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Journal articles on the topic 'Polonnaruwa (Sri Lanka)'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 9 February 2022

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1

Wijesooriya, Kumudu B., Lakshani S. Weerasekara, and Kithsiri B. Ranawana. "Diversity of scorpions (Arachnida: Scorpiones) in Polonnaruwa Archaeological Reserve, Sri Lanka." Journal of Threatened Taxa 12, no. 15 (November 26, 2020): 17121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.6238.12.15.17121-17128.

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Sri Lanka harbours 20 scorpion species belonging to four families, of which 15 are endemic. The distribution and ecology of scorpion fauna in Sri Lanka is poorly known. In this study, we surveyed the diversity of scorpions in the Polonnaruwa Archaeological Reserve in the dry zone of Sri Lanka. Microhabitats were thoroughly observed using the direct visual encounter method and UV lights from July to November 2018 for about seven hours (19.00–02.00 h) by two to three observers. Species, abundance, age/sex, and microhabitat features were recorded. Diversity indices, including α-diversity and β-diversity, were calculated. Heterometrus swammerdami was the most abundant species recorded, while Isometrus thwaitesi was the rarest. Reddyanus loebli and R. besucheti were common in both open and forest habitat types. Charmus laneus was recorded for the first time in Polonnaruwa. The highest Shannon Index and Margalef Diversity Index values were recorded in open habitats, but species evenness was low compared to forest habitats. Sørensen index values showed a 58% species similarity between two habitats. The results presented here contribute to the knowledge of the diversity of scorpions in these historically significant sites. This can serve as a basis for future research on the impact of habitat modification and fragmentation on populations, distribution and ecology of scorpions.

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2

Sandanayaka, Rohana, Indra Kahawita, Ajith Gamage, Sisira Siribaddana, and Suneth Agampodi. "Emergence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Polonnaruwa, Sri Lanka 2008-2011." Tropical Medicine & International Health 19, no. 2 (November 22, 2013): 140–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tmi.12232.

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3

D., M., W. S., R. H., P. K., and Y. D. "PURAWALOKANAYA - The Virtual Tour to Ancient City of Polonnaruwa - Sri Lanka." International Journal of Computer Applications 179, no. 12 (January 17, 2018): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/ijca2018916130.

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4

Agampodi, Suneth, Janith Warnasekara, Dinesha Jayasundara, Indika Senawirathna, Chandika Gamage, Senanayake Kularatne, Sisira Siribaddana, Michael Maththias, and Joseph Vinetz. "Study protocol: characterising the clinical, epidemiological and aetiological aspects of leptospirosis in Sri Lanka: a hospital based clinico-epidemiological study." BMJ Open 9, no. 9 (September 2019): e027850. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027850.

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IntroductionSri Lanka has one of the highest incidences of leptospirosis worldwide. We hypothesised that different geographical locations and patient context will have a distinct molecular epidemiology of leptospirosis, based on microgeographical characteristics related to regiona-specificLeptospirapredominance. Our objective is to characterise the clinical, epidemiological and molecular aspects of leptospirosis in Sri Lanka to understand disease progression, risk factors and obtain isolates ofLeptospira.Methods and analysisWe designed a multicentre prospective study in Sri Lanka to recruit undifferentiated febrile patients and conduct follow-ups during hospital stays. Patients will be recruited from outpatient departments and medical wards. This study will be conducted at two main sites (Anuradhapura and Peradeniya) and several additional sites (Awissawella, Ratnapura and Polonnaruwa). Blood and urine will be collected from patients on the day of admission to the ward or presentation to the outpatient department. Bedside inoculation of 2–4 drops of venous blood will be performed with Ellinghausen-McCullough-Johnson-Harris (EMJH) semisolid media supplemented with antibiotics. Regionally optimised microscopic agglutination test, culture and qPCR-evidence will be performed to confirm the presence ofLeptospirain blood which in turn will confirm the presence of disease. Whole genome sequencing will be carried out for all isolates recovered from patients. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) will be used for the genotyping of new isolates. Sri Lankan isolates will be identified using three published MLST schemes forLeptospira.Ethics and disseminationEthical clearance for the study was obtained from Ethics Review Committees (ERC), Medicine and Allied Sciences (FMAS), Rajarata University of Sri Lanka (RUSL) and University of Peradeniya. All genomic data generated through this project will be available at GenBank. Anonymised data will be deposited at the ERC, FMAS, RUSL.

