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Journal articles on the topic 'Polycarbonate'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 21 December 2024

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1

ALI, A. A. G., A. YA SAMUILOV, and YA D. SAMUILOV. "CHEMICAL DEPOLYMERIZATION OF POLYCARBONATE IN THE MONOETHANOLAMINE AND ETHYLENEDIAMINE MEDIUM." Herald of Technological University 27, no. 6 (2024): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.55421/1998-7072_2024_27_6_41.

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The production volume of polycarbonates is constantly growing due to their wide range of applications and high consumer properties. Polycarbonates are popular materials in various industries, construction, packaging and other fields, which contributes to an increase in demand and production. Research on the recycling of polycarbonates is important in the modern world, where the problem of environmental pollution is becoming more and more urgent. Polycarbonates are widely used in the manufacture of various products such as plastic tableware, packaging, automotive parts and many others. However, after use, these materials often turn into garbage, which can pollute nature. Research on the recycling of polycarbonates allows us to find ways to reuse these materials, which reduces the amount of waste and reduces the negative impact on the environment. In addition, the recycling of polycarbonates allows you to save natural resources and reduce the cost of producing new materials. This work is aimed at studying the process of polycarbonate depolymerization in the medium of monoethanolamine and diethanolamine. Compared with other polycarbonate depolymerization methods, aminolysis reactions have received relatively little attention in the past. In this paper, the process of chemical depolymerization of polycarbonate based on diphenylolpropane in the medium of monoethanolamine and ethylenediamine is studied. It is shown that in the case of polycarbonate depolymerization in a monoethanolamine medium, the main product is diphenylolpropane. The carbonate fragment is converted into oxazolidine-2-on. This process can be catalyzed by sodium hydroxide and accelerated when exposed to microwave radiation. In the case of polycarbonate depolymerization in an ethylenediamine medium, the main product is also diphenylolpropane. In this case, the carbonate fragment is converted into ethylene urea.

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2

Kausar, Ayesha. "A review of filled and pristine polycarbonate blends and their applications." Journal of Plastic Film & Sheeting 34, no. 1 (January 27, 2017): 60–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/8756087917691088.

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Polycarbonate is an important thermoplastic polymer. Due to its high performance, polycarbonate has a range of engineering applications in construction, automotive, aircraft, data storage, electrical, and telecommunication hardware. However, polycarbonate’s use is limited in advanced applications due to limitations, such as strong hydrophobicity, relatively limited chemical functionality, high melt viscosity, notch sensitivity of mechanical properties, and relative softness. Blending with other thermoplastic polymers improves its physical characteristics. The present review outlines up-to-date developments concerning the design and application of polycarbonate blends. A particular emphasis has been given to establish polycarbonate blends such as: • polycarbonate/polyethylene • polycarbonate/poly(methyl methacrylate) • polycarbonate/poly(vinylchloride) • polycarbonate/ polystyrene • polycarbonate/polyurethane • polycarbonate/polyester • polycarbonate/poly(ɛ-caprolactone). To improve the polycarbonate blend properties, fillers including organic and inorganic reinforcement materials (carbon nanotube, montmorillonite nanoclay, and metal nanoparticle) have also been employed. Polycarbonate blend applications in biomedical, flame retardant, and membrane materials have also been reviewed. To fully exploit the future potential for polycarbonate-based engineering materials, the structure–property relationship and compatibilization mechanisms need to be further explored.

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Durand, Pierre-Luc, Etienne Grau, and Henri Cramail. "Bio-Based Thermo-Reversible Aliphatic Polycarbonate Network." Molecules 25, no. 1 (December 24, 2019): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25010074.

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Aliphatic polycarbonates represent an important class of materials with notable applications in the biomedical field. In this work, low Tg furan-functionalized bio-based aliphatic polycarbonates were cross-linked thanks to the Diels–Alder (DA) reaction with a bis-maleimide as the cross-linking agent. The thermo-reversible DA reaction allowed for the preparation of reversible cross-linked polycarbonate materials with tuneable properties as a function of the pendent furan content that was grafted on the polycarbonate backbone. The possibility to decrosslink the network around 70 °C could be an advantage for biomedical applications, despite the rather poor thermal stability of the furan-functionalized cross-linked polycarbonates.

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4

Li, Yue, Jianyu Liu, Rui Qu, Hongyi Suo, Miao Sun, and Yusheng Qin. "Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Materials: Tailoring Carbon Dioxide-Based Polycarbonate with POSS-SH Crosslinking." Polymers 16, no. 7 (April 4, 2024): 983. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym16070983.

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A novel functional polycarbonate (PAGC), characterized by the presence of double bonds within its side chain, was successfully synthesized through a ternary copolymerization of propylene oxide (PO), allyl glycidyl ether (AGE), and carbon dioxide (CO2). Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes octamercaptopropyl (POSS-SH) was employed as a crosslinking agent, contributing to the formation of organic–inorganic hybrid materials. This incorporation was facilitated through thiol-ene click reactions, enabling effective interactions between the POSS molecules and the double bonds in the side chains of the polycarbonate. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) confirmed a homogeneous distribution of silicon (Si) and sulfur (S) in the polycarbonate matrix. The thiol-ene click reaction between POSS-SH and the polycarbonate led to a micro-crosslinked structure. This enhancement significantly increased the tensile strength of the polycarbonate to 42 MPa, a notable improvement over traditional poly (propylene carbonate) (PPC). Moreover, the cross-linked structure exhibited enhanced solvent resistance, expanding the potential applications of these polycarbonates in various plastic materials.

