Academic literature on the topic 'Polo animal y vegetal'

An animal-vegetal axis exists in the unfertilized eggs of the ascidian Halocynthia roretzi. The first phase of ooplasmic segregation brings the egg cortex to the vegetal pole very soon after fertilization. In the present study, when 5–8% of the egg cytoplasm in the vegetal pole region was removed between the first and second phase of segregation, most embryos exhibited failure of gastrulation, as reported previously in Styela by Bates and Jeffery (Dev. Biol, 124, 65–76, 1987). The embryos that were deficient in vegetal pole cytoplasm (VC-deficient embryos) developed into permanent blastulae. They consisted for the most part of epidermal cells and most lacked the derivatives of vegetal blastomeres, such as endoderm, muscle and notochord. Removal of cytoplasm from other regions did not affect embryogenesis. The cleavage of the VC-deficient embryos not only exhibited radial symmetry along the animal-vegetal axis but the pattern of the cleavage was also identical in the animal and vegetal hemispheres. Examination of the developmental fates of early blastomeres of VC-deficient embryos revealed that the vegetal blastomeres had assumed the fate of animal cells. These results suggested that the VC-deficient embryos had been totally animalized. When vegetal pole cytoplasm was transplanted to the animal pole or equatorial position of VC-deficient eggs, gastrulation occurred, starting at the site of the transplantation and tissues derived from vegetal blastomeres formed. Therefore, it appears that vegetal pole cytoplasm specifies the site of gastrulation and the cytoplasm is responsible for the specification of vegetal blastomeres. It is suggested that during the second phase of ooplasmic segregation, cytoplasmic factors responsible for gastrulation spread throughout the entire vegetal hemisphere.

Muscle gene expression is known to be induced in animal pole cells of a Xenopus blastula after 2-3 h of close contact with vegetal pole cells. We tested whether this induction requires functional gap junctions between vegetal and animal portions of an animal-vegetal conjugate. Muscle gene transcription was assayed with a muscle-specific actin gene probe and the presence or absence of communication through gap junctions was determined electrophysiologically. Antibodies to gap junction protein were shown to block gap junction communication for the whole of the induction time, but did not prevent successful induction of muscle gene activation. The outcome was the same whether communication between inducing vegetal cells and responding animal cells was blocked by introducing antibodies into vegetal cells alone or into animal cells alone. We conclude that gap junctions are not required for this example of embryonic induction.

The Xenopus egg contains a maternal dorsal determinant that is specifically localized to the vegetal cortex. We have previously shown that vegetal cortical cytoplasm can generate a full dorsal axis when it is injected into ventral vegetal blastomeres of a cleavage-stage embryo. In this study, we have defined further the properties of the dorsal activity. The cortical dorsal activity arises during oocyte maturation after germinal vesicle breakdown. When injected into the four extreme animal pole blastomeres of ultraviolet-ventralized 32-cell embryos, vegetal cortical cytoplasm partially rescued dorsal axial structures. As revealed by lineage tracing, these axial structures formed ectopically from the progeny of the cells that were injected. Injection of animal cortical cytoplasm had no effect. When mid-blastula (stage 8) animal caps from these injected embryos were isolated and cultured, both vegetal cortex-enriched and animal cortex-enriched animal caps produced only epidermis. Therefore vegetal cortex, on its own, is not a mesoderm inducer. Between stage 8 (blastula) and stage 10 (gastrula), a ventral mesoderm-inducing signal spreads from vegetal cells towards the animal pole. We tested whether this natural mesoderm-inducing factor interacts with the activity found in the vegetal cortex. Injection of vegetal cortex enhanced the formation of neural tissue and cement gland when animal caps were isolated at stage 10. When cultured from stage 8 in the presence of the ventral mesoderm-inducing fibroblast growth factor, animal caps enriched in vegetal cortex developed significantly more neural tissue and cement gland than ones enriched in animal cortex. These results indicate that the dorsal activity localized to the egg vegetal cortex alters the response of cells to mesoderm inducers.

The HE gene is the earliest strictly zygotic gene activated during sea urchin embryogenesis. It is transiently expressed in a radially symmetrical domain covering the animal-most two-thirds of the blastula. The border of this domain, which is orthogonal to the primordial animal-vegetal axis, is shifted towards the animal pole in Li+-treated embryos. Exogenous micromeres implanted at the animal pole of whole embryos, animal or vegetal halves do not modify the extent and localization of the HE expression domain. In grafted embryos or animal halves, the Li+ effect is not affected by the presence of ectopic micromeres at the animal pole. A Li+-induced shift of the border, similar to that seen in whole embryos, occurs in embryoids developing from animal halves isolated from 8-cell stage embryos or dissected from unfertilised eggs. Therefore, the spatial restriction of the HE gene is not controlled by the inductive cascade emanating from the micromeres and the patterning along the AV-axis revealed by Li+ does not require interactions between cells from the animal and vegetal halves. This suggests that maternal primary patterning in the sea urchin embryo is not limited to a small vegetal center but extends along the entire AV axis.

In sea urchin embryos, the animal-vegetal axis is specified during oogenesis. After fertilization, this axis is patterned to produce five distinct territories by the 60-cell stage. Territorial specification is thought to occur by a signal transduction cascade that is initiated by the large micromeres located at the vegetal pole. The molecular mechanisms that mediate the specification events along the animal–vegetal axis in sea urchin embryos are largely unknown. Nuclear β-catenin is seen in vegetal cells of the early embryo, suggesting that this protein plays a role in specifying vegetal cell fates. Here, we test this hypothesis and show that β-catenin is necessary for vegetal plate specification and is also sufficient for endoderm formation. In addition, we show that β-catenin has pronounced effects on animal blastomeres and is critical for specification of aboral ectoderm and for ectoderm patterning, presumably via a noncell-autonomous mechanism. These results support a model in which a Wnt-like signal released by vegetal cells patterns the early embryo along the animal–vegetal axis. Our results also reveal similarities between the sea urchin animal–vegetal axis and the vertebrate dorsal–ventral axis, suggesting that these axes share a common evolutionary origin.

The maternal dorsal determinants required for the specification of the dorsal territories of Xenopus early gastrulae are located at the vegetal pole of unfertilised eggs and are moved towards the prospective dorsal region of the fertilised egg during cortical rotation. While the molecular identity of the determinants is unknown, there are dorsal factors in the vegetal cortical cytoplasm (VCC). Here, we show that the VCC factors, when injected into animal cells activate the zygotic genes Siamois and Xnr3, suggesting that they act along the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway. In addition, Siamois and Xnr3 are activated at the vegetal pole of UV-irradiated embryos, indicating that these two genes are targets of the VCC factors in all embryonic cells. However, the consequences of their activation in cells that occupy different positions along the animal-vegetal axis differ. Dorsal vegetal cells of normal embryos or VCC-treated injected animal cells are able to dorsalise ventral mesoderm in conjugate experiments but UV-treated vegetal caps do not have this property. This difference is unlikely to reflect different levels of activation of FGF or activin-like signal transduction pathways but may reflect the activation of different targets of Siamois. Chordin, a marker of the head and axial mesoderm, is activated by the VCC/Siamois pathway in animal cells but not in vegetal cells whereas cerberus, a marker of the anterior mesendoderm which lacks dorsalising activity, can only be activated by the VCC/Siamois pathway in vegetal cells. We propose that the regionalisation of the organiser during gastrulation proceeds from the differential interpretation along the animal-vegetal axis of the activation of the VCC/beta-catenin/Siamois pathway.

Ascidians eggs are spawned with their cytoskeleton and organelles organized along a preexisting animal-vegetal axis. Fertilization triggers a spectacular microfilament-dependant cortical contraction that causes the relocalization of preexisting cytoplasmic domains and the creation of new domains in the lower part of the vegetal hemisphere. We have investigated the relationship between fertilization, the cortical contraction and the localization of cytoplasmic domains in eggs of the ascidian Phallusia mammillata. We have also examined the link between this first phase of ooplasmic segregation and the site of gastrulation. The cortical contraction was found to be initiated on the side of the egg where intracellular calcium is first released either by the entering sperm or by photolysis of caged InsP3. The cortical contraction carries the sperm nucleus towards the vegetal hemisphere along with a subcortical mitochondria-rich domain (the myoplasm). If the sperm enters close to the animal or vegetal poles the cortical contraction is symmetrical, travelling along the animal-vegetal axis. If the sperm enters closer to the equator, the contraction is asymmetrical and its direction does not coincide with the animal-vegetal axis. The direction of contraction defines an axis along which preexisting (such as the myoplasm) or newly created cytoplasmic domains are relocalized. Two microfilament-rich surface constrictions, the ‘contraction pole’ and the ‘vegetal button’ (which forms 20 minutes later), appear along that axis approximately opposite the site where the contraction is initiated. The contraction pole can be situated as much as 55 degrees from the vegetal pole, and its location predicts the site of gastrulation. It thus appears that in ascidian eggs, the organization of the egg before fertilization defines a 110 degrees cone centered around the vegetal pole in which the future site of gastrulation of the embryo will lie. The calcium wave and cortical contraction triggered by the entering sperm adjust the location of cytoplasmic domains along an axis within that permissive zone. We discuss the relation between that axis and the establishment of the dorsoventral axis in the ascidian embryo.