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Riswan, M. "Prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease (Spatial Inquiry of 2016-2017) in Polonnaruwa District, Sri Lanka." Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science and Humanities 7, no. 4 (April 1, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/sijash.v7i4.1618.

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The CKD as a serious public health hazard in Sri Lanka, which is the cause of poverty and underdevelopment among affected families in various parts of the country. CKD has become a new challenge for the health sector and driven people to the loss of livelihood, productivity, and increase the cost of treatment. This paper emphasized the prevalence of CKD and unequal frequencies of the disease in different health regions (MOHs) in Polonnaruwa district, Sri Lanka. Based on primary and secondary data analysis, the results of the findings were produced in a descriptive way in which tables, maps, and charts were also administered. The study mainly used ArcGIS (ArcMap 10.3) software to identify the different distribution of CKD unequally in different health regions (seven MOH divisions) in the district. The study found that the endemic of CKD and affected patients, HD patients, and death rate also occurred unequally in each MOH division in different means. The distribution of CKD occurred due to the geographical setting, social, economic patterns of the people in the study area.Nevertheless, this study only focused on understanding the different prevalence of CKD in each MOH division in a particular district. However, the study needs to be extended further to identify the factors and impacts due to this chronic health issue in the district and country as a whole. The study suggested that CKD has become a major obstacle to the ongoing development activities in the district; thus, the government needs to identify disseminate methods to prevent CKD from this study area, as well as from Sri Lanka

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6

Ranathilaka, M. B., and I. A. J. Imbulana Arachchi. "THE EFFECT OF FERTILIZER SUBSIDY ON PADDY PRODUCTION OF SMALL SCALE FARMERS: SPECIAL REFERENCE IN POLONNARUWA DISTRICTIN SRI LANKA." Review of Behavioral Aspect in Organizations and Society 1, no. 1 (February 17, 2019): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.32770/rbaos.vol133-44.

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Paddy cultivation is major part in rural agriculture sector in Sri Lanka. Majority of rural sector paddy farmers are small-scale producers. According to available data paddy production sector provides livelihood opportunities for large numbers of rural population, provide rice requirement of the nation, provide inputs to other industrial sector etc.To enhance small-scale farmers living condition as well as paddy production, Sri Lankan government promotes paddy farmers to use more fertilizer for their paddy cultivation activities. Therefore, Sri Lankan government provides subsidized fertilizer to enhance both paddy production and paddy yield per acre. Last few decades paddy production and paddy yield per acre data show continues increasing trend. At the same time government expenditure on fertilizer also becomes heavy burden to national budget. There are arguments for and against to fertilizer subsidy program and its practice. This study attempts to study the effect of fertilizer subsidy on paddy production and living condition of small-scale farmers in Polonnaruwa district in Sri Lanka. The data are used to estimate an econometric model to find the relationship between paddy productivity, fertilizer subsidy, agricultural infrastructure facilities and farmers education level. The data were collected from Bubula and Raja-elagama villages in Higurakgoda divisional secretariat in Polonnaruwa district. Structured questioner was used to collect the data from 150 farmers. The results show that there is significant relationship between paddy production and dependent variables named fertilizer subsidy, agricultural infrastructure facilities and farmers education level. Especially fertilizer subsidy and paddy productivity is significant at 5 per cent level and R2 was 0.68. This result shows that government main objective of fertilizer subsidy that improves paddy productivity has been fulfilled. At the same time, household income from paddy has also increased and it has affected their livelihoods. But poor agricultural infrastructural facilities have mitigated farmers’ income. Research results and some empirical evidence have concluded that it is important to find alternative methods to select suitable and needy farmers who are eligible to get fertilizer subsidy because conducting methods of distributing have made many kinds of effects on the efficiency of resource utilization, equity of income distribution as well as government budget. Agricultural infrastructure facilities are very important for making fertilizer subsidy programs more meaningful and to have a significant effect on enhancing paddy farmers’ living conditions.

