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Journal articles on the topic 'Polyaromatic hydrocarbons'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 May 2024

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1

Sudiana, I. M., I. Idris, T. P. Napitupulu, A. Z. N. Ikhwani, I. N. Sumerta, A. Sugiharto, T. R. Sulistiyani, et al. "Diversity of hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria in Pulau Pari and their potential roles for bioremediation." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 950, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/950/1/012013.

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Abstract Oil spill accidents occur several times in the Indonesian sea, including Jakarta Bay. Studies on the application of oil spill bio-degradation techniques need to be developed but require baseline data on microbe species diversity and functions. We isolated several bacteria from Pulau Pari that can degrade hydrocarbons (hexadecane, phenantrene, and dibenzothiophene) by using two step enrichment culture technique. The isolated microbes belong to several taxa, including α-subclass Proteobacteria, β-subclass Proteobacteria, γ-subclass Proteobacteria, the gram-positive high GC content (Actinobacteria), and Bacillus group. These marine bacteria degrade not only alkanes but also polyaromatic hydrocarbons (phenanthrene and dibenzothiophene). Alpha and gamma Proteobacteria were predominant alkane and polyaromatic hydrocarbons-degrading bacteria. The ability of those bacteria to degrade both alkanes and polyaromatic hydrocarbon is a key-important trait for enhancing bioremediation of oil spills.

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2

Salari, Marjan, Vahid Rahmanian, Seyyed Alireza Hashemi, Wei-Hung Chiang, Chin Wei Lai, Seyyed Mojtaba Mousavi, and Ahmad Gholami. "Bioremediation Treatment of Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons for Environmental Sustainability." Water 14, no. 23 (December 6, 2022): 3980. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14233980.

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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) distributed in air and soil are harmful because of their carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, and teratogenicity. Biodegradation is an environmentally friendly and economical approach to control these types of contaminants and has become an essential method for remediating environments contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons. The bacteria are isolated and identified using a mineral nutrient medium containing PAHs as the sole source of carbon and energy and biochemical differential tests. Thus, this study focuses on some bacteria and fungi that degrade oil and hydrocarbons. This study provides a comprehensive, up-to-date, and efficient overview of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminant bioremediation considering hydrocarbon modification by microorganisms, emphasizing the new knowledge gained in recent years. The study shows that petroleum hydrocarbon contaminants are acceptably biodegradable by some microorganisms, and their removal by this method is cost-effective. Moreover, microbial biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminants utilizes the enzymatic catalytic activities of microorganisms and increases the degradation of pollutants several times compared to conventional methods. Biological treatment is carried out in two ways: microbial stimulation and microbial propagation. In the first method, the growth of indigenous microorganisms in the area increases, and the pollution is eliminated. In the second method, on the other hand, there are no effective microorganisms in the area, so these microorganisms are added to the environment.

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3

Nagy, E., J. H. Carey, and J. H. Hart. "Hydrocarbons in St. Clair River Sediments." Water Quality Research Journal 21, no. 3 (August 1, 1986): 390–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1986.034.

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Abstract A survey of St. Clair River sediments at Sarnia, Ontario, showed that the highest concentrations of normal alkanes and polyaromatic hydrocarbons occurred in the vicinity of the petrochemical industrial area on the Canadian side of the river. The absence of an odd-carbon predominance in the alkanes, and the presence of several alkylated polyaromatics indicate a petroleum source for both classes of hydrocarbons. Both classes of compounds were present, at increased concentrations, in the lower sections of two shallow cores. The distribution of organics reflected the highly localized character of inputs, currents, and sediments.

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4

Golounin, A. V., E. N. Marakushina, and S. A. Khramenko. "Polycondensation of polyaromatic hydrocarbons." Coke and Chemistry 52, no. 11 (November 2009): 501–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1068364x09110088.

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5

Martin, Colin J., Sarath D. Perera, and Sylvia M. Draper. "Thiophene Containing Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons." Advances in Science and Technology 54 (September 2008): 120–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.54.120.

