Journal articles: 'Polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT)'

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Neng, Wen-Bo, Wen-Guang Xie, Bo Lu, Zhi-Chao Zhen, Jun-Long Zhao, Ge-Xia Wang, and Jun-Hui Ji. "Biodegradable thermoplastic copolyester elastomers: Methyl branched PBAmT." e-Polymers 21, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 336–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/epoly-2021-0024.

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Abstract A series of novel biodegradable copolyesters named poly(butylene 3-methyl adipate co-terephthalate) (PBAmT) were synthesized from the monomers of 3-methyl adipic acid (AAm), 1,4-butanediol (BDO), and terephthalic acid (TPA) through a process of esterification and polycondensation. 1H NMR analysis shows that they are random copolymers whose composition can be well controlled by the feed ratio of monomers. From the results of DSC and XRD, the introduction of methyl group successfully destroys the crystallizability of the PBAm chains, thus making it become a relative soft segment compared to PBA, while these random PBAmT copolymers constructed by soft segment PBAm and rigid segment PBT change from semi-crystalline polymers to nearly amorphous polymers as the feed ratio of Am increases. Especially, mechanical tests reveal that the copolymers show outstanding elasticity and rebound resilience with excellent strength. These thermoplastic copolyester elastomers with good performance by simply introduction of branched methyl group on polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT) copolymer chains may well explore the potential application of biodegradable PBAT-based material.

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Mistretta, Maria Chiara, Francesco Paolo La Mantia, Vincenzo Titone, Luigi Botta, Mariapia Pedeferri, and Marco Morreale. "Effect of ultraviolet and moisture action on biodegradable polymers and their blend." Journal of Applied Biomaterials & Functional Materials 18 (January 2020): 228080002092665. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2280800020926653.

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In this work, the suitability of polylactic acid (PLA), polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT) and PBAT/PLA blend samples to outdoor applications were investigated in terms of mechanical, morphological and visual properties in presence of ultraviolet action and water, finding that PLA in particular can be actually considered for such applications.

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Yi, Tan, Minghui Qi, Qi Mo, Lijie Huang, Hanyu Zhao, Di Liu, Hao Xu, Chongxing Huang, Shuangfei Wang, and Yang Liu. "Ecofriendly Preparation and Characterization of a Cassava Starch/Polybutylene Adipate Terephthalate Film." Processes 8, no. 3 (March 11, 2020): 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8030329.

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Composite films of polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT) were prepared by adding thermoplastic starch (TPS) (TPS/PBAT) and nano-zinc oxide (nano-ZnO) (TPS/PBAT/nano-ZnO). The changes of surface morphology, thermal properties, crystal types and functional groups of starch during plasticization were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, synchronous thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction, infrared spectrometry, mechanical property tests, and contact Angle and transmittance tests. The relationship between the addition of TPS and the tensile strength, transmittance, contact angle, water absorption, and water vapor barrier of the composite film, and the influence of nano-ZnO on the mechanical properties and contact angle of the 10% TPS/PBAT composite film. Experimental results show that, after plasticizing, the crystalline form of starch changed from A-type to V-type, the functional group changed and the lipophilicity increased; the increase of TPS content, the light transmittance and mechanical properties of the composite membrane decreased, while the water vapor transmittance and water absorption increased. The mechanical properties of the composite can be significantly improved by adding nano-ZnO at a lower concentration (optimum content is 1 wt%).

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Kirsh, Irina, Yuliya Frolova, Olga Beznaeva, Olga Bannikova, Marina Gubanova, Isabella Tveritnikova, Valentina Romanova, and Yulia Filinskaya. "Influence of the Ultrasonic Treatment on the Properties of Polybutylene Adipate Terephthalate, Modified by Antimicrobial Additive." Polymers 12, no. 10 (October 19, 2020): 2412. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12102412.

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Particular attention is paid to biodegradable materials from the environmental point of view and antimicrobial materials that ensure the microbiological safety of packaged products. The aim of the work was to study the properties of the composition, based on biodegradable polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT) and the antimicrobial additive—birch bark extract (BBE). Test samples of materials were obtained on the laboratory extruder by extrusion with ultrasonic treatment of the melt. The concentration of the antimicrobial additive in the polymer matrix was 1 wt %. A complex research was carried out to study the structural, physico–mechanical characteristics, antimicrobial properties and biodegradability of the modified PBAT. Comparative assessment of the physico–mechanical characteristics of samples based on PBAT showed that the strength and elongation at break indices slightly decrease when the ultrasonic treatment of the melt is introduced. It was found out, that the antimicrobial additive in the composition of the polymer matrix at the concentration of 1 wt % has a static effect on the development of microorganisms on the surface of the studied modified films. Studies of the biodegradability of modified PBAT by composting for 4 months have shown that the decomposition period of modified materials increased, compared to pure PBAT. The developed modified polymer material can be recommended as an alternative replacement for materials based on polyethylene for food packaging.

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Nesaule, Arturs Eriks, Elina Didrihsone, Remo Merijs-Meri, Oskars Grigs, and Jānis Zicāns. "On the Development and Characterization of Rheological and Mechanical Properties of Polylactide Blends with Polybutylene Adipate Terephthalate." Key Engineering Materials 850 (June 2020): 118–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.850.118.

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Within the current report the first results of the upcoming multi-stage research cycle on the development of high-performance environmentally friendly PLA/PBAT blend based composite materials are presented. Development and basic characterization of PLA/PBAT blends at various wt.-to-wt. ratios of the base polymeric components is performed. Rheological properties of PLA and PBAT have been investigated by means of rotational viscometry to define the optimal blending parameters. PLA/PBAT blends have been obtained by using twin-screw extrusion. Structural features of the obtained polymer blend compositions have been revealed by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Crystallization behavior of the obtained polymer blend compositions have been characterized by means of differential scanning calorimetry. Thermal stability of the obtained polymer blend compositions has been studied by using thermogravimetric analysis. Mechanical behavior of the obtained polymer blend compositions has been studied by means of both quasistatic (in respects to tensile and flexural properties) and dynamic tests (impact resistance).

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Park, Seong-Wook, Seong-Hun Kim, Hea-Sun Choi, and Hyun-Hok Cho. "Preparation and physical properties of biodegradable polybutylene succinate/polybutylene adipate-co-terephthalate blend monofilament by melt spinning." Bulletin of the Korean society of Fisheries Technology 46, no. 3 (August 31, 2010): 257–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3796/ksft.2010.46.3.257.

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Pavon, Cristina, Miguel Aldas, Harrison de la Rosa-Ramírez, Juan López-Martínez, and Marina P. Arrieta. "Improvement of PBAT Processability and Mechanical Performance by Blending with Pine Resin Derivatives for Injection Moulding Rigid Packaging with Enhanced Hydrophobicity." Polymers 12, no. 12 (December 2, 2020): 2891. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12122891.

