Relevant bibliographies by topics / Pollution – Zimbabwe

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters

Academic literature on the topic 'Pollution – Zimbabwe'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 11 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Pollution – Zimbabwe"

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Chinyama, A., R. Ncube, and W. Ela. "Critical pollution levels in Umguza River, Zimbabwe." Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C 93 (June 2016): 76–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2016.03.008.

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MAPIRA, JEMITIAS. "AIR POLLUTION IN ZIMBABWE: AN ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH CHALLENGE." JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 9, no. 1 (September 25, 2015): 1750–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jssr.v9i1.3765.

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Air pollution is a major environmental problem in industrialized countries such as: the USA, China, Japan and most European countries including: France, Germany, Italy and the UK. One of its major causes is modern technology which depends heavily on fossil fuels (coal and oil) and dates back to the Industrial Revolution, which started some two centuries ago. Although the level of industrialization is quite low in developing countries such as Zimbabwe, air pollution is now posing a threat to the nations environmental security. This paper examines the problem of air pollution in Zimbabwe with a view to suggesting possible solutions. While previous researches have given brief and rather superficial accounts on the problem, this paper seeks to provide an in-depth study on the issue for the benefit of researchers, stakeholders and policy makers. The paper examines issues such as: causes, sources, health impacts, and possible solutions within the legislative and policy framework of Zimbabwe.Based on information that was collected in August 2014, the paper shows that air pollution is a major environmental problem and should be addressed seriously at both local and national levels.
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Zhande, Ethel S. S., and S. B. Jonnalagadda. "Precipitation chemistry in Zimbabwe, Southern Africa." Journal of Environmental Science and Health . Part A: Environmental Science and Engineering and Toxicology 31, no. 5 (May 1996): 977–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10934529609376401.

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Mtetwa, Sibekile. "No room for complacency - water- pollution control in Zimbabwe." Waterlines 14, no. 1 (July 1995): 12–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/0262-8104.1995.025.

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Regina, Ndebele-Murisa Mzime. "Biological monitoring and pollution assessment of the Mukuvisi River, Harare, Zimbabwe." Lakes & Reservoirs: Research & Management 17, no. 1 (February 28, 2012): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1770.2012.00497.x.

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Muchini, Ronald, Webster Gumindoga, Sydney Togarepi, Tarirai Pinias Masarira, and Timothy Dube. "Near real time water quality monitoring of Chivero and Manyame lakes of Zimbabwe." Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 378 (May 29, 2018): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-378-85-2018.

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Abstract. Zimbabwe's water resources are under pressure from both point and non-point sources of pollution hence the need for regular and synoptic assessment. In-situ and laboratory based methods of water quality monitoring are point based and do not provide a synoptic coverage of the lakes. This paper presents novel methods for retrieving water quality parameters in Chivero and Manyame lakes, Zimbabwe, from remotely sensed imagery. Remotely sensed derived water quality parameters are further validated using in-situ data. It also presents an application for automated retrieval of those parameters developed in VB6, as well as a web portal for disseminating the water quality information to relevant stakeholders. The web portal is developed, using Geoserver, open layers and HTML. Results show the spatial variation of water quality and an automated remote sensing and GIS system with a web front end to disseminate water quality information.
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Nyakuwanika, Moses, Huibrecht Margaretha van der Poll, and John Andrew van der Poll. "A Conceptual Framework for Greener Goldmining through Environmental Management Accounting Practices (EMAPs): The Case of Zimbabwe." Sustainability 13, no. 18 (September 20, 2021): 10466. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131810466.