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6

KHAVRYUCHENKO, VOLODYMYR D., YURIJ A. TARASENKO, VOLODYMYR V. STRELKO, OLEKSIY V. KHAVRYUCHENKO, and VLADYSLAV V. LISNYAK. "INTERACTION OF THE DIOXYGEN MOLECULE WITH THE C96H24 POLYAROMATIC HYDROCARBON CLUSTER: A QUANTUM CHEMICAL INSIGHT." International Journal of Modern Physics B 22, no. 13 (May 20, 2008): 2115–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979208039289.

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Interaction of the previously described [V. D. Khavryuchenko, Y. A. Tarasenko, V. V. Strelko, O. V. Khavryuchenko and V. V. Lisnyak, Quantum chemical study of polyaromatic hydrocarbons in high multiplicity states, Int. J. Modern. Phys. B21, 4507 (2007), in press] polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) C 96 H 24 with dioxygen molecule and KO2 have been quantum chemically examined. The probability of existence of the oxygen superoxide ion-radical O 2 adsorbed on the surface of the PAH is critically discussed.

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7

Bezhan, A. D., A. S. Skripnik, A. A. Dudnik, and V. B. Kolycheva. "Method for determination the qualitative composition of polyaromatic hydrocarbons in commercial petroleum products." ТЕНДЕНЦИИ РАЗВИТИЯ НАУКИ И ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ 84, no. 2 (2022): 90–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/trnio-04-2022-69.

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The article considers one of the methods for express determination of the qualitative composition of polyaromatic hydrocarbons in petroleum products. The identified polyaromatic hydrocarbons with the Lee retention index from 200 to 400, their calculated and experimentally determined retention times, as well as the relative standard deviation of the times are presented.

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8

Geblewicz, Grazyna, and David J. Schiffrin. "Solvent properties of polyaromatic hydrocarbons." Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions 1: Physical Chemistry in Condensed Phases 84, no. 2 (1988): 561. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/f19888400561.

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9

Sarigiannis, D., S. Karakitsios, E. Handakas, and A. Gotti. "Exposome analysis of polyaromatic hydrocarbons." Toxicology Letters 258 (September 2016): S57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.06.1298.

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10

Peng, Ri-He, Ai-Sheng Xiong, Yong Xue, Xiao-Yan Fu, Feng Gao, Wei Zhao, Yong-Sheng Tian, and Quan-Hong Yao. "Microbial biodegradation of polyaromatic hydrocarbons." FEMS Microbiology Reviews 32, no. 6 (November 2008): 927–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6976.2008.00127.x.

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11

Byers, Charles H., and David F. Williams. "Viscosities of pure polyaromatic hydrocarbons." Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data 32, no. 3 (July 1987): 344–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/je00049a018.

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12

Akomah-Abadaike, O. N., and O. B. Iwuji. "Comparative studies on Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHS) in some edible oil (shea butter, coconut oil and palm kernel oil) sold in Nigeria." Scientia Africana 20, no. 1 (April 23, 2021): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sa.v20i1.4.

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Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ever-present lipophilic substances, having varying levels of concentration in edible oils. Shea butter, coconut oil and palm kernel oil are used in Africa as component of traditional ointment. The study evaluated the concentration of polyaromatic hydrocarbons in Shea butter, coconut oil and palm kernel oil using gas chromatography with flame ionization detector. The polyaromatic hydrocarbons identified and quantified are: napthalene, acenaphthene, fluorene, phenapthrene, fluoranthene, pyrene, chrysene for Shea butter samples; napthalene, acenaphthene, phenanthrene, anthracene, pyrene for coconut oil samples while palm kernel oil samples have napthalene, acenaphthene, acenaphthylene,fluorene, phenanthrene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo(a)anthracene, chrysene, benzo(b)fluoranthene and benzo(k)fluoranthene, The concentration of the sum of PAHs of Shea butter ranged from 7.63 - 44.71 ppm, coconut oil samples 7.81 - 19.24 ppm and palm kernel oil samples 25.09 - 71.55 ppm. Shea butter, coconut oil and palm kernel oil samples have concentration of benzo(a)pyrene above the set maximum permissible limit as revealed in the study. It is important that further research on the reduction and/or elimination of PAHs in Shea butter, coconut oil and palm kernel oil be developed. Keywords: Edible oil, Polyaromatic hydrocarbons, Benzo(a)pyrene, Carcinogenic, Medicinal