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Polybutylene adipate-co-terephthalate (PBAT) is a biodegradable polymer with good features for packaging applications. However, the mechanical performance and high prices of PBAT limit its current usage at the commercial level. To improve the properties and reduce the cost of PBAT, pine resin derivatives, gum rosin (GR) and pentaerythritol ester of GR (UT), were proposed as sustainable additives. For this purpose, PBAT was blended with 5, 10, and 15 wt.% of additives by melt-extrusion followed by injection moulding. The overall performance of the formulations was assessed by tensile test, microstructural, thermal, and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. The results showed that although good miscibility of both resins with PBAT matrix was achieved, GR in 10 wt.% showed better interfacial adhesion with the PBAT matrix than UT. The thermal characterization suggested that GR and UT reduce PBAT melting enthalpy and enhance its thermal stability, improving PBAT processability. A 10 wt.% of GR significantly increased the tensile properties of PBAT, while a 15 wt.% of UT maintained PBAT tensile performance. The obtained materials showed higher hydrophobicity than neat PBAT. Thus, GR and UT demonstrated that they are advantageous additives for PBAT–resin compounding for rigid food packaging which are easy to process and adequate for industrial scalability. At the same time, they enhance its mechanical and hydrophobic performance.

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Yap, Saw Yin, Srimala Sreekantan, Mohd Hassan, Kumar Sudesh, and Ming Thong Ong. "Characterization and Biodegradability of Rice Husk-Filled Polymer Composites." Polymers 13, no. 1 (December 29, 2020): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13010104.

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The fabrication of affordable biodegradable plastics remains a challenging issue for both the scientific community and industries as mechanical properties and biodegradability improve at the expense of the high cost of the material. Hence, the present work deals with fabrication and characterization of biodegradable polymer with 40% rice husk waste filler and 60% polymer-containing mixture of polybutylene succinate (PBS) and poly butylenes adipate-Co-terephthalate (PBAT) to achieve good mechanical properties, 92% biodegradation in six months, and competitive pricing. The challenge in incorporating high amounts of hydrophilic nature filler material into hydrophobic PBS/PBAT was addressed by adding plasticizers such as glycerol and calcium stearate. The compatibilizers such as maleic anhydride (MA) and dicumyl peroxide (DCP) was used to improve the miscibility between hydrophobic PBS/PBAT and hydrophilic filler material. The component with the formulation of 24:36:40 (PBS/PBAT/TPRH) possessed the tensile strength of 14.27 MPa, modulus of 200.43 MPa, and elongation at break of 12.99%, which was suitable for the production of molded products such as a tray, lunch box, and straw. The obtained composite polymer achieved 92% mass loss after six months of soil burial test confirming its biodegradability.

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Shrivastava, Nilesh Kumar, Ooi Shu Wooi, Azman Hassan, and Ibrahim Mohammed Inuwa. "Mechanical and flammability properties of poly(lactic acid)/poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) blends and nanocomposites: Effects of compatibilizer and graphene." Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences 14, no. 4 (December 16, 2018): 425–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v14n4.1233.

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Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/polybutylene adipate co-terephthalate (PBAT) blends were prepared by melt blending and compatibilized by glycidyl methacrylate (GMA). The effect of graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) on these compatibilized blends were investigated by incorporating GNP at different content. The formulated blend and nanocomposites were characterized for mechanical, morphological, thermal and flammability properties by using universal testing machine, impact tester, field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), limiting oxygen index (LOI) and UL-94 respectively. The incorporation of 8 phr GMA into PLA/PBAT (75:25) blend as a compatibilizer results in a significant increase in impact strength (more than 14 times higher) compared to the uncompatibilized blend. Young's modulus and tensile strength of compatibilized PLA/PBAT nanocomposites increased upon addition of GNP and reached maximum values at 4 phr before decreasing slightly. However, impact strength decreased with increasing GNP contents. The thermal stability and the flame retardancy of the GNP reinforced blend nanocomposites were also improved with an increase in nanofiller content and the maximum values for the nanocomposites were achieved at 6 phr. Interestingly, the nanocomposites samples showed a UL-94 rating of V0 at 4 and 6 phr of GNP. Morphological studies using FESEM showed the GNP were evenly distributed and dispersed in the PLA/PBAT nanocomposites. The current methodology to prepare PLA/PBAT blend nanocomposite is an economical way to produce high strength biodegradable polymer which also has good flame retardancy.

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Post, Wouter, Lambertus J. Kuijpers, Martin Zijlstra, Maarten van der Zee, and Karin Molenveld. "Effect of Mineral Fillers on the Mechanical Properties of Commercially Available Biodegradable Polymers." Polymers 13, no. 3 (January 27, 2021): 394. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13030394.

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In the successful transition towards a circular materials economy, the implementation of biobased and biodegradable plastics is a major prerequisite. To prevent the accumulation of plastic material in the open environment, plastic products should be both recyclable and biodegradable. Research and development actions in the past few decades have led to the commercial availability of a number of polymers that fulfil both end-of-life routes. However, these biobased and biodegradable polymers typically have mechanical properties that are not on par with the non-biodegradable plastic products they intend to replace. This can be improved using particulate mineral fillers such as talc, calcium carbonate, kaolin, and mica. This study shows that composites thereof with polybutylene succinate (PBS), polyhydroxybutyrate-hexanoate (PHBH), polybutylene succinate adipate (PBSA), and polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT) as matrix polymers result in plastic materials with mechanical properties ranging from tough elastic towards strong and rigid. It is demonstrated that the balance between the Young’s modulus and the impact resistance for this set of polymer composites is subtle, but a select number of investigated compositions yield a combination of industrially relevant mechanical characteristics. Finally, it is shown that the inclusion of mineral fillers into biodegradable polymers does not negate the microbial disintegration of these polymers, although the nature of the filler does affect the biodegradation rate of the matrix polymer.

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Schlebrowski, Torben, Halima Acharchi, Barbara Hahn, Stefan Wehner, and Christian B. Fischer. "Refinement of Sustainable Polybutylene Adipate Terephthalate (PBAT) with Amorphous Hydrogenated Carbon Films (a-C:H) Revealing Film Instabilities Influenced by a Thickness-Dependent Change of sp2/sp3 Ratio." Materials 13, no. 5 (February 28, 2020): 1077. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13051077.

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The increasing use of polymers is related to a growing disposal problem. Switching to biodegradable polymers such as polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT) is a feasible possibility, but after industrial production of commercially available material PBAT is not suitable for every application. Therefore, surface refinements with amorphous hydrogenated carbon films (a-C:H) produced by plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition (PE-CVD) changing the top layer characteristics are used. Here, 50 µm-thick PBAT films are coated with a-C:H layers up to 500 nm in 50 nm steps. The top surface sp2/sp3 bonding ratios are analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) both synchrotron-based. In addition, measurements using diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFT) were performed for detailed chemical composition. Surface topography was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the surface wettability by contact angle measurements. With increasing a-C:H layer thickness not only does the topography change but also the sp2 to sp3 ratio, which in combination indicates internal stress-induced phenomena. The results obtained provide a more detailed understanding of the mostly inorganic a-C:H coatings on the biodegradable organic polymer PBAT via in situ growth and stepwise height-dependent analysis.

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Phattarateera, Supanut, Nantaya Junsook, Pramote Kumsang, Ajcharaporn Aontee, and Noppadon Kerddonfag. "The Ternary Blends of TPS/PBAT/PLA Films: A Study on the Morphological and Mechanical Properties." Key Engineering Materials 861 (September 2020): 170–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.861.170.

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This study investigated the effect of polylactic acid (PLA) on the mechanical properties and biodegradability of a ternary blend comprising of thermoplastic starch (TPS), Polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT) and PLA. The binary blend (TPS/PBAT) and ternary blend (TPS/PBAT/PLA) with various contents of PLA were prepared through a twin-screw compounding using an intensive mixing screw design. In order to observe the microstructure in blends, the SEM observation revealed the two types of morphology in the blends including (1) some TPS domain that still remained immiscible in all blends and (2) the partially compatible of binary and ternary blends. For the mechanical properties of the blends, the addition of the PLA component led to an improvement of the tensile strength and modulus. For the simple soil burial test, it found that binary film was fully disintegrated within one month, whereas the ternary blend films were also broken down but still remained in small pieces of fragile films. Finally, it can be suggested that the presence of TPS brought to the biodegradation of blends in soil burial test, while incorporating with PLA led to retardation in degradation rate.