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Swinarew, Andrzej S., Beata Swinarew, Tomasz Flak, Hubert Okła, Marta Lenartowicz-Klik, Adrian Barylski, Magdalena Popczyk, Jadwiga Gabor, and Arkadiusz Stanula. "The Evaluation of Simulated Environmental Degradation of Polycarbonate Filled with Inorganic and Organic Reinforcements." Polymers 13, no. 20 (October 16, 2021): 3572. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13203572.

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This research aimed to examine the mechanical properties of polycarbonate-based composites filled with both organic and inorganic reinforcements before and after simulated environmental degradation. Series of polycarbonate-based samples were prepared in the form of thin tapes. Their rheological properties were examined. Then, the samples were exposed to artificial environmental conditions. Finally, their rheological properties were examined once more, and the results were compared with those obtained for untreated samples. This paper presents basic research on the application of inorganic fillers to polycarbonate in order to determine the influence of the filler on the behavior of the obtained material. The aim of the work was to determine the usefulness and purpose of using this type of filler in polycarbonates for applications in contact with ultraviolet radiation, especially medical applications.

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6

Zhang, Xiaozhou, Yang Liu, Xin Li, Xin Liu, Xigao Jian, and Jinyan Wang. "Improving the Thermal Properties of Polycarbonate via the Copolymerization of a Small Amount of Bisphenol Fluorene with Bisphenol A." International Journal of Polymer Science 2022 (February 1, 2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9255159.

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Polycarbonate is an attractive transparent plastic with high mechanical/thermal properties. A family of copolycarbonates of bisphenol-A (BPA), 9, 9-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) fluorene (BHPF), and diphenyl carbonate (DPC) were prepared by a transesterification polymerization. The weight-average molecular weight of the polycarbonates ranges from 65,000 to 107,000 g/mol; the copolycarbonates showed T g and T d − 5 % from 63-70°C and 100-105°C higher than the control, respectively. Meanwhile, the processing properties of polycarbonate remain unchanged. These properties endow the polymers with potential for use as high-temperature resistance materials.

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7

Tichy, Antonin, Marketa Simkova, Josef Schweiger, Pavel Bradna, and Jan-Frederik Güth. "Release of Bisphenol A from Milled and 3D-Printed Dental Polycarbonate Materials." Materials 14, no. 19 (October 7, 2021): 5868. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14195868.

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Polycarbonates are polymers of bisphenol A (BPA), a well-known endocrine disruptor. This study evaluated the release of BPA from polycarbonate crowns that were (1) milled from Temp Premium Flexible (ZPF, Zirkonzahn, Italy) or Tizian Blank Polycarbonate (TBP, Schütz Dental, Germany), or (2) 3D-printed (Makrolon 2805, Covestro, Germany). Commercial prefabricated polycarbonate crowns (3M, USA) and milled poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) crowns (Temp Basic, Zirkonzahn, Italy) were included for comparison. The crowns were stored at 37 °C in artificial saliva (AS) or methanol, which represented the worst-case scenario of BPA release. Extracts were collected after 1 day, 1 week, 1 month and 3 months. BPA concentrations were measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The amounts of released BPA were expressed in micrograms per gram of material (μg/g). After 1 day, the highest amounts of BPA were measured from milled polycarbonates, TBP (methanol: 32.2 ± 3.8 μg/g, AS: 7.1 ± 0.9 μg/g) and ZPF (methanol 22.8 ± 7.7 μg/g, AS: 0.3 ± 0.03 μg/g), followed by 3D-printed crowns (methanol: 11.1 ± 2.3 μg/g, AS: 0.1 ± 0.1 μg/g) and prefabricated crowns (methanol: 8.0 ± 1.6 μg/g, AS: 0.07 ± 0.02 μg/g). Between 1 week and 3 months, the average daily release of BPA in methanol and AS decreased below 2 μg/g and 0.6 μg/g, respectively. No BPA was released from PMMA in AS, and the cumulative amount released in methanol was 0.2 ± 0.06 μg/g. In conclusion, polycarbonates could be a relevant source of BPA, but the current tolerable daily intake of BPA (4 μg/kg body weight) should not be exceeded.

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8

Abdel Baki, Zaher, Hanna Dib, and Tuba Sahin. "Overview: Polycarbonates via Ring-Opening Polymerization, Differences between Six- and Five-Membered Cyclic Carbonates: Inspiration for Green Alternatives." Polymers 14, no. 10 (May 16, 2022): 2031. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14102031.

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This review aims to cover the topic of polycarbonate synthesis via ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of cyclic carbonates. We report a wide variety of ROP-initiating systems along with their detailed mechanisms. We focus on the challenges of preparing the polymers; the precise control of the properties of the materials, including molecular weight; the compositions of the copolymers and their structural characteristics. There is no one approach that works for all scales in cyclic carbonates ROP. A green process to produce polycarbonates is a luring challenge in terms of CO2 utilization and the targeted domains for application. The main resolution seems to be the use of controlled incorporation of functional/reactive groups into polymer chains that can tailor the physicochemical and biological properties of the polymer matrices, producing what appears to be an unlimited field of applications. Glycerol carbonate (GC) is prepared from renewable glycerol and considered as a CO2 fixation agent resulting in GC compound. This family of five-membered cyclic carbonates has attracted the attention of researchers as potential monomers for the synthesis of polycarbonates (PCs). This cyclic carbonate group presents a strong alternative to Bisphenol A (BPA), which is used mainly as a monomer for the production of polycarbonate and a precursor of epoxy resins. As of December 2016, BPA is listed as a substance of very high concern (SVHC) under the REACH regulation. In 2006, Mouloungui et al. reported the synthesis and oligomerization of GCs. The importance of GCs goes beyond their carbonate ring and their physical properties (high boiling point, high flash point, low volatility, high electrical conductivity) because they also contain a hydroxyl group. The latter offers the possibility of producing oligo and/or polycarbonate compounds that have hydroxyl groups that can potentially lead to different reaction mechanisms and the production of new classes of polycarbonates with a wide range of applications.