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13

KHAVRYUCHENKO, VOLODYMYR D., YURIJ A. TARASENKO, VOLODYMYR V. STRELKO, OLEKSIY V. KHAVRYUCHENKO, and VLADYSLAV V. LISNYAK. "QUANTUM CHEMICAL STUDY OF POLYAROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN HIGH MULTIPLICITY STATES." International Journal of Modern Physics B 21, no. 26 (October 20, 2007): 4507–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979207037946.

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A study of polyaromatic hydrocarbons by semiempirical PM3 and ab initio methods in MINI and STO 6G-31 bases has been performed for compounds with different numbers of rings. The optimized space and electronic structures have been derived. The multiplicity states effect on the energetic stability of the polyaromatic hydrocarbons is examined. It is shown that the high multiplicity states become more energetically preferable with the growth of the PAH size.

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14

Amupitan, P., and J. M. Yakubu. "Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons Levels and Bacterial Load on Soil after Consistent Disposal of Untreated Hairdressing Saloon Effluent in Lokoja, Kogi State, Nigeria." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 27, no. 2 (February 28, 2023): 217–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v27i2.5.

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This study estimated polyaromatic hydrocarbons levels and bacterial load on soil after thirty day (30) days consistent disposal of untreated hairdressing saloon effluent in Lokoja, Kogi State, Nigeria using standard methods. A non-polluted soil sample was also collected which served as the control for this experiment. The total heterotrophic bacteria count was determined. Toxicity analysis was carried to determine the effect of the effluent on soil bacteria. The soil samples were also was analyzed for the presence of polyaromatic hydrocarbon using gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. The polyaromaic hydrocarbon (PAHs) detected in the test soil sample were 45.02ng/g Biphenyl, 28.23ng/g Benzo[a]pyrene, 12.05ng/g Anthracene, 23.00ng/g, and 5.07ng/g Phenanthrene. 2.01ng/g of Biphenyl was detected in the control garden soil. Bacteria counts from the contaminated soil range from 1.0 x102 ± 1.10 to 4.0 x 102 ± 0.11. The counts from the control soil sample range from 2.0 x103 ± 0.20 to 8.2 x103 ± 0.20. The control soil sample had a higher value compared to the test soil samples. Bacteria species isolated from these soil samples were: Serretia sp., Klebsiella sp., Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas sp., Staphylococcus sp. Pseudomonas sp. and Staphylococcus sp had increased percentage occurrence. The acute and chronic toxicity test showed a decline in the bacterial count, which could have occurred due to the presence of PAHs from Salon effluent. I was observed a constant release of PAHs into the soil, which poses a serious threat to the survival of soil bacteria, will alter the various beneficial roles these bacteria play in the soil ecosystem.

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15

Mahurin, R. G., and R. L. Bernstein. "Fluorocarbon-enhanced mutagenesis of polyaromatic hydrocarbons." Environmental Research 45, no. 1 (February 1988): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0013-9351(88)80012-4.

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16

Pevneva, G. S., N. G. Voronetskaya, and N. N. Sviridenko. "Composition of Hydrocarbons in Maltenes from Naphthenic Crude Oil after Cracking with WC/NI–CR Additive." Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 629, no. 1 (2022): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.32935/0023-1169-2022-629-1-34-40.

