Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Pollutions agricoles'
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Debenest, Timothée. "Caractérisation de l'impact des pollutions agricoles sur les diatomées benthiques." Bordeaux 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BOR13538.
Full textSérès, Claire. "Approche coût-efficacité des politiques agri-environnementales : impact des critères d'éligibilité des exploitations agricoles." Phd thesis, Université Montesquieu - Bordeaux IV, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00089610.
Full textLes résultats montrent que la solution collective la plus coût-efficace est réalisée quand seules les exploitations les plus coût-efficaces sont intégrées dans la politique. Or, cette solution ne représente pas la meilleure des solutions d'un point de vue environnemental ; les exploitations les plus polluantes n'étant pas toujours les plus coût-efficaces, et les bénéfices environnementaux de la politique étant susceptibles d'être dilués par l'intégration d'un nombre restreint d'exploitations. La prise en compte de la localisation des exploitations sur un territoire constitue une solution pertinente pour l'amélioration de l'efficacité environnementale d'une politique, même si cette solution s'avère être plus coûteuse. Aussi, si les pouvoirs publics optent pour des politiques plus performantes d'un point de vue environnemental, ils doivent s'attendre à ce que le coût de la politique soit supérieur à celui proposé par une solution économiquement efficace.
Tortrat, Florent. "Modélisation orientée décision des processus de transfert par ruissellement et subsurface des herbicides dans les bassins versants agricoles." Phd thesis, Agrocampus - Ecole nationale supérieure d'agronomie de rennes, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00012049.
Full textIl existe un réel besoin d'outils opérationnels facilitant l'agrégation des processus de transferts au niveau des bassins versants à des fins de maîtrise des contaminations des eaux par les produits phytosanitaires. La plupart des outils opérationnels sont des indicateurs environnementaux, rapides et simples d'utilisation. Cependant, ils ne donnent que un niveau de risque et n'intègrent pas ou très peu l'incertitude liée à des critères spatiaux et temporels.
Cette thèse propose un modèle orienté décision des transferts par ruissellement et subsurface des herbicides. Il vise à produire une évaluation semi-quantitative de la contamination des eaux de rivière par les herbicides à l'échelle de petits bassins versants agricoles (quelques dizaines km²) au cours des quelques mois suivant les traitements. Une nouvelle représentation spatiale a été proposée. Elle est basée sur la spatialisation des pratiques agricoles et des processus physiques de transferts du bassin versant sous la forme d'un arbre d'exutoires de parcelles. Ce niveau de représentation permet une modélisation réaliste, opérationnelle et répondant aux besoins des acteurs locaux.
Le modèle intègre le réseau hydrographique, le réseau de fossés et le réseau de haies structurant l'espace du bassin versant. Les processus majeurs de transfert des herbicides dans les bassins sur socle sont le ruissellement et les écoulements de subsurface. Ces processus sont modélisés de manière simple mais explicite. Le ruissellement est calculé en fonction des états de surface du sol et le degré de contamination par subsurface est calculé en fonction de la profondeur de nappe.
Pour permettre de générer des scénarii réalistes d'itinéraires techniques de désherbage sur des bassins versants comprenant un nombre important de parcelles, un modèle décisionnel est développé et couplé au modèle de transfert. Ce modèle décisionnel simule les décisions des agriculteurs à différents niveaux d'organisation (parcelle, exploitation).
L'application du modèle porte sur le bassin versant du Frémeur, bassin versant du réseau Bretagne Eau Pure.
Pelzer, Stéphane. "Activité agricole et pollution de l'eau : vers une responsabilité environnementale des exploitants agricoles ?" Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0116/document.
Full textFarming has always been a source of pollution for water. This link has been reinforced by establishing a common Agricultural control Policy in the EU. In fact the common Agricultural Policy is based on productivisme optiminzing the yield of land by using manure as well as fertilizers, polluting water to a High degree.However some reforms and a specific tax legislation have been created in order to reduce harmful effects on agriculture and on water ressources unfurtunately these legal and institutionnal instruments have proved ineffective.Therefore governements have sought to make farmers aware of there responsabilities with regards to pollution. Despite these efforts, the diffuse nature of water pollution has been obstacle to the implementation of such a regime agricultural pollution.Consequently goverments have no choice but to turn to more flexible instruments that allow polluters to be associated to the various mesasures taken to avoid the pollution of water, particurly by getting polluters involved in the procès and making them signe contracts
Bourblanc, Magalie. "Les politiques de reconquête de la qualité de l'eau face aux pollutions agricoles : changement et stabilité dans les arrangements institutionnels en Côtes-D'Armor (France) et dans le Noord-Brabant (Pays-Bas)." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007IEPP0045.
Full textIn The Netherlands, twenty years after the first public measures dealing with agricultural non-point source pollution have been adopted, we can say that manure debate accelerated the disruption of agricultural policy community whereas manure policy in France catalyzed the productivist model. The Ph. D. Dissertation explains such an output by using the concept of “policy arrangement” and its four interconnected dimensions : actors’ coalition; resources; game rules; discourses (Arts et al. , 2006). In that respect, the thesis stresses two decisive internal features of the specific corporatist arrangement in agriculture : peculiar cognitive frames of the actors’ coalition and the specific organization in the Breton pig sector. The dissertation examines four competing hypotheses, trying to determine causal mechanisms linking policy arrangements’ components to one another in a policy change’s process : significant change in agricultural policy can be brought about by new rules of the game and new policy instruments (incremental change ; social learning ; unintended consequences) ; significant change can be brought about thanks to new actors and their corresponding resources ; discourses can provoke change ; the national political style makes a difference with regard to policy change. Conclusion is that no decisive change has been revealed except lately in the French case, in relation to the 2nd hypothesis thanks to network building activity between local environmental groups and the European Commission, proving that the concept of “policy arrangement” has to be amended in a more hierarchical way, placing actors and their resources at the top of a ladder and influencing game’s rules
Fares, Élie. "Agriculture pollution control policies : a case study of nitrate pollution in the Apulia region (Southern Italy) /." Montpellier : Institut agronomique méditerranéen, 2003. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb39122472n.