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9

Ho, Hien The, Nam Hoai Nguyen, Marion Rollet, Trang N. T. Phan, and Didier Gigmes. "Phosphonate-Functionalized Polycarbonates Synthesis through Ring-Opening Polymerization and Alternative Approaches." Polymers 15, no. 4 (February 15, 2023): 955. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15040955.

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Well-defined phosphonate-functionalized polycarbonate with low dispersity (Ð = 1.22) was synthesized using organocatalyzed ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of novel phosphonate-based cyclic monomers. Copolymerization was also performed to access different structures of phosphonate-containing polycarbonates (PC). Furthermore, phosphonate-functionalized PC was successfully synthesized using a combination of ROP and post-modification reaction.

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10

Camera, Katherine L., Brandon Wenning, Amit Lal, and Christopher K. Ober. "Transient materials from thermally-sensitive polycarbonates and polycarbonate nanocomposites." Polymer 101 (September 2016): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2016.08.050.

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11

Urabe, Hiroshi. "Polycarbonate." Kobunshi 37, no. 11 (1988): 822–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1295/kobunshi.37.822.

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12

Hübner, Karl. "Polycarbonate." Chemie in unserer Zeit 37, no. 5 (October 2003): 366–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.200390078.

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13

Frolov, V. N., Y. M. Shcherbakov, and Y. A. Skachkov. "Experimental study of plastics hardness." Izvestiya MGTU MAMI 8, no. 2-3 (May 20, 2014): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/2074-0530-67533.

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The experimental studies on hardness of unfilled polycarbonates and also of filled polycarbonate and polyamide in lateral bending mode of the specified cyclic deformation were made. The influence of technological gap on fatigue properties error was found experimentally. There were investigated the dependence of stress on defomations when lateral bending and the possibility of describing it with linear and exponential laws. Hardness limits of plastics deformations and stresses were obtained.

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14

Nurtanto, Dwi. "Kontribusi Kuat Lentur Polikarbonat Pada Pelat Beton Berpori (The Contribution of Polycarbonate Flexural Strength into Porous Concrete Slab)." Jurnal Rekayasa Sipil dan Lingkungan 1, no. 01 (December 7, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/jrsl.v1i01.6039.

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Polycarbonate is thermoplastic polymer group. It is easily formed using heat. Plastic has many advantages, namely thermal resistance compared to other types of plastic, resistant to impact, and very clear. The purpose of this research is to replace steel in reinforced concrete with polycarbonate and it is expected to contribute a good flexural strength on the porous concrete slab. The test specimen is 40x40x5 cm and the variation widths of polycarbonate are 2 cm, 4 cm, and 6 cm. Polycarbonates are arranged in the x direction and y direction, such as the reinforcement in concrete slab. The distance between the pores in concrete slab is 8 cm. Once the concrete aged 28 days, the next step is testing the flexural strength. The results show the concrete compressive strength is 24.699 MPa. The biggest average flexural test is in porous concrete slab with diameter of reinforcement is 6 mm. Meanwhile, for porous concrete slab without reinforcement and porous concrete slab with polycarbonate have flexural strength which is almost the same. This is because there is no bond between polycarbonate and concrete, so that the adhesion between them is very small and virtually non-existent. In addition, the results show that there is no contribution of polycarbonate flexural strength in concrete slab. Polikarbonat adalah suatu kelompok polimer termoplastik yang mudah dibentuk dengan menggunakan panas. Plastik ini memiliki banyak keunggulan, yaitu ketahanan termal dibandingkan dengan plastik jenis lain, tahan terhadap benturan, dan sangat bening. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengganti material baja pada beton bertulang dengan polikarbonat dan diharapkan dapat memberikan kontribusi kuat lentur yang baik pada pelat beton berpori. Ukuran benda uji adalah 40x40x5 cm, dimana variasi ukuran lebar polikarbonat adalah 2 cm, 4 cm dan 6 cm. Polikarbonat disusun dalam arah x dan arah y, seperti penulangan pada pelat beton. Selanjutnya dilakukan pengecoran. Jarak antar pori pada pelat beton adalah 8 cm. Setelah beton berumur 28 hari maka dilakukan pengujian kuat lentur. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kuat tekan karakteristik beton adalah sebesar 24.699 MPa. Hasil kuat lentur rata-rata yang paling besar terjadi pada pelat beton berpori dengan tulangan diameter 6 mm, sedangkan untuk plat beton berpori tanpa tulangan dan dengan polikarbonat hasil kuat lenturnya hampir sama. Hal ini dikarenakan tidak adanya lekatan antara lembaran polikarbonat dan beton, sehingga daya lekat polikarbonat terhadap beton sangat kecil dan bisa dikatakan tidak ada. Selain itu, hasil menunjukkan bahwa tidak adanya kontribusi kuat lentur polikarbonat pada beton berpori.

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15

Cho, Kilwon, JaeHo Yang, Byung Il, Kang Chan, and Eon Park. "Notch sensitivity of polycarbonate and toughened polycarbonate." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 89, no. 11 (June 27, 2003): 3115–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.12502.

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16

Wang, M., and S. Miyake. "Application of Nanometer-Scale Processing Technique in High-Density Recording." Key Engineering Materials 291-292 (August 2005): 407–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.291-292.407.