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Using GCMS the composition of hydrocarbons in maltenes from heavy naphthenic crude oil (Usa oilfield) after cracking in the presence of WC/Ni–Cr additive and without it has been studied. Cracking of maltenes carried out at 450°С within 2 hours in isothermal mode. Using WC/Ni–Cr additive during cracking contributes to the deepening of the destruction reactions in hydrocarbons and resins. It is shown, the content of low-molecular alkanes С11–С19, alkylbenzenes С9–С10 increases essentially in the maltenes cracked with the additive while that of cyclohexanes and bicyclanes decreases, tri-, tetra- and pentacyclic saturated hydrocarbons destruct completely as compared with maltenes cracked without the additive. There are changes in the composition of naphthenic hydrocarbons. The reactions of condensation occur along with destruction reactions, leading to the formation of polyaromatic hydrocarbon.

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17

Rudniev, V., O. Kliuiev, and O. Uhrovetskyi. "Іdentification Of Gasoline In Altered Mixture With Diesel Fuel." Methods and Objects of Chemical Analysis 14, no. 2 (2019): 102–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/moca.2019.102-112.

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The methodological approach to identification of gasoline with an admixture of diesel fuel was presented. The approach involves using of gas chromatography–mass-spectrometry analysis of altered mixture. An algorithm of gas chromatography profile treatment includes analysis of extracted ion chromatogram for searching of polyaromatic hydrocarbons with 2 to 4 aromatic ring, mostly naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene and pyrene derivatives. The complex of specified components can be used as indicator of gasoline presence in mixture in the case if its chromatographic profile by total ion chromatogram is typical for diesel fuel. Obtained results show in common high similarity of chromatographic profile of altered diesel fuel and gasoline with small admixture (0.25 vol.%) of diesel fuel. A wrong identification results may be obtained without taking into account presence of pointed polyaromatic hydrocarbons. Such complex cannot be found entirely in pure diesel fuel in initial or altered state because its components are below or about of limit of detection. Determined limit of detection for polyaromatic hydrocarbons (naphthalene, phenanthrene, anthracene, pyrene) is 1.8-2.2 μg/ml.

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18

Delaunay, W., R. Szűcs, S. Pascal, A. Mocanu, P. A. Bouit, L. Nyulászi, and M. Hissler. "Synthesis and electronic properties of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons doped with phosphorus and sulfur." Dalton Transactions 45, no. 5 (2016): 1896–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5dt04154f.

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19

Bhattacharyya, Kalishankar, Titas Kumar Mukhopadhyay, and Ayan Datta. "Controlling electronic effects and intermolecular packing in contorted polyaromatic hydrocarbons (c-PAHs): towards high mobility field effect transistors." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 18, no. 22 (2016): 14886–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cp02387h.

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20

Oyarzún, Andrea M., Christopher D. Latham, Ljubisa R. Radovic, Patrick R. Briddon, and Mark J. Rayson. "Spin density distributions on graphene clusters and ribbons with carbene-like active sites." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 20, no. 42 (2018): 26968–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cp03313g.

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21

Svetasheva, D. R., V. O. Tatarnikov, M. A. Ocheretny, and O. I. Bakun. "Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons in the Bottom Sediments of the Caspian Sea." Uchenye Zapiski Kazanskogo Universiteta. Seriya Estestvennye Nauki 165, no. 2 (2023): 263–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.26907/2542-064x.2023.2.263-280.

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In this study, variations in the levels of oil hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which are persistent organic pollutants generated by human activities, were assessed in the bottom sediments of the Caspian Sea (Russia) sampled from 2012 to 2021. The samples were analyzed for their chemical composition. The concentrations of the identified compounds responsible for hydrocarbon pollution were established. The quantitative results of the industrial environmental monitoring in the Russian sector of the Caspian Sea for subsoil use were also reviewed and processed by standard statistical methods. It was revealed that ΣPAH concentrations in the Northern and Middle Caspian Sea regions vary from analytical zero to 186.7 μg/kg and from zero to 467.8 μg/kg, respectively. The scale of oil pollution in these two regions was found to be determined by the following PAHs: phenanthrene, acenaphthene, and naphthalene. The origin of the listed PAHs provides vital information on the main sources of pollution of the Caspian Sea bottom sediments with hazardous organic substances. Based on the obtained data, the areas with background PAH pollution of the bottom sediments and those with the characteristic PAH of mainly natural and pyrogenic origin were located.