Full textBrives, Hélène. "Mettre en technique : conseillers agricoles et pollution de l'eau en Bretagne." Paris 10, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA100097.
Full textThis study seeks to show how agricultural advisors, working for the departmental Chambers of Agriculture, deal with the problem of water pollution in Brittany and how, in return, this issue organises their own professional activity. A detailed review of the literature in France on agricultural development and its agents, the agricultural advisors, prompts an investigation of, in particular, the technical character of the advisors' activity and leads to the hypothesis that the every-day professional activity of the advisors is the place for them to define what is technique, as opposed ±e what is politics or social. From this perspective, recent developments in the sociology of science and techniques allow us to build an analytical framework for our project of developing a pragmatic sociology of the activity of agricultural advisors around the problem of water pollution. The account of the ethnographic research is organised around the description of a series of selected "fragments of activity" which reveal both how the issue of pollution emerged during the 1970s via the problematic of "reasonable fertilisation" and how, today, this issue is not only integrated into the advisors' activity but, in being so, upsets and questions it. The notion of "producing technique" relates to the way in which the advisors define the issues that they deal with. This notion helps us to understand how the advisors themselves engage in the issue at the same time as they engage farmers, natural objects, regulation and their own institutional base. This work demonstrates that the activity of the advisors consists both in following the issue of pollution as it develops in often unexpected ways and, at the same time, seeking to limit it going too far, by sheltering behind the logic of facts or behind their mission as providing a service to farmers. If water pollution is today treated by mechanisms that go beyond the sphere of agriculture and tends to change the forms of intervention of agricultural advice, advisors are able to engage themselves on this issue by recycling their former skills
Tabach, Eddy El. "Étude de l'impact d'une pollution accidentelle et d'une pollution agricole sur les ressources en eau souterraine." Lille 1, 2005. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2005/50376-2005-Tabach.pdf.
Full textCette étude permet de dégager les paramètres prépondérants. Ces paramètres sont ensuite considérés pour la construction d'une base de données qui sert à la calibration d'un modèle basé sur les "réseaux de neurones ". Ce modèle est utilisé dans le cas de l'étude de l'impact de l'aménagement de la RN2 entre Avesnes sur Helpes et Maubeuge sur les champs captants du synclinal de Bachant. La troisième partie traite de la migration d'une pollution diffuse d'origine agricole (nitrates) dans la zone non saturée. On présente la zone d'étude et les résultats des suivis in situ, en ce qui concerne d'une part les apports d'engrais en surface (historiques culturaux) et d'autre part les mesures de profils en nitrates effectués pour certains sondages. On présente ensuite la construction de la base de données. Les variables d'entrée retenues sont les historiques culturaux en surface (apports d'azote), l'épaisseur de la couche de couverture limoneuse en dessous de la zone racinaire, la profondeur de la nappe et le temps. Finalement, on présente le modèle de réseaux de neurones artificiels et son application à la construction de cartes de contamination en nitrates de la partie supérieure de la nappe
Tabach, Eddy El Shahrour Isam Lancelot Laurent. "Étude de l'impact d'une pollution accidentelle et d'une pollution agricole sur les ressources en eau souterraine." Villeneuve d'Ascq : Université des sciences et technologies de Lille, 2007. https://iris.univ-lille1.fr/dspace/handle/1908/222.
Full textN° d'ordre (Lille 1) : 3632. Résumé en français et en anglais. Titre provenant de la page de titre du document numérisé. Bibliogr. p. 160-175.
Comte, Eloïse. "Pollution agricole des ressources en eau : approches couplées hydrogéologique et économique." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LAROS029/document.
Full textThis work is devoted to water ressources pollution control. We especially focus on the impact of agricultural fertilizer on water quality, by combining economical and hydrogeological modeling. We define, on one hand, the spatio-temporal objective, taking into account the trade off between fertilizer use and the cleaning costs. On an other hand, we describe the pollutant transport in the underground (3D in space) by a nonlinear system coupling a parabolic partial differential equation (reaction-advection-dispersion) with an elliptic one in a bounded domain. We prove the global existence of the solution of the optimal control problem. The uniqueness is proved by asymptotic analysis for the effective problem taking into account the low concentration fertilizer. We define the optimal necessary conditions and the adjoint problem associated to the model. Some analytical results are provided and illustrated. We extend these results within the framework of game theory, where several players are involved, and we prove the existence of a Nash equilibrium. Finally, this work is illustrated by numerical results (2D in space), produced by coupling a Mixed Finite Element scheme with a nonlinear conjugate gradient algorithm
Gu, Sen. "Release of dissolved and colloidal phosphorus from riparian wetlands : a field and laboratory assessment of the mechanisms and controlling factors." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1S063/document.