In all animals so far tested, removing either pole of the undivided egg prevents normal development: embryos may arrest early, lack organs, or the adults may be sterile. These experiments have shown that spatial patterning of the egg is of utmost importance for subsequent development. However, the significance of spatial patterning in mammalian eggs is still controversial. To test the importance of egg polarity in the mouse a substantial amount of material either from the animal (polar body-associated) or the vegetal (opposite) pole of the fertilised egg was removed. One pole of the egg was cut away manually with a glass needle and the eggs were allowed to develop in vitro. Both kinds of surgical operation permit the development of blastocysts, which, after transfer to the uteri of pseudo-pregnant foster mothers, can produce viable offspring. Furthermore, these develop into fertile adult mice. I conclude that mouse eggs have no essential components that are localised uniquely to the animal or the vegetal pole and, therefore, do not rely for their axial development on maternal determinants that are so localised in the fertilised egg. Thus the mammalian egg appears to be very unusual in the animal kingdom in that it establishes the embryonic axes after the zygote has begun development.

Using light microscopy techniques, we have studied the movements that follow fertilization in the denuded egg of the ascidian Phallusia mammillata. In particular, our observations show that, as a result of a series of movements described below, the mitochondria-rich subcortical myoplasm is split in two parts during the second phase of ooplasmic segregation. This offers a potential explanation for the origin of larval muscle cells from both posterior and anterior blastomeres. The first visible event at fertilization is a bulging at the animal pole of the egg, which is immediately followed by a wave of contraction, travelling towards the vegetal pole with a surface velocity of 1.4 microns s-1. This wave accompanies the first phase of ooplasmic segregation of the mitochondria-rich subcortical myoplasm. After this contraction wave has reached the vegetal pole after about 2 min, a transient cytoplasmic lobe remains there until 6 min after fertilization. Several new features of the morphogenetic movements were then observed: between the extrusion of the first and second polar body (at 5 and 24–29 min, respectively), a series of transient animal protrusions form at regular intervals. Each animal protrusion involves a flow of the centrally located cytoplasm in the animal direction. Shortly before the second polar body is extruded, a second transient vegetal lobe (‘the vegetal button’) forms, which, like the first, resembles a protostome polar lobe. Immediately after the second polar body is extruded, three events occur almost simultaneously: first, the sperm aster moves from the vegetal hemisphere to the equator. Second, the bulk of the vegetally located myoplasm moves with the sperm aster towards the future posterior pole, but interestingly about 20% remains behind at the anterior side of the embryo. This second phase of myoplasmic movement shows two distinct subphases: a first, oscillatory subphase with an average velocity of about 6 microns min-1, and a second steady subphase with a velocity of about 26 microns min-1. The myoplasm reaches its final position as the male pronucleus with its surrounding aster moves towards the centre of the egg. Third, the female pronucleus moves towards the centre of the egg to meet with the male pronucleus. Like the myoplasm, the migrations of both the sperm aster and the female pronucleus shows two subphases with distinctly different velocities. Finally, the pronuclear membranes dissolve, a small mitotic spindle is formed with very large asters, and at about 60–65 min after fertilization, the egg cleaves.

The animal/vegetal (A/V) polarity of the typical amphibian egg is immediately recognizable by the distinct pigmentation differences between the darkly pigmented (animal) and lightly pigmented (vegetal) hemispheres. That polarity arises early in oogenesis. Prior to the vitellogenic period during which yolk platelets accumulate and the original (uniform) pigmentation pattern changes, a polarized distribution of several internal components can be detected. Ribosomal DNA accumulates within a localized area in the nucleus (Brachet, 1977). The Balbiani body (containing large numbers of mitochondria) is located outside and to one side of the nucleus, while the nucleoli are later segregated within the nucleus on the opposite side (Billett & Adam, 1976). By the end of the previtellogenic period the Balbiani body (mitochondrial cloud) has moved to the periphery, marking the future vegetal pole (Heasman, Quarmby & Wylie, 1984). During early vitellogenesis the distribution of yolk in an animal/vegetal gradient pattern may be related to the ‘slightly off center’ position of the germinal vesicle (Nieuwkoop, Johnen & Rzehak, 1985).

