Relevant bibliographies by topics / Polycystic ovarian syndrome

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Academic literature on the topic 'Polycystic ovarian syndrome'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 17 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Polycystic ovarian syndrome"

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Mathew, Niky. "PCOS (Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome)." International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12, no. 8 (2023): 367–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.21275/sr23801144740.

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Gursu, Turkan, Halime Cevik, Güldeniz Aksan Desteli, Birnur Yilmaz, Tevfik Berk Bildaci, and Alper Eraslan. "Diagnostic value of shear wave velocity in polycystic ovarian syndrome." Journal of Ultrasonography 21, no. 87 (2021): 277–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.15557/jou.2021.0047.

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Aim: In polycystic ovarian syndrome, the ovaries become stiffer due to chronic anovulation. We aimed to compare tissue elasticity in terms of shear wave velocities measured using acoustic radiation force impulse imaging technique between the ovaries of polycystic ovarian syndrome women and non-polycystic ovarian syndrome women. Material and methods: The study was designed as a retrospective data analysis of women who underwent transvaginal ultrasound and acoustic radiation force impulse imaging in a university hospital between July 2014 and March 2015, for various reasons. There were 32 polycystic ovarian syndrome patients and 32 patients without a diagnosis of polycystic ovarian syndrome. Age, body mass index, fasting glucose levels, cycle day 3 follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, prolactin, antimullerian hormone levels, and menstrual patterns with clinical hyperandrogenism were evaluated. On the menstrual cycle days 2–4, by performing a transvaginal ultrasound scan, the ovarian volumes and antral follicle counts in both ovaries were recorded for each woman. The ultrasound system was converted into the elastography mode, and acoustic radiation force impulse imaging was performed. Shear wave velocity (m/sec) was measured at least 5 times for each ovary, and the mean value was calculated for each polycystic ovarian syndrome and non-polycystic ovarian syndrome woman. Results: Age, body mass index, fasting glucose levels, cycle day 3 follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, and prolactin levels were similar between the groups (p >0,05). Antimullerian hormone levels, antral follicle counts, and mean ovarian volumes were statistically different between the groups (p <0,05). Mean shear wave velocity values for both ovaries were 2.12 ± 0.82 (0.78–4.9) m/sec in the polycystic ovarian syndrome group, and 1.18 ± 0.41 (0.77–2.0) m/sec in the non-polycystic ovarian syndrome group, which was statistically significantly different (p = 0.016). Conclusion: In our study, we found significantly higher shear wave velocity levels in polycystic ovarian syndrome women than non-polycystic ovarian syndrome women, which indicates an impact of the condition on shear wave velocity. The increased acoustic frequencies cause a decreased response in time to transition, and motion becomes out of phase; in other words, scattered waves are faster in stiffer ovaries. Our results are thus compatible with the pathophysiology of the disease. Shear wave velocity is a beneficial tool for evaluating ovarian elasticity in polycystic ovarian syndrome patients in whom the levels are found to be significantly higher than non-polycystic ovarian syndrome women. In light of these findings, shear wave velocity is expected to be slower than polycystic ovarian syndrome levels in ovulatory women.
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VN, Aanandhi. "Contemplation on Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome." International Journal of Preventive, Curative & Community Medicine 08, no. 3&4 (2022): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/2454.325x.202208.

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Psilopatis, Iason, Christos Damaskos, Nikolaos Garmpis, et al. "Ovarian Torsion in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Potential Threat?" Biomedicines 11, no. 9 (2023): 2503. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11092503.

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Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) constitutes the most prevalent endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age worldwide. Given the increased risk of ovarian torsion in the presence of large ovarian cysts, polycystic ovarian syndrome could be regarded as one of the most significant risk factors for ovarian and/or adnexal torsion in cases of significantly enlarged ovaries. The aim of the present review is to investigate, for the first time, the association between polycystic ovarian syndrome and ovarian torsion. We performed a review of the literature using the MEDLINE and LIVIVO databases in order to find relevant studies. By using the search terms “polycystic ovarian syndrome” and “ovarian torsion”, we were able to identify 14 studies published between 1995 and 2019. The present work constitutes the most up-to-date, comprehensive literature review focusing on the risk of ovarian/adnexal torsion in patients with polycystic ovaries. Ovarian/adnexal torsion seems to be a feared complication in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Acute lower abdominal pain in patients with known polycystic ovaries represents the most common symptom, while diagnostic assessment almost always incorporates transvaginal ultrasound and computer tomography or magnetic resonance tomography scans. In case of suspected torsion, emergency laparoscopy with ovarian or adnexal detorsion seems to be the standard therapeutic approach with a view to restitute the interrupted blood supply. In cases of repeated ovarian/adnexal torsions, ovariopexy or ovariectomy/adnexectomy had to be discussed with the patient in the context of risk recurrence minimization.
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Kumari, Rajni, Ranjan Kumar Singh, and Ajay Garg. "“Herbal plants used in the treatment of PCOS-A Comprehensive review”." International Journal of Pharma Professional’s Research (IJPPR) 15, no. 1 (2024): 57–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.48165/ijppronline.10.48165/ijppronline.2024.15105.

