other economic and social activities in Wohushan reservoir area. The water quality effect of domestic sewage, house refuse, live stock dung, and unreasonable use of fertilizer and pesticide were discussed as emphasis. Further more, the factors of the non-point source pollution were summarized according to policy, statute, economic, technology etc. At last, countermeasures of non-point source pollution prevention and control were proposed based on the source and pathway control of contaminates including perfect law system, strengthen policy guidance, increase funding, use fertilizer and pesticide reasonably, popularize biotechnology and methane tank, carry out efficient eco-agriculture construction, etc.

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Anderberg, S., and W. M. Stigliani. "An Integrated Approach for Identifying Sources of Pollution: The Example of Cadmium Pollution in the Rhine River Basin." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 3 (February 1, 1994): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0064.

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IIASA' s project, Sources of Chemical Pollution in the Rhine Basin, is a comprehensive analysis of the sources of toxic materials in the Basin 1950–2010. The study employs the concept of industrial metabolism. This approach provides a comprehensive view of production and consumption processes and their effects on the environment. It entails a systematic analysis of all sources of a given material, its pathways through the industrial economy, and the mechanisms by which it is transformed into outputs to be adsorbed and processed by the environment. Losses to air, water and soil are estimated. In this paper we present the results obtained for the historical development of cadmium pollution. The historical evolution of cadmium pollution is more or less representative of the overall trends for the other heavy metals. The results indicate that the Rhine river has experienced a significant decline in the load of cadmium over the last 20 years. Another observed trend is that while the absolute load to the river has decreased, the relative shares of the load contributed by point sources and diffuse sources have been reversed compared to 20 years ago. While point sources dominated emissions in the early 1970s, now diffuse sources are more important. These sources may be more difficult to control, however, since they are much more numerous than point sources, are related to dissipative consumptive uses which cannot be easily monitored or regulated, and in many cases the pathways and sources of emissions have not been identified.

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Cheng, Xian, Liding Chen, and Ranhao Sun. "Modeling the non-point source pollution risks by combing pollutant sources, precipitation, and landscape structure." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 26, no. 12 (February 28, 2019): 11856–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04384-y.

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Zhang, Jun, Yu Gao, Ningning Yang, Enhua Dai, Minghang Yang, Zhoufeng Wang, and Yani Geng. "Ecological risk and source analysis of soil heavy metals pollution in the river irrigation area from Baoji, China." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 2, 2021): e0253294. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253294.

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Due to various human activities, soil quality under different land use patterns is deteriorating all over the world. This deterioration is very complex in the river irrigation area and is caused by multi-point and non-point source pollution and seasonal variation. Therefore, the characteristics and sources of soil metal pollution in river irrigation area of Baoji city were analyzed. The contents of 8 metals were given by ICP-MS, in the soil samples. Statistical methods, geo-accumulation index (Igeo) and potential ecological risk index (RI) were conducted to evaluate the spatial distribution features, sources and ecological risks of metal contamination from the study area soil. Principal component analysis and cluster analysis were used to analyze the pollution sources of metal. The analysis showed that Cd is the most polluted, and human activities represented a great impact on the contents of Zn, Ni, Cu and Cd in soil, Cd post moderate-strong pollution and strong risk, Cd has a maximum Igeo value of 3.17. All rivers were at risk of moderate pollution levels in study. Among them, some rivers had even reached strong pollution level. Pollution caused by human activities was the most significant pollution source of metal in the research area soil.

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JAIN, C. K., K. K. S. BHATIA, and S. M. SETH. "Assessment of point and non-point sources of pollution using a chemical mass balance approach." Hydrological Sciences Journal 43, no. 3 (June 1998): 379–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02626669809492133.

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Orozco-Montoya, Ricardo A., Helga Madrigal-Solís, Christian Vargas-Bolaños, and Lidia Orias-Arguedas. "Analysis of the threat of groundwater contamination in the Jacó aquifer, Central Pacific, Costa Rica." Revista de Ciencias Ambientales 55, no. 2 (July 2, 2021): 45–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.15359/rca.55-2.3.