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To realize ultrahigh density recording in high precision using polycarbonate as a recording media, the nanometer-scale mechanical processing properties of polycarbonate and fluorocarbon plasma-treated polycarbonate were investigated using atomic force microscopy (AFM). The surface free energy of the polycarbonate specimen can be reduced by fluorocarbon plasma-treatment, resulting in processing force being reduced. Thus, nanometer-scale precise processing of polycarbonate can be realized. Lines and spaces with intervals minimized to 60 nm were performed on the fluorocarbon plasma-treated polycarbonate. Viscoelastic properties of the fluorinated polycarbonate were evaluated using AFM in force modulation mode. Fluorocarbon plasma treatment can reduce friction force of a polycarbonate sample and improve its wear resistance. Therefore, the friction durability corresponding to the reliability of data reproduction was markedly improved.

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17

Jeon, Kyung-Soo, R. Nirmala, Seong-Hwa Hong, Yong-II Chung, R. Navamathavan, and Hak Yong Kim. "A Study on Mechanical Properties of Short Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polycarbonate via an Injection Molding Process." Sensor Letters 18, no. 11 (November 1, 2020): 801–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/sl.2020.4290.

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This manuscript is dealt with the synthesis of short carbon fibers reinforced polycarbonate polymer composite by using injection modeling technique. Four different composite materials were obtained by varying the carbon fibers weight percentage of 10, 20, 30 and 40%. The synthesized carbon fibers/polycarbonate composites were characterized for their morphological, mechanical and thermal properties by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), universal testing machine (UTM) and IZOD strength test. The resultant carbon fibers/polycarbonate composites exhibited excellent interfacial adhesion between carbon fibers and polycarbonate resin. The tensile properties were observed to be monotonically increases with increasing carbon fiber content in the composite resin. The tensile strength of carbon fiber/polycarbonate composites with the carbon fiber content 40% were increased about 8 times than that of the pristine polycarbonate matrix. The carbon fibers/polycarbonate composites with 40 wt.% of short carbon fibers exhibited a high tensile strength and thermal conductivity. The incorporation of carbon fiber in to polycarbonate resin resulted in a significant enhancement in the mechanical and the thermal behavior. These studies suggested that the short carbon fiber incorporated polycarbonate composite matrix is a good candidate material for many technological applications.

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18

Barlow, Chris, Vipin Kumar, Brian Flinn, Rajendra K. Bordia, and John Weller. "Impact Strength of High Density Solid-State Microcellular Polycarbonate Foams." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 123, no. 2 (September 19, 2000): 229–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1339004.

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The effect of density (relative densities 0.33 to 0.90) on the impact behavior of microcellular polycarbonate (PC) was investigated. Cell size and foaming gas content were also considered. Flexed-beam Izod impact tests were conducted and the impact strength of these foams appears to be a strong function of both density and cell size. The impact strength was observed to improve over the unprocessed polycarbonate’s impact strength for foams with relative densities of 60 percent and above. In terms of cell size, the impact strength increased with increasing cell size at a given density.

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19

Kuroda, K. "On polycarbonate." Sen'i Kikai Gakkaishi (Journal of the Textile Machinery Society of Japan) 44, no. 5 (1991): P227—P235. http://dx.doi.org/10.4188/transjtmsj.44.5_p227.

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20

Clagett, Donald C., and Sheldon J. Shafer. "Polycarbonate resins." Polymer Engineering and Science 25, no. 8 (June 1985): 458–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760250805.

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21

Yin, Bo, Yin Zhao, Wei Yang, Min-min Pan, and Ming-bo Yang. "Polycarbonate/liquid crystalline polymer blend: Crystallization of polycarbonate." Polymer 47, no. 25 (November 2006): 8237–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2006.09.044.

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22

Wehrle, M., G. P. Hellmann, and H. W. Spiess. "Phenylene motion in polycarbonate and polycarbonate/additive mixtures." Colloid & Polymer Science 265, no. 9 (September 1987): 815–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01418458.

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23

Wing, Gregory, Arun Pasricha, Mark Tuttle, and Vipin Kumar. "Time dependent response of polycarbonate and microcellular polycarbonate." Polymer Engineering and Science 35, no. 8 (April 1995): 673–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760350807.

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24

McNeill, I. C., and A. Rincon. "Degradation studies of some polyesters and polycarbonates—8. Bisphenol A polycarbonate." Polymer Degradation and Stability 31, no. 2 (January 1991): 163–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0141-3910(91)90072-y.

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25

Kumar, V., and J. Weller. "Production of Microcellular Polycarbonate Using Carbon Dioxide for Bubble Nucleation." Journal of Engineering for Industry 116, no. 4 (November 1, 1994): 413–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2902122.

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A process to produce a family of novel materials from polycarbonate, having a microcellular structure, is described. The process utilizes the high solubility of carbon dioxide in polycarbonate to nucleate a very large number of bubbles, on the order of 1 to 10 × 109 bubbles/cm3, at temperatures well below the glass transition temperature of the original, unsaturated polycarbonate. Microcellular polycarbonate foams with homogeneous microstructure and a wide range of densities have been produced. In this paper experimental results on solubility, bubble nucleation, and bubble growth in the polycarbonate-carbon dioxide system are presented, and the critical ranges of the key process parameters are established. It is shown that the bubble nucleation phenomenon in polycarbonate near the glass transition temperature is not described by classical nucleation theory.

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Abdelhafez, Mohamed Hssan Hassan, Ali Abdulmohsen Aldersoni, Mohammad Mansour Gomaa, Emad Noaime, Mohammed Mashary Alnaim, Mohammed Alghaseb, and Ayman Ragab. "Investigating the Thermal and Energy Performance of Advanced Glazing Systems in the Context of Hail City, KSA." Buildings 13, no. 3 (March 13, 2023): 752. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13030752.