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Andrzejewski, Jacek, Karolina Grad, Wojciech Wiśniewski, and Joanna Szulc. "The Use of Agricultural Waste in the Modification of Poly(lactic acid)-Based Composites Intended for 3D Printing Applications. The Use of Toughened Blend Systems to Improve Mechanical Properties." Journal of Composites Science 5, no. 10 (September 22, 2021): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs5100253.

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The presented research focused on improving the mechanical properties of PLA-based composites reinforced with buckwheat husks (BH) particles. The research work was carried out in two stages. Firstly, the blend was prepared with the addition of polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT) and thermoplastic starch (TPS), manufactured by injection molding technique, then the selected materials were prepared with the addition of BH filler, and the samples were prepared using the fused deposition modeling method (FDM). All samples were subjected to the assessment of material properties. Thermal and thermomechanical properties were evaluated using differential scanning calorimetry analysis (DSC) and dynamic thermal mechanical analysis (DMTA). Mechanical characteristic was evaluated using static tensile and flexural measurements and Charpy impact resistance tests. The research was supplemented with scanning electron microscopy analysis (SEM). It was found that the addition of PBAT and TPS greatly improves impact strength and elongation, especially with the addition of reactive compatibilizer. As expected, TPS, PBAT, and BH reduced the stiffness of the composites during DMTA testing. The presence of BH particles in the polymer matrix was observed to improve the crystallization behavior of PLA. The optimal content of BH filler in the composite was found to be 10%, which allowed to preserve good mechanical properties.

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Kreetachat, Torpong, Jittiporn Kruenate, and Kowit Suwannahong. "Preparation of TiO₂/Bio-Composite Film by Sol-Gel Method in VOCs Photocatalytic Degradation Process." Applied Mechanics and Materials 390 (August 2013): 552–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.390.552.

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Biodegradable of polylactic acid (PLA), polybutylene adipate-co-terephthalate (PBAT) and polybutylene succinate (PBS), which were biodegradable aliphatic polyesters, composite films were contained with titanium dioxide (TiO2) as a photocatalyst to evaluate the photocatalytic activity of bidegradable composite films for toluene removal. The synthesized TiO2 was prepared by sol-gel method between titanium isopropoxide with acetic acid. To form the anatase structure, it was calcined at 500°C. TiO2 were added to PLA/PBAT/PBS as a biopolymer blend at 0, 5 and 10 wt% .The TiO2/Bio-composite films were fabricated via blown film technique to produce 40 μm films. Photocatalytic activity efficiency of TiO2/Bio-composite films was performed in an annular closed system under UV light. Since the amount of TiO2 affected the efficiency of the photocatalytic activity, this work was mainly concentrated on the effort to embed the high amount of TiO2 in the biopolymer matrix. The developed photocatalyst was characterized by XRD, UV-Vis spectrophotometer and SEM. The SEM images revealed the high homogeneity of the deposition of TiO2 on the biopolymer matrix. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) ensures the deposition of TiO2 as crystalline anatase phase. In addition, the photocatalytic results shown that the toluene removal efficiencies increased with an increasing TiO2 dosages at 0 wt%, 5 wt%, and 10 wt% , respectively. As aspects, the photocatalytic degradation results showed the highest tolune photocatalytic degradation efficiency of 52.0% at 10 wt% TiO2 .

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Kuo, Chung-Feng Jeffrey, and Shih Hsiung Chen. "Functional dyeable polypropylene fabric development and process parameter optimization Part I: Dyeable modified polypropylene development with process parameter optimization." Textile Research Journal 91, no. 13-14 (January 18, 2021): 1509–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517520984979.

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This study aims to develop dyeable modified polypropylene (PP) granules with disperse dye. The optimal dyeable modified PP granule process used polyester as a mixed copolymer. The purpose was to overcome the excessive difference between the polyester material melting point and PP melting point. The development of a low-melting modified co-polybutylene adipate terephthalate (Co-PBAT) was the key point. After the low-melting modified Co-PBAT was presented, PP and a PP grafting maleic anhydride compatibilizer were made into a composite by dual-screw mixing process. The disperse dye dyeability was reached by the molecular behavior of the Co-PBAT chain segment. The prepared material was applied to explore the thermal properties of modified ester pellets and the functional group was verified by Fourier infrared spectroscopy. In this study, the Taguchi method and principal component analysis were used to optimize the process parameter design of two quality characteristics; namely, the color strength and the polymer melt flow index (MFI). According to the results, the multi-quality optimization of the ester pellets consisted of a modified Co-PBAT melting point of 170°C, the modified Co-PBAT content of 9 wt%, the compatibilizer content of 3 wt%, and the mixing temperature of 205°C. The MFI of the regular PP polymer was 28.1 g/10 min, the color strength was 100 K/S. For the optimal process, the MFI of the PP/Co-PBAT dyeable granules was 37.88 g/10 min, and the color strength was 121.31 K/S. It could be observed that the developed polymer had good circulating workability and color strength.

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Gigante, Vito, Patrizia Cinelli, Marco Sandroni, Roberto D’ambrosio, Andrea Lazzeri, and Maurizia Seggiani. "On the Use of Paper Sludge as Filler in Biocomposites for Injection Moulding." Materials 14, no. 10 (May 20, 2021): 2688. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14102688.

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The potential use of paper sludge (PS) as filler in the production of bio-composites based on poly lactic acid (PLA) and polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT) was investigated. PS/PLA/PBAT composites, with addition of acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC) as biobased plasticizer, were produced with PS loadings up to 30 wt.% by twin-screw extrusion followed by injection moulding. The composites were characterized by rheological measurements, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and mechanical tests (tensile and impact resistance) to study the effect of PS on the processability, thermal stability, crystallinity and mechanical performance of polymeric matrix. The optimized composites at higher PS content were successfully processed to produce pots for horticulture and, in view of this application, preliminary phytotoxicity tests were conducted using the germination test on Lepidium sativum L. seeds. Results revealed that developed composites up to 30 wt.% PS had good processability by extrusion and injection moulding showing that PS is a potential substitute of calcium carbonate as filler in the production of bio-composites, and the absence of phytotoxic effects showed the possibility of their use in the production of pots/items for applications in floriculture and/or horticulture.

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Ruggero, Federica, Rob C. A. Onderwater, Emiliano Carretti, Stéphanie Roosa, Samira Benali, Jean-Marie Raquez, Riccardo Gori, Claudio Lubello, and Ruddy Wattiez. "Degradation of Film and Rigid Bioplastics During the Thermophilic Phase and the Maturation Phase of Simulated Composting." Journal of Polymers and the Environment 29, no. 9 (February 27, 2021): 3015–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10924-021-02098-2.