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[Introduction]: In Costa Rica, more than 70 % of the public drinking water supply comes from groundwater sources. In the coastal city of Jacó, on the Central Pacific Coast of Costa Rica, tourism activity is essential for economic development and groundwater represents a source for supplying tourists and residents. [Objective]: This research aims to characterize the threats of groundwater contamination to the coastal aquifer of Jacó due to human activities, based on land use analysis, characterization of potential pollution sources and, estimation of the floating population related to tourist activity. [Methodology]: An inventory of potential pollution sources was carried out through the location of human/anthropogenic activities. Potential point, diffuse and linear sources were classified based on the Pollutant Origin Surcharge Hydraulically (POSH) method, as activities with high, medium and low potential generating pollutant load (threat) [Results]: Of the total potential sources, 0.5 % correspond to activities with high potential, 14.0 % medium potential and 23.5 % low potential, and 62.0 % null potential. Out of 129 point pollution sources, 64.3 % were classified as medium threat activities due to the storage and handling of potentially polluting chemicals. Although the sources of high threat are those of lesser occurrence in the study area, they can generate greater negative impacts on groundwater resources. These are located mainly in the urban area of the city where the floating population reaches more than 12 000 people during the holidays, so their potential for pollutant loading could rise during this period. [Conclusions]: The results will be considered in territory planning, which seeks to reduce the probability of groundwater contamination in Jacó.

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Chen, Lina, Longxi Han, Junyi Tan, Mengtian Zhou, Mingyuan Sun, Yi Zhang, Bo Chen, Chenfang Wang, Zixin Liu, and Yubo Fan. "Water Environmental Capacity Calculated Based on Point and Non-Point Source Pollution Emission Intensity under Water Quality Assurance Rates in a Tidal River Network Area." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 3 (February 1, 2019): 428. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16030428.

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A mathematical model for simulating hydrodynamics and pollutants migration in a tidal river network was constructed, which takes the temporal and spatial distribution of rainfall runoff and non-point pollutants into consideration. Under the design hydrologic conditions of a typical hydrological year, the daily concentration change process for the control section is obtained. Aiming at the uncertainty of hydrology and water quality parameters such as flow direction, flow rate and concentration change in tidal river network area, a statistical analysis method is used to obtain the maximum allowable concentration of pollutants in the control section under the condition of the water quality standard assurance rate of. Then, a formula for calculating the pollutions emission intensity of point and non-point sources is derived. The method was applied to the pollution source control in a typical region like Taihu in China.

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Zhang, W. S., D. P. Swaney, X. Y. Li, B. Hong, R. W. Howarth, and S. H. Ding. "Anthropogenic point-source and non-point-source nitrogen inputs into Huai River basin and their impacts on riverine ammonia–nitrogen flux." Biogeosciences 12, no. 14 (July 22, 2015): 4275–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-4275-2015.

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Abstract. This study provides a new approach to estimate both anthropogenic non-point-source and point-source nitrogen (N) inputs to the landscape, and determines their impacts on riverine ammonia–nitrogen (AN) flux, providing a foundation for further exploration of anthropogenic effects on N pollution. Our study site is Huai River basin of China, a water–shed with one of the highest levels of N input in the world. Multi-year average (2003–2010) inputs of N to the watershed are 27 200 ± 1100 kg N km−2 yr−1. Non-point sources comprised about 98 % of total N input, and only 2 % of inputs are directly added to the aquatic ecosystem as point sources. Fertilizer application was the largest non-point source of new N to the Huai River basin (69 % of net anthropogenic N inputs), followed by atmospheric deposition (20 %), N fixation in croplands (7 %), and N content of imported food and feed (2 %). High N inputs showed impacts on riverine AN flux: fertilizer application, point-source N input, and atmospheric N deposition were proved as more direct sources to riverine AN flux. Modes of N delivery and losses associated with biological denitrification in rivers, water consumption, interception by dams may influence the extent of export of riverine AN flux from N sources. Our findings highlight the importance of anthropogenic N inputs from both point sources and non-point sources in heavily polluted watersheds, and provide some implications for AN prediction and management.