[EN] Despite people attitudes concerning healthy eating, western diets still show a low intake of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA). Among Argentinean people the consumption of fish meat is relatively poor, being beef and chicken meat their main sources of protein. A viable way of increasing the consumption of n-3 PUFA is to raise the intake of products enriched with them. Chicken meat is rated in second place in the consumption of meat in Argentina. This meat, like others, is a nutritive food that contains highly biologically valued proteins, vitamins and minerals. Chicken's proteins are easily assimilable by human body and they provide with essential aminoacids. The fatty acid composition of the lipids of broilers muscle tissues may be adapted to meet recommended values, adjusting the fatty acid composition of the diet. Modifying lipid profile of chicken meat could be considered as an effective way to produce a functional food. Unsaturated fatty acids, as is vastly documented, are prone to oxidation. The oxidation susceptibility of chicken meat is directly related to the degree of unsaturation of fatty acids. The more unsaturated is the fatty acid, the greater its oxidation could be, appearing concomitantly odd flavors and odors. A marked effect of treatments on the content of omega three fatty acids was observed, with treatment 4 which produced the greatest deposition of omega-3s (EPA and DHA). The sensory panel found differences on all treatments 3 and 4 in terms of the appearance of flavors, odors, and these same treatments that had higher levels of oxidation. Treatment 2 had increased sensory acceptability and lower values of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBA), biochemical indicator of lipid oxidation. A 100g serving of chicken breast contribute 50% of the dietary recommendations and the leg-thigh 100% of the dietary recommendations of content of n-3 established by various health agencies in recent years, when the chickens were fed Fish oil 4%. However this meat had the highest levels of lipid oxidation and incorporation of vitamin E combined with organic selenium was not effective enough to prevent it.<br>[ES] La sociedad argentina, al igual que otras poblaciones occidentales, presenta un déficit en el consumo de ácidos grasos omega tres, esto se debe principalmente a un bajo consumo de pescado. Una de las posibilidades para incrementar la ingesta de estos ácidos grasos es recurrir a productos enriquecidos con los mismos. La carne de pollo ocupa el segundo lugar en cuanto al consumo de carnes, en Argentina. Ésta, al igual que otras carnes, es un alimento nutritivo que contiene gran cantidad de proteína de alto valor biológico, vitaminas y minerales. Sus proteínas son fácilmente asimilables por el ser humano y aportan todos los aminoácidos esenciales. Avances tecnológicos recientes permiten, mediante la modificación de la alimentación de las aves, modificar la composición de lípidos de la carne de pollo. El incremento de ácidos grasos insaturados conlleva generalmente a un aumento en la susceptibilidad a la oxidación de sus ácidos grasos con la concomitante aparición de sabores y olores extraños. Antioxidantes como la vitamina E y el selenio han sido evaluados como eficaces protectores de oxidación de los lípidos. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar la incorporación de ácidos grasos de fuentes vegetales y animales junto con el agregando vitamina E y selenio orgánico. Para tal efecto se compararon cuatro tratamientos: T1, dieta control (Maíz-Soja); T2, dieta con aceite de lino 4%; T3 dieta con aceite de lino 3% y aceite de pescado 2% y T4 dieta con aceite de pescado 4%. A cada una de ellas se le agregó vitamina E (200 mg/g) y selenio orgánico (0,3 mg/kg). Las dietas fueron formuladas isonutritivas y fueron suministradas desde los 21 días hasta los 49 días de vida. Posteriormente se evaluaron en dos cortes diferentes, pechuga y pata muslo, la composición de ácidos grasos, la estabilidad oxidativa (valores de TBA) de la carne cocida, el contenido de vitamina E de los tejidos y el comportamiento de los cortes ante un panel sensorial. Se observó un marcado efecto de los tratamientos sobre el contenido de ácidos grasos omega-3, siendo el tratamiento 4 el que produjo la mayor deposición de omega-3 de cadena larga (EPA y DHA). El panel sensorial encontró diferencias sobre todo en los tratamientos 3 y 4 en cuanto a la aparición de sabores y olores extraños, siendo estos mismos tratamientos los que presentaron mayores niveles de oxidación. El tratamiento 2 presentó mayor aceptabilidad sensorial y menores valores de sustancias reactivas al ácido tiobárbitúrico (TBA), indicador bioquímico de oxidación lipídica. Una porción de 100 g de pechuga aportaría el 50% de las recomendaciones dietarias y la pata-muslo el 100% de las recomendaciones dietarias de contenido de n-3 establecidas por diferentes organismos de salud en los últimos años, cuando los pollos fueron alimentados con aceite de pescado al 4%. Sin embargo esta carne presentó los niveles más elevados de oxidación lipídica y la incorporación de vitamina E combinada con selenio orgánico no fue lo suficientemente efectiva para prevenirla.<br>[CAT] a societat argentina, igual que altres poblacions occidentals, presenta un dèficit en el consum d'àcids grassos omega tres, açò es deu principalment a un baix consum de peix. Una de les possibilitats per a incrementar la ingesta d'estos àcids grassos és recórrer a productes enriquits amb els mateixos. La carn de pollastre ocupa el segon lloc quant al consum de carns, a Argentina. Esta, igual que altres carns, és un aliment nutritiu que conté gran quantitat de proteïna d'alt valor biològic, vitamines i minerals. Les seues proteïnes són fàcilment assimilables pel ser humà i aporten tots els aminoàcids essencials. Avanços tecnològics recents permeten, per mitjà de la modificació de l'alimentació de les aus, modificar la composició de lípids de la carn de pollastre. L'increment d'àcids grassos insaturats comporta generalment a un augment en la susceptibilitat a l'oxidació dels seus àcids grassos amb la concomitant aparició de sabors i olors estranyes. Antioxidants com la vitamina E i el seleni han sigut avaluats com a eficaços protectors d'oxidació dels lípids. L'objectiu del present treball va ser avaluar la incorporació d'àcids grassos de fonts vegetals i animals junt amb l'agregant vitamina E i seleni orgànic. Per a tal efecte es van comparar quatre tractaments: T1, dieta control (Dacsa-Soja); T2, dieta amb oli de lli 4%; T3 dieta amb oli de lli 3% i oli de peix 2% i T4 dieta amb oli de peix 4%. A cada una d'elles se li va agregar vitamina E (200 mg/g) i seleni orgànic (0,3 mg/kg). Les dietes van ser formulades isonutritives i van ser subministrades des dels 21 dies fins als 49 dies de vida. Posteriorment es van avaluar en dos talls diferents, pit i pota cuixa, la composició d'àcids grassos, l'estabilitat oxidativa (valors de TBA) de la carn cuita, el contingut de vitamina E dels teixits i el comportament dels talls davant d'un panell sensorial. Es va observar un marcat efecte dels tractaments sobre el contingut d'àcids grassos omega-3, sent el tractament 4 el que va produir la major deposició d'omega-3 de cadena llarga (AU i DHA). El panell sensorial va trobar diferències sobretot en els tractaments 3 i 4 quant a l'aparició de sabors i olors estranyes, sent estos mateixos tractaments els que van presentar majors nivells d'oxidació. El tractament 2 va presentar major acceptabilitat sensorial i menors valors de substàncies reactives a l'àcid tiobárbitúrico (TBA), indicador bioquímic d'oxidació lipídica. Una porció de 100 g de pit aportaria el 50% de les recomanacions dietètiques i la pata-cuixa el 100% de les recomanacions dietètiques de contingut de n-3 establides per diferents organismes de salut en els últims anys, quan els pollastres van ser alimentats amb oli de peix al 4%. No obstant això esta carn va presentar els nivells més elevats d'oxidació lipídica i la incorporació de vitamina E combinada amb seleni orgànic no va ser prou efectiva per a previndre<br>Gallinger, CI. (2015). Estabilidad oxidativa y calidad sensorial de carne de pollo enriquecida con acidos grasos n-3 proveniente de fuentes de origen vegetal y animal, protegida con vitamina E y selenio orgánico [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/59250<br>TESIS

As pesquisas com métodos de pastejo têm culminado em divergência de resultados no desempenho de plantas e animais. As diferenças quantitativas e qualitativas entre métodos de pastejo poderiam ser elucidadas se estes fossem comparados, considerando o manejo ideal proposto para cada método. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi comparar métodos de pastejo, manejados com diferentes estratégias. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos completos e casualizados com 3 tratamentos e 3 repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram em três métodos de pastejo: lotação rotativa, utilizando altura do dossel como critério de manejo (AL); lotação rotativa, utilizando oferta de forragem como critério de manejo (OF); lotação contínua, mantida a 18 cm de altura (CO). O experimento foi realizado em área total de 25,2 hectares, formada com Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu localizada na Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos da Universidade de São Paulo, em Pirassununga-SP. O período experimental de 93 dias, compreendido entre 15 de dezembro de 2011 e 15 de março de 2012 foi dividido em 3 períodos de avaliações. As variáveis foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 10% de significância. Foram observadas interações entre tratamentos e períodos de avaliação para a maioria das respostas relacionadas à planta forrageira bem como para desempenho e taxa de lotação. O teor de proteína bruta não foi afetado pelos métodos de pastejo, porém, o teor de fibra em detergente neutro foi maior para o tratamento AL. A produtividade não foi afetada pelos métodos de pastejo. Assim, o método de lotação contínua é o mais atrativo com produtividade semelhante aos demais.<br>Research comparing grazing methods have resulted in conflicting findings on forage and animal performance. Quantitative and qualitative differences between grazing methods could be elucidated whether the methods are compared considering the ideal management proposed for each method. The objective of this study was to compare grazing methods, managed with different strategies. The experimental design was randomized complete blocks, with three treatments and three replications. Treatments consisted in three grazing methods: rotational stocking using canopy height as a management criteria (AL), rotational stocking using forage allowance as a management criteria (OF), continuous stocking held at 18 cm height (CO).The experiment was conducted in a total area of 25.2 hectares, planted with Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, located at the Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, in Pirassununga - SP. The 93 days experimental period, from December 15th of 2011 to March 15th of 2012, was divided into three assessment periods. The variables were compared by the Tukey test at 10% significance. Interaction between treatments and assessment periods were observed in the most of the variables related to forage plant as well as animal performance and stocking rate. Crude protein concentration was not affected by grazing methods, although the neuter detergent fiber was greater to AL treatment. Productivity was not affected by grazing methods. Thus, continuous stocking method is the most attractive, with similar productivity to the others.