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Goldmining contributes substantially to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the Zimbabwean economy through revenue generated from exports, however it also incurred numerous challenges to the environment. Amongst others, these challenges embody ecological degradation; water and air pollution; and depletion of natural resources. In this paper, we establish the effects of mining operations on the environment through a comprehensive literature review, and how the integration of environmental management accounting practices (EMAPs) such as material flow cost accounting (MFCA), life cycle costing (LCC), and activity-based costing (ABC) could be integrated into a conceptual framework to address environmental challenges. EMAPs were chosen as they generate both physical and monetary data, which could promote transparency in material usage within the goldmining sector. Our analyses revealed a substantial body of literature on separate and individual EMAPs, yet very little was found on the integration of EMAPs. The main contribution of this work is the development of an integrated conceptual EMAPs framework on the strength of sets of qualitative propositions, aimed at promoting green goldmining for Zimbabwe as a developing economy. Future work would involve the validation of the framework among key stakeholders in the Zimbabwean goldmining industry.
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Masundire, Hillary M. "The filling phase of Mazvikadei Reservoir, Zimbabwe." Hydrobiologia 232, no. 1 (April 1992): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00014606.

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Spickett, J., B. Mkhweli, and K. Rumchev. "INDOOR AIR POLLUTION AND ADVERSE HEALTH EFFECTS IN WOMEN AND CHILDREN IN ZIMBABWE." Epidemiology 14, Supplement (September 2003): S117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001648-200309001-00284.

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Dube, T., M. Chibanda, B. Manhire, C. Rutanhira, C. Mabugu, C. Makaka, J. Makaure, and T. Muteveri. "Sewage Effluent Causes Metal Pollution of a Sub-tropical River System in Zimbabwe." Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 104, no. 3 (January 27, 2020): 339–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00128-020-02798-w.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Pollution – Zimbabwe"

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Simbi, Joseph. "Levels of selected gaseous pollutants in ambient air in the vicinity of a chemical industry, Kwekwe, Zimbabwe." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2015.

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Thesis (MTech (Environmental Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2015.
The integrity of natural air has been compromised due to the deposition of chemical, biological and particulate substances from natural and anthropogenic sources. Adverse health consequences arising from the exposure of plants, animals and human to elevated atmospheric concentrations have been reported severally. The ambient baseline levels of many air contaminants in urban and industrial layouts of many Africa cities, especially Zimbabwe have not been fully characterized. Information on levels of these contaminants and their real time variability is therefore scarce and scanty. In this study, the ambient air concentration levels of selected gaseous pollutants in the vicinity of a fertilizer production facility in Zimbabwe were investigated. Nine sampling stations were systematically and randomly identified for the measurement of selected air pollutants (SO2, NO2, and NH3) the fertilizer production factory to capture air quality data on all wind directions. The electrochemical Drager Sensors which rely on electrochemical measuring transducer for measuring concentration of gases under atmospheric conditions was used for the measurement of NH3, SO2, and NO2. The ambient air monitored was allowed to diffuse through a membrane into the sensor liquid electrolytes, containing a sensing electrode, a counter electrode, a reference electrode, and an electronic potentiostat-circuit which ensures constant electrical voltage between the sensing electrode and the reference electrode. The flow of electrons, generated by the reaction is proportional to the concentration of the measured gas. The observed concentrations of NH3, SO2, and NO2 measured within and around the study site were very variable. Levels of NH3 ranged between 0.36 - 7.36 ppm; corresponding values for SO2 and NO2 were 0.02 - 84.61 ppm and 0.61 - 34.78 ppm respectively. These concentrations were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than measured (NH3; 0.01 - 0.05 ppm: SO2; 0.03 - 0.18 ppm: NO2; 0.17 - 1.30 ppm) at the control sampling station about 5 km from the industry. Isokinetic and dissipation of the measured gases, governed by the processes of molecular diffusion and convection, confirmed a common pattern of distance dissipation. Thus, the cloud concentrations of NH3, SO2, and NO2 within the facility were higher than observed distances away from the fertilizer factory.
Zimbabwe Presidential Scholarship
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Chimuriwo, Blessing. "An assessment of water quality along Mukuvisi River, Harare, Zimbabwe." Diss., 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/22631.