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Zhao, Haiping, Qingxue Li, and Jianhua Tao. "Spatio-temporal patterns and source identification of surface water pollution in Bohai Bay, China from 1995 to 2005." World Journal of Engineering 11, no. 6 (December 1, 2014): 605–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/1708-5284.11.6.605.

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Several multivariate statistical methods were comprehensively used to interpret the temporal, spatial patterns and source identification of surface water pollution in Bohai Bay with the large and complex data. Twelve variables water quality indices were surveyed at 12 sites three times a year (May, August, and October) from 1995 to 2005. Cluster analysis (CA) grouped the eleven years into two clusters, Cluster A (1995 to 2001 except 1998) and cluster B (2002 to 2005 and 1998), and spatial CA divided the entire area into three groups. The results of discriminant analysis showed that the temporal CA and spatial CA were effective with 90% and 83.3% correct assignments, respectively. In cluster A, the pollution sources mainly were nutrient factor from non-point source and Hg pollution, oil and organic pollutions were relatively light. In Cluster B, the organic pollution became the mainly pollution source, and the nutrient pollution was still serious problem. In the results of spatial analysis, the group 1 was mainly affected by anthropogenic pollution, the group 3 was seriously affected by oil spill pollution and nutrients pollution, and the group 2 reflected relatively strong water self-purification ability.

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Chen, L., Y. Zhong, G. Wei, and Z. Shen. "Upstream to downstream: a multiple-assessment-point approach for targeting non-point-source priority management areas at large watershed scale." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 10, no. 11 (November 29, 2013): 14535–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-10-14535-2013.

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Abstract. The identification of priority management areas (PMAs) is essential for the control of non-point source (NPS) pollution, especially for a large-scale watershed. However, previous studies have typically focused on small-scale catchments adjacent to specific assessment points; thus, the interactions between multiple river points remain poorly understood. In this study, a multiple-assessment-point PMA (MAP-PMA) framework was proposed by integrating the upstream sources and the downstream transport aspects of NPS pollution. Based on the results, the integration of the upstream input changes was vital for the final PMAs map, especially for downstream areas. Contrary to conventional wisdom, this research recommended that the NPS pollutants could be best controlled among the upstream high-level PMAs when protecting the water quality of the entire watershed. The MAP-PMA framework provided a more cost-effective tool for the establishment of conservation practices, especially for a large-scale watershed.

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Shortle, James S. "Allocative Implications of Comparisons Between the Marginal Costs of Point and Nonpoint Source Pollution Abatement." Northeastern Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 16, no. 1 (April 1987): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0899367x00000325.

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This paper examines the possible use of information on the relative marginal costs of point and nonpoint source water pollution abatement to assess the efficiency implications of shifting a greater portion of the burden for water quality protection to nonpoint sources. The inherent uncertainty about the effects of changes in resource allocation for nonpoint pollution abatement on nonpoint pollution loads is recognized in the analysis. This uncertainty is shown to result in significant limitations on the use of marginal cost comparisons even when point and nonpoint pollutants are perfect substitutes.

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Candela, Angela, Gabriele Freni, Giorgio Mannina, and Gaspare Viviani. "Receiving water body quality assessment: an integrated mathematical approach applied to an Italian case study." Journal of Hydroinformatics 14, no. 1 (April 23, 2011): 30–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2011.099.

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This study presents a basin-scale approach to the analysis of receiving water body quality considering both point and non-point pollution sources. In particular, this paper describes an extensive data gathering campaign carried out in the Nocella catchment, which is an agricultural and semi-urbanised basin located in Sicily, Italy. Two sewer systems, two wastewater treatment plants and a river reach were monitored during both dry and wet weather periods. A mathematical model of the entire integrated system was also created. Specifically, a detailed modelling approach was developed by employing three well known models: Storm Water Management Model, GPS-X and Soil and Water Assessment Tool. The study proposed a comprehensive modelling approach to analyse the importance of diffuse and concentrated polluting sources on receiving water quality. The study demonstrated that point pollution loads can be more influential during wet periods by an order of magnitude compared with the dry weather period. In the long term, diffuse and point pollution sources were demonstrated to affect river quality and they have both to be considered. The use of the proposed integrated model-based approach may support water managers in decision making about which strategies should be preferred with the aim of water quality preservation.