La progresión meiótica y el desarrollo embrionario temprano están programados, en parte, por la activación tradcuccional de mRNAs maternos como lo son los que codifican para las proteinas de ciclina B1 o mos. Estos mRNAs no son traducidos al mismo tiempo ni en el mismo lugar. Por lo contrario, su traducción está especificamente regulada por elementos de poliadenilación citoplasmática (CPEs) presentes en sus 3'UTRs. Los elementos CPEs reclutan a la proteina de unión a CPE (CPE-binding protein CPEB (Colegrove-Otero et al., 2005; de Moor et al., 2005; Mendez and Richter, 2001; Richter, 2007)). Esta proteina de unión al RNA no sólo determina cuándo y en qué medida un mRNA será activado traduccionalmente por poliadenilación citoplasmática (Mendez et al., 2000a; Mendez et al., 2000b; Mendez et al., 2002) sino que también participa, junto con el represor de la traducción Maskin, en el transporte y la localización de sus mRNAs diana hacia los sitios de localización subcelular donde su traducción ocurrirá (Huang et al., 2003; Huang and Richter, 2004). Durante el desarrollo embrionario de Xenopus, CPEB se encuentra localizada en el polo animal de los oocitos y más tarde, sobre el huso mitótico y centrosomas en el embrión (Groisman et al., 2000). Se ha demostrado que embriones de Xenopus inyectados con agentes que interrumpen la traducción dependiente de poliadenilación citoplasmática, detienen la división celular y presentan estructuras mitóticas anormales (Groisman et al., 2000). <br/>En este trabajo que derivó en mi tesis doctoral, hemos demostrado que la activación traduccional localizada en el huso mitótico de mRNAs regulados por CPEB que codifican para proteinas con una conocida función en aspectos estructurales del ciclo celular como la formación del huso mitótico y la segregación cromosómica, es esencial para completar la primera división meiótica y para la correcta segregación cromosómica en oocitos de Xenopus.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-02-15Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:10:14Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 almeida_a_me_sjrp.pdf: 1114919 bytes, checksum: 8b96e372cfe6ab92e0daed1cf17ec510 (MD5)<br>A supressão e fragmentação de habitats estão entre as principais ameaças à biota, sobretudo devido à diminuição da disponibilidade de recursos. O macaco-prego (Sapajus nigritus), endêmico da Mata Atlântica, invade plantios de pinus e outras monoculturas agrícolas, como o milho, em busca de alimento, gerando conflitos com produtores florestais e agrícolas. Enquanto o consumo da seiva de Pinus spp. ocorre no período de baixa disponibilidade de frutos na floresta nativa (inverno/primavera), os danos ao milho ocorrem em qualquer período do ano em que este esteja disponível. Adicionalmente, apesar de apresentar uma dieta bastante generalista, nem todas as espécies de frutos disponíveis são consumidas pelo macaco-prego, independente da sua abundância. Embora a seleção dos alimentos por animais seja feita de maneira a otimizar o gasto energético para sua obtenção e diminuir o risco de predação, existe uma complexidade de fatores envolvidos nessa escolha, entre eles a fenologia e a composição química. Este estudo buscou caracterizar a composição química de itens alimentares que integram a dieta do macaco-prego, bem como de itens sabidamente evitados por ele, em duas formações florestais da Mata Atlântica do sul do Brasil, avaliando a sua influência, bem como da disponibilidade sazonal na dieta desse primata. Primeiramente, frutos disponíveis nessas formações foram categorizados em alto (AF), baixo (BF) e nenhum consumo (NC) com base em frequências relativas de consumo, previamente estudadas. Na sequência, foram coletados, quando maduros, e tiveram caracterizadas concentrações de umidade, cinzas, proteínas, fibras, lipídios, carboidratos, glicose, frutose, vitamina C, minerais e compostos fenólicos totais para 52 espécies de frutos (22 AF, 13 BF e 17 NC). Adicionalmente, foram caracterizados...<br>Fragmentation and habitat loss are among the main threats to wildlife, especially due to decrease in resources availability. The brown capuchin monkey (Sapajus nigritus), endemic to the Atlantic Forest, invades pine and other agricultural monocultures, such as corn, in search of food, which ends up causing conflicts with forest and agricultural producers. While phloem sap consumption of Pinus spp. occurs exclusively in the low-availability period of fruits from native forest (winter/spring), corn damage occurs at any period of the year in which it is available. Additionally, although it has a fairly generalist diet, not all fruit species available in a given area are consumed by brown capuchin monkeys, regardless of their abundance. Even though food selection by animals is made in such a way to minimize the energy expenditure for getting it, and decrease predation risk, there is a complex set of factors involved in this choice, including phenology and chemical composition of food. This study aimed to characterize the chemical composition of both food items from the diet and items known to be avoided by brown capuchin monkeys, in two Atlantic Forest formations. Also, their influences in this primate diet, as well as their seasonal availability were evaluated. First, fruits available from these formations were categorized into highly consumed (AF), low consumption (BF) and not consumed (NC), based on their relative frequency of consumption, previously studied. As a result, they were collected, when ripe, and had their concentrations of moisture, ash, proteins, fibers, lipids, carbohydrates, glucose, fructose, vitamin C, minerals and total phenolic compounds from 52 species of fruits (AF 22, 13 BF and 17 NC) characterized. Additionally, six other food... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Sandra Bos Mikich<br>Coorientador: Cristiane Vieira Helm<br>Banca: Fabiana Rocha-Mendes<br>Banca: Fabrício Augusto Hansel<br>Resumo: A supressão e fragmentação de habitats estão entre as principais ameaças à biota, sobretudo devido à diminuição da disponibilidade de recursos. O macaco-prego (Sapajus nigritus), endêmico da Mata Atlântica, invade plantios de pinus e outras monoculturas agrícolas, como o milho, em busca de alimento, gerando conflitos com produtores florestais e agrícolas. Enquanto o consumo da seiva de Pinus spp. ocorre no período de baixa disponibilidade de frutos na floresta nativa (inverno/primavera), os danos ao milho ocorrem em qualquer período do ano em que este esteja disponível. Adicionalmente, apesar de apresentar uma dieta bastante generalista, nem todas as espécies de frutos disponíveis são consumidas pelo macaco-prego, independente da sua abundância. Embora a seleção dos alimentos por animais seja feita de maneira a otimizar o gasto energético para sua obtenção e diminuir o risco de predação, existe uma complexidade de fatores envolvidos nessa escolha, entre eles a fenologia e a composição química. Este estudo buscou caracterizar a composição química de itens alimentares que integram a dieta do macaco-prego, bem como de itens sabidamente evitados por ele, em duas formações florestais da Mata Atlântica do sul do Brasil, avaliando a sua influência, bem como da disponibilidade sazonal na dieta desse primata. Primeiramente, frutos disponíveis nessas formações foram categorizados em alto (AF), baixo (BF) e nenhum consumo (NC) com base em frequências relativas de consumo, previamente estudadas. Na sequência, foram coletados, quando maduros, e tiveram caracterizadas concentrações de umidade, cinzas, proteínas, fibras, lipídios, carboidratos, glicose, frutose, vitamina C, minerais e compostos fenólicos totais para 52 espécies de frutos (22 AF, 13 BF e 17 NC). Adicionalmente, foram caracterizados... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)<br>Abstract: Fragmentation and habitat loss are among the main threats to wildlife, especially due to decrease in resources availability. The brown capuchin monkey (Sapajus nigritus), endemic to the Atlantic Forest, invades pine and other agricultural monocultures, such as corn, in search of food, which ends up causing conflicts with forest and agricultural producers. While phloem sap consumption of Pinus spp. occurs exclusively in the low-availability period of fruits from native forest (winter/spring), corn damage occurs at any period of the year in which it is available. Additionally, although it has a fairly generalist diet, not all fruit species available in a given area are consumed by brown capuchin monkeys, regardless of their abundance. Even though food selection by animals is made in such a way to minimize the energy expenditure for getting it, and decrease predation risk, there is a complex set of factors involved in this choice, including phenology and chemical composition of food. This study aimed to characterize the chemical composition of both food items from the diet and items known to be avoided by brown capuchin monkeys, in two Atlantic Forest formations. Also, their influences in this primate diet, as well as their seasonal availability were evaluated. First, fruits available from these formations were categorized into highly consumed (AF), low consumption (BF) and not consumed (NC), based on their relative frequency of consumption, previously studied. As a result, they were collected, when ripe, and had their concentrations of moisture, ash, proteins, fibers, lipids, carbohydrates, glucose, fructose, vitamin C, minerals and total phenolic compounds from 52 species of fruits (AF 22, 13 BF and 17 NC) characterized. Additionally, six other food... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)<br>Mestre