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7

Piyadasa, Ranjana U. K., and Senarathne S. R. S. Achala. "Water management problems related major reservoirs and irrigation systems in Polonnaruwa District, Sri lanka." South Florida Journal of Development 1, no. 4 (2020): 295–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.46932/sfjdv1n4-013.

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8

Ekanayake, D. K., R. P. V. J. Rajapakse, J. P. Dubey, and W. P. J. Dittus. "Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in Wild Toque Macaques (Macaca sinica) at Polonnaruwa, Sri Lanka." Journal of Parasitology 90, no. 4 (August 2004): 870–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/ge-291r.

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9

Udagedara, M. D., and M. Sugirtharan. "Status of micro irrigation systems adopted for vegetable cultivation in Polonnaruwa district, Sri Lanka." AGRIEAST: Journal of Agricultural Sciences 11, no. 2 (January 3, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/agrieast.v11i2.34.

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Ekanayake, Dilrukshi K., Neil U. Horadagoda, G. K. Madura Sanjeevani, Appudurai Arulkanthan, K. A. Sunil Gunatilake, and Wolfgang P. J. Dittus. "Hematology of a natural population of toque macaques (Macaca sinica) at polonnaruwa, Sri Lanka." American Journal of Primatology 61, no. 1 (September 2003): 13–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajp.10105.

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11

Dittus, Wolfgang P. J. "Shields on Electric Posts Prevent Primate Deaths: A Case Study at Polonnaruwa, Sri Lanka." Folia Primatologica 91, no. 6 (2020): 643–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000510176.

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When monkeys, such as the toque macaques (<i>Macaca sinica</i>) of Sri Lanka, seek food on the ground near human habitation, they may use electrical posts to escape aggression from conspecifics, dogs, or humans. Shields mounted on electrical posts prevented monkeys from reaching the electrical wires, thereby averting their electrocution: the frequency of electrocutions (<i>n</i> = 0) was significantly less (<i>p</i> < 0.001) in the 12 years after installation of the shields than in the 12 years before (<i>n</i> = 18). Electric shocks were either fatal (<i>n</i> = 14) or caused permanent injury (<i>n</i> = 4) (collectively referred to as electrocutions hereafter). The shields may find broader applications in other primate species and environments wherever monkeys are attracted by human food near electrical posts. Primates and other arboreal mammals also accessed live wires from trees; at known electrocution hotspots, short spans of exposed wires were insulated by encapsulating them in PVC water pipes. It was impossible, however, to prevent electrocutions from all electric supply infrastructures that put monkeys at risk. A wider use of insulated electric conductors in planning power distribution in habitats frequented by wild animals would be desirable in preventing electric shocks to wildlife.

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12

Napagoda, Mayuri Tharanga, Thamudi Sundarapperuma, Diroshi Fonseka, Sachinthi Amarasiri, and Prabath Gunaratna. "Traditional Uses of Medicinal Plants in Polonnaruwa District in North Central Province of Sri Lanka." Scientifica 2019 (May 28, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9737302.

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Sri Lanka harbors over 3000 plant species, and most of these plants have been of immense importance in the traditional systems of medicine in the country. Although there is a rich reserve of indigenous knowledge on medicinal plants, in-depth studies have not been pursued yet to compile the ethnoflora with traditional medicinal applications for the scientific community. Thus, as a continuation of our ethnobotanical inventory work in different regions in the country, the present study was carried out in one of the administrative districts in the North Central area of Sri Lanka known as Polonnaruwa district. The information on the significance of medicinal plants as curative and preventive agents of diseases was collected through semistructured and open-ended interviews from 284 volunteers who were randomly recruited for the study. Ethnobotanical data were analyzed using relative frequency of citation (RFC), family importance value (FIV), and use value (UV). Out of the total participants, 53.7% claimed the use of herbal remedies. A total of 64 medicinal plants belonging to 42 plant families were recorded, out of which Coriandrum sativum L. (RFC = 0.163) was the most cited species. Out of the 42 plant families recorded, the FIV was highest in Zingiberaceae. Coscinium fenestratum (Goetgh.) Colebr. was found as the plant with the highest use value. Furthermore, the majority of the nonusers of the herbal remedies were willing to adopt herbal products upon the scientific validation of their therapeutic potential. This study revealed that the indigenous herbal remedies are still popular among the local communities in the study area.