Full textPhosphorus (P) is a key nutrient in controlling surface water eutrophication. Because of the decrease of urban and industrial P emissions, most of the P nowadays causing surface water eutrophication in western countries consists of P transferred from agricultural soils, explaining why current eutrophication research focused on understanding the mechanisms by which P is released from soils. In this thesis, we studied these release mechanisms for dissolved P (DP) – i.e. the most bioavailable P component for algae - using an approach combining field monitoring of soil and stream water compositions in a small, headwater catchment typical of western countries agricultural catchments (the Kervidy-Naizn catchment, France), and laboratory experimental simulations. Field monitoring data revealed that riparian wetlands (RW) are the main zones of DP release and DP production in the studied catchment, through essentially two mechanisms triggered by groundwater table fluctuations, namely i) rewetting of dry soils (DRW), and ii) reductive dissolution of soil Fe (hydr)oxides during anaerobic periods. Field monitoring data also revealed the presence of strong spatial variations in the chemical nature (inorganic vs. organic/colloidal) of the released DP, which was in relation to differences in soil properties and local topography. Seasonal and inter-annual hydroclimate variations, combined with variations in local topography were found to control the frequency of soil DRW events and duration of anaerobic periods, resulting in strong seasonal and inter-annual variations of DP release dynamics. As shown in a conceptual model, topography is likely to be the key driver of the observed spatial and temporal variations, because of its combined control on i) the transfer of P from upland fields to RW zones, ii) the mineralization rates of soil organic P and iii) the triggering of the above two release mechanisms. Laboratory leaching experiments on the same soils confirmed the role of DRW events as a major process causing DP release pulses in RWs. The data demonstrated that the released DP consisted not only of true dissolved inorganic and organic P but also of colloidal P, the latter phase being the most reactive to DRW events. The data also revealed that the different P forms came from different P sources in the soil (soil macro/mesopores for colloidal P and organic DP; soil micropores for inorganic DP) and that the amount of released colloidal P correlated positively with the organic matter contents and soil microbial biomass size of the soil. Anaerobic incubation experiments, on their hand, confirmed the role of anoxic conditions as conditions favoring the release of DP in RW. Reductive dissolution of soil Fe-oxyhydroxide was, however, not the sole process involved in that release, another process being the rise in pH caused by reduction reactions. Experimental data showed that the pH rise controlled the DP release in organic-rich soils, this release being on the contrary mainly controlled by soil Fe-oxyhydroxides reductive dissolution in organic-poor soils. Experimental data also showed that the input of soil sediments from upland fields enhanced the release of DP in RW, most likely due to the enhanced dissolution of sediment Fe-oxyhydroxides by RW Fe-reducing bacteria. Overall, this thesis allowed new constraints to be placed on the release mechanisms of DP in headwater agricultural catchments. One very practical output is that great care should be taken of hydroclimate variability, local topography, and soil property when designing and implementing management options to reduce DP release and transfer in agricultural catchments
Turpin, Nadine. "Incitation à l'adoption de meilleures pratiques agricoles et lutte contre la pollution diffuse en présence d'asymétrie d'information." Paris 10, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA100053.
Full textThis work belongs to the set of micro-economic analysis of pollution regulating policies when asymmetric information arises. We analysed the special features of nonpoint source pollution associated with breeding activities, which render delicate the design of regulating instruments. We present the design of a regulation mechanism for an adverse selection case, using data from dairy farms on a French watershed. Asymmetric information put constraints on the optimal policy. Production and emission functions have been designed from the empirical application and their parameters have been statistically estimated. First, participation of farmers is mandatory : the farmers participate as soon as their regulated profit is higher than a type-independent value. Second we added acceptability constraints : the regulator has to satisfy a given proportion of farmers through intervention and a farmer is satisfied when he does not lose from regulation compared to the laissez faire situation
Piot-Lepetit, Isabelle. "Les excédents d'intrants polluants dus à des inefficacités des producteurs agricoles." Bordeaux 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995BOR1D008.
Full textA review of available approaches for marametric and non-parametric measurement of technical and allocative efficiency is presented. Based on this assessment, a framework is presented for non parametric measurement of technical and allocativ e efficiency from both primal and dual perspectives. The influence of quasi-fixed inputs on technical efficiency measure ment is demonstrated and illustrated. The effect of regulation of polluting input is also analyzed from this perspective. The framework is empirically implemented for the cases of cereal and pig production in france. The estimate indicate the potential for reduction on polluting inputs through adjustment in technical efficiency
Piot-Lepetit, Isabelle. "Les excédents d'intrants polluants dus à des inefficacités des producteurs agricoles." Bordeaux 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995BOR40008.
Full textA review of available approaches for marametric and non-parametric measurement of technical and allocative efficiency is presented. Based on this assessment, a framework is presented for non parametric measurement of technical and allocativ e efficiency from both primal and dual perspectives. The influence of quasi-fixed inputs on technical efficiency measure ment is demonstrated and illustrated. The effect of regulation of polluting input is also analyzed from this perspective. The framework is empirically implemented for the cases of cereal and pig production in france. The estimate indicate the potential for reduction on polluting inputs through adjustment in technical efficiency
Amellal, Samira. "Biodégradation, mobilité et stabilisation du phénanthrène dans deux sols agricoles." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004INPL110N.
Full textPhenanthren, a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon is an organic pollutant, present in ail the compartments of the environment (air, water and soil). The aim of this thesis is to identify the main processes and factors which control its fa te in controlled laboratory conditions and under natural climatic conditions. The results showed that phenanthren is strongly adsorbed on the agricultural soils studied. Its adsorption seems proportional to the organic matter content and type. This study also shows that soil physical properties (texture, structure, porosity and hydrodynamics) play a considerable role in leaching of phenanthren residues. But this role is strongly influenced adsorption and biodegradation processes. Biodegradation is related to the capacity of micro-organisms to transform phenanthren by co-metabolism. Therefore, the biodegradation of phenanthren depends on the presence of carbon substrates used as co-substrates. This has been shown by stimulation biodegradation through the addition of a "synthetic root exudates" to the soil. The biodegradation by co-metabolism seems to play a key role in diffusion of phenanthrene residues of in immobile water (mesoporale water, microporale water) since polar residues appear. The diffusion phenanthren residues within the intra-aggregate could be a first step to their stabilisation
Pinheiro, Adilson. "Un outil d'aide à la gestion de la pollution agricole : le modèle POLA." Toulouse, INPT, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995INPT087H.
Full textCosson, Richard P. "Influences des pratiques agricoles sur la contamination des écosystèmes aquatiques par les métaux lourds : approche écotoxicologique." Paris 11, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA112209.
Full textSoggiu, Lydia. "Zonage des espaces agricoles : recherche sur la délimitation d'espaces homogènes en fonction des pratiques agricoles : le cas de la culture du mai͏̈s en Charente : thèse présentée pour l'obtention du titre de Docteur en géographie et aménagement du territoire [soutenue le 29 mars 1999]." Pau, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PAUU1003.