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AbstractThe recent regulations, which impose limits on single use plastics and packaging, are encouraging the development of bioplastics market. Some bioplastics are labelled as compostable with the organic waste according to a specific certification (EN 13432), however the conditions of industrial composting plants are generally less favourable than the standard test conditions. Aiming at studying the effective degradation of marketable bioplastic products under composting, the current research stresses novel elements which can strongly influence bioplastics degradation: the simulation of industrial composting conditions and the thickness of bioplastic products, ranging between 50 and 500 µm. The research approaches these critical aspects simulating a composting test of 20 days of thermophilic phase followed by 40 days of maturation phase, on starch-based polymer Mater-Bi® (MB), polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT), polylactic acid (PLA) of different thickness. Conventional low density polyethylene (LDPE) was introduced as negative control. An overall study with Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR), ThermoGravimetric Analysis (TGA), Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and visual inspections was applied. Results highlighted that MB film presented the highest degradation rate, 45 ± 4.7% in terms of weight loss. Both MB and PBAT were subjected to physico-chemical features change, while LDPE presented slight degradation signs. The most critical observations have been done for PLA, which is strongly influenced both by thickness and thermophilic phase duration, shorter than the EN 13432 conditions.

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Aldas, Miguel, Emilio Rayón, Juan López-Martínez, and Marina P. Arrieta. "A Deeper Microscopic Study of the Interaction between Gum Rosin Derivatives and a Mater-Bi Type Bioplastic." Polymers 12, no. 1 (January 16, 2020): 226. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12010226.

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The interaction between gum rosin and gum rosin derivatives with Mater-Bi type bioplastic, a biodegradable and compostable commercial bioplastic, were studied. Gum rosin and two pentaerythritol esters of gum rosin (Lurefor 125 resin and Unik Tack P100 resin) were assessed as sustainable compatibilizers for the components of Mater-Bi® NF 866 polymeric matrix. To study the influence of each additive in the polymeric matrix, each gum rosin-based additive was compounded in 15 wt % by melt-extrusion and further injection molding process. Then, the mechanical properties were assessed, and the tensile properties and impact resistance were determined. Microscopic analyses were carried out by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and atomic force microscopy with nanomechanical assessment (AFM-QNM). The oxygen barrier and wettability properties were also assayed. The study revealed that the commercial thermoplastic starch is mainly composed of three phases: A polybutylene adipate-co-terephthalate (PBAT) phase, an amorphous phase of thermoplastic starch (TPSa), and a semi-crystalline phase of thermoplastic starch (TPSc). The poor miscibility among the components of the Mater-Bi type bioplastic was confirmed. Finally, the formulations with the gum rosin and its derivatives showed an improvement of the miscibility and the solubility of the components depending on the additive used.

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Azevedo, Juliana V. C., Esther Ramakers-van Dorp, Berenika Hausnerova, and Bernhard Möginger. "The Effects of Chain-Extending Cross-Linkers on the Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Poly(butylene adipate terephthalate)/Poly(lactic acid) Blown Films." Polymers 13, no. 18 (September 14, 2021): 3092. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13183092.

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This study investigates the effects of four multifunctional chain-extending cross-linkers (CECL) on the processability, mechanical performance, and structure of polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT) and polylactic acid (PLA) blends produced using film blowing technology. The newly developed reference compound (M·VERA® B5029) and the CECL modified blends are characterized with respect to the initial properties and the corresponding properties after aging at 50 °C for 1 and 2 months. The tensile strength, seal strength, and melt volume rate (MVR) are markedly changed after thermal aging, whereas the storage modulus, elongation at the break, and tear resistance remain constant. The degradation of the polymer chains and crosslinking with increased and decreased MVR, respectively, is examined thoroughly with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), with the results indicating that the CECL-modified blends do not generally endure thermo-oxidation over time. Further, DSC measurements of 25 µm and 100 µm films reveal that film blowing pronouncedly changes the structures of the compounds. These findings are also confirmed by dynamic mechanical analysis, with the conclusion that tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphite barely affects the glass transition temperature, while with the other changes in CECL are seen. Cross-linking is found for aromatic polycarbodiimide and poly(4,4-dicyclohexylmethanecarbodiimide) CECL after melting of granules and films, although overall the most synergetic effect of the CECL is shown by 1,3-phenylenebisoxazoline.

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Büks, Frederick, Gilles Kayser, Antonia Zieger, Friederike Lang, and Martin Kaupenjohann. "Particles under stress: ultrasonication causes size and recovery rate artifacts with soil-derived POM but not with microplastics." Biogeosciences 18, no. 1 (January 11, 2021): 159–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-159-2021.

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Abstract. The breakdown of soil aggregates and the extraction of particulate organic matter (POM) by ultrasonication and density fractionation is a method widely used in soil organic matter (SOM) analyses. It has recently also been used for the extraction of microplastic from soil samples. However, the investigation of POM physiochemical properties and ecological functions might be biased if particles are comminuted during the treatment. In this work, different types of POM, which are representative of different terrestrial ecosystems and anthropogenic influences, were tested for their structural stability in the face of ultrasonication in the range of 0 to 500 J mL−1. The occluded particulate organic matter (oPOM) of an agricultural and forest soil as well as pyrochar showed a significant reduction of particle size at ≥50 J mL−1 by an average factor of 1.37±0.16 and a concurrent reduction of recovery rates by an average of 21.7±10.7 % when being extracted. Our results imply that increasing ultrasonication causes increasing retention of POM within the sedimenting phase, leading to a misinterpretation of certain POM fractions as more strongly bound oPOM or part of the mineral-associated organic matter (MOM). This could, for example, lead to a false estimation of physical stabilization. In contrast, neither fresh nor weathered polyethylene (PE), polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT) microplastics showed a reduction of particle size or the recovery rate after application of ultrasound. We conclude that ultrasonication applied to soils has no impact on microplastic size distribution and thus provides a valuable tool for the assessment of microplastics in soils and soil aggregates.

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PARK, Seongwook, Seonghun KIM, Jihyun LIM, and Haesun CHOI. "Development of the submerged heat treatment machine for PBSAT(polybutylene succinate adipate–co–terephthalate) monofilament nets and its efficiency." Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries Technology 51, no. 1 (February 28, 2015): 94–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3796/ksft.2015.51.1.094.

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Nor Amira Izzati, A., W. C. John, M. R. Nurul Fazita, N. Najieha, A. A. Azniwati, and H. P. S. Abdul Khalil. "Effect of empty fruit bunches microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) on the thermal, mechanical and morphological properties of biodegradable poly (lactic acid) (PLA) and polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT) composites." Materials Research Express 7, no. 1 (January 21, 2020): 015336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab6889.

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Grimaldo, Eduardo, Bent Herrmann, Jørgen Vollstad, Biao Su, Heidi Moe Føre, Roger B. Larsen, and Ivan Tatone. "Fishing efficiency of biodegradable PBSAT gillnets and conventional nylon gillnets used in Norwegian cod (Gadus morhua) and saithe (Pollachius virens) fisheries." ICES Journal of Marine Science 75, no. 6 (September 10, 2018): 2245–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsy108.

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Abstract Fishing trials were carried out to compare the relative fishing efficiency of gillnets made of a new biodegradable resin (polybutylene succinate co-adipate-co-terephthalate, PBSAT) with conventional (nylon) nets. The fishing trials covered two consecutive fishing seasons (2016 and 2017) for cod (Gadus morhua) and saithe (Pollachius virens) in northern Norway. Results generally showed better catch rates for the nylon gillnets. The biodegradable PBSAT gillnets caught 50.0% and 26.6% fewer cod, and 41.0% and 22.5% fewer saithe than the nylon gillnets in 2016 and 2017, respectively. Even though the relative catch efficiency of the biodegradable gillnets was slightly better in 2017 than in 2016, the difference with respect to the catch efficiency of nylon gillnets may be too large for biodegradable gillnets to be accepted by fishermen if they were available commercially. Tensile strength measurements of the nylon and biodegradable PBSAT gillnets carried out before and after the fishing trials showed that the both types of gillnets had significant reductions in tensile strength and elongation at break, especially in 2017. Although less catch efficient than nylon gillnets, biodegradable PBSAT gillnets show great potential for reducing ghost fishing and plastic pollution at sea, which are major problems in these fisheries.