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Wijesinghe, Hiran, F. Sumaiya Idroos, and Pathmalal M. Manage. "Heavy metal contamination status in seven fish species from reservoirs of Polonnaruwa district, Sri Lanka." Sri Lanka Journal of Aquatic Sciences 23, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/sljas.v23i1.7550.

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Dewit, Ingrid, Wolfgang P. J. Dittus, Jozef Vercruysse, Eileen A. Harris, and Dave I. Gibson. "Gastro-intestinal helminths in a natural population ofMacaca sinica andPresbytis spp. at Polonnaruwa, Sri Lanka." Primates 32, no. 3 (July 1991): 391–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02382681.

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de Silva, M. W. Amarasiri. "Drinking Water and CKD of Unknown Etiology in Sri Lanka: A Community Perspective." Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 76, Suppl. 1 (2020): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000515018.

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People’s belief that polluted drinking water is the principal medium through which environmental toxins are absorbed into the bodies of CKD of unknown etiology (CKDu) patients in the CKDu-endemic areas in Sri Lanka has been the subject of extensive epidemiological and medical research. This study examines (a) the people’s perception and experience that polluted drinking water is the cause of CKDu, (b) how the government responded to people’s demands for potable water, and (c) the impact of the use of alternative drinking water sources on the health of CKDu patients and their families, and on the progression of the disease in CKDu patients. Data were collected in 2013 and 2019 in Anuradhapura and Polonnaruwa districts in North Central Province of Sri Lanka. People’s agitation, activism, and lobbying, together with the media’s work in bringing the issue of polluted water to the forefront of political discourse, have prompted the government, private sector agencies, and community organizations to supply clean water to affected communities. A massive change in drinking water behaviors has occurred following the government’s decision to supply reverse osmosis (RO) water to the affected communities. Informants perceived the provision of RO water as having brought about many positive outcomes in the health and disease progression of CKDu patients.

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de Silva, A. M., W. P. Dittus, P. H. Amerasinghe, and F. P. Amerasinghe. "Serologic evidence for an epizootic dengue virus infecting toque macaques (Macaca sinica) at Polonnaruwa, Sri Lanka." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 60, no. 2 (February 1, 1999): 300–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1999.60.300.

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Samarakoon, S. M. N. S., and S. Rajapakse. "Identification of stress tolerant rhizobial strains inhabiting Gliricidia sepium in Polonnaruwa district, Sri Lanka." Ceylon Journal of Science 49, no. 1 (March 20, 2020): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/cjs.v49i1.7704.

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EKANAYAKE, DILRUKSHI K., SUNIL GUNATILAKE, WOLFGANG P. J. DITTUS, G. K. MADURA SANJEEVANI, RUDO KIEFT, APPUDURAI ARULKANTHAN, and NEIL U. HORADAGODA. "PREVALENCE OF CRYPTOSPORIDIUM AND OTHER ENTERIC PARASITES AMONG WILD NON-HUMAN PRIMATES IN POLONNARUWA, SRI LANKA." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 74, no. 2 (February 1, 2006): 322–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2006.74.322.

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KWG, Rekha Nianthi, and Madhushani LPHK. "Use Of Traditional Knowledge By Paddy Farming Communities Of Mahaulpatha In Polonnaruwa District In Sri Lanka." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 4, no. 6 (June 30, 2016): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol4.iss6.555.