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22

Александрова, Д. И., and А. А. Степачёва. "EFFECT OF PROCESS CONDITIONS ON ANTHRACENE HYDROCRACKING IN A SUPERCRITICAL SOLVENT." Вестник Тверского государственного университета. Серия: Химия, no. 1(51) (March 13, 2023): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.26456/vtchem2023.1.6.

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Конверсия тяжелых углеводородов, в частности полиароматических, является одной из основных задач в нефтяной, угольной и биотопливной промышленности. Полиароматические углеводороды являются перспективным сырьем для получения веществ группы БТК (бензолтолуол-ксилол). Конверсия полиароматических соединений может осуществляться путем гидрирования или гидрокрекинга. Оба этих процесса характеризуются высоким расходом водорода. Для снижения или минимизации потребления водорода при гидроконверсии перспективно использование сверхкритических растворителей, которые способны быть донорами водорода. В данной работе проведено исследование процесса каталитического гидрокрекинга антрацена, а также подбор оптимальных условий, с целью получения о-ксилола с высоким выходом. The conversion of heavy hydrocarbons, in particular polyaromatic hydrocarbons, is one of the main tasks in the oil, coal and biofuel industries. Polyaromatic hydrocarbons are promising raw materials for the production of BTX group (benzene-toluene-xylene) compounds. The conversion of polyaromatic compounds can be carried out by hydrogenation or hydrocracking. Both of these processes are characterized by high hydrogen consumption. Supercritical fluids being the hydrogen donors can be successfully used to reduce or minimize hydrogen consumption during hydroconversion. In this paper, the study of the process of catalytic hydrocracking of anthracene, as well as the choice of optimal conditions, in order to obtain o-xylene with a high yield were carried out.

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23

Hall, Emma A., Md Raihan Sarkar, and Stephen G. Bell. "The selective oxidation of substituted aromatic hydrocarbons and the observation of uncoupling via redox cycling during naphthalene oxidation by the CYP101B1 system." Catalysis Science & Technology 7, no. 7 (2017): 1537–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cy00088j.

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24

Menon, Angiras, Jochen A. H. Dreyer, Jacob W. Martin, Jethro Akroyd, John Robertson, and Markus Kraft. "Optical band gap of cross-linked, curved, and radical polyaromatic hydrocarbons." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 21, no. 29 (2019): 16240–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cp02363a.

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25

Hegazy, Ahmad K., Zahra S. Hussein, Nermen H. Mohamed, Gehan Safwat, Mohamed A. El-Dessouky, Ilinca Imbrea, and Florin Imbrea. "Assessment of Vinca rosea (Apocynaceae) Potentiality for Remediation of Crude Petroleum Oil Pollution of Soil." Sustainability 15, no. 14 (July 14, 2023): 11046. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151411046.