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Polycystic ovarian syndrome is a common endocrine metabolic illness marked by polycystic ovaries, persistent anovulation, and hyperandrogenism, resulting in symptoms of monthly irregularity, infertility, and hirsutism. Various medicinal therapies for polycystic ovarian syndrome have been offered. However, the potential adverse effects of long-term therapies, as well as their limited effectiveness, have made complementary and alternative treatments a viable choice. According to recent estimates, the usage of complementary therapies is on the rise. Various plants like Saraca asoka, Moringa olifera, Asparagus racemosus, Cimicifuga racemose etc., proved active in the treatment of polycystic ovarian syndrome. In this review, attempts have been made to summarize the important medicinal plants which are used in the treatment or prevention of polycystic ovarian syndrome. This article will be helpful for the upcoming researchers in their investigation of Polycystic ovarian syndrome.
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Malik, Mariam A., and Sura F. Alsaffar. "Assessment of Intestinal Hormones Cholecystokinin and Peptide YY in Iraqi Women with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome." Journal of the Faculty of Medicine Baghdad 67, no. 1 (2025): 50–55. https://doi.org/10.32007/jfacmedbaghdad2441.

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Background: Among the most prevalent hormonal, reproductive and metabolic issues impacting women is polycystic ovarian syndrome. Also, insulin resistance raises the chance of developing chronic illnesses in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome, including diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, and potentially endometrial and breast malignancies.Objectives: Measurement of two intestinal hormones (cholecystokinin, peptide YY), luteinising hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and Prolactin. Waist and wrist circumference were measured in centimetersMethods: A sample of polycystic ovarian syndrome women who were referred to the Medical City of Baghdad hospital for management of their infertility were recruited in the current study. Sixty polycystic ovarian syndrome patients were split into two groups based on Body Mass Index: thirty obese polycystic ovarian syndrome women and thirty overweight polycystic ovarian syndrome women. In addition, thirty healthy control women were added as a third group, whose average age was between 20 and 35 years. Polycystic ovarian syndrome in women was diagnosed using two of the three diagnostic criteria: polycystic ovaries in ultrasound, oligo or anovulation, and hyperandrogenism. The investigation ran from October 2023 until January 2024. The investigations of the patient were requested, and all data in the study were added.Results: Obese women with polycystic ovarian syndrome had significantly higher levels of waist circumference 102.75 ±1.45, prolactin 20.48 ±1.43, luteinizing hormone 7.85 ±0.56, Follicle-stimulating hormone 8.41 ±0.38, and lower levels of Peptide YY 45.33±16.62, and cholecystokinin 14.37 ±3.64.Conclusion: Low cholecystokinin and Peptide YY in obese polycystic ovarian syndrome women lead to a rise in appetite, intake of food, an increase in waist circumference, and accumulation of fat in the abdomen.
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Jeengar, Pooja, and Madhubala Chauhan. "Association of metabolic syndrome in polycystic ovarian syndrome." New Indian Journal of OBGYN 3, no. 2 (2017): 90–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/obgyn.2017.3.2.5.

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Srinivas, G., D.V. Ramanjaneyulu, E. Muralinath, et al. "A Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Differential Diagnosis and Treatment of Poly Cystic Ovarian Disease." Journal of Mental health, Psychiatric and Psychosocial Nursing 3, no. 1 (2024): 14–24. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14557185.