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Traditional Knowledge (TK) also referred to as indigenous knowledge (IK) or local knowledge. During the ancient times, farmers practiced environment-friendly cultivation methods using their TK. In the past when the technology was not developed, TK was used effectively for agricultural activities in Sri Lanka. They acquired the TK by observing the natural phenomena, through their experiences and inheritance. The main objective of this study was to examine the use of traditional knowledge by paddy farming communities. How they used their traditional knowledge for land preparation, cultivation and harvesting? How they observed the weather and climate phenomena for their paddy cultivation, preparation, and harvesting? The primary and secondary data were used for this study. A questionnaire survey, interviews, observations and photographing are used to obtain data and information. Mahaulpatha GN division is selected from Dimbulagala Division as the study area and 40 elderly paddy families have been selected for the survey. Data analysis has been done through various techniques. Sample survey revealed that 57% of the paddy farmers have been using the straw manures before planting but after sowing paddy seed, 100% of the farmers are used chemical fertilizers to get high productivity. 87% of the farmers use machinery system to prepare the paddy land because machinery is most efficient, and minimize the time allocation and labor cost. 26% farmers do their land preparation and harvesting activities trusting the prevailing rainfall patterns. Observing wind direction and behavior of plants and animals also added to their experiences. The IK which has been brought down from generation to generation has gradually been vanishing in the study area. Even though the chemical approach to pest control is only a short term solution, farmers know that the modern chemicals are not eco-friendly or favorable to them and their abiotic environment. Application of chemical pesticides gives immediate results for increasing their farm production. Based on the field experiences the small leaflet (Local language) was prepared and distributed among the paddy farmers to make aware the importance of the TK with the combination of modern technology. Even though the modern technology is more advanced when both the traditional knowledge and modern technology are combined the more benefits can be acquired to the paddy farming community.

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Weerasekara, Indika, Uma Rani Sinniah, Parameswari Namasivayam, Muhamad Hazim Nazli, Sharif Azmi Abdurahman, and Mohd Norsazwan Ghazali. "The Influence of Seed Production Environment on Seed Development and Quality of Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill)." Agronomy 11, no. 7 (July 17, 2021): 1430. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11071430.

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The aim of the study was to determine the effect of seed production environment in Sri Lanka on seed development, maturation, and subsequent seed quality. The experiment was conducted at six production environments, three locations (Mahailluppalama (M1), Polonnaruwa (POL), and Aluttarama (ALU), over two planting cycles (P1, P2). Seed development and maturation, seed and seedling quality characteristics were evaluated at five reproductive (R6, R7, R8, R8 + 5 and R8 + 10) maturity stages. The study infers that production environment at the late reproductive (LR) stage (R6–R8) was critical in determining the seed quality. If the LR stage coincided with cumulative rainfall (RF) over 100 mm or above 75% relative humidity (RH), categorized as wet environment, around 27.5 days was required for the completion of seed maturation compared with only 17.5 days in dry environment. Seed lots from dry environment during LR stage surpassed the minimum quality standards (75% final germination, germination index of 300, germination rate index of 25% per day, seedling vigor index of 2500 and 15 µmol/min/mg FW catalase activity) at maturity stage R7 onwards, while this only occurred at maturity stage R8 for wet environment. A significant negative correlation (r = −0.50 **) was observed between glucose content, antioxidant enzyme activities and germination percentage. In conclusion, the findings provide useful information for the expansion of areas for seed production in Sri Lanka.

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Dammalage, Thilantha Lakmal, and Tharshini Shanmugam. "Use of Satellite Remote Sensing for Rice Yield Estimation: A Case Study of Polonnaruwa District, Sri Lanka." Asian Journal of Advances in Agricultural Research 7, no. 4 (October 11, 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajaar/2018/43843.

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22

Keane, B., W. P. J. Dittus, and D. J. Melnick. "Paternity assessment in wild groups of toque macaques Macaca sinica at Polonnaruwa, Sri Lanka using molecular markers." Molecular Ecology 6, no. 3 (March 1997): 267–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294x.1997.00178.x.

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Ekanayake, Dilrukshi K., David Mark Welch, Stephen Hajduk, Wolfgang P. J. Dittus, and Rudo Kieft. "Transmission Dynamics of Cryptosporidium Infection in a Natural Population of Non-Human Primates at Polonnaruwa, Sri Lanka." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 77, no. 5 (November 1, 2007): 818–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2007.77.818.

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24

Pathirana, Chamila, Udayanthi Attanayake, Udula Dissanayake, Lakshman Gamlath, Kalyani Ketipearachchi, Terrence Madhujith, and Janakie Eeswara. "Establishment of a Micropropagation Protocol for Elite Accessions of Bael (Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr.), a Tropical Hardwood Species." Advances in Agriculture 2020 (September 22, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8840386.