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Petroleum oil pollution is a worldwide problem that results from the continuous exploration, production, and consumption of oil and its products. Petroleum hydrocarbons are produced as a result of natural or anthropogenic practices, and their common source is anthropogenic activities, which impose adverse effects on the ecosystem’s nonliving and living components including humans. Phytoremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon-polluted soils is an evolving, low-cost, and effective alternative technology to most traditional remediation methods. The objective of this study is to evaluate the phytoremediation potentiality of Vinca rosea for crude oil-contaminated soil by understanding its properties and involvement in the enhanced degradation of crude oil. The remediation potentiality was determined by evaluating the total petroleum hydrocarbon degradation percentage (TPH%) and changes in the molecular type composition of saturated and aromatic hydrocarbon fractions. TPH% was estimated gravimetrically, and changes in the molecular type composition of saturated and aromatic fractions were measured using gas chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography, respectively. Sulfur concentration was measured using X-ray fluorescence. Cadmium and lead quantification was measured using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES). The results revealed that V. rosea enhanced total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) degradation and altered the molecular composition of the crude oil. The saturated hydrocarbons increased and the aromatic hydrocarbons decreased. The saturated hydrocarbon fraction in the crude oil showed a wider spectrum of n-paraffin peaks than the oil extracted from unplanted and V. rosea-planted soils. Polyaromatic hydrocarbon degradation was enhanced in the presence of V. rosea, which was reflected in the increase of monoaromatic and diaromatic constituents. This was parallel to the increased sulfur levels in planted soil. The determination of sulfur and heavy metal content in plant organs indicated that V. rosea can extract and accumulate high amounts from polluted soils. The ability of V. rosea to degrade TPH and alter the composition of crude petroleum oil by decreasing the toxicity of polyaromatic hydrocarbons in soil, as well as its capability to absorb and accumulate sulfur and heavy metals, supports the use of plant species for the phytoremediation of crude oil-polluted sites.

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26

JURKOVÁ, M., D. ČADKOVÁ, and J. ČULÍK. "The assessment of polyaromatic hydrocarbons in beer." Kvasny Prumysl 42, no. 7 (July 1, 1996): 245–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.18832/kp1996019.

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27

von Lilienfeld, O. A., and Denis Andrienko. "Coarse-grained interaction potentials for polyaromatic hydrocarbons." Journal of Chemical Physics 124, no. 5 (February 7, 2006): 054307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2162543.

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28

Calvo-Almazán, Irene, Marco Sacchi, Anton Tamtögl, Emanuel Bahn, Marek M. Koza, Salvador Miret-Artés, and Peter Fouquet. "Ballistic Diffusion in Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons on Graphite." Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters 7, no. 24 (December 7, 2016): 5285–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b02305.

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29

YUSUF, N., L. TIMARES, M. SEIBERT, H. XU, and C. ELMETS. "Acquired and innate immunity to polyaromatic hydrocarbons." Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 224, no. 3 (November 1, 2007): 308–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2006.12.009.

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30

Paulsson, Magnus, and Sven Stafström. "Conductance calculations through stacks of polyaromatic hydrocarbons." Synthetic Metals 121, no. 1-3 (March 2001): 1273–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0379-6779(00)01169-3.

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31

Rugha, Clayton L., Endang Susilawati, Alexandra N. Kravchenko, and John C. Thomas. "Biodegrader Metabolic Expansion during Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons Rhizoremediation." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 60, no. 3-4 (April 1, 2005): 331–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2005-3-418.

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Abstract Root-microbe interactions are considered to be the primary process of polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) phytoremediation, since bacterial degradation has been shown to be the dominant pathway for environmental PAH dissipation. However, the precise mechanisms driving PAH rhizostimulation symbiosis remain largely unresolved. In this study, we assessed PAH degrading bacterial abundance in contaminated soils planted with 18 different native Michigan plant species. Phenanthrene metabolism assays suggested that each plant species differentially influenced the relative abundance of PAH biodegraders, though they generally were observed to increase heterotrophic and biodegradative cell numbers relative to unplanted soils. Further study of > 1800 phenanthrene degrading isolates indicated that most of the tested plant species stimulated biodegradation of a broader range of PAH compounds relative to the unplanted soil bacterial consortia. These observations suggest that a principal contribution of planted systems for PAH bioremediation may be via expanded metabolic range of the rhizosphere bacterial community.

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32

Harvey, Patricia J., Bruno F. Campanella, Paula M. L. Castro, Hans Harms, Eric Lichtfouse, Anton R. Schäffner, Stanislav Smrcek, and Daniele Werck-Reichhart. "Phytoremediation of polyaromatic hydrocarbons, anilines and phenols." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 9, no. 1 (January 2002): 29–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02987315.