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Most new housing designs in Saudi Arabia are created to meet the client’s needs with minimal regard for environmental or energy-related considerations, resulting in buildings’ poor thermal performance and a growing reliance on artificial means. Polycarbonate windows have recently acquired popularity. Yet, there is a rising interest in combining polycarbonate windows with nanomaterials to reduce energy consumption, especially during the summer months when air conditioning use is at its peak. To improve building insulation, this research concentrated on the use of polycarbonate windows with nanogel, which has a low U-value. This study utilized polycarbonate windows with nanogel (two layers of polycarbonate panes filled with nanogel) in Hail City, Saudi Arabia, using DesignBuilder simulation software, resulting in a 14.3% reduction in annual energy consumption. The low U-value of nanogel compared to argon or air may be the cause of these savings, which are roughly double those gained by using double-paned polycarbonate windows. The incorporated nanogel layer between two layers of argon and two layers of polycarbonate panes decreased annual energy consumption by 29% compared to utilizing only one polycarbonate layer. Moreover, compared to a single 3 mm polycarbonate pane, the nanogel layer placed between two layers of argon and two layers of single polycarbonate panes demonstrated the lowest level of CO2 emissions, with an improvement of around 22.23%. This study reveals a method for insulating buildings that cuts energy use and CO2 emissions. This study’s conclusion supports the notion that sustainable design is the future. Sustainable construction can dramatically reduce building cooling costs and thermal loads.

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Lee, Hee Young, Heidy Cruz, and Younggon Son. "Effects of incorporation of polyester on the electrical resistivity of polycarbonate/multi-walled carbon nanotube nanocomposite." Journal of Composite Materials 53, no. 10 (September 24, 2018): 1291–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998318801932.

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In this work, we present the effect of incorporation of polyester on the electrical properties of injection-molded polycarbonate/multi-walled carbon nanotube nanocomposites. The study was conducted by melt-mixing polycarbonate, multi-walled carbon nanotube, and three types of polyesters: polybutylene terephthalate, polyethylene terephthalate, and liquid crystal polymer. It was found that the volume resistivities of injection-molded composites containing 2 phr polyester significantly decreased because of the transesterification reaction between the polycarbonate and polyester. The resulting polycarbonate-polyester random block copolymer kept the conductive networks intact because of the preferential affinity of multi-walled carbon nanotubes with polyester. This study showed that incorporating polyester with polycarbonate–multi-walled carbon nanotube increases the electrical conductivity of injection-molded polycarbonate/multi-walled carbon nanotube nanocomposites to a great extent.

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Li, Rui Rui, Yue Shi, Lei Zu, Hui Qin Lian, Yang Liu, and Xiu Guo Cui. "The Preparation and Characterization of the Mesoporous Poly(bisphenol-A carbonate) – Silica Nanocomposites." Applied Mechanics and Materials 513-517 (February 2014): 82–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.513-517.82.

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The mesoporous polycarbonate-silica nanocomposite materials were synthesized through the modified sol-gel approach under acidic condition. The specific surface area, pore diameter and pore volume of polycarbonate-silica could be controlled by changing the acidity of the synthesis system. The polycarbonate-silica possess an irregular block morphology according to the scanning electron microscopy observations. With decreasing the pH value of the synthesis system, the specific surface area and pore diameter of polycarbonate-silica were raised but the pore volume was reduced. The maximum specific surface area of polycarbonate-silica was 701.71m2/g which presented by the results of Nitrogen adsorptiondesorption isotherms.

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Benrashid, Ramazan, Gordon L. Nelson, Donald J. Ferm, and Leland W. Chew. "Effect of Zinc, Zinc Oxide and Zinc Borate on the Flammability of Polycarbonate." Journal of Fire Sciences 13, no. 3 (May 1995): 224–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073490419501300305.

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Polycarbonate was blended with zinc, zinc borate (2ZnO·3B2O 3·3.5H2O) and zinc oxide. Blends made of zinc/polycarbonate and especially zinc borate/polycarbonate show major improvement in oxygen index values. Ohio State University (OSU) heat release studies show reduction in heat release only for zinc borate/polycarbonate blends compared to virgin polycarbonate. No improvement in smoke suppression was observed from NBS Smoke Chamber studies for these blends. From DSC studies there was a low ering of Tg's. Thermogravimetric analyses show the blends have lower tempera ture stability in nitrogen (50% weight loss) compared to a control.

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Senkerik, Vojtech, Michal Stanek, David Manas, Miroslav Manas, Adam Skrobak, and Martin Ovsik. "Study of Charpy Impact Properties of PC with Different Amount of Recycled Material and Temperatures." Advanced Materials Research 1120-1121 (July 2015): 1171–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1120-1121.1171.

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This research paper deals with assess effect amount of recycled material on Charpy impact behavior. Valuation of recycled material effect takes place on four kinds of thermoplastic materials, high-heat polycarbonate is always mixture with different amount of recycled material (pure polycarbonate, polycarbonate with 20 percent of recycled material, polycarbonate with 30 percent of recycled material and pure recycled polycarbonate). Specimens were prepared by the mostly used technology for production products, which is injection molding. Each kind of material is one by one loaded by different temperatures; at reduced, and three increased temperatures and consequently tested. To determine influence of recycled material was used Charpy impact test.

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Ballamine, Abderrahmane, Abdellah Kotni, Jean-Pierre Llored, and Sylvain Caillol. "Valuing CO₂ in the development of polymer materials." Science and Technology for Energy Transition 77 (2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2516/stet/2021001.