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<em>Among women of reproductive age, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is the most prevalent hormonal condition. Polycystic ovaries, hyperandrogenism, and irregular menstrual cycles are some of its characteristics. The assessment and management of polycystic ovarian syndrome are explained in this activity, which also briefly goes over the function of the interprofessional team in treating patients with this illness.</em> &nbsp; <strong><em>Objectives</em></strong> &middot;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <em>Narrate</em><em> the epidemiology of polycystic ovarian syndrome.</em> &middot;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <em>Briefly r</em><em>eview the role of functional ovarian hyperandrogenism (FOH) in the pathophysiology of polycystic ovarian syndrome.</em> &middot;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <em>Compile</em><em> the use of the Rotterdam criteria in the evaluation of polycystic ovarian syndrome.</em> &middot;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <em>Summarize </em><em>the importance of collaboration and communication among the interprofessional team to emphasize lifestyle changes </em>
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Boqun, Xu, Dai Xiaonan, Cui YuGui, et al. "Expression of SET Protein in the Ovaries of Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome." International Journal of Endocrinology 2013 (2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/367956.

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Background. We previously found that expression of SET gene was up-regulated in polycystic ovaries by using microarray. It suggested that SET may be an attractive candidate regulator involved in the pathophysiology of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). In this study, expression and cellular localization of SET protein were investigated in human polycystic and normal ovaries.Method. Ovarian tissues, six normal ovaries and six polycystic ovaries, were collected during transsexual operation and surgical treatment with the signed consent form. The cellular localization of SET protein was observed by immunohistochemistry. The expression levels of SET protein were analyzed by Western Blot.Result. SET protein was expressed predominantly in the theca cells and oocytes of human ovarian follicles in both PCOS ovarian tissues and normal ovarian tissues. The level of SET protein expression in polycystic ovaries was triple higher than that in normal ovaries(P&lt;0.05).Conclusion. SET was overexpressed in polycystic ovaries more than that in normal ovaries. Combined with its localization in theca cells, SET may participate in regulating ovarian androgen biosynthesis and the pathophysiology of hyperandrogenism in PCOS.
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Muhammad, Bakhtyar Kamal. "Characteristics and Risk Factors for Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Among Females." Kurdistan Journal of Applied Research 5, no. 1 (2020): 200–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.24017/science.2020.1.14.

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Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a major endocrinal syndrome may affect the female at adult ages. In polycystic ovary, the ovarian seen that are enlarged and the investigation may base on ultra-sonographic detection. Polycystic ovarian syndrome always represents a spectrum of syndrome rather than the diseases. Also clinically presented by polycystic on ovarian and generally demonstrated by reversible. 104 female patients were examined, 18 (17.3%) of females were diagnosed with polycystic ovarian syndrome. The mean age was 24.62 ± 7.32 years (ranged from 15 month to 50 years-old). 17 (94.4%) of women were less than 25 years-old p-value=0.03, hormonal abnormality was the most frequent symptoms in relation to polycystic ovarian syndrome 10 (55.5%) and p-value=0.001. 16 (88.9%) of women experienced vaginal discharge p-value=0.09. In conclusion, one from six females is expected to experience polycystic ovarian syndrome. Young females are probably to be at a high risk for developing polycystic ovarian syndrome. Despite uncertain etiology of polycystic ovarian syndrome, marital status, stress or anxiety, doing a regular exercise and pregnancy are all related parameters to the incidence of polycystic ovarian syndrome. Additionally, Cases with high hormonal abnormality and vaginal excretion could be considerable indicators of polycystic ovarian syndrome.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Polycystic ovarian syndrome"

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Alzanati, Nadia. "Polycystic ovarian syndrome and adipose tissue : contribution of peripheral androgen synthesis to hyperandrogenism in polycystic ovarian syndrome." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2017. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/39390/.