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Markantonatos, P. G., N. C. Bacalis, and M. O. Angelidis. "Pollution control in the catchment basin of the river Evrotas, Greece." Water Science and Technology 32, no. 9-10 (November 1, 1995): 247–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0691.

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Within the framework of pollution control in the catchment basin of Evrotas river, the various point and non-point pollution sources were registered, the quality of surface and marine water was monitored and the components leading to environmental degradation were identified. The above field information were critically analysed, the interrelations between cause and effect were determined, alternative solutions were studied and accordingly an integrated management plan for pollution control was formulated. The plan comprised actions for the control of point and non-point pollution sources, improvement of surface water quality, prevention of degradation caused by anthropogenic activities and in addition proposed new institutional bodies for its implementation.

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May, I. V., and S. Yu Zagorodnov. "Methodological Approaches to Establishing the Component Profile of Dust Emissions from an Enterprise." Ecology and Industry of Russia 24, no. 12 (December 1, 2020): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0395-2020-12-39-45.

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Proposed methodological approaches to constructing a component profile of dust mixtures of an industrial enterprise based on quantitative chemical analysis of solid emissions and a description of the morphology of particles. Examples of stable in component composition and structure of dusts emitted by sources of different industries are given, the operations of which can be considered as emission “profile”. The experience of using the emission profile in assessing the share contribution of a source to air pollution at a control point is described. The updated data on the dust profile of the emission make it possible to establish the contribution of the economic entity itself to the level of atmospheric air pollution in the territory, to identify priority emission sources, to reliably form a program for monitoring and control over special polluting substances.

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Krejci, Vladimir. "Integrated approach to the point-non point-pollution abatement in urban drainage." Water Science and Technology 33, no. 4-5 (February 1, 1996): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0481.

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An area in Switzerland of 260 km2 with 230 000 inhabitants was analysed for the feasibility of combined sewage overflow (CSO) tanks to reduce the pollution in receiving waters during rain events. The case study demonstrates the consideration of the point and of the non point pollution with respect to choice and application of water pollution control measures in urban drainage. For example, measures which reduce pollutant sources (e.g. substitution of phosphorus in detergents) or reduce surface runoff (e.g. dispersed retention or infiltration of rainfall runoff) are more efficient than a strategy of uniform and area wide application of CSO tanks. The new Swiss guideline for Integrated Urban Drainage Master Planning (IUDMP) introduces a radical changes in the scope and in the procedures of planning process. This guideline defines the urban drainage system as one single system, consisting of urban area, soil and ground water system, drainage network, waste water treatment plant and receiving waters. The consideration of comprehensive urban drainage system allows the choice of site-specific and problem-related measures.

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Markel, D., F. Somma, and B. M. Evans. "Using a GIS transfer model to evaluate pollutant loads in the Lake Kinneret watershed, Israel." Water Science and Technology 53, no. 10 (May 1, 2006): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.300.

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Lake Kinneret (Sea of Galilee) is the only large surface water body in Israel, encompassing an area of 167 km2 and supplying some 30% of the country's fresh water. Pollution from anthropogenic sources and water abstraction for domestic and agricultural uses has long been threatening the water quality of the lake. Point-source pollution in the watershed has decreased drastically with the development of wastewater treatment. However, diffuse pollution from agricultural activities is still an unresolved issue. In this paper we present an application of AVGWLF (a GIS-based watershed load model) to the Lake Kinneret watershed. The model allows one to simulate daily stream flows and monthly sediment, nitrogen, and phosphorus loads discharged to the lake from the surrounding watershed. Results from simulations yield a satisfactory correspondence between simulated and measured daily water volume. Partition by source of total phosphorus delivered to the lake in the period of 2000–04 confirms the reduction in point source nutrient contribution due to improvement of wastewater treatment facilities in the area. Future management should focus on reduction of nutrients originating from septic systems (point sources) and pasture and cropland areas (diffuse sources). Results from simulations will enable watershed managers to prioritize effective management alternatives for protecting the water quality in the lake.

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Xin, Zhuohang, Lei Ye, and Chi Zhang. "Application of Export Coefficient Model and QUAL2K for Water Environmental Management in a Rural Watershed." Sustainability 11, no. 21 (October 30, 2019): 6022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11216022.

