Academic literature on the topic 'Polychronic communication'

Negotiation is a kind of communication between contractual partners having a target, a consensual objective to achieve. In an international negotiation, the businessmen have to know the culture of their partner in order to approach him according to his language, habits, traditions, moral and religious customs. In Europe we know two kinds of cultures: monochronic and polychronic cultures and some authors describe the cultural trinity (Northern, Central and Southern geographical oriented cultures). In the European Union the trend is to have UNITY IN DIVERSITY, proper to the prospective European family, defined by tolerance, understanding, competitive alliances and win-win negotiations. This goal will be achieved by knowing the cross cultural differences, playing the role of the adult negotiator, tolerant, knowing and understanding each other.

The purpose of this study was to analyze intercultural communication between Japanese and Indonesian employees at PT. Tokyu Land Indonesia. This research was also to analyze barriers which occurred in intercultural communication between them, and how to overcome these barriers. The method used in this study was a qualitative research method with a case study approach. Data collection was carried out by using an in-depth interview with 3 Japanese and 3 Indonesian employees, observation, and relevant previous research articles, and research-related documents. This research used the intercultural communication model of William B. Gudykunst and Young Yun Kim, intercultural communication concepts from Edward T. Hall, such as proxemics (the concept of distance), chronemics (the concept of time), high context and low context communication, individualism and collectivism, stereotypes. The results of the study showed that intercultural communication between Japanese and Indonesian employees at PT. Tokyu Land Indonesia is relatively good. Obstacles that occurred in intercultural communication are due to problems of differences and understanding of language, habits, respect for time (Japanese monochronic while Indonesia is polychronic), and the existence of stereotypes from each nation. To overcome these obstacles, they have to learn more about Japanese culture for Indonesian employees, and Indonesian culture for Japanese employees, openness to confirm understanding of the message delivered, mutual respect, and forgiveness each other if a misunderstanding occurs.

The article presents the results of a comprehensive socio-psychological study, including qualitative and quantitative methods. The role of cultural factor in the formation of adaptation mechanisms in foreign students studying in Russian Universities is demonstrated. The number of international students is one of the indicators of how successful an institution is on the world market of educational services. The international character of modern education can be observed in the increase of academic mobility and the growth of the number of international students. Most often, people manage to adapt to a new socio-cultural environment by modifying their stereotypes and behavioural patterns, yet, they may remain internally alienated from the social environment. An increasing number of international students in Russia and the need to create a favourable educational environment for them motivates researchers to study the peculiarities of how such students adapt to radically new living and learning conditions. Successful adaptation ensures fast integration into the learning process and an overall improvement of the quality of education for those young people. The results of the current study will hopefully contribute to the identification of coping strategies, adaptation features, and anticipatory mechanisms depending on their cultural backgrounds. The respondents were representatives of a polychronic, polyactive and high-context culture (students from Arab countries, n = 64) and representatives of lowcontext and polychronic cultures (students from India, n = 73); all of them studying in Russia from one to three years. The Arabic-speaking students were found to adapt to the learning process easier than their Indian counterparts: they were more involved in a group’s activity, and situational anticipatory competence was better developed with them. At the same time, the Indian students were found to be more eager to seek social support; also it was extremely difficult for them to predict situations associated with time and interpersonal communication.

What Crumpling a Polychronic Materials map can reveal… is a reflection on the Research Through Design Conference that was held at Microsoft Research in Cambridge UK in 2015. It focuses on the issues involved in offering a design methodology as a collaborative experience within the environs of a research through design conference. In considering the use of an interactive research exercise, such as crumpling maps of materials and time to communicate tacit knowledge and the process of designing, this reflection explores some of the constraints involved both in communicating in conferences and the process of research through design itself.