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Background: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine, reproductive, metabolic and psychological disorder in women of childbearing age, affecting 6-10% of premenopausal women. Hyperandrogenism is the most important biochemical feature of the syndrome, which is responsible for the clinical features of PCOS, and is frequently associated with metabolic disturbance, such as insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia, glucose intolerance and hypertension, regardless of the presence of obesity. In several studies, attention has focused on androgen as the main factor for development of metabolic disturbance, which observed in women with PCOS. The relationship between adipose tissue and the pathophysiology of PCOS, in terms of development of hyperandrogenism and its relation to development of insulin resistance with compensatory hyperinsulinemia still not fully understood. Based on epidemiological studies, the association between circulating androgen levels and insulin resistance, as well as central obesity is a direct correlation. Although ovaries and adrenal glands are the main sources of androgens, adipose tissue is also one of the most important peripheral tissues involved in the production of androgens. Adipose tissue is not just an organ with energy storage; it also has endocrine, paracrine and autocrine functions, due to secretion of active peptides, known as adipokines, and hormones, such as androgens. In order to understand the role of adipose tissue in the development of hyperandrogenism, we hypothesised that “Androgen metabolic pathways leading to testosterone production in subcutaneous adipose tissue are altered in women with PCOS.” The excess adipose tissue androgen synthesis plays an important role in PCOS pathogenesis. Aims: The main aim of this study was to analyse and compare the expression level of the two key enzymes in androgens synthesis, 17-α-hydroxylase/17.20-lyase (CYP17A1) and 17-β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 5 (AKR1C3) in adipose tissue of women with and without PCOS. These are responsible for locally synthesised sex steroid hormones, mainly androgens; CYP17A1 is responsible in the production of the precursors of androgens and AKR1C3 is responsible in the conversion of inactive androgen (androstenedione) to its active form, testosterone. In addition, to understand the mechanism of androgen production this study employed isolated pre-adipocytes cultures and in vitro differentiated to mature adipocytes with close regulation of the impact of insulin and LH as the most two hormones which have effect in sex steroid synthesis. In doing so, we investigated androgen synthesis by activation and expression of the main steroidogenic enzymes CYP17A1 and AKR1C3 in adipocytes of non-PCOS and PCOS women. This enabled us to study the difference in the CYP17A1 mRNA and AKR1C3 mRNA expression levels, as well as the concentration of testosterone secretion across non-PCOS and PCOS cultures. This also indicated the probability of a pathway leading to localised synthesis of adipocytes and to investigate if there is a role for PI3-K signaling pathway in insulin regulation of testosterone synthesis in peripheral adipose tissue of women with and without PCOS. Methods: In order to achieve these aims, subcutaneous adipose tissue samples (SC) were surgically obtained during gynecological surgery from women with and without PCOS. All participants were of reproductive age (20-45) with a BMI of 20-35kg/m2. Total RNA was isolated from frozen adipose tissue samples of non-PCOS (n=8) and PCOS (n=8) after matching, using Trizol reagent method, followed by reverse transcription. Quantitative RT-PCR was performed to determine the expression of a panel of reference genes (GAPDH, ACTB, and LPR10), and target genes (CYP17A1 and AKR1C3). Data were analysed with GenEx and compared using ΔΔCt method. AKR1C3 protein expression in non-PCOS (n=3) and PCOS (n=3) was measured and compared by using western blot (WB) technique. Pre-adipocytes were isolated from fresh adipose tissue samples by enzyme digestion (collagenase) method and in vitro differentiated to mature adipocytes, which were cultured in FCS-free medium, Recombinant insulin +/-LH+/-PI3-k inhibitor (LY294002) was added to the cell culture at different concentrations, in preparation for investigating any change in the expression of steroidogenic enzymes (CYP17A1, AKR1C3) by RT-PCR, after extraction of total RNA The supernatant was collected for testosterone measurement before and after treatment using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: Of the reference genes testes, GABDH, ACTB, and LRP10 were shown to be consistently expressed across the PCOS and non-PCOS women. The mean± SEM relative expression level of AKR1C3 mRNA in PCOS adipose tissue was 15.1± 2.0, which was significantly (P=0.0003) greater than that (3.3±1.1) of non-PCOS women. However, the expression level of CYP17A1 mRNA was not significantly (p=0.56) different between the two groups. AKR1C3 protein expression level was less expressed in PCOS and there was no significant (P > 0.05) difference in the protein expression between two groups. CYP17A1, AKR1C3 and testosterone were significantly higher in PCOS (n=5) versus the non-PCOS (n=5) in treated and un-treated cultures. Insulin did not alter CYP17A1 or AKR1C3 mRNA expression in PCOS group. In the non-PCOS, AKR1C3 significantly increased with gradual increase in insulin concentrations, 1nM/l (P=0.001), 10 nM/l (P=0.004), and 100 nM/l (P=0.0003). Insulin up regulates AKR1C3 mRNA expression (no treatment (0), 1, 10,100) (0.96±0.21) (1.59±0.84) (2.39±1.23) and (7.42±0.85) respectively. LH± insulin did not alter the expression of either of the enzymes in PCOS Insulin increased testosterone concentration in non-PCOS but not in the PCOS, testosterone concentration in the supernatant of untreated cultured PCOS (n=5) adipocytes (mean± SEM, 129.3±2.5 pg /ml) was significantly higher (P < 0.0001) than that (33.7±4.6 pg /ml) of non-PCOS (n=5) adipocytes. Insulin addition in different concentrations (1nM/l, 10nM/l, 100nM/l) resulted in a significant increase in testosterone concentrations (94.1±7.1; 118.2±18.2, 200.0±7.3 pg/ml, respectively) in the supernatant of cultured non-PCOS adipocytes, but not in the PCOS adipocytes (118.1±1.8, 90.5±6.4, 89.3±7.6 pg/ml, respectively). The increase of testosterone levels in the non-PCOS adipocyte culture supernatant followed a dose dependent fashion. The magnitude of increase in testosterone concentrations in non-PCOS adipocyte culture supernatant was markedly increased when LH was added to insulin. Adding PI3-K inhibitor (LY294002, 10ng/ml) to insulin did not change the magnitude of insulin effects on testosterone concentrations in non-PCOS adipocyte culture supernatant. Conclusion: The data obtained suggests that adipose tissue has the ability to produce its own steroid hormone after detection of the main key enzymes of androgen biosynthesis, and it revealed a 5-fold increase in the expression level of AKR1C3 mRNA in subcutaneous adipose tissue of PCOS women. It is therefore possible to postulate that peripheral adipose tissue plays an important role as a source of excess androgen production in women with PCOS. This could potentially pave the way for the development of innovative therapeutic targets for the management of this very common syndrome. In addition, we show a markedly higher CYP17A1, AKR1C3 and testosterone in peripheral adipose tissue of PCOS vs. non-PCOS women. This supports the hypothesis that peripheral adipose tissue plays an important role in the pathogenesis of hyperandrogenaemia and PCOS. Insulin and LH seem to play a role in the increased androgen synthesis in adipose tissue of PCOS women, but not through the PI3-K signaling pathway. PI3-K signaling pathway does not seem to be involved in insulin regulation of testosterone synthesis in peripheral adipose tissue of women with or without PCOS.
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Hudecova, Miriam. "Reproductive and Metabolic Consequences of the Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för kvinnors och barns hälsa, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-123248.