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Masyuk, A. S., Kh V. Kysil, V. Yo Skorokhoda, D. S. Katruk, B. I. Kulish, and V. Ye Levytskiy. "Features of obtaining and properties of binary blends of polylactides. Review." Chemistry, Technology and Application of Substances 3, no. 2 (November 1, 2020): 146–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/ctas2020.02.146.

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Technological features of obtaining biodegradable binary blends of polylactide with polyhydroxybutyrate, polycaprolactone, thermoplastic starch, polybutylene adipate-co-terephthalate, polybutylene succinate, polybutylene succinate-co-adipate are considered. The influence of polymer applications on physical-mechanical, thermophysical, technological properties and ability to biodegradation and biocompatibility of the obtained materials is revealed. The main possible directions of using binary biodegradable polylactide blends are considered.

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Wang, Xionggang, Lingna Cui, Shuhong Fan, Xia Li, and Yuejun Liu. "Biodegradable Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) Antibacterial Nanocomposites Reinforced with MgO Nanoparticles." Polymers 13, no. 4 (February 8, 2021): 507. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13040507.

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Antibacterial packaging materials can reduce the microbial contamination of food surfaces. In this study, magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles were synthesized and then coated with cetrimonium bromide (CTAB). CTAB-modified MgO (MgO@CTAB) was characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis. Then, different loadings of MgO@CTAB were mixed with poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) by melt compounding. The results showed that the addition of MgO@CTAB deteriorated the thermal stability of PBAT due to MgO serving as a catalyst to promote the thermal degradation of PBAT. In addition, MgO@CTAB could serve as a nucleating agent to improve the crystallinity of PBAT. With the optimal 3 wt% of MgO@CTAB, the tensile strength of PBAT/MgO@CTAB increased from 26.66 to 29.90 MPa, with a slight enhancement in elongation at break. SEM observations and dynamical rheological measurements revealed that aggregation occurred when the content of MgO@CTAB exceeded 5 wt%. The presence of MgO@CTAB endowed PBAT with antibacterial properties. The bacterial inhibition zone increased with the increasing content of MgO@CTAB. In addition, MgO@CTAB had a better antibacterial efficiency against Gram-positive bacterial S. aureus than Gram-negative bacterial E. coli.

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Wang, Rong, Xiaojie Sun, Lanlan Chen, and Wenbin Liang. "Morphological and mechanical properties of biodegradable poly(glycolic acid)/poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) blends with in situ compatibilization." RSC Advances 11, no. 3 (2021): 1241–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ra08813g.

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Roy, Swarup, and Jong-Whan Rhim. "Curcumin Incorporated Poly(Butylene Adipate-co-Terephthalate) Film with Improved Water Vapor Barrier and Antioxidant Properties." Materials 13, no. 19 (September 30, 2020): 4369. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13194369.

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Curcumin incorporated poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) based film was fabricated. Curcumin has uniformly distributed in the PBAT matrix to form a bright yellow PBAT/curcumin film. The PBAT/curcumin film has slightly reduced tensile strength and flexibility than the neat PBAT film, while the thermal stability of the film has not changed significantly. The blending of curcumin significantly decreased the water vapor permeability of the PBAT film. Additionally, the PBAT/curcumin film showed potent antioxidant activity with some antimicrobial activity. The PBAT/curcumin films with improved water vapor barrier and additional functions can be used for active packaging applications.

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Teamsinsungvon, Arpaporn, Yupaporn Ruksakulpiwat, and Kasama Jarukumjorn. "Properties of Biodegradable Poly(lactic acid)/Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)/Calcium Carbonate Composites." Advanced Materials Research 123-125 (August 2010): 193–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.123-125.193.

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Poly (lactic acid) (PLA), a biodegradable polyester, derived from renewable resources has been widely used in biomedical and packaging applications. However, the shortcomings for using PLA including its processing instability, low melt viscosity and low flexibility limited its applications. To overcome these shortcomings, poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) was blended with PLA to improve ductility of PLA. However, PLA and PBAT are incompatible. Maleic anhydride grafted PLA (PLA-g-MA) was used to enhance the compatibility of the blends. Moreover, the blend of PLA and PBAT exhibited higher elongation at break but lower tensile strength and Young’s modulus than the pure PLA due to the addition of a ductile phase. Therefore, the addition of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) to PLA/PBAT blends led to achieve balanced properties of the blends. In this study, PLA/PBAT blends and PLA/PBAT/CaCO3 composites were prepared by an internal mixer. PLA-g-MA was as a compatibilizer. Mechanical properties and rheological properties of the blend and composites were investigated. In addition, morphologies of PLA/PBAT blend and their composites were observed by a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The incorporation of PBAT gave rise to remarkable improvement in elongation at break and impact strength of PLA. Tensile strength of PLA/PBAT blend was enhanced by adding PLA-g-MA. With increasing CaCO3 content, Young’s modulus of the composites increased while tensile strength and elongation at break decreased.

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Muthuraj, Rajendran, Manjusri Misra, and Amar Kumar Mohanty. "Biocomposite consisting of miscanthus fiber and biodegradable binary blend matrix: compatibilization and performance evaluation." RSC Advances 7, no. 44 (2017): 27538–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra27987b.

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Biundo, Antonino, Georg Steinkellner, Karl Gruber, Theresa Spreitzhofer, Doris Ribitsch, and Georg M. Guebitz. "Engineering of the zinc-binding domain of an esterase from Clostridium botulinum towards increased activity on polyesters." Catalysis Science & Technology 7, no. 6 (2017): 1440–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cy00168a.

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Variants of the zinc-binding domain of Clostridium botulinum EstA (Cbotu_EstA) release more building blocks (Ta and BTa) from the aromatic/aliphatic copolyester poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT).

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Zhao, Peng, Wanqiang Liu, Qingsheng Wu, and Jie Ren. "Preparation, Mechanical, and Thermal Properties of Biodegradable Polyesters/Poly(Lactic Acid) Blends." Journal of Nanomaterials 2010 (2010): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/287082.

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Series of biodegradable polyesters poly(butylene adipate) (PBA), poly(butylene succinate) (PBS), and poly(butylene adipate-co-butylene terephthalate) (PBAT) were synthesized successfully by melt polycondensation. The polyesters were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR),1H-NMR, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC), respectively. The blends of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and biodegradable polyester were prepared using a twin screw extruder. PBAT, PBS, or PBA can be homogenously dispersed in PLA matrix at a low content (5–20 wt%), yielding the blends with much higher elongation at break than homo-PLA. DSC analysis shows that the isothermal and nonisothermal crystallizabilities of PLA component are promoted in the presence of a small amount of PBAT.

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32

Fu, Ye, Gang Wu, Xinchao Bian, Jianbing Zeng, and Yunxuan Weng. "Biodegradation Behavior of Poly(Butylene Adipate-Co-Terephthalate) (PBAT), Poly(Lactic Acid) (PLA), and Their Blend in Freshwater with Sediment." Molecules 25, no. 17 (August 29, 2020): 3946. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25173946.