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Human activities such as urbanisation, sewage treatment, industrialisation and agriculture represent major human interference in water resources. The water resources are affected both quantitatively as well as qualitatively by these activities. The impact of human interference in the Mukuvisi River catchment hydrology was studied by determining the concentration values of eight selected physico - chemical and biological parameters. These are pH, temperature, total nitrates, total phosphates, Dissolved Oxygen, Biological Oxygen Demand, lead, copper and Total Faecal Coliform Count. Seven sites were sampled along the river, from up the river in Mukuvisi woodlands up to the point where the river discharges into Lake Chivero. Analysis of the results obtained was undertaken using SPSS (paired sample T test) and descriptive graphs were drawn using Microsoft Excel 2010. Nitrates, phosphates, copper, lead and Total Faecal Coliform Counts were found to be higher than the Zimbabwe National Water Authority (ZINWA) maximum and World Health Organisation, 2011 (WHO) permissible standards from site 3 to site 7. Site 6 recorded the highest concentrations of all the measured parameters, except for pH and Dissolved Oxygen. Mean DO and BOD concentrations were 2.53 mg/l and 40 mg/l respectively at site 6. Mean total nitrates were 17.5 mg/l at site 6 above the ZINWA and WHO threshold of 10 mg/l. Site 6 also recorded a mean total phosphate of 5.9 mg/l which was above the ZINWA and WHO threshold of 0.5 mg/l. Mean TFCC was 992.6 mpn100ml-1 higher than the threshold of nil according to ZINWA and WHO threshold. Site 3 recorded the mean DO and TFCC of 2.4 mg/l and 2.80 mpn100ml-1 respectively. Site 2 had the lowest mean TFCC concentrations of 2.80 mpn100ml-1, which did not differ significantly from the WHO and ZINWA threshold of nil at p<0.05. The quality of water in the river varied from site to site in direct relation to the intensity and type of human activities along the river course. Levels of all the water quality indicators increased after discharge from the Firle sewage treatment plant at site 6 with the exception of temperature and pH. Sewage effluents, agricultural runoff and industrial effluents were found to be responsible for the high nutrient levels and high metal concentrations in the river which in turn reduced DO levels and increased BOD
College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences
M. Sc. (Environmental Science)
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Chatsiwa, Jaison. "Land pollution and population density : the case of Kwekwe City residential areas, Zimbabwe." Diss., 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/19160.

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In most developing countries, the problem of inefficient municipal solid waste management (MSWM) is endemic. The problem is manifested by heaps of uncollected solid waste found on open areas and by the street sides. This dissertation examines the relationship between land pollution and population density resulting from solid waste generation in the City of Kwekwe in Zimbabwe. Questionnaires and interviews were conducted to 375 randomly selected households in low, medium and high density residential suburbs. The household survey was triangulated with field observations, key informant interviews and secondary data sources. The average household size in high, medium and low density residential areas was 11, 8 and 5 people respectively. The study revealed that the amount and composition of solid waste generated varied according to household size, income and education levels of residents. The higher the population density, the more the solid waste produced. However, waste generated was not carried to the dumpsites for disposal. Also the higher the income, the higher the amount of solid waste produced, although residents with high income were able to ferry their wastes to the dumpsites hence less land pollution. The solid waste generation rate in high density areas was 0.04 kg/capita day, in medium density areas was 0.35 kg/capita/day and in low density areas were 0.84 kg/capita/day. It was also observed that among high income earners, the educated people produced more waste than low income earners. However, the low income earners and the less educated people could not take care of their environment to limit roadside and open space littering. However, lack of public awareness coupled with inefficient and ad hoc waste management system continue make provision of effective solid waste management services illusive. Based on the research findings, it is suggested sound environmental stewardship amongst residents will limit land pollution in the city of Kwekwe.
Environmental Sciences
M.A. (Environmental Management)
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Ndlovu, Nkanyiso. "Prevalence of second hand smoke exposure among adults in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1498.