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The limited availability of high-quality planting material hinders the popularization of bael (Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr.) as a profitable cash crop in Sri Lanka. Five elite bael accessions, namely, Beheth Beli, Paragammana, Mawanella, Rambukkana, and Polonnaruwa-Supun, have been identified and used for mass propagation through budding and grafting. However, this process gets hampered by the limitations in large-scale production of planting material. Micropropagation is an alternative technique to produce clonal plants in large-scale; however, no established protocol is available for the field-grown elite bael accessions in Sri Lanka, and hence, the present study was conducted. The best sterilization method was found to be the washing of explants in a 2.5% fungicide solution for two hours. The full MS and ½MS media provided significantly similar performance in shooting, as indicated by the measured parameters. The twig plants did better than leaf explants concerning shoot extension, in which twig explants yield 1.33 cm taller shoots. The 1 mg/l of BAP concentration generated the highest number of shoots (6.20) and the most extended shoots (3.83 cm). The most successful rooting (60% success) was spotted with full MS, 1 mg/ml NAA, and 3% sugar. As previously reported, the successful micropropagation is possible if the explants are harvested from April to June, immediately after the fruiting season of the plant. The established protocol can mass-produce clonal bael plants from the elite accessions.

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HOELZER, G. A., W. P. J. DITTUS, M. V. ASHLEY, and D. J. MELNICK. "The local distribution of highly divergent mitochondrial DNA haplotypes in toque macaques Macaca sinica at Polonnaruwa, Sri Lanka." Molecular Ecology 3, no. 5 (October 1994): 451–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294x.1994.tb00123.x.

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Gunasena, G. D. D. K., and B. A. M. P. Siriwardhana. "Evaluation of Microbiological and Compositional Quality of Raw Cow’s Milk (Household and Bulk) in Lankapura, Polonnaruwa, Sri Lanka." European Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences 3, no. 1 (February 25, 2021): 166–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejfood.2021.3.1.249.

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Purpose: At present, in Lankapura, there is a tremendous development in dairy sector. But milk quality issues were raised by the milk consumers and producers who collected milk from Lankapura. Although, measures have been taken to increase the milk production, the quality of milk has not been thoroughly evaluated in area. Research methodology: This study was carried out to evaluate the microbiological, compositional quality of cow’s milk collected from small scale farmers (25) and bulk milk tanks (25 samples) in the study area and to collect data about knowledge of farmers on clean milk production practices. Findings: According to the study, acidity, and average level of bacterial count of household milk production were 0.229±0.029%, 6.193±0.311 log10 CFU/ml respectively and for bulk milk production were 0.294± 0.020%, 6.6427±0.322 log10 CFU/ml respectively. The mean percentage of specific gravity, protein, fat, lactose and SNF for bulk milk samples were 1.029g/ml, 2.740%±0.0866, 4.120%±0.8065, 4.040%±0.1581, 7.6476%±0.34219 respectively and for household’s milk samples were 1.028g/ml, 2.792% ±0.1706, 4.360%±0.7314, 4.032%±0.1973, 7.5716%±0.33726 respectively. When considering management practices of farmers, only 38% farmers cleaned the milking place. Only 28% of farmers maintained proper records. The results indicated that microbiological and compositional quality (except milk fat) were not in acceptable level for both household and bulk milk samples. For microbiological quality, there was a high statistical significance of bulk milk samples than the households. Limitations: The quality of the milk was poor due to unhygienic practices and poor knowledge. Sample numbers were limited in this study, due to limited time period for this study. Larger individual coliform count could not be conducted due to limited manpower and laboratory resources. Originality/ value: As long term solutions such as farmer education programmes, incentive based milk quality systems can be recommended.

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Kang, Hyeong-Seok, Hyunook Kim, Jaekyeong Lee, Ingyu Lee, Byoung-Youn Kwak, and Hyungjoon Im. "Optimization of pumping schedule based on water demand forecasting using a combined model of autoregressive integrated moving average and exponential smoothing." Water Supply 15, no. 1 (October 15, 2014): 188–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2014.104.