Full textMonpion, Anne. "Le principe pollueur payeur et l'activité agricole dans l'Union européenne." Limoges, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007LIMO1005.
Full textThe agricultural activity, as it done in Europe, is a source of pollutions. Indeed, the common agricultural policy (CAP), which is based upon productivity, has played a great part in the realisation of important environmental damages caused to natural resources. The polluter pays principle, one of the foundations of the common environmental policy, seems to be resolutely put aside ways enforced to struggle against agricultural pollutions. The both pillars of the common agricultural policy have in some way set up that enmity. The first pillar, which has disconnected the prices of agricultural products from market signals, doesn't allow producers to internalise external costs. Regarding to the second pillar, it tries to struggle against agricultural pollutions by financial supports whereas the polluter pays principle is a no subvention principle. The common environmental policy, in accordance with the integration principle, represents another way to fight against those pollutions. Unfortunately their diffuse nature is an obstable to the enforcement of the polluter pays principle by environmental regulation. The diffuse nature of the pollutions makes the identification of the polluter impossible. So the enforcement of the preventive and curative functions of the polluter pays principle is very difficult. However, improvements have been carried out thanks to the continuous reform process of the CAP which indirectly promotes the enforcement of the principle. It doesn't mean that it leads the common policy of fight against agricultural pollutions. It seems to be definitively banished from that sector which means that the society bears the load of environmental damages costs
Hamaoui, Lynda. "Les émissions d'ammoniac par les activités agricoles : impact sur la qualité de l'air." Paris 7, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA077111.
Full textA new approach has been set up to compute the ammonia emissions coming from mineral fertilizer spreading over agricultural soils. They are calculated using the one dimensional mechanistic model "VOLT'AIR" which has been coupled with datasets on cultural practices, soil properties and meteorology. NH₃ emissions from other agricultural sources are extracted at local scale from the national spatialised inventory (INS) and thereafter finely spatialised. The modelled emissions show high spatiotemporal variations depending on soil pH, rates and dates of fertilization and meteorological variables, especially soil temperature and wind speed. The comparison of the total ammonia emissions estimated with the new approach VOLT'AIR_INS (VOLT'AIR for mineral fertilization and INS for other agricultural sources) with the standard emissions provided by EMEP (European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme) shows significant differences in the spatial and temporal distributions. To assess and compare the impact of ammonia emission variability on the formation of ammonium nitrate particles, several simulations were carried out with CHIMERE for the period of February-May 2007 using NH₃ emissions from the three methods : VOLT'AIR_INS, INS et EMEP. The results show that changes in ammonia emissions have different effects on particle concentrations depending on regions and nitrate concentrations The comparison of modelled PM10 and ammonium nitrate aerosol with observations shows that the use of the new ammonia emission method improves slightly the spatiotemporal correlation in several regions and lightly reduces thee negative bias (1 to 2 μg/m³ in average)
Castandet, Michel. "Recyclage et valorisation des déchets agricoles industriels et urbains." Rouen, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994ROUES041.
Full textYoussouf, Hassani. "Effets respiratoires de la pollution atmosphérique : prise en compte de plusieurs niveaux de pollution." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066456/document.
Full textThe objectives of this thesis were to study the respiratory effects of air pollution by taking into account three levels of exposure: the macroscopic, semi-individual and individual levels. For the macroscopic level, we studied the health effects of emissions from forest fires in an ecological study. Through a literature review, we found that several epidemiological studies have shown the association between exposure to wildfire emissions and increase cardiopulmonary disease and mortality for the people living nearby. The main limitation of these studies is given by the exposure assessment. In a case study of the wildfire occurred in Marseille in the summer 2009, we observed effects at the limit of significance 8 and 9 days after exposure between concentrations of fine particles (PM2.5) from fire and respiratory effects .For semi-individual level, we have studied the link between domestic and occupational pollution and respiratory diseases among farmers from Auvergne using a cross-sectional study. We observed that the halogenated hydrocarbons and Etyl-butoxyacetate were significantly associated with the small airways disease. Benzene concentration in the living room of the farm was significantly associated with an increased risk of asthma. Finally, the use of a biomarker (the mercapturic acid) in the context of a case-control study allowed us to measure the internal dose of the exposure to benzene and its link with asthma among children included the study
Joseph, Osnick. "Étude du potentiel d'utilisation de résidus agricoles haïtiens pour le traitement par biosorption d'effluents pollués." Lyon, INSA, 2009. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2009ISAL0108/these.pdf.