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Thesis (MPH.) -- University of Limpopo, 2016.
Introduction: Annually, hundred thousands of people worldwide die as a result of second hand smoke (SHS) exposure. There is no safe exposure level to SHS yet in Bulawayo, smokers have been observed smoking without restraint thus exposing non-smokers to SHS. The purpose of this study was to establish the prevalence and contributing factors of SHS exposure among adults in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted and participants were randomly selected from residents who visited the 13 municipal revenue halls. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data from respondents. Descriptive and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed. Results: Home SHS exposure prevalence was 22% and females were 2.11 times more likely than males to be exposed at home. Prevalence of SHS exposure in public transportation, health facilities, educational and food premises was 40.9%, 26.3%, 42,9% and 36.8% respectively. Conclusion: SHS exposure in Bulawayo was high and there is need to reduce SHS exposure to non-smoking adults. Keywords: Second hand smoke (SHS), Bulawayo, Prevalence, Exposure, Adult
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Makuleke, Peace. "An assessment of impacts of landfill composition on soil quality, heavy metal and plant health : a case of Lumberstewart landfill in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe." Diss., 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/27575.

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Landfills have served as the major sites for waste disposal in both developed and developing countries. Upon closure of a landfill site, the surface could be converted to a golf course, recreation park, playground, animal refuge, tennis court and industrial site. Even when closed, landfills still have the potential to contaminate the surrounding environment as a result of the migration of leachate from decomposing waste contained in the site. This study focused on assessing the impacts of a closed landfill on soils and plants at Lumberstewart closed landfill site in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. Soil samples were collected at three different depths (0-30 cm, 30 - 60 cm and 60-90 cm) at the landfill and a control site. The soil samples were analysed for their texture, pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter content, cation exchange capacity and concentrations of Cd, Cu, Cr, Fe, Ni and Zn. Samples of jimson weed and pigweed growing at the closed landfill and the control site were collected from the same sites where soil samples were collected, and the concentrations of the same set of heavy metals in these weeds determined. Soil samples were digested using EPA method 3050B: Acid Digestion of Sediments, Sludge and soils whereas nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide was used for digestion of plant samples. Both plant and soil digests were analyzed for heavy metals concentrations using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS). Soils from the landfill as well as the control site had a high content of sand with soil pH values which were alkaline. The electrical conductivity values of the soil samples were relatively low ranging from 0.39 to 1.67 dS/m, indicating low levels of salts in soils at the landfill. The concentrations of heavy metals at the closed landfill site were higher than the control site. Heavy metals concentrations in soils at the closed landfill followed the order Fe>Zn>Cu>Cr>Ni>Cd. Results indicated that Fe was exceptionally higher than the other metals with concentration values averaging 45690±17255 mg/kg. Cadmium on the other hand had the least concentration with values of 0.01±0.00 mg/kg. Values of Enrichment Factors of heavy metals around the soil at different depths indicated that the enrichment of heavy metals increased with depth at the landfill up to 30-60 cm after which a decrease was observed. Values for heavy metal Contamination Factor of soils around the landfill ranged from low concentration (CF<1) to very high concentration (CF>6). The Pollution Load Index (PLI) values for the soil at the Lumberstewart landfill indicated that all sites were polluted (PLI>1). Site 6 had significantly higher mean concentration of heavy metals in soils at the landfill whereas site 11 had the least. The concentrations of Cd and Ni in soils at the landfill were below permissible limits of South African National Norms and Standards (NNS) as prescribed by NEMA (2008) in South Africa whereas Cr, Cu and Zn in soils were above the NNS permissible limits. Heavy metal concentrations in soils at the landfill were above World Health (WHO) permissible limits except for Cd which was equal (0.01 mg/kg) to the permissible values of Cd in the soils at sites 5, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12. Mean concentrations of heavy metals in jimson weed and pigweed were in the order Fe>Zn>Cu>Cr>Ni>Cd. The concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe and Zn in both plants from all sites at the landfill were significantly higher than the control site. Heavy metal transfer coefficient for both plants indicated that heavy metal uptake was more species dependent than soil heavy metal concentration dependent. The results from this research indicate that though the Lumberstewart Landfill has been closed, it is still affecting the soils in the vicinity of the landfill. Plants and water around the Lumberstewart closed landfill could be at risk from heavy metal contamination. High concentrations of heavy metals observed in the soil could present a health risk to communities should they decide to use the landfill site for arable purposes.
Environmental Sciences
M. Sc. (Environmental Science)
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Mkumbuzi, Sinqobile Helen. "Investigating the performance of a community based approach to solid waste management: A case study of Nkulumane Suburb in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe." Diss., 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/1111.