Food industry has evolved remarkably during the last decades due to the need to technify the production with the aim of reducing processing times and to increase industry profits, without this implying a decrease of the product quality. In this context, the use of spectrophotometric monitoring and treatment techniques for the optimization of production processes can represent a great progress for agri-food industry. In block 1, animal tissues were studied. Firstly, the use of spectrophotometric sensors for the control of pork meat drying. In this context, two techniques were used, infrared thermography and microwave monitoring. This study, coupled to a thermodynamic model and some physicochemical determinations have shown that infrared thermography is a suitable technique able to monitor drying process, identifying each drying stage. On the other hand, in microwave range, (500 MHz to 20 GHz) and it was demonstrated that the loss factor in gamma-dispersion has a direct relation with the number of molecules on the meat sample surface. A non-destructive and easy-to-use sensor in radiofrequency range able to detect if meat samples has been suffered freeze/thaw cycles has been developed. An exhaustive study was carried out to solve the problems resulting from the strong technification and intensification in poultry industry, such as low-quality meats (PSE and DFD), the white striping and the deep pectoral myopathies, mainly produced because of the use of hypertrophic strains. For each of these problems, spectrophotometric studies were performed in the radiofrequency and microwave ranges and they were related to physicochemical and biochemical parameters, obtaining the relaxation parameters for alfa, beta and gamma-dispersions by using a logistic model. Sensors were developed in radiofrequency range, and in addition, for the myopathy studies, the developed sensors were able even to measure through the skin in whole chicken carcasses. In Block 2 plant tissues were studied. Firstly, the tissues that compose the mandarin were characterized spectrophotometrically. Due to this, a physicochemical and structural study were coupled with the permittivity obtained in radiofrequency and microwave ranges. As one of the most important results of this research, a tool based on the dielectric relaxation constant in the gamma-dispersion able to predict the moisture of the samples was obtained. Secondly, the study of the application of pulsed electric fields as a pre-treatment to the osmotic dehydration of kiwifruit was carried out. This technique, coupled with physicochemical determinations and a thermodynamic study, has demonstrated that the pulsed electric fields accelerate the osmotic dehydration process, mainly due to the cells plasmolyzation. In addition, the monitoring of the process was carried out with NMR, where the internal transports and the transformations that the plant tissue suffers were analysed. Finally, it has been possible to conclude that NMR is a suitable technique to quantify the water molecules according to their location in the tissue and to obtain sorption isotherms throughout the complete range of water activities. Finally, block 3 focuses on colloidal systems. Particularly, the stability of high-value bioactive compounds (beta-galactosidase) by its encapsulation in alginate-Ca(II) hydrogels with and without the addition of secondary excipients was studied. In this study, the microstrucure by SAXS and SEM was analyzed, also enzimatic activity against thermal treatments and by NMR.<br>La industria agroalimentaria ha evolucionado notablemente durante las últimas décadas debido a la necesidad de tecnificar la producción con el objetivo de reducir los tiempos del proceso y aumentar las ganancias de las industrias, sin que ello suponga una disminución de la calidad del producto. En este contexto, la utilización de técnicas espectrofotométricas de monitorización y tratamiento para la optimización de procesos productivos pueden suponer un gran avance para la industria agroalimentaria. En el bloque 1, se realizaron estudios en tejidos animales. En primer lugar, se analizó la utilización de sensores espectrofotométricos para el control del secado de la carne de cerdo. Para ello, se utilizaron dos técnicas, la termografía infrarroja y la monitorización por microondas. Este estudio, acoplado a un modelo termodinámico y determinaciones fisicoquímicas han demostrado que la termografía infrarroja es una técnica capaz de monitorizar el proceso de secado, identificando cada etapa del mismo. En el rango de las microondas (500 MHz a 20 GHz) ha sido posible demostrar que el factor de pérdidas en la dispersión-gamma presenta una relación directa con el número de moléculas de agua en la superficie de la muestra de carne. Se ha desarrollado un sensor no destructivo y de fácil utilización en el rango de la radiofrecuencia, capaz de detectar si las muestras de carne de cerdo han sufrido ciclos de congelación/descongelación. Se realizó un exhaustivo estudio que solventa las problemáticas resultantes de una fuerte tecnificación e intensificación en la industria avícola, como son las carnes de baja calidad (PSE y DFD), la miopatía de las estrías blancas y del pectoral profundo, producidas principalmente como consecuencia de la utilización de estirpes hipertróficas. Para cada una de estas problemáticas, se realizaron estudios espectrofotométricos en los rangos de la radiofrecuencia y de las microondas y se relacionaron con parámetros fisicoquímicos y bioquímicos, obteniendo los parámetros de relajación para las dispersiones alfa, beta y gamma mediante un modelo logístico. Se desarrollaron sensores en el rango de la radiofrecuencia capaces de detectarlas, y además, para el estudio de las miopatías, los sensores desarrollados son capaces de medir inclusive a través de la piel en carcasas de pollo enteras. En el bloque 2 se abordan estudios en tejidos vegetales. En primer lugar, se caracterizaron espectrofotométricamente los tejidos que componen la mandarina. Es por ello, que de forma conjunta a un estudio fisicoquímico y estructural se obtuvieron los valores de la permitividad en radiofrecuencia y microondas. Como uno de los resultados más importantes de esta investigación se obtuvo una herramienta basada en la constante dieléctrica de relajación en la dispersión-gamma capaz de predecir la humedad de las muestras. En segundo lugar, se abordó el estudio de la aplicación de campos eléctricos pulsados como pre-tratamiento a la deshidratación osmótica del kiwi. Esta técnica, acoplada a determinaciones fisicoquímicas y un estudio termodinámico han permitido acelerar el proceso de deshidratación osmótica debido principalmente a la plasmolización de las células. La monitorización del proceso mediante NMR, para analizar los transportes internos y las transformaciones que sufre el tejido en su interior. Por último, se ha podido concluir que la NMR es una técnica adecuada para cuantificar las moléculas de agua de acuerdo a su situación dentro del tejido además de poder ser utilizada para obtener isotermas de sorción en todo el rango de actividades de agua. El bloque 3 se centra en los sistemas coloidales. Se busca aumentar la estabilidad de compuestos bioactivos de alto valor (beta-galactosidasa) mediante su encapsulación en hidrogeles de alginato-Ca(II) con y sin el agregado de excipientes secundarios. En este estudio se evaluó la microestructura mediante SAXS y SEM y<br>La indústria agroalimentària ha evolucionat notablement durant les últimes dècades a causa de la necessitat de tecnificar la producció amb l'objectiu de reduir els temps del procés i augmentar els guanys de les indústries, sense que això suposi una disminució de la qualitat del producte. En aquest context, la utilització de tècniques espectrofotomètriques de monitorització i tractament per a l'optimització de processos productius poden suposar un gran avanç per a la indústria agroalimentària. Al bloc 1, es van realitzar estudis en teixits animals. En primer lloc, es va analitzar la utilització de sensors espectrofotomètrics per al control de l'assecat de la carn de porc. Per a això, es van utilitzar dues tècniques, la termografia infraroja i el monitoratge per microones. Aquest estudi, acoblat a un model termodinàmic i determinacions fisicoquímiques han demostrat que la termografia infraroja és una tècnica capaç de monitoritzar el procés d'assecat, identificant cada etapa del mateix. En el rang de les microones (500 MHz a 20 GHz) ha estat possible demostrar que el factor de pèrdues en la dispersió-gamma presenta una relació directa amb el nombre de molècules d'aigua a la superfície de la mostra de carn. S'ha desenvolupat un sensor no destructiu i de fàcil utilització en el rang de la radiofreqüència, capaç de detectar si les mostres de carn de porc han patit cicles de congelació / descongelació. Es va realitzar un exhaustiu estudi que soluciona les problemàtiques resultants d'una forta tecnificació i intensificació en la indústria avícola, com són les carns de baixa qualitat (PSE i DFD), la miopatia de les estries blanques i del pectoral profund, produïdes principalment com a conseqüència de la utilització d'estirps hipertròfiques. Per a cadascuna d'aquestes problemàtiques, es van realitzar estudis espectrofotomètrics en els rangs de la radiofreqüència i de les microones i es van relacionar amb paràmetres fisicoquímics i bioquímics, obtenint els paràmetres de relaxació per a les dispersions alfa, beta i gamma mitjançant un model logístic. Es van desenvolupar sensors en el rang de la radiofreqüència capaços de detectar-les, ia més, per a l'estudi de les miopaties, els sensors desenvolupats són capaços de mesurar inclusivament a través de la pell en carcasses de pollastre senceres. Al bloc 2 s'aborden estudis en teixits vegetals. En primer lloc, es van caracteritzar espectrofotomètricament els teixits que componen la mandarina. És per això, que de manera conjunta a un estudi fisicoquímic i estructural es van obtenir els valors de la permitivitat en radiofreqüència i microones. Com un dels resultats més importants d'aquesta investigació es va obtenir una eina basada en la constant dielèctrica de relaxació a la dispersió-gamma capaç de predir la humitat de les mostres. En segon lloc, es va abordar l'estudi de l'aplicació de camps elèctrics premuts com pretractament a la deshidratació osmòtica del kiwi. Aquesta tècnica, acoblada a determinacions fisicoquímiques i un estudi termodinàmic han permès accelerar el procés de deshidratació osmòtica degut principalment a la plasmolización de les cèl·lules. El monitoratge del procés mitjançant NMR, per analitzar els transports interns i les transformacions que pateix el teixit al seu interior. Finalment, s'ha pogut concloure que la NMR és una tècnica adequada per quantificar les molècules d'aigua d'acord a la seva situació dins el teixit més de poder ser utilitzada per obtenir isotermes de sorció en tot el rang d'activitats d'aigua. El bloc 3 se centra en els sistemes col·loïdals. Es busca augmentar l'estabilitat de compostos bioactius d'alt valor (beta-galactosidasa) mitjançant la seva encapsulació en hidrogels d'alginat-Ca (II) amb i sense l'agregat d'excipients secundaris. En aquest estudi es va avaluar la microestructura mitjançant SAXS i SEM i es va estudiar l'activitat enzimàtic<br>Traffano Schiffo, MV. (2017). Espectrofotometría de baja frecuencia aplicada a sistemas alimentarios [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/90441<br>TESIS