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Stable water supply to end users is the most important element in water supply systems (WSSs). The portion of energy used by the water distribution system is up to 40% of the total energy consumed by WSSs. To save energy cost for pumping systems, a number of attempts have been made. Especially, an optimization scheme for scheduling the water-pumping operation has attracted the interest of water engineers. In this paper, a binary integer program was applied to optimize pumping schedule of a WSS in Polonnaruwa, Sri Lanka based on the hourly water demands for the next day. The water demands were forecasted by a combined model consisting of an autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model and an error compensation routine based on exponential smoothing technique. The result showed that the optimization system could reduce the operation cost of the WSS by minimizing electricity for water pumping; electricity cost for pump operation could be reduced by 55%.

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Prott, Lyndel. "“Illicit Traffic in Cultural Objects: Law Ethics and the Realities”: Workshop Co-organized by the Institute of Advanced Studies and the Law School of the University of Western Australia, Perth, 4–5 August 2011." International Journal of Cultural Property 18, no. 4 (November 2011): 453–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0940739111000427.

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Particularly in the 1980s and 1990s, universities and nongovernmental organizations, as well as UNESCO, have held innumerable meetings, workshops, and conferences on the subject of illicit traffic by. The “Illicit Traffic in Cultural Objects: Law Ethics and the Realities” workshop, however, is distinguished by two important elements. First, it emphasizes the importance of the issue for Asian and Pacific countries. Although there have been some meetings focused on the region of Asia—such as the meeting in Polonnaruwa, Sri Lanka, in 2003; one in Bangkok in 2004; and one specifically including oceanic countries in Brisbane in 1996—these are few compared to meetings held on illicit traffic in Europe and North America. The second aspect is the range of expertise of the participants. Though we are used to seeing dealers, archaeologists, and lawyers debate the subject, this workshop included on-the-ground managers, an expert in systems of detection, as well as specialists in particular fields such as underwater heritage, postconflict restoration. and criminology.

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Peiris, J. S. M., W. P. J. Dittus, and C. B. Ratnayake. "Seroepidemiology of dengue and other arboviruses in a natural population of toque macaques ( Macaca sinica ) at Polonnaruwa, Sri Lanka." Journal of Medical Primatology 22, no. 4 (June 1993): 240–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0684.1993.tb00663.x.

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Jayawardana, C. "The Science of Weights in Ancient Sri Lanka: A Study based on Equal Arm Balance from Alahana Pirivena, Polonnaruwa." Engineer: Journal of the Institution of Engineers, Sri Lanka 43, no. 1 (January 30, 2010): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/engineer.v43i1.6993.

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Ranathilaka, M. B., and I. A. J. I. Arachchi. "The Effect of Fertilizer Subsidy on Small-Scale Paddy Production in Sri Lanka: A Case in Hinguraggoda Divisional Secretariat Division in Polonnaruwa District." Sri Lanka Journal of Economic Research 6, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/sljer.v6i2.35.

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32

Sapkal, Gajanan N., Pradeep M. Sawant, and Devendra T. Mourya. "Chandipura Viral Encephalitis: A Brief Review." Open Virology Journal 12, no. 1 (August 31, 2018): 44–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874357901812010044.

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Introduction:In recent years, the Chandipura virus (CHPV) has emerged as an encephalitic pathogen and found associated with a number of outbreaks in different parts of India. Children under 15 years of age are most susceptible to natural infection. CHPV is emerging as a significant encephalitis, causing virus in the Indian subcontinent. Severe outbreaks caused by the virus have been reported from several parts of India.Expalanation:In the recent past, the noticeable association of CHPV with pediatric sporadic encephalitis cases as well as a number of outbreaks in Andhra Pradesh (2004, 2005, 2007 and 2008), Gujarat in (2005, 2009-12) and Vidarbha region of Maharashtra (2007, 2009-12) have been documented. Prevalence and seasonal activity of the virus in these regions are established by NIV through outbreak investigations, sero-survey and diagnosis of the referred clinical specimens. Recently CHPV has been isolated from pools of sand flies collected during outbreak investigations in Vidarbha region of Maharashtra. Since its discovery from India and above-mentioned activity of CHPV, it was suspected to be restricted only to India.Conclusion:However, CHPV has also been isolated from human cases during 1971-72 in Nigeria, and hedgehogs (Atelerix spiculus) during entomological surveillance in Senegal, Africa (1990-96) and recently referred samples from Bhutan and Nepal and from wild toque macaques (Macaca sinica) at Polonnaruwa, Sri Lanka during 1993 suggest its circulation in many tropical countries. Based on the limited study on vector related report, it appears that sandflies may be the principle vector.