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Water quality deterioration caused by excessive nutrient discharge from various point and non-point sources are a global challenge. Understanding the pollution sources and their respective contribution is the prerequisite for environmental planning, management and restoration. In this study, the influence of complex pollution sources on the water quality of the Dengsha River watershed in Dalian, China, was investigated. The export coefficient method was coupled with the QUAL2K water quality model to estimate the loads of ammonia nitrogen (NH4-N) and total phosphorus (TP) from different sources, and to explore their respective contributions. Results indicated that animal feedlot and crop production were major sources for NH4-N load, and crop production, soil erosion and animal feedlot are the largest three sources of TP load with an annual total contribution of 98.4%. The pollutant load exhibited an intra-annual variation mainly due to the seasonality of rainfall and anthropogenic agricultural activities. The overall waste assimilation capacity (WAC) is overloaded and suggestions for water pollution control and treatment regarding each pollution source were proposed. This study addressed a new application of QUAL2K model coupled with the export coefficient model for watershed managers towards a sustainable water environmental management, and can therefore be a reference example for other small and medium-sized rural watersheds.

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McNitt, Jan, and Ron Kepford. "Developing a new regulatory paradigm to address the impacts of diffuse pollution attributable to agriculture." Water Science and Technology 39, no. 12 (June 1, 1999): 299–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0559.

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To control pollution attributable to livestock operations, the statutory and regulatory scheme of the US Clean Water Act focuses on implementing structural controls to contain animal waste. While the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) is empowered only to regulate point sources, existing authority may be extended to regulate diffuse runoff associated with certain livestock facilities. Current water pollution abatement programs, however, have not responded to the differences inherent in diffuse pollution and the land management strategies necessary to control and abate its impacts. The Planned Intervention Micro-watershed Approach (PIMA) recognizes this distinction, offering a method of refining land management strategies while keeping existing point source pollution regulation and enforcement mechanisms in place. Within a limited time frame, producers have flexibility to develop and implement cost-effective management practices that achieve environmental goals. Planned intervention is integrated with a micro-watershed approach to watershed management which uses small, hydrologically discrete areas to target diffuse pollution sources and direct intervention efforts. This approach utilizes local stakeholder input and participation to create a bottom-up, community-based institutional framework for addressing diffuse pollution from agricultural sources that satisfies water quality objectives.

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Chen, Yuan Hua, Wei Chang Li, and Li Na Zhang. "Key Pollution Source Monitoring and Supervision System Based on RFID Technology." Advanced Materials Research 955-959 (June 2014): 1293–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.955-959.1293.

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The online monitoring system for pollution sources has been built for several years. China has initially established a set of environmental protection internet of things system which is under three levels of Ministry, provincial and municipal. This national project is the first step to develop in the applications of environmental protection internet of things. It also has many problems, such as monitoring range is narrow, sensor technology is not mature and cost is high. The next work is to strengthen the application and realize the convert from a point source pollution monitoring to surface monitoring. RFID is one of the key technologies of Internet of things. The paper proposed monitoring and supervisor system for key pollution sources based on RFID, to solve the problems in the monitoring and supervisor system for key pollution sources. It will realize information of monitoring and supervisor system for key pollution sources.

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Cheng, Zhong Hai, and Fang Luo. "Assessment of Economic Losses on Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution by Abuse of Fertilizer in Manasi River Basin of China." Advanced Materials Research 1073-1076 (December 2014): 484–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1073-1076.484.

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Agricultural Non-point Source (AgNPS) pollution is one of the most important reasons for environmental pollution and unbalance of ecology. Nowadays, the negative impact of AgNPS pollution is increasing. Oasis and desertification exist at the same time in Xinjiang. The evaluation of economic loss caused by AgNPS pollution was carried out in the Manasi River Basin. The economic losses on AgNPS pollution were assessed by the methods of Concentration-Value Curve. Fertilizer overusing were focused on this research,which were major sources of AgNPS pollution. The results showed that environment economic loss caused by abuse of fertilizer was 8.115 million RMB in 2012.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Pollution point sources'

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