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Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) and poly(lactic acid) (PLA) are well-known biodegadable polyesters due to their outstanding performance. The biodegradation behavior of PLA/PBAT blends in freshwater with sediment is investigated in this study by analyzing the appearance, chemical structure and aggregation structure of their degraded residues via SEM, TG, DSC, gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and XPS. The effect of aggregation structure, hydrophilia and biodegradation mechanisms of PBAT and PLA on the biodegradability of PLA/PBAT blends is illuminated in this work. After biodegradation, the butylene terephthalate unit in the molecular structure of the components and the molecular weight of PLA/PBAT blends decreased, while the content of C-O bond in the composites increased, indicating that the samples indeed degraded. After 24 months of degradation, the increase in the relative peak area proportion of C-O to C=O in PLA/PBAT-25, PLA/PBAT-50 and PLA/PBAT-75 was 62%, 46% and 68%, respectively. The biodegradation rates of PBAT and PLA in the PLA/PBAT blend were lower than those for the respective single polymers.

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Shi, Nan, Jun Cai, and Qiang Dou. "Crystallization, Morphology and Mechanical Properties of PLA/PBAT/CaCO₃ Composites." Advanced Materials Research 602-604 (December 2012): 768–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.602-604.768.

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The melting, crystallization behavior, morphology and mechanical properties of poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT)/calcium carbonate (CaCO3) composites were investigated by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy(SEM), and mechanical test. It is shown that PBAT decreases the crystallinity, while CaCO3 increases the crystallinity of the composites. A synergistic toughening effect is obtained by the combination of CaCO3 and PBAT. The optimum mechanical properties can be achieved in case of the composite (PLA: PBAT: CaCO3=60: 20: 20).

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Šerá, Jana, Markéta Kadlečková, Ahmad Fayyazbakhsh, Veronika Kučabová, and Marek Koutný. "Occurrence and Analysis of Thermophilic Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)-Degrading Microorganisms in Temperate Zone Soils." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 21 (October 23, 2020): 7857. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21217857.

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The ubiquity and character of thermophilic poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT)-degrading microorganisms in soils were investigated and compared to the process in an industrial composting plant. PBAT degraders were sought in 41 temperate zone soils. No mesophilic degraders were found by the employed method, but roughly 102 colony-forming units (CFUs) of thermophilic degraders per gram of soil were found in nine soils, and after an enrichment procedure, the PBAT-degrading consortia were isolated from 30 out of 41 soils. Thermophilic actinomycetes, Thermobispora bispora in particular, together with bacilli proved to be the key constituents of the isolated and characterized PBAT-degrading consortia, with bacilli comprising from about 30% to over 90% of the retrieved sequences. It was also shown that only consortia containing both constituents were able to decompose PBAT. For comparison, a PBAT film together with two types of PBAT/starch films were subjected to biodegradation in compost and the degrading microorganisms were analyzed. Bacilli and actinobacteria were again the most common species identified on pure PBAT film, especially at the beginning of biodegradation. Later, the composition of the consortia on all three tested materials became very similar and more diverse. Since waste containing PBAT-based materials is often intended to end up in composting plants, this study increases our confidence that thermophilic PBAT degraders are rather broadly present in the environment and the degradation of the material during the composting process should not be limited by the absence of specific microorganisms.

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Megevand, Benjamin, Sébastien Pruvost, Luanda C. Lins, Sébastien Livi, Jean-François Gérard, and Jannick Duchet-Rumeau. "Probing nanomechanical properties with AFM to understand the structure and behavior of polymer blends compatibilized with ionic liquids." RSC Advances 6, no. 98 (2016): 96421–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra18492h.

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The PeakForce QNM AFM mode was used to investigate the nanoscale mechanical properties of poly(butylene-adipate-co-terephthalate)/poly(lactic acid) (PBAT/PLA) blends successfully compatibilized with phosphonium-based ionic liquids (ILs).

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Kim, Do Young, Jae Bin Lee, Dong Yun Lee, and Kwan Ho Seo. "Plasticization Effect of Poly(Lactic Acid) in the Poly(Butylene Adipate–co–Terephthalate) Blown Film for Tear Resistance Improvement." Polymers 12, no. 9 (August 24, 2020): 1904. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12091904.

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The mechanical properties and tear resistance of an ecofriendly flexible packaging film, i.e., poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/poly (butylene adipate–co–terephthalate) (PBAT) film, were investigated via a blown film extrusion process. The application of PLA and PBAT in product packaging is limited due to the high brittleness, low stiffness, and incompatibility of the materials. In this study, the effects of various plasticizers, such as adipate, adipic acid, glycerol ester, and adipic acid ester, on the plasticization of PLA and fabrication of the PLA/PBAT blown film were comprehensively evaluated. It was determined that the plasticizer containing ether and ester functionalities (i.e., adipic acid ester) improved the flexibility of PLA as well as its compatibility with PBAT. It was found that the addition of the plasticizer effectively promoted chain mobility of the PLA matrix. Moreover, the interfacial adhesion between the plasticized PLA domain and PBAT matrix was enhanced. The results of the present study demonstrated that the plasticized PLA/PBAT blown film prepared utilizing a blown film extrusion process exhibited improved tear resistance, which increased from 4.63 to 8.67 N/mm in machine direction and from 13.19 to 16.16 N/mm in the transverse direction.

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Arunyagasemsuke, Vorawan, Supakij Suttiruengwong, and Manus Seadan. "Reactive Blends of Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) and Thermoplastic Starch." Advanced Materials Research 488-489 (March 2012): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.488-489.57.

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The blend of poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) and thermoplastic starch (TPS) are a promising way to get a new class of bio-compostible plastic, balance the cost effective issue and good mechanical properties. Blends of both polymers are immiscible in nature. Therefore, to make the blend to be more compatible, some block-copolymer compatibilizer can be introduced. Reactive blend is one of effective ways to create such compatibilization at the interface. The objective of this work was to study the reactive blends of PBAT/TPS in comparison to the physical blend. The reactive blends were prepared in both an internal mixer and a twin-screw extruder. For reactive blends in twin-screw extruder, PBAT, starch, glycerol and reactive agent were all pre-mixed and blended in an extruder on one step process. The weight ratio of PBAT:TPS (starch + glycerol) was fixed at 60:40. The reactive agent maleic anhydride (MA) and peroxide (Luperox® 101) were used at very low level 0-0.1 phr. The mechanical properties, morphology and flows property of blends were characterized using tensile machine, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and melt flow indexer (MFI). The internal mixer torque showed a decrease in a final torque value of TPS when MA being added, confirming the chain scsision reaction of TPS. The finer morphogy and better mechanical properties were obtained in the reactive blend with 0.1 phr of MA and 0.1 phr of peroxide.

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Phosee, Jirapa, Jatuporn Wittayakun, and Nitinat Suppakarn. "Effect of Acrylic Acid Treated Rice Husk Silica on Properties of Poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) Composites." Advanced Materials Research 410 (November 2011): 81–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.410.81.