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33

Gong, Chenhao, Haiou Huang, Yu Qian, Zhongguo Zhang, and Hongbin Wu. "Integrated electrocoagulation and membrane filtration for PAH removal from realistic industrial wastewater: effectiveness and mechanisms." RSC Advances 7, no. 83 (2017): 52366–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ra09372a.

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34

Márquez, Irene R., Silvia Castro-Fernández, Alba Millán, and Araceli G. Campaña. "Synthesis of distorted nanographenes containing seven- and eight-membered carbocycles." Chemical Communications 54, no. 50 (2018): 6705–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cc02325e.

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35

Panahi, S. F. K. S., Afshin Namiranian, Maryam Soleimani, and Maryam Jamaati. "Electron transport in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons/boron nitride hybrid structures: density functional theory combined with the nonequilibrium Green's function." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 20, no. 6 (2018): 4160–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cp07260k.

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36

Anderson, C., A. Hehr, R. Robbins, R. Hasan, M. Athar, H. Mukhtar, and C. A. Elmets. "Metabolic requirements for induction of contact hypersensitivity to immunotoxic polyaromatic hydrocarbons." Journal of Immunology 155, no. 7 (October 1, 1995): 3530–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.155.7.3530.

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Abstract Experiments were performed to define the metabolic requirements for induction of contact hypersensitivity to polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), environmental xenobiotics that are both immunotoxic and carcinogenic. Evidence that conversion of the parent compound to a reactive metabolite was necessary for the development of contact hypersensitivity included the fact 1) that contact hypersensitivity to the polyaromatic hydrocarbon dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) only occurred in strains of mice that could metabolize the compound, 2) that among the PAHs, only those that could induce aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme in the PAH metabolic pathway, were immunogenic, and 3) that inhibitors of PAH metabolism reduced DMBA contact hypersensitivity. Cells from the XS52 Langerhans cell-like dendritic cell line were able to metabolize the PAH benzo(a)pyrene to its diol, quinone, and phenol metabolites. GM-CSF augmented benzo(a)pyrene metabolism in XS52 cells. Finally, in vivo depletion of CD8+, but not CD4+, T cell populations inhibited contact hypersensitivity to DMBA. The implications of these experiments are that at least for some contact allergens, the metabolic status of the host is a key determinant of individual susceptibility to the development of allergic contact dermatitis, and the metabolic pathway of an individual hapten may have ramifications for the T cell subpopulation-CD4 or CD8-that is activated.

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37

Collins, Karl D., Roman Honeker, Suhelen Vásquez-Céspedes, Dan-Tam D. Tang, and Frank Glorius. "C–H arylation of triphenylene, naphthalene and related arenes using Pd/C." Chemical Science 6, no. 3 (2015): 1816–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4sc03051f.

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38

Dinda, Soumitra, Sarat Chandra Patra, Subhadip Roy, Supriyo Halder, Thomas Weyhermüller, Kausikisankar Pramanik, and Sanjib Ganguly. "Coligand driven diverse organometallation in benzothiazolyl-hydrazone derivatized pyrene: ortho vs. peri C–H activation." New Journal of Chemistry 44, no. 4 (2020): 1407–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9nj05088d.

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39

Pham, Buu Q., and Mark S. Gordon. "Thermodynamics and kinetics of graphene chemistry: a graphene hydrogenation prototype study." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 18, no. 48 (2016): 33274–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cp05687c.

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40

Dijkmans, Thomas, Kevin M. Van Geem, Marko R. Djokic, and Guy B. Marin. "Combined Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography Analysis of Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons/Polyaromatic Sulfur-Containing Hydrocarbons (PAH/PASH) in Complex Matrices." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 53, no. 40 (March 7, 2014): 15436–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie5000888.

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41

Maziarz III, E. Peter, Gary A. Baker, and Troy D. Wood. "Electrospray ionization Fourier transform mass spectrometry of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using silver(I)-mediated ionization." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 83, no. 11 (November 1, 2005): 1871–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v05-195.