Submitted by Jean Medeiros (jeanletras@uepb.edu.br) on 2018-04-12T13:21:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Maysa Pereira Tomé.pdf: 11904267 bytes, checksum: b0b5c1332accda7862833abc1ec7b0e8 (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Secta BC (secta.csu.bc@uepb.edu.br) on 2018-04-23T20:28:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Maysa Pereira Tomé.pdf: 11904267 bytes, checksum: b0b5c1332accda7862833abc1ec7b0e8 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-23T20:28:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Maysa Pereira Tomé.pdf: 11904267 bytes, checksum: b0b5c1332accda7862833abc1ec7b0e8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-02<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES<br>The Dermaptera order is composed by species considered generalist predators, much used in the biological control of several insect pests. The earwigs, Euborellia annulipes (Dermaptera: Anisolabididae) is an omnivorous species, considered an important controlling agent for larvae and pupae of boll weevil and other insect pests of economic importance. However, a few studies claim that this earwig is predominantly phytophagous, with the potential to become a secondary pest in protected crops. Therefore, the objective of this research was to determine the development and survival of E. annulipes with cotton leaves and/or cotton boll weevil larvae. The experiment was conducted at the Entomology Laboratory of the Embrapa Cotton, municipality of Campina Grande, Paraiba, Brazil. The experimental design was completely random, with three treatments and 50 replicates. The treatments consisted of nymphs of the earwigs fed with: (1) disc of cotton leaves and water (vegetable diet); (2) third instar larvae of boll weevil and water (animal diet) and (3) larvae of boll weevil, cotton leaf and water (mixed diet). The nymphs of the earwigs were fed 'ad libitum' with one of the three diets mentioned and kept in climatic chambers of type B.O.D. at 25 °C, relative humidity of the 60 ± 10% and 12 hours of the photoperiod until the end of the bioassay. Subsequently, adults of the earwigs were sexed, grouped into couples for copulation and after mating individualized in plastic pots and fed with the three types of diet mentioned and kept in a climatic chamber until death. The survival and duration of each instar and nymphal stage of E. annulipes were determined by recording the interval in days between ecdises, as well as sexual ratio, adult longevity and the following morphometric data: body length, number of antenomers and abdominal segments. The results obtained in this research indicate that only the consumption of vegetable diet by E. annulipes is not enough to meet the nutritional requirements of its immature stages. Nymphs of early stages of development prefer to feed on an animal diet, while the more advanced stages of development and adults prefer to feed on mixed diet, exhibiting zoophytophagous behavior. Nymphs of E. annulipes fed with mixed diet presented higher number of antenomers in the third, fourth and fifth instars, originating a larger number of females. Regardless of the diet consumed, fifth and sixth instars of E. annulipes were longer than the fourth instar adults.<br>A ordem Dermaptera é composta por espécies consideradas predadoras generalistas, muito utilizadas no controle biológico de diversos insetos-praga. A tesourinha, Euborellia annulipes (Dermaptera: Anisolabididae) é uma espécie onívora, considerada um importante agente controlador de larvas e pupas do bicudo e de outros insetos-praga de importância econômica. No entanto, alguns poucos estudos afirmam que essa tesourinha é predominantemente fitófaga, com potencial de tornar-se praga secundária em cultivos protegidos. Portanto, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o desenvolvimento e a sobrevivência de E. annulipes com folhas de algodão e/ou larvas do bicudo. O experimento foi conduzido no laboratório de Entomologia da Embrapa Algodão, município de Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brasil. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente ao acaso, com três tratamentos e 50 repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram de ninfas da tesourinha alimentadas com: (1) disco de folhas de algodão e água (dieta vegetal); (2) larvas de terceiro instar do bicudo e água (dieta animal) e (3) larvas do bicudo, folha de algodão e água (dieta mista). As ninfas da tesourinha foram alimentadas „ad libitum' com uma das três dietas mencionadas e mantidas em câmaras climatizadas do tipo B.O.D. a 25°C, umidade relativa de 60±10% e fotoperíodo de 12 horas até o término do bioensaio. Posteriormente, adultos da tesourinha foram sexados, agrupados em casais para cópula e, depois de acasalados individualizados em potes plásticos e alimentados com os três tipos de dieta mencionados e mantidos em câmara climatizada até a morte. Foram determinadas a sobrevivência e a duração de cada instar e fase ninfal de E. annulipes, registrando-se o intervalo, em dias, entre ecdises, assim como, a razão sexual, longevidade dos adultos e os seguintes dados morfométricos: comprimento do corpo, peso, número de antenômetros e de segmentos abdominais. Os resultados obtidos nesta pesquisa indicam que apenas o consumo de dieta vegetal por E. annulipes não é suficiente para atender as exigências nutricionais de seus estágios imaturos. Ninfas de estágios iniciais de desenvolvimento preferem se alimentar de dieta animal, enquanto os estágios mais avançados de desenvolvimento e os adultos preferem se alimentar de dieta mista, apresentan do comportamento zoofitófago. Ninfas de E. annulipes alimentadas com dieta mista apresentaram maior número de antenômeros nos terceiro, quarto e quinto instares, originando maior número de fêmeas. Independente da dieta consumida, adultos de quinto e sexto instares de E. annulipes foram mais longevos que os de quarto ínstar.