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Harris, Nigel. "1996. Sri Lanka 1[ratio ]100 000 Geology (Provisional Map Series). Anuradhapura–Polonnaruwa, Sheet 8; Battuluoya–Kurunegala, Sheet 10; Colombo–Ratnapura, Sheet 16; Dambulla–Pallegama, Sheet 11; Kandy–Hanguranketa, Sheet 14; Kochchikade–Attanagalla, Sheet 13; Nuwara Eliya–Haputale, Sheet 17. Geological Survey & Mines Bureau, Senanayake Building, Galle Road, Dehiwala, Sri Lanka. Price US $10.00 each plus air mail postage (postage each = US $5.00 India; US $11.00 Australia, UK, Africa, Japan, China, Netherlands, France; US $15.00 USA). No ISBN." Geological Magazine 135, no. 3 (May 1998): 443–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756898238817.

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Wainwright, Milton, and N. Chandra Wickramasinghe. "Polonnaruwa Stones Revisited – Evidence for Non-Terrestrial Life." Advances in Astrophysics 6, no. 2 (May 30, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.22606/adap.2021.62001.

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Recent discoveries of highly porous low-density carbonaceous asteroids such as 101955 Bennu and Ryugu have motivated a re-examination of the Polonnaruwa stones which fell in central Sri Lanka on 27 December 2012 following a fireball sighting. Previous discoveries of biological entities including fossilized extinct microorganisms (acritarchs) have tended to be discounted as contaminants for the reason that the stones did not fit into a known meteorite category. In view of the new data from space exploration we re-examine samples of the Polonnaruwa stones and confirm earlier evidence for the existence of diatom frustules and other complex biology.

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Mahagamage, M. G. Y. L., and P. M. Manage. "Water Quality and Salmonella spp. Contamination Status of Groundwater in Medirigiriya in Polonnaruwa District, Sri Lanka." Proceedings of International Forestry and Environment Symposium 22 (February 5, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.31357/fesympo.v22i0.3349.

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Kaluarachchi, Ganeesha. "Adoption of Accounting Information System Practices by Entrepreneurs in Sri Lanka (with Special Reference to Polonnaruwa District)." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2906180.

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Perera, Emmanuwelge Madhurangi, and Nalika Sepali Gunawardena. "Passive smoking: knowledge, exposure and responses among adolescents in a rural setting in Sri Lanka." International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health 29, no. 4 (November 18, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijamh-2015-0076.

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Abstract Background: Passive smoking adversely affects the health of those exposed to it. Exposure to passive smoking among adolescents is also associated with early initiation to smoking. Objective: This study aimed at determining the knowledge, exposure and response to passive smoking among adolescents in a rural setting in Sri Lanka. Subject: Adolescents studying in grade 10 in seven rural schools in Polonnaruwa district. Methods: A cross-sectional study, using a self-administered questionnaire, was conducted among 498 adolescents selected proportionate to the size of the student population using a multi-stage cluster sampling method. Results: The response rate was 99.6% (498/500). Only 69.3%, (n=345) had heard of the term passive smoking. Of those who had heard of the term, 83.2%, (n=287) was accurate about what the term meant. Only 2.4% (n=12) of the study population was categorized as having a good level of knowledge on passive smoking. Self reported exposure levels to passive smoking was low among a majority (81%, n=406). On inquiring how they had reacted or will react to a situation of exposure to passive smoking, a majority (92.2%, n=459) indicated that they had/will rescind from the situation. Conclusion: The level of knowledge on passive smoking was poor among the adolescents in the rural setting in Sri Lanka. Despite the low level of exposure, the adolescents indicated that they were/will be assertive when faced with a situation of exposure to passive smoking. The study recommends that knowledge of adolescents on passive smoking be improved.

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"Factors that Present Obstacles to the Learning of Quran: A Study based on Polonnaruwa District in Sri Lanka." Research on Humanities and Social Sciences, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7176/rhss/11-13-04.

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