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Reducing the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is a major challenge for humanity as well as for living species on Earth. Not least because of the adverse effects of climate warming caused by the anthropological emissions of the CO2. We are interested in a complementary approach to capturing and storing CO2, which is to use CO2 as a raw material for chemical reactions. Specifically, it is a question of using the CO2 for the synthesis of certain types of biocompatible polymers. For the time being, these remain restricted to polycarbonates for economic reasons. The use of CO2 is also motivated by its abundance as a potentially unlimited source of carbon. The challenge of this chemical process is to use appropriate catalysts to synthesize polycarbonates in sufficient quantities and with interesting physical properties. There is also talk of producing biodegradable and biocompatible polycarbonates to ensure a relatively green footprint compared to conventional polycarbonate production processes.

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Liu, Bin, and Yongsheng E. "Study on Preparation and Properties of Bisphenol S Polycarbonate." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2539, no. 1 (July 1, 2023): 012060. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2539/1/012060.

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Abstract Bisphenol S replaces bisphenol A to synthesize bisphenol S polycarbonate, which introduces the sulfone group in polycarbonate, improves the heat resistance and flame resistance of polycarbonate, and expands its application field. In this experiment, bisphenol S reacts with triphosgene to synthesize bisphenol S polycarbonate by interface polycondensation method. The effects of various factors on the product’s molecular weight are investigated and the optimal conditions of reaction are obtained. Through the infrared absorption spectrum, we verify the product structure. Through the Ubbelohde viscometer, the maximum viscosimeter molecular weight is measured and calculated to be 18500. Through the dilatometer, we detect the product’s temperature of glass transition at 166.5°C, which indicates that bisphenol S polycarbonate has good heat resistance. The limiting oxygen index of the product is 33.5%, and the combustion performance level reaches V-0, which indicates that bisphenol S polycarbonate has good flame retardancy.

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Sun, Zhuo Jun, Jian Gao, Hui Liu, Shu Zhen Pan, Shu Li Zhang, Lun Hua Yang, Xiao Yun Song, and Jian Guo Gao. "Migration Characteristics and Degradation Kinetics of Bisphenol A." Materials Science Forum 850 (March 2016): 128–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.850.128.

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This paper study the migration characteristics and degradation kinetics of bisphenol A using TGA - gas chromatography - mass spectrometry and found that bisphenol A polycarbonate in the thermal oxidative aging conditions of 130 °C de-gradated to bisphenol A. At the range of 0 h to 120 h, the bisphenol A content of environmental hormones increased with time. When it reached 120 h, bisphenol A environmental hormone content decreased slightly with aging time. The content of bisphenol A reached 495mg/kg when the thermal oxidative aging time was 168 h, which was decreased compared to the content of 442mg/kg at 120 h. Polycarbonate thermal decomposition kinetics study showed that the thermal decomposition of polycarbonate can be divided into three phases. The first thermal decomposition occurred at the range of 415° C to 425 ° C, the polycarbonate end groups fracture of the second stage at 493.6°C , the main fracture of the main chain rearrangement and crosslinking, and the third stage at 598.7°C, the degradation of the chain continues to decompose and the decomposition of the crosslinked carbon precursor; thermal oxidation aging of polycarbonate decreased the heat stability and promote the thermal decomposition of polycarbonate. Comparing the oxidation induction period, thermal weight loss rate and activation energy of polycarbonate before and after thermal oxidative aging, it c found that the thermal stability of the hot oxygen aging of polycarbonate is reduced.

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34

El-Hefnawy, Mohamed E., Ali I. Ismail, Sultan Alhayyani, Soha T. Al-Goul, Mohamed M. Zayed, and Manal Abou Taleb. "Immobilization of Strontium Aluminate into Recycled Polycarbonate Plastics towards an Afterglow and Photochromic Smart Window." Polymers 15, no. 1 (December 28, 2022): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15010119.

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A transparent smart window made of recycled polycarbonate plastic (PCP) waste was prepared and immobilized with strontium aluminate phosphor nanoparticles (SAPN). It has afterglow emission, super-hydrophobicity, durability, photostability, good mechanical properties, ultraviolet protection, and high optical transmittance. To create an afterglow emission polycarbonate smart window (SAPN@PCP), recycled polycarbonate waste was integrated with various concentrations of SAPN (15–52 nm). SAP micro-scale powder was made using the solid-state high temperature method. The SAP nanoparticles were produced using the top-down method. To create a colorless plastic bulk, recycled polycarbonate waste was inserted into a hot bath. This colorless plastic was thoroughly combined with SAPN and cast to create an afterglow luminous smart window. To investigate its photoluminescence properties, spectrum profiles of excitation and emission were measured. According to the luminescence parameters, the phosphorescent colorless polycarbonate plates displayed a change in color to strong green under UV illumination and greenish-yellow in a dark box. The afterglow polycarbonate smart window displayed two emission peaks at 496 and 526 nm, and an absorption wavelength of 373 nm. Upon increasing the SAPN ratio, the hydrophobic activity, hardness, photostability, and UV protection were improved. Luminescent polycarbonate substrates with lower SAPN ratio demonstrated rapid and reversible fluorescence under UV light, while the higher SAPN content in the luminous polycarbonate substrates showed afterglow.

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35

Wnuczek, Krystyna, Andrzej Puszka, and Beata Podkościelna. "Synthesis and Spectroscopic Analyses of New Polycarbonates Based on Bisphenol A-Free Components." Polymers 13, no. 24 (December 17, 2021): 4437. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13244437.