Full textSugar cane bagasse and vetiver root samples used in this research come from Haiti and constitute cheap, abundant and locally available resources. The aim of the present work is to study the potential of use of bagasse and vetiver for the metals and dyes laden industrial wastewater treatment, in a step of search for processes applicable to the wastewater treatment in the Haitian context. The first stage consisted in preparing and determining the physico-chemical characteristics of materials. In particular, the anaerobic biological incubation of bagasse contributes to increase the specific surface area by 100%, and the carboxylic lactones functions by 600% and more than 1100%, respectively, reduce dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by 92%, and the creation of basic functions. While the physico-chemical characteristics of vetiver root are remained quasi-unchanged. The batch biosorption studies were carried out for several metal ions, namely Pb2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, Ni2+, and dyes, such as Acid Orange 7 and Victoria Blue B both onto native and incubated materials. The biosorption equilibrium was reached at the end of 300 minutes for native and incubated materials. The initial sorption rates (v0) of Incubated Sugar Cane Bagasse (ISCB) increased by 600%, while the reduction in the pseudo-second order kinetics constant (K) was about 45% for ISCB and Incubated Vetiver Root (IVR), compared to that of native materials. The metal experimental data fitted well with the Langmuir and Freundlich model. The based maximum biosorption capacities (qm) affinity order corresponds to Pb2+ > Cu2+ > Zn2+ > Cd2+ > Ni2+ for native bagasse and Cu2+ > Pb2+ > Ni2+ > Cd2+ > Zn2+ for incubated bagasse. The maximum biosorption capacities of copper onto native and incubated bagasse vary from 0. 028 mmol. G-1 to 0. 12 mmol. G-1 and from 0. 029 mmol. G-1 to 0. 09 mmol. G-1 for lead. The biosorption capacities of nickel and cadmium ions onto incubated vetiver root are at least twice higher than those of bagasse. The based maximum biosorption capacities (qm) order of native and incubated materials for nickel and cadmium removal corresponds to IVR > NVR > ISCB > NSCB (NVR and NSCB: Native Vetiver Root and Native Sugar Cane Bagasse). The biosorption capacities of Acid Orange 7 and Victoria Blue B are low, compared to the results obtained for metal ions uptake. Ion exchange with Ca2+ ions was found to be one of biosorption mechanism, added with chemisorption or complexation. One of the possible implementation in the Haitian context consists in metals and pigments laden paint manufacturing effluents treatment, in Port-au-Prince, by using a biosorbent-based counter-current process
Casal, Laurène. "Evaluation de scénarios de gestion paysagère de l’azote par modélisation en bassins versants agricoles." Thesis, Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NSARD085/document.
Full textEnvironmental issues related to the excess of reactive nitrogen of agricultural origin activity, are still a major concern in France despite restrictive regulations. To reconcile sustained agricultural production and reduced nitrogen emissions, we identified innovative mitigation strategies and simulated their effects were simulated using distributed agro-hydrological models. The approach consisted in farm surveys in two contrasted situations (NW and SW of France) a basis to simulate the following scenarios :i) optimisation of agricultural practices according to the 5th action programme of the Nitrate Directive ii) conversion of agricultural land into environmental zones (unmanaged grasslands), with varying extension and in different landscape positons. Results show the interest of locating them in an interception position (i.e. in humid zones around the stream network) rather than in headwater position, especially in the NW catchment were subsurface flow is the dominant pathway. This solution would reduce nitrate losses without increasing other nitrogen emissions
Kauark, Leite Luiz Augusto. "Réflexions sur l'utilité des modèles mathématiques dans la gestion de la pollution diffuse d'origine agricole." Phd thesis, Marne-la-vallée, ENPC, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990ENPC9030.
Full textThis work has two main objectives. First, it evaluates the abiity of empirical and conceptual models to simulate the evolution of loads and concentrations of suspended solids, nitrates and phosphates at the outlet of a small rural watershed. A model (bases on CREAMS and SWRRB) is used as an example of empirical models and HSPF as an example of conceptual models. Second, the usefulness of such models is analyzed towards the management of non-point agricultural pollution through the detailed study of five potential operational uses of models : (1) computation of polluant load, (2) analysis of high concentration risk, (3) simulation and représentation of pollutant transport mechanisms, (4) identification of pollutant sources, and (5) prediction of the impact of modifying agriculturl practices on water quality. The first part of this work displays the importance of rural non-point source pollution. The different steps of water management procedures in agricultural watersheds are analyzed, pointing out the need for various management tools at each step. Then, the potential use of models as management tools is presented. This first part ends with the description of the normal structure of a modelling approach to a problem, and with the analysis of extrinsic reasons which can explain why models are sarcely used in France. The second part describes the physical, chemical and biological processes and subsequent sub-models interacting in the global cycle of water, erosion, nitrogen and phosphorus. Next, a comprehensive analysis is given of the most famous models, specifying their abilities and their applicability. The third part is devoted to the conducted modelling work. The results obtained after validation for both selected models on the Mélarhez watershed (7 km²) are analyzed. Finally, a conclusion is suggested as to the usefulness of models as management tools, on the basis of the answers that they are able to bring to real problems. The main conclusions to be drawn are as follows : (1) These models are too complex to simulate loads and concentrations at the outlet of rural watersheds. The available information in the data is not sufficient to calibrate the model, hence parameters are under-determined. Moreover, simulations are generally rather poor, specifically in the case of the highest concentrations. As management tools, the models are not more efficient than simpler models to compute pollutant loads (for instance models considering a constant concentration). (2) In principle, these models should be able to simulate other state variables (e. G. , soil nitrate storage) or to simulate the impact on water quality of modifying agricultural practices such as changing cultivated areas or crop rotations, or changing the type or amount of fertilisers. This presupposes that the realism of the representation of processes inside the watershed (not only at the outlet) should be verified. Unfortunately this is not the case, and furthermore the necessary data generally do not exist. Hence, at pesent, these mdels should not be trusted for decision making
Kauark, Leite Luiz Augusto. "Réflexions sur l'utilité des modèles mathématiques dans la gestion de la pollution diffuse d'origine agricole." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, 1990. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00529963.
Full textCirelli, Claudia Prévôt Schapira Marie-France. "Environnement et usage de l' eau pratiques agricoles à risque aux marges des villes mexicaines /." Saint-Denis : Université de Paris 8, 2007. http://www.bu.univ-paris8.fr/web/collections/theses/THESE_Cirelli.pdf.
Full textBeaulieu, Lucie. "Analyse de sensibilité d'un indice de risque de perte de phosphore en zone cultivée." Québec : Université Laval, 2005. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2005/22790/22790.pdf.
Full textKanj, Farah. "Outils et méthodes pour une politique territoriale de gestion raisonnée des pratiques agricoles : cas d’application dans la région de la Béqaa au Liban." Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MON30019/document.