Submitted by Pedro Barros (pedro.silvabarros@ufpe.br) on 2018-09-21T20:07:33Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO Christiane Fernandes Perrella.pdf: 4196624 bytes, checksum: a865718181e48637d4bba38e1a759766 (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Alice Araujo (alice.caraujo@ufpe.br) on 2018-09-24T20:51:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO Christiane Fernandes Perrella.pdf: 4196624 bytes, checksum: a865718181e48637d4bba38e1a759766 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-24T20:51:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO Christiane Fernandes Perrella.pdf: 4196624 bytes, checksum: a865718181e48637d4bba38e1a759766 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-31<br>CAPES<br>Apesar de necessária, a atividade minerária produz impactos ambientais, portanto a Constituição Federal Brasileira (1988), em seu artigo nº225 §2, determinou a obrigatoriedade da recuperação ambiental em áreas onde sejam desenvolvidas essas atividades. Ressalta-se, que o processo de recuperação das áreas impactadas deve ter um olhar diferenciado sobre a fitofisionomia, utilizando-se da disponibilidade das imagens como elemento imprescindível à avaliação da estabilidade dos ecossistemas. Assim, a análise da cobertura vegetal é de suma importância e, atualmente, pode ser realizada por técnicas de geoprocessamento. Através de ferramentas como o sensoriamento remoto, o qual possibilita a coleta de dados de uma maior área em um prazo menor, permitindo a elaboração de mapas temáticos contendo dados importantes como o uso e ocupação do solo e os impactos causados pelas ações antrópicas. Este trabalho teve por objetivo analisar com o uso de imagens de satélites a fitofisionomia dos municípios de Ipubi (PE) e Trindade (PE), com ênfase na evolução da cobertura vegetal no período de 1987 a 2011, utilizando o sensor TM do Landsat 5 e a classificação não supervisionada do NDVI através do software QGis. Das análises realizadas pode se concluir que ocorreu redução na cobertura vegetal nos anos 1987 e 1996, ocasionada por atividades antrópicas e potencializada pelo não cumprimento da legislação ambiental vigente. Entretanto, em 2006 e 2011 os percentuais da cobertura vegetal foram quase os mesmos, sendo encontradas manchas espaçadas e pouco significativas, as quais constituem pequenas ilhas sem conectividade entre si, e que apontam alguns processos de regeneração. Não obstante, vale ressaltar que as espécies encontradas são em sua maioria exóticas, impactando negativamente sobre a vegetação nativa consequentemente sobre a fisionomia característica do Bioma Caatinga, ao concorrer diretamente com a mesma.<br>Although necessary, mining activity produces environmental impacts. Therefore, the Brazilian Federal Constitution (1988), in its article no. 225 §2, determined the obligation of environmental recovery in areas where these activities are developed. It should be emphasized that the recovery process of the impacted areas should have a different look on the phytophysiognomy, using the availability of the images as an essential element for the evaluation of the stability of the ecosystems. Thus, the analysis of the vegetation cover is extremely important and, currently, can be performed by geoprocessing techniques. Through tools such as remote sensing, which enables the collection of data from a larger area in a shorter period, allowing the elaboration of thematic maps containing important data such as the use and occupation of the soil and the impacts caused by the anthropic actions. The objective of this work is to analyze the phytophysiognomy of the municipalities of Ipubi (Brazil/PE) and Trindade (Brazil/PE) using satellite images, with emphasis on the vegetation cover evolution from 1987 to 2011, using the TM sensor from Landsat 5 and the unsupervised classification of NDVI through QGis software. From the analyzes carried out, it can be concluded that there was a reduction in the vegetation cover in the years 1987 and 1996, caused by anthropic activities and enhanced by the non-compliance with the current environmental legislation. However, in 2006 and 2011 the percentage of vegetation cover was almost the same, being found spaced and little significant spots, which are small islands without connectivity between them, and which point out some regeneration processes. Nevertheless, it is worth mentioning that the species found are mostly exotic, negatively impacting on the native vegetation consequently on the characteristic physiognomy of the Caatinga Biome, when competing directly with it.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2018-03-12T20:03:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ClaudianaDaSilvaSouza_DISSERT.pdf: 1266016 bytes, checksum: 72f431533cb6fc5d7e9bae73d5ba1e34 (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2018-03-16T18:50:10Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ClaudianaDaSilvaSouza_DISSERT.pdf: 1266016 bytes, checksum: 72f431533cb6fc5d7e9bae73d5ba1e34 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-16T18:50:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ClaudianaDaSilvaSouza_DISSERT.pdf: 1266016 bytes, checksum: 72f431533cb6fc5d7e9bae73d5ba1e34 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-24<br>Objetivou-se avaliar a adi??o de diferentes Blends de ?leos vegetais em ra??es para su?nos em termina??o. Foram utilizados 24 su?nos machos castrados, com peso m?dio inicial de 72 ? 3,4 Kg/PV em delineamento em blocos casualizados contendo quatro tratamentos e seis repeti??es. Os tratamentos consistiram de: ?leo de soja - 100%; e da combina??o dos diferentes ?leos formando: Blend 1- (50% ?leo de soja, 25% ?leo de linha?a, 12,5% ?leo de oliva e 12,5% ?leo de canola); Blend 2- (25% de ?leo de soja, 50% de ?leo de linha?a, 12.5% oliva e 12.5 % canola); e Blend 3- (25% de ?leo de soja, 12,5% ?leo de linha?a, 12,5% ?leo de oliva e 50% ?leo de canola). Foram avaliados o desempenho, os par?metros quantitativos e qualitativos da carca?a, o perfil de ?cidos graxos e a viabilidade econ?mica das dietas. O uso dos Blends nas dietas n?o influenciou o desempenho nem a qualidade da carca?a, mas aumentou o marmoreio e o rendimento de carca?a. O perfil de ?cidos graxos do lombo apresentou maiores quantidades de ?cido este?rico no Blend 3 e maior percentual de ?cidos graxos insaturados nos animais do Blend 1, o tecido adiposo apresentou maior quantidade de ?cido mir?stico no Blend 1 e ?cido oleico no Blend 3. A ra??o controle foi a mais econ?mica. Os Blends n?o ofereceram preju?zo no desempenho e caracter?sticas de carca?a e melhorou o perfil de ?cidos graxos da carne.<br>The objective of this study was to evaluate the addition of different Blends of vegetable oils in feed for finished pigs. Twenty - four castrated male pigs with initial mean weight of 72 ? 3.4 kg / PV were used in a randomized complete block design with four treatments and six replicates. The treatments consisted of: Control ration - soybean oil 100%; And the combination of the different oils forming: Blend 1- (50% soybean oil, 25% flaxseed oil, 12.5% olive oil and 12.5% canola oil); Blend 2- (25% soybean oil, 50% linseed oil, 12.5% olive and 12.5% canola); And Blend 3- (25% soybean oil, 12.5% flaxseed oil, 12.5% olive oil and 50% canola oil). The performance, the quantitative and qualitative parameters of the carcass, the fatty acid profile and the economic viability of the diets were evaluated. The use of Blends in the diets did not influence the performance nor the quality of the carcass, but increased the marbling, and the carcass yield. The profile of fatty acids of the loin presented higher amounts of stearic acid in Blend 3 and higher percentage of unsaturated fatty acids in the Blend 1 animals, the adipose tissue presented greater amount of myristic acid in Blend 1 and oleic acid in Blend 3. Control was the most economic. The Blends did not adversely affect performance and carcass characteristics and improved the fatty acid profile of meat.

Abstract This chapter covers ways to improve livestock in low-income areas such as Nigeria with the help of its government overcoming various challenges. Highlights focused on case studies which includes: better welfare practices for polo horses; training farmers on good animal welfare practices; and how to change the behaviour of cattle farmers in Nigeria and other African countries. The chapter also features the work and life in Nigeria of Dr Aworh-Ajumobi, he works as a government veterinarian at the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development in Abuja.

AbstractAncient textiles are fragile and several factors can affect their integrity. In the present chapter, the main agents of deterioration of old and new textiles, namely physical-chemical (light, oxygen, heat, and humidity) and biological factors as well as human erroneous interventions will be explored. As far as the biological deterioration is considered, the effects of microbial growth, primary and secondary metabolites (acids, solvents, surfactants, pigments) and enzymes (lipases, proteases, and glycosidases) on textile strength and cleanliness will be described in details. The main fungal and bacterial species involved in the damage (textile discoloration, black and green spots, cuts) will be reported. Adhesive application during restoration procedures is discussed to highlight the risk of glue thickening giving rise to dull precipitates on the fabric.The main strategies for oil-stain and glue removal (both animal glue, such as fish collagen, and vegetal glue, i.e. starch) will be described in the paragraph devoted to biorestoration. Finally, a case study concerning an ancient Coptic tunic housed in the Egyptian Museum of Torino, Italy, and biocleaned by means of gellan-immobilized alpha-amylase from Bacillus sp. will be largely discussed by reporting historical data, adhesive characterization, methods for artificial aging of simulated sample and glue removal from the artwork.

The Amphibia has been one of the most important animal groups for the study of developmental biology, and a huge descriptive and experimental literature has accumulated over the years. While sea urchins, molluscs, and nematodes, and more recently, Drosophila, have each become an important vehicle for the study of different aspects of development, the Amphibia and chordates in general have been especially important as the vehicle for the study of inductive regulative mechanisms. The early development of all chordates is marked by two revolutions in the control of early pattern formation: dorsalization at the blastula stage and gastrulation—primary induction caused by the “organizer” —which was studied in great detail in Amphibia by Spemann and his coworkers and continues to be the subject of intense scrutiny. The early phases of development in Amphibia exemplify rather well some of the problems in discovering the causal processes in development, whether in the egg, at fertilization, in the blastula, or in gastrulation itself. The short discussion of early development in Amphibia that follows is meant to exemplify rather than catalogue these questions. The oocyte in amphibians is radially symmetrical. A first axis of symmetry is established between a more heavily pigmented animal hemisphere and a less pigmented vegetal hemisphere. Before fertilization the egg is covered with a transparent vitelline membrane. When fertilization occurs, the vitelline membrane lifts from the surface of the egg and the egg is then free to rotate inside it so that the animal hemisphere lies uppermost and the vegetal hemisphere is lowermost. This rotation is apparently a response to gravity, which means that the vegetal hemisphere is heavier, almost certainly a result of the concentration of more and larger yolk granules in the vegetal hemisphere. Therefore, if the egg rotates to a new orientation with the yolk down and the animal hemisphere up, it must be the case that at this point the yolk and other egg contents are not free to be redistributed within the egg but are secured in place. The animal vegetal axis now marks the future anteroposterior axis of the embryo.

Bioinformatics is the methodological tool required to use the massive genomics databases being created on human, animal, bacterial and vegetal organisms. This paper retraces the development of bioinformatics as a new discipline and its diffusion into Latin America. It argues that governments in the region do not pay enough attention at this fast-growing new area of the set of biotech technologies stemming from the convergence between information and communication technology and biotechnologies, and in consequence, the region is falling increasingly behind the world leader (the United States), Japan and Western Europe.