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This paper discusses a new synthesis of bisphenol A-free polycarbonates based on four aliphatic-aromatic systems. In the first stage, different types of monomers (with/without sulfur) derived from diphenylmethane were synthesized. Then, new polycarbonates were prepared in the reactions with diphenyl carbonate (DPC) by transesterification and polycondensation reactions. Three different catalysts (zinc acetate, 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine and benzyltriethylammonium chloride) were tested. The structures of the compounds were confirmed by Nuclear Molecular Resonance spectroscopy (NMR) in each stage. The chemical structures of the obtained polycarbonates were verified by means of Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). The presence of a carbonyl group in the infrared spectrum confirmed polycarbonate formation. Thermal studies by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were carried out to determine the melting temperatures of the monomers. A gel permeation chromatography analysis (GPC) of the polycarbonates was performed in order to investigate their molar masses. Thermal analysis proved the purity of the obtained monomers; the curves showed a characteristic signal of melting. The obtained polycarbonates were characterized as having high resistance to organic solvents, including tetrahydrofuran. The GPC analysis proved their relatively large molar masses and their low dispersity.

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Liu, Mengjuan, Hui Wang, Wei Fang, Tao Lu, Jinsen Wang, and Guozhang Wu. "Synthesis and Properties of Bio-Based Polycarbonates Containing Silicone Blocks." Polymers 16, no. 10 (May 8, 2024): 1318. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym16101318.

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This study aims to investigate the effects of different hydroxy-terminated silicones on the properties of polycarbonate-silicone copolymers (ICS-PC) by introducing flexible and hydrophobic silicone into isosorbide-based polycarbonate through melt transesterification- polycondensation method. Through compatibility and transesterification experiments, it is confirmed that the alcohol-hydroxyl polydimethylsiloxane (a-PDMS) has higher reactivity and silicone conversion than the phenol-hydroxyl polydimethylsiloxane (p-PDMS), but the conversion does not exceed 81%. Polyether-modified silicone (PEMS) exhibits better compatibility and higher reactivity, thus resulting in higher conversion that can reach 86%. Effects of the type and content of silicone on the glass transition temperature (Tg), optical transparency, saturated water absorption, and mechanical strength of ICS-PCs were also discussed. It is found that p-PDMS has higher Tg, hydrophobicity, and mechanical strength with similar silicone content, but the total transmittance does not exceed 60%. In contrast, the PEMS system exhibits better optical transparency due to its improved compatibility with the PC matrix, with a total transmittance of up to 73%, Tg exceeding 150 °C while maintaining excellent flexibility and hydrophobicity. These results are helpful to further improve the comprehensive properties of bio-based polycarbonates.

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Inberg, J. P. F., A. Takens, and R. J. Gaymans. "Strain rate effects in polycarbonate and polycarbonate/ABS blends." Polymer 43, no. 9 (April 2002): 2795–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0032-3861(02)00081-2.

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38

Debier, Didier, Alain M. Jonas, and Roger Legras. "Blends of polycarbonate and acrylic polymers: Crystallization of polycarbonate." Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 36, no. 12 (September 15, 1998): 2197–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-0488(19980915)36:12<2197::aid-polb17>3.0.co;2-v.

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39

Kohlman, William G., and Stephen P. Petrie. "Mechanical properties of polycarbonate–polysulfone and polycarbonate–polyetherimide blends." Advances in Polymer Technology 14, no. 2 (1995): 111–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adv.1995.060140203.

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40

Miyagawa, Azusa, Shogo Nobukawa, and Masayuki Yamaguchi. "Thermal Expansion Behavior of Antiplasticized Polycarbonate." Nihon Reoroji Gakkaishi 42, no. 4 (2014): 255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1678/rheology.42.255.

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41

Chung, Yu Gun, and Soo Yeon Seo. "Polycarbonate Daylighting Performance on the Top-Lit Building." Applied Mechanics and Materials 361-363 (August 2013): 925–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.361-363.925.

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This study evaluates the daylighting performance of a polycarbonate as a substitute for glass on top-lit buildings. For the study, the polycarbonate types and properties are analyzed and simulation tests are performed based on DF(daylight factor, %). As results, 16mm flat-plated, saw-blade and the diamond-type polycarbonate window are recommended as substitutes for window glasses. Also, when developing the polycarbonate as the top-lit buildings, it is advisable to apply the saw-blade and diamond-types to establish the direction of development.

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42

Via, Michael D., Julia A. King, Jason M. Keith, and Gregg R. Bogucki. "Electrical conductivity modeling of carbon black/polycarbonate, carbon nanotube/polycarbonate, and exfoliated graphite nanoplatelet/polycarbonate composites." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 124, no. 1 (October 3, 2011): 182–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.35096.

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43

Via, Michael D., Julia A. King, Jason M. Keith, Ibrahim Miskioglu, Mark J. Cieslinski, Jonathan J. Anderson, and Gregg R. Bogucki. "Tensile modulus modeling of carbon black/polycarbonate, carbon nanotube/polycarbonate, and exfoliated graphite nanoplatelet/polycarbonate composites." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 124, no. 3 (October 26, 2011): 2269–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.35276.

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44

Rostamiyan, Yasser, and Amir Ferasat. "High-speed impact and mechanical strength of ZrO2/polycarbonate nanocomposite." International Journal of Damage Mechanics 26, no. 7 (April 11, 2016): 989–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1056789516644312.