Full textFor many countries, food security is the biggest challenge facing agriculture, while ensuring environmental sustainability. Sustainable intensification of production and preventing crop losses are key element to increase production and ensure their consistency, massive inputs (fertilizers, pesticides) use is most often the easiest and the safe solution in the short term. These intensification practices resulting sometimes in increasing excessive consumption of fertilizers and pesticides have a negative impact in both environment and human health, which today pose the problem of the sustainability of these production methods. Ensuring food security through process intensification and environmental sustainability seem to be in opposition. The impact on the environment and human health from the intensification of agricultural practices with the increase in using chemicals has carry civil society and governments to query the sustainability of this development system and to question the scientific community to provide other types of production for sustainable development. How to build sustainable systems of agricultural production in the territories, while responding to the objectives of increased production to ensure an acceptable level of food security. This question as part of climate change today has become central to policy makers. Agriculture is associated to the concept of territory, environmental sustainability to a collective problem; modify the parameters for the formulation of public policy actions. We must now build integrated management approaches and collective agriculture in these territories, taking into consideration the local stakeholders, the potentialities and the specifications of the physical environment. To build a collective project, it is crucial to understand the representations that users and stakeholders in the management and the ecosystem uses should be done in dynamics and interactions between rules of practice and behavior of local actors. What tools and methods must implement policy-makers in the territories to meet these goals? The framework is at the interface of different scientific fields; agronomy, geography and economics. A model of the operation planning as an instrument of support for the dialogue seems to be appropriate for such approach; possible to simulate different alternatives and allow viewpoints. The first part of the thesis will focus on a literature review of existing instruments and methods in this area, particularly in terms of indicators of characterization and alternative solutions in terms of production. The choice in terms of generic method is oriented on elaborating of tools in spatially, collective and interactive simulation. The goal is to build a method for developing an agricultural strategic planning to allow the basis of a territorial public policy. The field of application will be the Bekaa region in Lebanon, which is an intensive farming area in Lebanon, and contributing very significantly to agricultural production in Lebanon
Maison, Philippe. "Un modèle hydrologique de suivi de la pollution diffuse en bassin versant : approche mécaniste simplifiée de la zone non saturée." Toulouse, INPT, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000INPT009H.
Full textAimer, Yassine. "Traitement par oxydation électrochimique des rejets agricoles chargés en pesticides." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30189.
Full textThe discharges of the agricultural practices (phytosanitary treatments, rinsing of equipment and atomizers) constitute an important cause of the ecosystem degradation. These practices establish a direct threat for the environment, the living beings and especially for the human health. Consequently, the development of processes to detoxify the pesticide residues before their release in the environment is needed. This study is devoted on the electrochemical oxidation of an organophosphorus compound, the Dimethoate (DIM) using a boron doped diamond anode. The obtained results were compared with the ones obtained by oxidation with the sulfate radical. For both cases, the target molecule has disappeared but the selective reaction of sulfate radicals with organics led to the production of intermediates which are less biodegradable than DIM. Whereas the electrochemical oxidation of DIM via hydroxyl radicals showed that it was possible to render the solution biodegradable without reaching a complete mineralization
Michaud, Aubert Raymond. "Indicateurs agroenvironnementaux adaptés à la gestion de projets ciblés sur la prévention de la pollution diffuse par le phosphore." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/17964.
Full textReduction of non-point source phosphorus (P) related to agricultural land use has been identified as a priority for Missisquoi Bay, a water body impaired by cyanobacteria blooms and shared by Quebec province, Canada, and Vermont state, USA. The objectives of a research initiated in 1997 within the Beaver experimental watershed (11 km2) were 1) to describe the non-point source P transfer to the aquatic ecosystem through landscape and agricultural production systems descriptors and 2) to evaluate the effectiveness of surface runoff management on P transfer. A simulated rainfall study conducted on an array of 36 runoff plots deployed on three benchmark soils of the watershed demonstrated the high level of interaction among cropping (tilled vs hay) and manure treatment and the site-specific influence of soil physical and chemical properties on P export and bioavaibility. Variance analysis indicated significant contributions of treatments in explaining total P concentration in runoff as follows: Soil type effect > Cropping effect > Soil*Cropping interaction > Manure effect. Annual exports of dissolved reactive P and total P averaged 0.65 and 1.53 kg-P ha-1, respectively, over the six years watershed monitoring period. These export loads were temporally episodic in nature and occurred dominantly during peak stream flow events and under late-winter/early-spring conditions when overland runoff was generated through snowmelt or precipitation on thawing or saturated soils. Under base flow conditions, the flux-stream discharge relationship indicated that P point sources contributed between 3 to 11% of annual exports. During elevated stream flow conditions, high bioavailability and particulate ratio of P exports indicated in-stream P storage and transformation mechanisms, as well as a significant contribution of subsurface P transport to the main stream channel. Covariance analysis of water quality data using stream flow as a covariate highlighted a landscape-driven hydrologic control on the spatial pattern in P transfer, as well as an influence of manure P sources management. Temporal trend in water quality from the downstream station also indicated a 25% reduction in total P flow-weighted concentration during high flows in response to the establishment of riparian buffers and catch basins along the stream main stem.
Bur, Thomas. "Impact anthropique sur les éléments traces métalliques dans les sols agricoles de Midi-Pyrénées : Implications en termes de limites et de charges critiques." Toulouse, INPT, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008INPT025A.