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MENVSC
Department of Ecology and Resource Management
Solid waste management (SWM) has become an issue of increasing worldwide concern as urban populations continue to rise and consumption patterns change. The health and environmental effects associated with SWM are escalating, predominantly in the perspective of developing countries. The rise in rural-urban migration rates in developing countries has left local authorities overwhelmed and failing to cope with the increase in solid waste. This has led to a shift from conventional systems of solid waste management to contemporary systems such as community based solid waste management (CBSWM). Despite the shift, it seems local authorities in developing countries still fail to manage suburban waste effectively. This study investigated the performance of a CBSWM scheme in Nkulumane, a high-density suburb in Bulawayo. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, hence a mixed methods approach employed. The study incorporated systematic sampling and purposive sampling in the selection of research participants. Data was collected through qualitative questionnaires, semi structured interviews and field observations. Thematic content analysis and descriptive statistics from SPSS version 25 were used in data analysis. The study revealed that community members from Nkulumane had sound knowledge on what CBSWM entails, however the community members had negative attitude towards CBSWM and traditional notions on SWM had an influence of their perception of CBSWM concepts. The study also revealed that Bulawayo City Council had managed to create employment for the community through a CBSWM scheme. Furthermore, operating expenses of the city council had decreased over the years. The level of environmental awareness had improved in the study area as well. However, Bulawayo City Council has battled with community participation problems, financial constraints and inter-institutional infighting. This study provides a comprehensive report on the performance of the CBSWM scheme in Nkulumane high density suburb, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe.
NRF
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Books on the topic "Pollution – Zimbabwe"

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Nyanganyura, Daniel. Atmospheric aerosol particles and transport: A climatological perspective for Zimbabwe. Mainz: Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, International Max Planck Research School, 2007.

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Gore, C. G. The case for sustainable development in Zimbabwe: Conceptual problems, conflicts, and contradictions. [Harare]: Environment and Development Activities, 1992.

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Environmental synopsis of Zimbabwe. [Harare?]: The Institute, 1990.

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Katerere, Yemi, and Sam Moyo. Zimbabwe's Environmental Dilemma. Southern African Research and Documentation Centre, 1992.

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Sam, Moyo, ed. Zimbabwe's environmental dilemma: Balancing resource inequities. Harare: ZERO, 1991.

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Book chapters on the topic "Pollution – Zimbabwe"

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Zhou, Zibanai. "Religious Tourism in Zimbabwe." In Advances in Hospitality, Tourism, and the Services Industry, 232–49. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-5792-1.ch014.

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The impact of religious tourism on destination economies is clearly an important question for public policymakers wishing to develop a robust tourism industry. This chapter aimed to offer insights into the contemporary state of religious tourism in Zimbabwe. Using interpretive qualitative data obtained through observation and in-depth interviews conducted with 30 key informants purposively selected from religious tourism stakeholders, the study established that although teeming with bright prospects, as manifested through the availing of employment opportunities to communities around religious tourism sites, religious tourism in Zimbabwe remains on the back foot. Findings revealed that religious tourism is hamstrung by the absence of a proper regulatory framework, spike in stampede cases jeopardising the safety and security of pilgrims, congestion and environmental pollution. Policy recommendations were proffered.
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Magadzire, F., I. Love, M. Meck, R. Owen, K. Musiwa, P. Mangeya, C. Magadza, et al. "Characterization of diffuse pollution of shallow groundwater in the Harare urban area, Zimbabwe." In Groundwater Pollution in Africa, 65–75. Taylor & Francis, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203963548.ch6.

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"Characterization of diffuse pollution of shallow groundwater in the Harare urban area, Zimbabwe." In Groundwater Pollution in Africa, 79–90. CRC Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203963548-16.