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Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex clinical condition characterized by hyperandrogenism and chronic oligo/anovulation. Infrequent ovulation and metabolic alterations in women with PCOS are associated with subfertility and probably increased miscarriage rates compared with normal fertile women. The overall risk of developing type 2 diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) is three- to sevenfold higher in PCOS women, and the onset of glucose intolerance seems to occur at an earlier age than in healthy controls. Women with PCOS also have several risk factors for cardiovascular disease, although it is unclear whether they actually experience more cardiovascular events than other women. Very few studies assessing the long-term reproductive and metabolic consequences in older women with previously confirmed PCOS have been conducted. In this long-term follow-up of women with PCOS, 84 women with a diagnosis of PCOS between 1987 and 1995 and age at the follow-up &gt; 35 years and an age-matched population-based group of control women participated. Data on reproductive outcome, ovarian reserve, endothelial function, insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function were collected. According to our results most women with PCOS had given birth and the rate of spontaneous pregnancies was relatively high. The rate of miscarriages was not increased in PCOS patients and the ultrasound findings together with increased levels of anti-müllerian hormone suggested that their ovarian reserve is superior to women of similar age. PCOS women displayed signs of endothelial dysfunction, but this was largely due to the increased prevalence of independent risk factors for cardiovascular disease such as increased BMI, triglycerides and blood pressures. IGT and type 2 diabetes occurred more often in PCOS women. Free androgen levels and beta-cell function decreased over time whereas insulin sensitivity remained unchanged. Obesity at young age and progressive weight-gain rendered them more prone to be insulin resistant at the follow-up. Beta-cell function was increased in PCOS women in comparison with control subjects but declined over time. Independent of PCOS phenotype at the index assessment and persistence of PCOS symptoms at the follow-up investigation, premenopausal women with PCOS had lower insulin sensitivity and increased beta cell function in comparison with control subjects. Conclusion: The long-term reproductive outcomes of PCOS are similar compared to women with normal ovaries. Although symptoms and androgen levels are normalized over time, women with PCOS continue to display reduced insulin sensitivity and increased beta-cell function and they also have an increased risk of IGT and type 2 diabetes.
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Marsden, Philippa Jane. "Insulin action and ovarian function in polycystic ovary syndrome." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.313272.

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Kilpatrick, Kaylon Ann. "Starvation induces Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) like symptoms in Drosophila melanogaster." Thesis, Mississippi College, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10128977.