Full textTrace metal element (ETM) concentrations measured in soils result from both primary mineral weathering and exogenous inputs due to anthropogenic activities. The necessity to protect soils against contamination led, in France, to the establishment of the Soil Quality Measurement Network (RMQS) to characterize the physico-chemical and environmental parameters of agricultural soils. Within this context, ETM concentrations were measured in 124 RMQS soil stations of Midi-Pyrénées region, as well as in a small experimental catchment (Auradé, Gers). ETM vertical dynamic has been characterized for each soil profile. ETM enrichment and REE anomalies were used to characterise pedogenetic processes and the different ETM behaviours among various soil types. ETM natural theoretical concentrations (geochemical background) were modelized. The difference between geochemical background values and measured concentrations were used to estimate anthropogenic contributions. 2 to 5% of the sampling stations are affected by important Cd enrichments, and 5 to 8% of the sites by Cu enrichments, particularly in surface soil horizons. The distribution of collembola, used as bioindicator of ETM impact on soil fauna, seems to be mainly affected by soil practices. ETM bioaccumulation by these organisms mainly concerns labile elements and is enhanced by low soil pH. Field observations were confirmed in laboratory on the biological model Folsomia Candida exposed to natural soil spiked with Cd and Pb. Cd toxicity and Pb in solution seems to be enhanced for high pH. The influence of these two ETM supplied separately or jointly has induced a decrease of F. Candida reproduction and growth. After the characterization of the relative sensibility of this species among the soil fauna, F. Candida reproduction was used to establish the critical concentration in order to preserve 95% of the reproduction function for 95% of soil fauna species. This concentration and the one currently used in Europe to protect microorganism functions were both used to calculate the maximum acceptable ETM flux for agricultural soil ecosystems, with the aim to avoid irremediable harmful effects to soil (critical load). Cd and Pb critical loads strongly depend on agricultural practices. Critical flux is exceeded by present flux for 34% and 80% of the RMQS sampling sites, respectively for Cd and Pb
Jacquin, Natacha. "Les coûts de la réduction de la pollution en région d'élevage intensif." Paris 12, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA122004.
Full textL'Herroux, Loïc. "Devenir des éléments métalliques provenant des effluents d'élevages apportés aux parcelles agricoles : étude du modèle expérimental "Solepur" et cas de l'estuaire de l'Aber-Wrach." Brest, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997BRES2035.
Full textMoreau, Pierre. "Modélisation intégrée des systèmes agricoles et de la dynamique de l'azote dans le bassin versant : : de la conception du modèle au test de scénarios." Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2011NSARD063.
Full textTo face the increasing food requirements and the increasing pressure on natural resources, the need to develop and evaluate farming systems that improve the balance between the objectives of sustaining production and reducing pollutant emissions, is more acute than ever. Among the environmental impacts, the nitrogen fluxes to aquifers and surface waters due to agricultural activities have led to the deterioration of drinking water quality and to the eutrophication of the aquatic environment. In this context, research is questioned to put forward innovations integrating both the farming system, where the decision of agricultural practices takes place, and the territory, where the negative impacts are visible, collective solution are possible and local policies are set up. The thesis aims at integrating these two levels. The objectives are (i) to identify economically viable farming systems that could reduce nitrogen emissions to waters, (ii) to integrate the farming-system in a model assessing nitrogen fluxes at catchment level and (iii) to simulate the effect of catchment-scale changes in farming systems on the nitrogen fluxes. In a catchment dominated by cattle production and where a drastic reduction of nitrogen fluxes is required to control coastal eutrophication, a multi-criteria analysis was conducted by combining an agrarian and an environmental diagnosis. In this application, the study of the economic, technical and environmental strengths and weaknesses of farming systems highlighted the interest of moving towards generalized grassland-based production systems. To integrate farming system and watershed, a model called CASIMOD’N (Catchment and Agricultural System Integrated MODel for Nitrogen) was developed. It is based on the coupling of pre-existing sub-models: TOURNESOL and FUMIGENE which simulate strategic decisions in livestock system translated into crop rotation and technical operations, and TNT2, which simulates nitrogen transfer and transformation in catchments. In CASIMOD'N, the feasibility of modeling the strategies in herd alimentation and in waste spreading to ensure the consistency of the simulated agricultural practices and their spatial distribution was demonstrated. Scenarios of farming-system changes, built in collaboration with the stakeholders and based on the results of the multi-criteria analysis, were tested. In this application, the effects of the generalization of two indicators, restricting the stocking rate per hectare of perennial crop and the nitrogen input in the farming systems, has been evaluated for the systems, the management practices and the nitrogen fluxes
Busca, Didier. "Agriculture et environnement : la mise en oeuvre négociée des dispositifs agri-environnementaux : effets d'organisation, enjeux de territoire et dynamique d'appropriation stratégique." Toulouse 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOU20067.
Full textThe consequences of intensive agriculture on environment are subject to increasing public intervention since the 90's. These agri-environmental policies are confronted with agricultural interests and their efficiency is often criticized. This leads to question oneself on how they are implemented. This thesis studies the implementation of an agri-environmental regulation (the Program for Control of Agriculture-Originated Pollution) and an encouraging policy (Ferti-Mieux) in the Adour-Garonne region. Backed up with thorough interviews, the negotiated exchanges between public agents, agriculture professional organizations and the designated farmers are analyzed. Moreover, a quantitative approach analyzes the impact of local situations on the implementation of policies. The proposed argument is that the environmental objectives of the policies are adapted by negotiated arrangements on the implementation means. This adaptation process is the consequence of an dynamics of strategic appropriation of the policies, individually by the farmers and collectively by the professional organizations. Some modulations are noticed due to local agriculture and tourism stakes
Devez, Aurélie. "Caractérisation des risques induits par les activités agricoles sur les écosystèmes aquatiques." Phd thesis, ENGREF (AgroParisTech), 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00006497.
Full textBernard, Hervé. "Evaluation des risques de transferts d'herbicides dans les sols tropicaux de l'ouest de l'ile de la Réunion." Poitiers, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004POIT2285.
Full textHerbicides leaching risks under sugar cane in brown soils of West Reunion Island are evaluated with standardized index (GUS, AF) and numerical models (SIMULIRRIG, MARTHE), configured from determined experimental data. Local specific behaviours are observed compared to temperate areas. Static dissipation phenomena (adsorption, degradation) are more intense and soils, with high clay content, show aggregates structures, with strong porosities witch generated strong water contents, storage capacities and permeabilities. Thus, tallying of application and strong rains periods, leads to leaching risks from December to April, and particularly significant from February to March. They strongly depend on applications dates. Moreover, tropical depression spell, from November to April, can lead to extremely strong leaching
Anras, Loïc. "Influence du réseau hydraulique sur la qualité des eaux de surface dans un marais littoral agricole : rôle des processus géochimiques à l'interface eau-sédiment." Poitiers, 1997. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01737226.