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Love, D., E. Zingoni, P. Gandidzanwa, C. Magadza, and K. Musiwa. "Impacts on groundwater quality and water supply of the Epworth semi-formal settlement, Zimbabwe." In Diffuse Pollution of Water Resources, 117–32. CRC Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482265750-6.

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Mavhunga, Clapperton Chakanetsa. "DDT, Pollution, and Gomarara: A Muted Debate." In The Mobile Workshop, 267–88. The MIT Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262535021.003.0014.

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This chapter considers the link between vachana's organochlorine pesticide (OCP) use, and the high incidence of many types of cancer, a condition known as gomarara. The chapter first explores the state of gomarara in Zimbabwe, drawing out the incidence of those types of gomarara usually associated with OCPs. The second section reconstructs debates about OCPs as environmental pollutants, an issue that was muted at the height of the spraying campaigns of the 1950s to 1970s, and is largely forgotten now. Some of the investigations made into the environmental effects of OCPs elsewhere were also considered, marshalling that evidence to ask questions and to map and follow the itineraries of these pesticides in our bodies and those of our animal cousins.
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Moyce, W., D. Love, K. Musiwa, Z. Nyama, P. Mangeya, S. Ravengai, M. Wuta, and E. Zingoni. "Impacts of a solid waste disposal site and a cemetery on groundwater quality in Harare, Zimbabwe." In Diffuse Pollution of Water Resources, 133–51. CRC Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482265750-7.

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Bandauko, Elmond, Tinashe Bobo, and Gladys Mandisvika. "Towards Smart Urban Transportation System in Harare, Zimbabwe." In Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies, 126–47. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0302-6.ch005.

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The concept of smart transportation systems is increasingly becoming critical in addressing the challenges posed by an increasing number of mega cities in both developed and developing regions in maintaining safety, smooth traffic flow, and an environmentally friendly and sustainable urban environment. The Government of Zimbabwe deregulated its transport sector in the early 1990s. This development ushered in the informal public transport operators, locally referred to as ‘kombis'. Major cities such as Harare are characterised by a disjointed and chaotic urban public transport system. The major problems are the impacts this has on the quality of the environment. Currently, the urban public transport system is contributing greatly to both air and noise pollution within the confines of the city, especially in the Central Business Districts. The problem is further exacerbated by the massive importation of used vehicles from outside the country. These developments have resulted in high emission rates of major air pollutants resulting in a deterioration of the ambient air quality especially in the major cities such as Harare. Transportation is a major source of air pollutants. Vehicles are probably the largest single source of pollutants such as hydrocarbons, nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide. Other harmful emissions include as lead, benzene, arsenic, aldehydes, sulphates, particulate matter and the secondary creation of ozone. In Harare the number of registered vehicles increased from 192 901 in 1994 to 292 862 and by August 1999 showing that the increase in the number of vehicles is mostly in the cities. This chapter seeks to explore how smart transportation system can be adopted in Harare, the capital city of Zimbabwe. Harare was purposefully selected as it is experiencing rapid urbanization and motorization in the country. Using documentary analysis, discourse analysis and textual analysis, the chapter also describes and examines the challenges, constraints and opportunities of adopting smart urban transportation system in Harare. From this chapter the major conclusions are that the main problem associated with this rapid growth in vehicle population in the major cities is increase concentration of line and area emission sources due to traffic congestion at peak times. The stock of vehicles is quite old and they lack emission control equipment. Major constraints and limitations are observed in the current pieces of legislation. For example, the current Atmospheric Pollution Prevention Act (1971) does not require vehicles to be fitted with emission control equipment. Most of the vehicles use leaded fuel resulting in emission of the dangerous lead particulate matter in the urban areas. There is therefore an urgent need to design and implement air pollution control measures in the urban areas of the country. It is also critical to develop smart and eco-friendly transportation infrastructures so as to achieve sustainable urban communities. The integration of transportation, land use and decision making is also critical in the achievement of smart transport.
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