A soja do gênero Glycine representa uma das mais importantes culturas vegetais na economia mundial, esse vegetal é considerado um alimento funcional com vários benefícios a saúde, as substâncias fenólicas encontradas na soja possuem potencial antioxidante essas substâncias evitam a deterioração oxidativa dos alimentos e podem ser utilizadas para minimizar os danos oxidativos do organismo animal. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo desenvolver um método de obtenção de explantes de sementes e plântulas de Glycine max rico em compostos bioativos e avaliar seu potencial antioxidante. Para a obtenção dos explantes, foi realizada a limpeza das sementes e embebição em água ultrapura autoclavada, de uma parte das sementes foram retirados o embrião e o cotilédone sem germinação e o restante foram colocadas para germinar em estufa BOD para o desenvolvimento das plântulas de soja em seguida foi realizado a extração das diferentes partes das plântulas, o material vegetal obtido foi macerado e extraído em uma solução hidroetanólica (30:70), seguido por rotoevaporação e liofilização para obtenção do extrato seco. Após a obtenção dos extratos das diferentes partes vegetais foi avaliado a atividade antioxidante pela captura do radical livre DPPH e atividade antioxidante pela redução do íon ferro (FRAP). No teste DPPH foi observado que todos os seguimentos vegetais apresentaram poder sequestrante do radical DPPH, com destaque para a radícula na concentração de 20 mg/mL (51,61%), semelhantemente o teste FRAP todos os explantes apresentaram atividade redutora do íon ferro, com destaque para o cotilédone com germinação que apresentou melhor atividade na concentração de 20 mg/mL (1153,97 µM Equivalente Trolox/g de extrato seco). De acordo com estes resultados, pode-se concluir que as diferentes partes vegetais da sementes e das plântulas de soja possuem compostos antioxidantes que podem ser utilizados em novos estudos de cultura celular.

Introdução: O crescente aumento da resistência bacteriana frente a múltiplas drogas se deve ao uso indiscriminado de antibióticos e tem causado preocupações quanto ao tratamento de doenças infecciosas em humanos e animais. Neste sentido, uma das bactérias que merece destaque, por conta de sua resistência a antibióticos, ampla incidência e alto potencial de contágio entre humanos e animais é o Staphylococcus aureus. Diante disso, buscam-se alternativas para o tratamento de doenças de origem infecciosa, as quais sejam eficazes, porém sem aumentar a resistência bacteriana. Deste modo, os óleos vegetais são um exemplo viável, tendo em vista sua disponibilidade, baixo preço e presença de compostos bioativos com efeitos antimicrobianos que não induzem resistência bacteriana. Objetivo: realizar uma revisão da literatura acerca de óleos obtidos a partir de sementes e sua ação antimicrobiana frente a S. aureus. Método: Foi realizada uma revisão da literatura por meio do banco de dados Scholar Google, no qual foram selecionados trabalhos entre os anos de 2011 e 2021 com um nº de 31, cujas palavras-chave utilizadas foram: "seed oil", "antimicrobial" e "S. aureus". Resultados: Os métodos mais utilizados para avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana foram Difusão em poço, Concentração Inibitória Mínima e Concentração Bactericida Mínima. Os óleos encontrados foram os da semente de Azadirachta indica, Laurus nobilis, Linum usitatissimum, Citrus sinensis, Mangifera indica, Capsicum frutescens, Capsicum frutescens, Cucurbita moschata, Syagrus coronata, Cucurbita argyrosperma, Hypericum scabrum, entre outros. Em todos os estudos foram verificados efeitos antimicrobianos frente a S. aureus, inclusive alguns relataram tal efeito em cepas resistentes à Meticilina (MRSA), como é o caso dos óleos de Nigella sativa, Myristica fragrans e Syagrus coronata. Além disso, esses efeitos foram atribuídos ao teor de ácidos graxos encontrados nos óleos, compostos esses capazes de interferir na membrana celular bacteriana degenerando-a. Alguns estudos ainda relataram que a atividade antibacteriana dos óleos depende da correlação com a concentração dos principais compostos ativos, indicando a necessidade de isolamento dos mesmos. Conclusão: Os óleos obtidos a partir de sementes demonstram efeitos antimicrobianos apreciáveis e, portanto, estudos farmacológicos são necessários para um melhor entendimento acerca de seu mecanismo de ação.

Nowadays, challenge for requalification of existing offshore platforms through the reassessment process leads to consider the importance of updating new information (e.g. environmental data, new regulations, etc.). Regarding to this information and depending on offshore fields, data of marine growth colonization is shown to have a dominant effect. This is a real challenge in the Gulf of Guinea that this study focuses on. Marine growth is known to cause adverse effects on the performance of offshore structures. Its presence can change the roughness and the diameter of structural members and hence change the level of hydrodynamic coefficients. Moreover, modifying the added mass can change the natural period and hence dynamic responses of structures. Even platforms with the best protection schemes against marine organisms will after few weeks at least few months start to be covered by various types of marine growth. Generally, it was also recognized that the most important source of loading exerted on offshore structures comes from hydrodynamic actions which are influenced by hydrodynamic coefficient values. The colonization process is very complex and results are in a large diversity of marine growth type (animal, vegetal — hard, soft) and species. This study therefore proposes a stochastic modeling of marine growth and the roughness of hard species based on Response Surface Methodology. A geometrical description of nth order of Stokes model, formed by a random linear combination of deterministic vectors is employed. Finally, the complexity level of roughness modeling is analyzed and the results are discussed.

Introdução: O município de Marabá possui grande influência na pecuária bovina, estando em 2019 no ranking de 5º maior rebanho do Brasil, com 1,1 milhão de cabeças, demonstrando ser uma atividade importantíssima para a economia local. No entanto, como conciliar o crescimento da bovinocultura com a conservação ambiental? Devido ao déficit hídrico do município de Marabá e a práticas inadequadas de manejo característicos da região, como queimadas, superlotação de animais, falta de adubações e correções do solo, há extensas áreas de pastagem degradadas, com sua capacidade de suporte reduzido, o que desencadeia em constantes desmatamentos em busca de novas áreas. Como solução para a problemática da baixa oferta de forragem no período de estiagem, o pastejo diferido mostra-se como uma excelente alternativa de baixo custo. Objetivo: Objetivou-se abordar os efeitos benéficos do Pastejo Diferido em pastagens degradadas e propor seu emprego em Marabá, apontando as épocas e forrageiras adequadas de acordo com as especificidades do município. Material e métodos: O referencial teórico fundamentou-se em revisões bibliográficas, em periódicos, artigos e sites. Os dados climatológicos foram obtidos no INMET. Resultados: O diferimento de pastagem consiste na vedação de uma parcela da pastagem por meio de piquetes, no final do período chuvoso, com o objetivo de produzir grande quantidade de forragem que será disponibilizada ao animal no decorrer do período seco, reduzindo a perda de peso do animal neste período. Esta técnica atua diretamente na restauração da pastagem, proporcionando a recomposição da cobertura vegetal, revertendo os processos de compactação e erosão do solo, promovendo a recomposição da fauna edáfica e assim reestabelecendo o vigor das plantas. Ao avaliar as características das principais forrageiras utilizadas em diferimentos, selecionou-se a Brachiaria brizantha cv Marandu como melhor opção, e identificou-se como melhor período para a vedação os meses de março e abril, com entrada dos animais em julho e agosto, vedando-se de 30% a 50% da área total no escalonamento de 40% e 60% consecutivamente. Conclusão: O diferimento é uma solução simples, porém pouco difundido na região, há necessidade de estudos que demonstrem quantitativamente seus efeitos positivos tanto na produção como no meio ambiente.

According to Romania’s National Rural Development Programme, the socio-economic situation of the rural environment has a large number of weaknesses – among which low access to financial resources for small entrepreneurs and new business initiatives in rural areas and poorly developed entrepreneurial culture, characterized by a lack of basic managerial knowledge – but also a large number of opportunities – among which access of the rural population to lifelong learning and entrepreneurial skills development programmes and entrepreneurs’ access to financial instruments. The population in rural areas depends mainly on agricultural activities which give them subsistence living conditions. The gap between rural and urban areas is due to low income levels and employment rates, hence the need to obtain additional income for the population employed in subsistence and semi-subsistence farming, especially in the context of the depopulation trend. At the same time, the need to stimulate entrepreneurship in rural areas is high and is at a resonance with the need to increase the potential of rural communities from the perspective of landscape, culture, traditional activities and local resources. A solution could be to turn vegetal and / or animal farms into social farms – farms on which people with disabilities (but also adolescents and young people with anxiety, depression, self-harm, suicide, and alexithymia issues) might find a “foster” family, bed and meals in a natural, healthy environment, and share the farm’s activities with the farmer and the farmer’s family: “committing to a regular day / days and times for a mutually agreed period involves complying with any required health and safety practices (including use of protective clothing and equipment), engaging socially with the farm family members and other people working on and around the farm, and taking on tasks which would include working on the land, taking care of animals, or helping out with maintenance and other physical work”