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In this work, rice husk silica (RHS), obtained from rice husk waste, was used as a reinforcing filler for preparing PBAT composites. In order to facilitate interfacial adhesion between PBAT matrix and RHS filler, the RHS surface was treated with acrylic acid (AA) at a reaction temperature of 140°C. The RHS to AA weight ratio was fixed while the reaction times were varied between 3-24 h. TGA results and FTIR spectra indicated the appearance of AA molecules on RHS surface. Untreated RHS (U-RHS) and AA treated RHS (AA-RHS) were used to produce PBAT composites. The filler content was 30 wt%. Tensile properties and impact strength of AA-RHS/PBAT composites were higher than those of U-RHS/PBAT composite. As revealed by SEM micrographs, AA-RHS was well dispersed in PBAT matrix and the interfacial adhesion between RHS surface and PBAT matrix was improved.

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Thongsong, Weerayut, Chanin Kulsetthanchalee, and Poonsub Threepopnatkul. "Effect of polybutylene adipate- co -terephthalate on properties of polyethylene terephthalate thin films." Materials Today: Proceedings 4, no. 5 (2017): 6597–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2017.06.173.

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Feng, Jianan, Weixing Zhang, Lei Wang, and Chunxia He. "Performance comparison of four kinds of straw/PLA/PBAT wood plastic composites." BioResources 15, no. 2 (February 21, 2020): 2596–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.15.2.2596-2604.

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Utilizing four kinds of straw fibers (sorghum, rice, corn, and soybean) as filling fibers, polylactic acid (PLA) and poly (adipic acid)/polybutylene terephthalate (PBAT) in a mixture (7:3) were used as matrix to prepare composite materials by a hot pressing molding process. The mechanical properties, and thermal stability of the four fiber-filled composites were evaluated. The composites had high interfacial quality and no obvious voids. The soybean straw/PLA/PBAT composite had the best interfacial quality. PLA/PBAT-based composite materials were examined. The experimental results show that the soybean straw/PLA/PBAT composite had the best tensile strength, bending strength, and impact strength (14.3 MPa, 19.5 MPa and 3.23 KJ·m-2, respectively), which was 25.3%, 14.6%, and 27.8% higher than that of the corn straw/PLA/PBAT composite. The thermal stability of the corn straw/PLA/PBAT composite was the best, with an initial decomposition temperature of 286 °C, and the residual amount was 7.3%.

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Wang, Jie-Mao, Hao Wang, Erh-Chiang Chen, Yun-Ju Chen, and Tzong-Ming Wu. "Enhanced Photodegradation Stability in Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) Composites Using Organically Modified Layered Zinc Phenylphosphonate." Polymers 12, no. 9 (August 30, 2020): 1968. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12091968.

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The enhancement of the ultraviolet (UV) photodegradation resistance of biodegradable polymers can improve their application efficacy in a natural environment. In this study, the hexadecylamine modified layered zinc phenylphosphonate (m-PPZn) was used as a UV protection additive for poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) via solution mixing. The results from the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and wide-angle X-ray diffraction analysis of the m-PPZn indicated the occurrence of hexadecylamine intercalation. FTIR and gel permeation chromatography were used to characterize the evolution of the PBAT/m-PPZn composites after being artificially irradiated via a light source. The various functional groups produced via photodegradation were analyzed to illustrate the enhanced UV protection ability of m-PPZn in the composite materials. From the appearance, the yellowness index of the PBAT/m-PPZn composite materials was significantly lower than that of the pure PBAT matrix due to photodegradation. These results were confirmed by the molecular weight reduction in PBAT with increasing m-PPZn content, possibly due to the UV photon energy reflection by the m-PPZn. This study presents a novel approach of improving the UV photodegradation of a biodegradable polymer using an organically modified layered zinc phenylphosphonate composite.

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42

Phetwarotai, Worasak, and Duangdao Aht-Ong. "Reactive Compatibilization of Polylactide, Thermoplastic Starch and Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) Biodegradable Ternary Blend Films." Materials Science Forum 695 (July 2011): 178–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.695.178.

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Biodegradable blend films of polylactide (PLA), thermoplastic starch (TPS), and poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) were prepared through reactive modification. Three types of compatibilizers, methylenediphenyl diisocyanate (MDI), maleic anhydride (MA), and MA-g-PE, were studied. PLA and PBAT were blended in the presence of the compatibilizer to improve and evaluate the interfacial interaction. PBAT content was varied from 0 to 20 wt%, while compatibilizer content was differed from 0 to 5 wt% based on PBAT amount. For ternary blending, PLA, TPS, and PBAT were melt-blended with and without compatibilizer in a twin screw extruder using glycerol and tapioca starch as plasticizer and filler, respectively. The effects of type and content of compatibilizer and blend compositions on the physical, thermal, morphological, and tensile properties of the films were investigated. The results showed that the blend films with MDI had appropriate physical, thermal, and tensile properties. The presence of small amount of MDI enhanced the thermal and tensile properties of the films compared to the uncompatibilized films. This can be explained by a uniform morphology of the dispersed phase in the PLA matrix.

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Prasong, Wattanachai, Paritat Muanchan, Akira Ishigami, Supaphorn Thumsorn, Takashi Kurose, and Hiroshi Ito. "Properties of 3D Printable Poly(lactic acid)/Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) Blends and Nano Talc Composites." Journal of Nanomaterials 2020 (March 28, 2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8040517.

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Biodegradable poly(lactic acid) (PLA) filaments have been widely used in the fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing technology. However, PLA has low toughness and low thermal resistance that affects printability and restricts its industrial applications. In this study, PLA was compounded with 0 to 40 wt% of poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) and varied content of nano talc at 0 to 40 wt% in a twin screw extruder. The compounds were reextruded to filaments using a capillary rheometer. PLA/PBAT blends and their composite filaments were printed with a FDM 3D printing machine. Morphology, rheological behaviour, thermal characteristic, surface roughness, and mechanical property of 3D printing of the blends and the composites were investigated. Complex viscosity of the blends and the composites increased with increase of the PBAT and the nano talc contents. The incorporation of the nano talc enhanced crystallization temperature and reduced the coefficient of volume expansion of the composites. It was found that the PLA/PBAT blends and composites were excellent in both printability and dimension stability at PBAT content 10-30 wt% and nano talc up to 10 wt%. Interestingly, it was possible to print the composite filaments at an angle up to 75° during the overhang test without a supporter. From the vertical specimens, the surface roughness improved due to the incorporation of the nano talc. Tensile strength of the blends and the composites decreased, whereas elongation at break increased when the PBAT and the nano talc contents were increased. The reduction of tensile strength was attributed to agglomeration of the PBAT dispersed phase and less adhesion between the nano talc and the matrix. It can be noted that the composite 3D printing product showed superior elongation at break up to 410% by adding nano talc 1 wt%. This result suggests that the ductile 3D printable PLA/PBAT blend and the PLA/PBAT-nano talc composite products can be prepared, which shows potential for the commercialized scale.

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Maikrang, Kamol, Klanarong Sriroth, Kunruedee Sangseethong, and Amnat Jarerat. "Preparation and Characterization of Enzymatically-Treated Granular Cassava Starch and Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) Blends." Advanced Materials Research 550-553 (July 2012): 1503–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.550-553.1503.

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Raw cassava starch was treated with α-amylase and amyloglucosidase in aqueous solution under annealing condition to obtain starch granules with rough and porous surfaces. Many different pits and pores formed by the activity of the enzymes on the surface granules and were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The obtained starch granules with rough surfaces were mechanically blended with poly(butylenes adipate-co-terephthalate)(PBAT) at different ratios by using a single screw extruder. The results showed that the samples comprised of enzymatically treated starch blends had higher elongation than those comprised of untreated starch blends. At 10% starch content, the treated starch/PBAT blend had about 37.55% more elongation than the untreated starch/PBAT blend. This resulted in the improved compatibility of the starch granules and PBAT matrix in the blends as confirmed by SEM.