Full textKopichenko, Evgeniya. "Étude prémilinaire du comportement de différents fossés avaloirs en milieu agricole." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26967.
Full textPasseport, Elodie. "Efficacité d'une zone humide artificielle et d'une zone tampon forestière pour dissiper la pollution par les pesticides dans un bassin versant agricole drainé." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2010. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00542351.
Full textHeydel, Laurence. "Diagnostic et maitrise des contaminations des eaux souterraines par les résidus d'atrazine." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1998. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_1998_HEYDEL_L.pdf.
Full textHoudart, Marie. "Organisation spatiale des activités agricoles et pollution des eaux par les pesticides : modélisation appliquée au bassin versant de la Capot, Martinique." Antilles-Guyane, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005AGUY0132.
Full textThis study shows how the spatial organization of agricultural activities is at the origin of polluting loads distribution. In order to understand the complexity of the rural system in which the various activities take place, an approach was necessary which would consider several levels of space organization, according to three points of view on space: As a result, three tools have been used at once : geographic information systems (GIS), graphic modeling (chorèmes) and-multi-agents systems (MAS) used to analyse data resulting from farmer's interviews. These tools are applied to a rural territory of 1200 hectares located on the Pelée mountain, characterized by the exclusiveness of agricultural activities-and the presence of 46 exploitations. Several conclusions can be drawn from this study: historical construction of space at several levels of organization; distribution of logics of space management according to units of constraints; distribution of farming orientations and crop systems depending on distribution of- logics of space management. The environmental consequences have been evaluated by identifying plant health practices, formalized by an indicator of contribution of the plots to the polluting pressure: crops systems and farming orientation appears to be the principal criteria of space differentiation. Multi agents simulations helped to identify the ownership question as being at the basis for setting practices while minimizing spreadings of pesticides. At last, the study shows the need to take into account the various sides of rural development and the new functions of agriculture in order to solve environmental problems
Martin, Charlotte. "Mécanismes hydrologiques et hydrochimiques impliqués dans les variations saisonnières des teneurs en nitrate dans les bassins versants agricoles." Rennes 1, 2003. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00003939v2.
Full textWahl, Aurélie. "Distribution et comportement de débris plastiques dans un sol agricole amendé en compost de déchets ménagers." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Rennes 1, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022REN1B031.
Full textPlastic waste is accumulating in all environmental compartments, and its presence is of great interest to the scientific community. However, plastic waste study in soils is only very recent compared to rivers and oceans. This PhD work therefore focused on the behaviour of micro- and nanoplastics and associated contaminants from the composting of household waste enriched with plastic debris in agricultural soil. The microplastics collected in soil have an advanced degree of weathering that favours the release of small plastic particles such as nanoplastics. In order to identify them, an extraction/identification method was developed and highlighted for the first time, the presence of nanoplastics containing the three most common polymers in the uppermost soil surface layer. It was then demonstrated that these nanoplastics were present in the mineral layers at depth, whereas the microplastics were only present at ploughing depth. Nanoplastics are therefore mobile in soils and can reach the underlying groundwaters. Finally, the role of plastic waste in the concomitant metal contamination found in soil was investigated. The highest concentrations correspond to metals used as additives in the formulation of plastics, but the plastic role could not be implicated with certainty in soil contamination. However, metals and their isotopic signatures are good candidates for tracing nanoplastics in complex natural matrices
El, Adraa Khaled. "Design de composites verts pour la dépollution des terres agricoles : expérience et théorie." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066539.
Full textLayered silicates like smectites are important soil components. Many works have been devoted to functionalize these materials in order to increase their chelating properties which may help retain heavy metals. It is well known that Cd2+, Hg2+, Pb2+, Co2+ and Zn2+ forms stable complexes with sulfur-containing organic ligands like cysteine. The first step of this work was the preparation of cysteine-montmorillonite composite through procedures that are well mastered. The second step was the study of the capacity of these composite materials to adsorb heavy metal cations. The chemical data demonstrates that the amount of cysteine detected on montmorillonite increases rapidly during the first few hours to attain a plateau after 24h. A comparison between the chelating properties of the resulting hybrid inorganic-organic materials and the pure montmorillonite was carried out for the following heavy metal cations Cd2+, Hg2+, Pb2+, Co2+ and Zn2+. It appears that the adsorption capacity of both materials is comparable. However, in release experiments, the heavy metal cations are more strongly retained by the hybrid material. Thermogravimetric analysis shows a special behavior with mercury and copper cations. Interactions between the hybrid clay mineral and the inorganic hosts were studied by spectroscopic methods such as solid-state NMR and FTIR. The experimental data were interpreted and supported by the use of theoretical periodic DFT calculations. Experiments with co-adsorption of heavy metal cations and emergent pollutants were also conducted. Interactions between the pollutants and the composite were highlighted by spectroscopic techniques
Gilbin, Rodolphe. "Caractérisation de l'exposition des écosystèmes aquatiques à des produits phytosanitaires : spéciation, biodisponibilité et toxicité : exemple du cuivre dans les eaux de ruissellement de parcelles viticoles (Roujan, Hérault, France)." Montpellier 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001MON13513.
Full textArlot, Marie-Pierre. "Nitrates dans les eaux : Drainage acteur, drainage témoin ? Les enseignements d'une approche hydrologique et hydraulique sur (1) l'influence du drainage agricole sur la contamination diffuse des eaux par les nitrates et (2) sur les possibilités d'utiliser les parcelles drainées pour l'analyse de la dite contamination." Paris 6, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA066018.
Full textJanati-Idrissi, Mohammed. "Evaluation de l'écotoxicité potentielle des contaminants sur un micro-écosystème expérimental." Rouen, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997ROUES035.
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