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This study empirically investigates the mechanical strength and high-speed impact resistance of polycarbonate matrix reinforced with different amounts of nano-ZrO2. In order to enhance the mechanical strength of polycarbonate, especially the impact resistance, the nanoparticles were added to polycarbonate matrix as filler with the ratios of 1, 2, 3 and 5% of the composite’s total weight. Transmission electron microscope was utilized for the observation of microscopic structure of the composites, and it revealed an exceptional homogeneous mixture of ZrO2 particles in the polycarbonate matrix. From the results of the tests, it was figured out that adding 1–3 wt% of nano-ZrO2 into polycarbonate remarkably increased the impact resistance of the composite. The results also showed that adding 1 and 2 wt% of nano-ZrO2 to polycarbonate had the most desirable effects on the enhancement of tensile, bending and buckling strength; however, the composites with 3 wt% of nano-ZrO2 had the greatest Izod impact and high-velocity impact resistance. Finally for the impact tests, it was revealed that adding large amounts of nano-ZrO2 (more than 3 wt%) would decrease the mechanical strength of ZrO2/polycarbonate nanocomposite specimens; thus, the fracture occurred, while less energy was absorbed compared with the neat polymer.

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45

Hoyle, Charles E., Isaac B. Rufus, and Himanshu Shah. "Solvent effect on the photophysics of bisphenol-A-based polycarbonate and diphenylcarbonate." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 73, no. 11 (November 1, 1995): 2062–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v95-254.

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Polycarbonate and diphenylcarbonate exhibit an anomalous fluorescence emission with peak maximum around 350 nm in polar solvents that may be attributed to the association of diarylcarbonate moieties in a polar solvent cage. The red-shifted emission is attributed to intermolecular interactions in polar solvents and intramolecular interactions in polycarbonate. The photophysical behavior of polycarbonate and diphenylcarbonate is different from that of 1,3-diphenylpropane where a red-shifted emission is due to excimers formed by phenyl groups separated by three carbon atoms and is independent of the polarity of the solvent. Keywords: diphenylcarbonate, polycarbonate, aggregates, photophysics.

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46

Si, Hong Yan, Tian Cheng Xiang, and Rui Ting Wang. "Effects of pH and Temperature on the Degradation of Polycarbonate in Water." Applied Mechanics and Materials 522-524 (February 2014): 346–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.522-524.346.

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The degradation of polycarbonate was studied by measuring the absorbance of bisphenol A, which is the main degradation products of polycarbonate. The important factors have been researched, such as temperature, the pH and reaction time. The result shows that the pH and temperature have an effect on the degradation of polycarbonate.

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47

Matar, Z., M. Al-Dossari, S. Awasthi, N. El-Gawaad, H. Hanafy, R. Amin, M. Fathy, and A. Aly. "Theoretical Study on Polycarbonate-Based One-Dimensional Ternary Photonic Structures from Far-Ultraviolet to Near-Infrared Regions of Electromagnetic Spectrum." Crystals 12, no. 5 (April 30, 2022): 642. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12050642.

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In the present research work, we have theoretically analyzed the photonic band-gap properties of one-dimensional photonic structures composed of polycarbonate and non-glass materials. These photonic structures, PC1, PC2, PC3 and PC4, are composed of alternating layers of polycarbonate/Al2O3, polycarbonate/MgF2, polycarbonate/BaF2 and polycarbonate/TiO2 materials, respectively. The period of each photonic structure is made up of a thin non-glass material layer sandwiched between two identical polycarbonate layers. The transfer matrix method has been used to investigate the transmission properties of PC1 to PC4. The comparison between the transmission spectra of PC1 to PC4 shows that the polycarbonate and TiO2-based photonic structure (PC4) possess three PBGs of zero transmission located at far-ultraviolet, visible and near-infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum at normal and oblique incidence (θ0 = 55°), both corresponding to TE wave only. The index of refraction of all five materials used in this study was obtained by applying the Sellmeier-type dispersion relationship to ensure accuracy in the results. The purpose of selecting polycarbonate along with Al2O3, TiO2, MgF2 or BaF2 as constituent materials of these photonic structures is due to the heat resistance properties of polycarbonate and the unique optical properties of oxide and fluoride materials with wide transparency from the ultraviolet to the near-infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. The proposed work can be used to design some influential wavelength-selective reflectors composed of 1D PCs behind the active region of the solar cells for improving the photovoltaic performance of solar panels. This study can further be utilized for the fabrication of advanced solar cell designs consisting of 1D photonic mirror-based luminescence and reflection concentrators. The low temperature problem which arises in satellites may also be overcome with the help of smart windows based on the proposed multilayer structures.

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Kim, C. K., and D. R. Paul. "Interaction parameters for blends containing polycarbonates: 3. Polycarbonate copolymers/styrene-based copolymers." Polymer 33, no. 23 (January 1992): 4941–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0032-3861(92)90044-w.

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Kim, C. K., and D. R. Paul. "Interaction parameters for blends containing polycarbonates: 1. Tetramethyl bisphenol-A polycarbonate/polystyrene." Polymer 33, no. 8 (January 1992): 1630–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0032-3861(92)91059-b.

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50

Senkerik, Vojtech, Michal Stanek, David Manas, Miroslav Manas, Adam Skrobak, and Jan Navratil. "Behavior of Recycled Material at Higher Temperature in Compression Test." Advanced Materials Research 1025-1026 (September 2014): 274–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1025-1026.274.

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This research paper deals with behavior of recycled material at higher temperature. Assessment of recycled material influence takes place on four kinds of thermoplastic materials, which are always high-heat polycarbonate (PC-HT) with different amount of recycled material (pure polycarbonate, polycarbonate with twenty percent of recycled material, polycarbonate with thirty percent of recycled material and hundred percent of recycled polycarbonate). Specimens were prepared by the mostly used technology for production products, which is injection molding. Each kind of material is one by one loaded by high temperature 110°C and consequently tested. This temperature was chosen because we encounter products made with recycled material additive, which can be used at elevated temperatures. To determine behavior of recycled material at this high temperature, one basic mechanic material tests is used. This test is normalized compression test.

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