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Zhang, Min, Xiaoqian Diao, Yujuan Jin, and Yunxuan Weng. "Preparation and characterization of biodegradable blends of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) and poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)." Journal of Polymer Engineering 36, no. 5 (July 1, 2016): 473–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2015-0076.

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Abstract Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) (PHBH) was blended with poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) by extrusion at different weight ratios (PHBH/PBAT: 100:0, 80:20, 60:40, 50:50, 40:60, 20:80 and 0:100). Films were then prepared from the blends and characterized in terms of their morphological, rheological, mechanical and thermal properties. The morphological and rheological results indicated that PHBH/PBAT blends are immiscible but exhibit possible molecular interaction. The crystallization temperature of PHBH in the blends decreased, indicating that the addition of PBAT inhibited the crystallization of PHBH. Blending PBAT with PHBH improved the processability compared with that of pure polymers. The mechanical properties, including tensile strength, elongation at break and tear strength, increased with increasing PBAT content. The PHBH/PBAT 20:80 blend exhibited significantly improved mechanical properties, which was due to the reinforcing and toughening effect of the finely dispersed PHBH phase.

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Chiu, Hsien-Tang, Szu-Yuan Huang, Yan-Fu Chen, Ming-Tai Kuo, Tzong-Yiing Chiang, Chi-Yung Chang, and Yu-Hsiang Wang. "Heat Treatment Effects on the Mechanical Properties and Morphologies of Poly (Lactic Acid)/Poly (Butylene Adipate-co-terephthalate) Blends." International Journal of Polymer Science 2013 (2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/951696.

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In this study the relationships between mechanicals properties and morphology of the poly (lactic acid) (PLA)/poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) blends with or without heat treatment were investigated. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis showed that blends have a two-phase structure indicating that they are immiscible. On the other hand, the PLA/PBAT (30/70) blend achieved the best tensile and impact strength because of its sea-island morphology, except for high PBAT content. The PLA/PBAT (70/30) and PLA/PBAT (50/50) blends showed irregular and directive-layer morphologies, in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis, producing a break cross-section with various fiber shapes. Both blends showed lower tensile strength and impact strength than the PLA/PBAT (30/70). After heat treatment, the PLA/PBAT blends showed high modulus of tensile and HDT because of a high degree of crystallization. The high degree of crystallization in the blends, which originated in the heat treatment, reduced their impact strength and elongation. However, the effect of high degree of crystallization on the PLA/PBAT (30/70) blend was small because of its sea-island morphology.

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Thothong, Sirirat, Amnat Jarerat, Klana Rong Sriroth, and Rattana Tantatherdtam. "Degradation of Porous Starch Granules and Poly(Butylene Adipate-co-Terephthalate)(PBAT) Blends: Soil Burial and Enzymatic Tests." Advanced Materials Research 651 (January 2013): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.651.12.

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In order to confirm the feasibility of porous rice starch granules and PBAT blends as biodegradable composites, their degradability were carried out. Enzymatic degradability evaluation showed that α-amylase degradation of starch increased as the starch content in the blend increased. Burial test of the blends for 1-4 months was carried out and the rate of degradation of the PBAT/porous starch blend was confirmed to be slower than those of PBAT/native rice starch blend. Observation of the film blends structure by scanning electron microscope revealed that the starch was dispersed in a PBAT matrix. Furthermore, changes in the film surface after enzyme treatments were observed. The results obtained from the degradability of the porous starch granules and PBAT blends showed that this bio-composite was relatively slow, regarding as controllable degradation material.

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Teamsinsungvon, Arpaporn, Yupaporn Ruksakulpiwat, and Kasama Jarukumjorn. "Poly(lactic acid)/Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) Blend and its Composite: Effect of Maleic Anhydride Grafted Poly(lactic acid) as a Compatibilizer." Advanced Materials Research 410 (November 2011): 51–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.410.51.

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Poly (lactic acid) (PLA)/poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) blend and its composite were prepared by melt blending method. Maleic anhydride grafted PLA (PLA-g-MA) prepared in-house was used as a compatibilizer to enhance the interfacial adhesion between PLA and PBAT and also to improve the dispersion of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in polymer matrices. Increasing PBAT content (10-30 wt%) resulted in the improvement of elongation at break and impact strength of PLA. Tensile strength, Young’s modulus, and impact strength of PLA/PBAT blend improved with the presence of PLA-g-MA due to enhanced interfacial adhesion between PLA and PBAT. As CaCO3 (5 wt%) was incorporated into the compatibilized blend, tensile strength, Young’s modulus, and impact strength insignificantly changed while elongation at break decreased.

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Tachaphiboonsap, Sujaree, and Kasama Jarukumjorn. "Mechanical, Thermal, and Morphological Properties of Thermoplastic Starch/Poly(lactic acid/Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) Blends." Advanced Materials Research 970 (June 2014): 312–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.970.312.

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Thermoplastic starch (TPS)/poly (lactic acid) (PLA) blend and thermoplastic starch (TPS)/poly (lactic acid) (PLA)/poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) blend were prepared by melt blending method. PLA grafted with maleic anhydride (PLA-g-MA) was used as a compatibilizer to improve the compatibility of the blends. As TPS was incorporated into PLA, elongation at break was increased while tensile strength, tensile modulus, and impact strength were decreased. Tensile properties and impact properties of TPS/PLA blend were improved with adding PLA-g-MA indicating the enhancement of interfacial adhesion between PLA and TPS. With increasing PBAT content, elongation at break and impact strength of TPS/PLA blends were improved. The addition of TPS decreased glass transition temperature (Tg), crystallization temperature (Tc), and melting temperature (Tm) of PLA. Tgand Tcof TPS/PLA blend were decreased by incorporating PLA-g-MA. However, the presence of PBAT reduced Tcof TPS/PLA blend. Thermal properties of TPS/PLA/PBAT blends did not change with increasing PBAT content. SEM micrographs revealed that the compatibilized TPS/PLA blends exhibited finer morphology when compared to the uncompatibilized TPS/PLA blend.

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Boonprasertpoh, Aekartit, Duanghathai Pentrakoon, and Jirawut Junkasem. "Effect of PBAT on physical, morphological, and mechanical properties of PBS/PBAT foam." Cellular Polymers 39, no. 1 (September 19, 2019): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0262489319873859.

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This study examines the effect of poly(butylene adipate- co-terephthalate) (PBAT) content on the physical, morphological, and mechanical properties of poly(butylene succinate) (PBS)/PBAT foam. A compression molding technique was used to prepare the PBS/PBAT foam using the chemical blowing agent azodicarbonamide and the cross-linking agent dicumyl peroxide. The chemical structure and morphological properties of PBS/PBAT foam were examined via Fourier transform infrared and scanning electron microscopy techniques, respectively, whereas tensile and flexural properties were investigated using a universal testing machine. The results reveal that the incorporation of PBAT barely enhances the viscosity of the PBS/PBAT blend, producing only minor changes in the average cell size of PBS/PBAT foam. However, increasing the PBAT content contributes to a relatively significant improvement in the flexibility and toughness of PBS/PBAT foam, where a decrease in Young’s modulus and tensile strength of the PBS/PBAT foam is observed compared with those of the PBS foam. Similar behavior to the tensile results is noticed for the flexural properties of the neat and PBS/PBAT foams.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT)'

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