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Here, a methodology employing doped Ag(I) salt as an in situ cationization reagent for efficient ionization of nonpolar molecules within a conventional electrospray ionization source is described. The effectiveness of Ag(I)-mediated ionization is demonstrated using ESI Fourier transform mass spectrometry for the rapid detection and identification of priority pollutant polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) species. In contrast to earlier coordination ESI-MS reports employing silver salts, argentated species are not typically observed for PAH species. Instead, oxidation of the PAH occurs to produce only the [PAH]+· odd-electron molecular parent ion, simplifying spectral analysis. In addition, the method demonstrates linear quantitative performance. The Ag(I) reagent provides quantifiable PAHs (not ordinarily amenable to ESI-MS) from 64 ppb, and suggests the immediate potential for sampling and on-line monitoring of complex, real world, and otherwise intractable environmental samples. Finally, the high mass accuracy of ESI Fourier transform mass spectrometry further allows unequivocal identification of molecular formulas within PAH mixtures.Key words: electrospray ionization, nonpolar, hydrocarbons, polyaromatic, Fourier transform mass spectrometry.

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42

Williams, Tyler J., Jacob R. Bills, and R. Kenneth Marcus. "Mass spectrometric characteristics and preliminary figures of merit for polyaromatic hydrocarbons via the liquid sampling-atmospheric pressure glow discharge microplasma." Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 35, no. 11 (2020): 2475–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ja00373e.

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The versatility of the LS-APGD microplasma is extended beyond elemental and polar molecular species to non-polar, low molecular weight polyaromatic hydrocarbons. Insights into ionization mechanisms are gained, with preliminary LODs determined.

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43

Bisht, Sandeep, Piyush Pandey, Bhavya Bhargava, Shivesh Sharma, Vivek Kumar, and Krishan D. Sharma. "Bioremediation of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using rhizosphere technology." Brazilian Journal of Microbiology 46, no. 1 (May 2015): 7–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1517-838246120131354.

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44

Zhang, Li, Yang Wang, Xiangfeng Kong, Jingru Wang, and Zhaoyu Wang. "A method for calibrating seawater polyaromatic hydrocarbons sensor." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 787, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 012051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/787/1/012051.

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Srivastava, Pooja, T. R. Sreekrishnan, and A. K. Nema. "Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons: Review of a Global Environmental Issue." Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste 22, no. 3 (July 2018): 04018004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)hz.2153-5515.0000391.

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Marris, C. R., S. N. Kompella, M. R. Miller, J. P. Incardona, F. Brette, J. C. Hancox, E. Sørhus, and H. A. Shiels. "Polyaromatic hydrocarbons in pollution: a heart‐breaking matter." Journal of Physiology 598, no. 2 (January 2020): 227–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jp278885.

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47

Bedekar, Ashutosh V., Anju R. Chaudhary, M. Shyam Sundar, and Murali Rajappa. "Expeditious synthesis of fluorinated styrylbenzenes and polyaromatic hydrocarbons." Tetrahedron Letters 54, no. 5 (January 2013): 392–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.11.022.

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Stein, Stephen E., and R. L. Brown. ".pi.-Electron properties of large condensed polyaromatic hydrocarbons." Journal of the American Chemical Society 109, no. 12 (June 1987): 3721–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja00246a033.

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Khavryuchenko, Volodymyr D., Oleksiy V. Khavryuchenko, Yuriy A. Tarasenko, and Vladyslav V. Lisnyak. "Computer simulation of N-doped polyaromatic hydrocarbons clusters." Chemical Physics 352, no. 1-3 (September 2008): 231–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemphys.2008.06.019.

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Christy, Alfred A., Monica I. Lian, and George W. Francis. "Pyrolytic formation of polyaromatic hydrocarbons from steroid hormones." Food Chemistry 124, no. 4 (February 2011): 1466–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.07.109.

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