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<p> Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) is a metabolic and endocrine disorder that is the most common cause of infertility. PCOS can manifest itself as a long and short term disability and is characterized by insulin resistance (IR), hyperandrogenism, anovulation, hyperinsulinaemia and polycystic ovaries. Our lack of understanding of this disorder and its long term effects has complicated the treatment of the disorder; yet, it is clear that PCOS involves the intricate interaction between genetics, environments and behaviors. To study this disease, scientists have used various animal models. Since the <i> Drosophila</i> model for PCOS has only been postulated,in this work, we determined whether starvation along with the addition of steroid hormones would induce a PCOS-like disorder in <i>D. melanogaster</i> after 24 hour exposure. </p><p> In women with PCOS, testosterone levels and the expression of the androgen receptor are elevated. In fruit flies, ecdysone (E) and its &ldquo;active&rdquo; form, 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), are homologous to the human testosterone and 20-hydroxytestosterone, respectively. This hormone is required for circadian cycles, molting, and maturation in insects. More specifically, this hormone is also located in ovarian tissue and aids in follicular development. The receptor for ecdysone is the ecdysone receptor (EcR). In this work, we examined the expression of the ecdysone receptor (EcR) upon starvation for up to 24 hours by immunofluorescence microcopy. Using qRT-PCR, we determined the levels of expression of genes usually associated with inflammation. Ovarian dysfunction was examined by measuring the fecundity of the females. Starvation increases the expression of the EcR and pro-inflammatory gene expression and decreases fecundity, suggesting that <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> is a potentially useful model organism in the study of PCOS.</p>
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Desjardins, G. Clarissa (Gina Clarissa). "Role of the hypothalamic opioid system in estradiol-induced polycystic ovarian syndrome." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=41015.

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The intrahypothalamic distribution of mu, delta and kappa opioid receptor types was examined by in vitro radioautography using the opioid ligands $ sp{125}$I-FK-33 824, $ sp{125}$I-DTLET and $ sp{125}$I-DPDYN, respectively as selective markers. The density and distribution of these receptors in the hypothalamus of normal rats was then compared to that of rats injected with estradiol valerate in order to verify the location of the described increase in $ sp3$H-naloxone binding and to identify the specific opioid receptor type involved. Analysis of opioid receptor changes following long-term exposure to estradiol revealed that mu opioid binding densities were significantly increased in the medial preoptic area of EV-treated animals. Delta and kappa opioid binding densities were unchanged in the medial preoptic area although a slight decrease in delta sites was observed in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Hypothalamic $ beta$-endorphin concentrations were concomitantly decreased in EV-treated animals, suggesting that observed increases in mu opioid binding were due to a compensatory up-regulation of receptors secondary to loss of $ beta$-endorphin input from the arcuate nucleus. To confirm this interpretation, mu opioid receptor binding was measured in the MPOA of animals treated with monosodium glutamate, which destroys the arcuate nucleus. Results indicated that mu opioid receptor binding densities were inversely proportional to hypothalamic $ beta$-endorphin concentrations in the same animals supporting the existence of a causal relationship between chronic reductions in hypothalamic $ beta$-endorphin concentrations and mu opioid receptor upregulation in the medial preoptic area.<br>To further document the decreased concentrations of $ beta$-endorphin in the hypothalamus of EV-treated animals, light microscopic immunocytochemistry for $ beta$-endorphin was performed in colchicine treated control and EV-injected rats. Eight weeks following EV treatment, a 60% decrease in the total number of $ beta$-endorphin-immunoreactive neurons was detected in the arcuate nucleus, while neuron numbers for nearby neuronal populations were unchanged. These results were confirmed in biochemical experiments demonstrating reduced hypothalamic $ beta$-endorphin concentrations in the absence of changes in neuropeptide-Y and met-enkephalin in EV-treated rats as compared to controls. Cell counts performed in Nissl-stained material using unbiased stereological methods revealed a reduction in the total number of neurons in the EV-treated group as compared to controls. Furthermore, the estimated number of neurons lost ($ sim$3500) corresponded precisely with the total number of $ beta$-endorphin neurons lost ($ sim$3600) as estimated using quantitative immunocytochemistry. Together, these findings strongly suggest that $ beta$-endorphin neurons are selectively destroyed following long-term exposure to estradiol. Results demonstrated that EV-treated animals co-treated with vitamin E displayed hypothalamic $ beta$-endorphin concentrations similar to controls. In addition, these animals maintained regular estrous cycles and displayed normal ovarian morphology. These findings suggest that estradiol-induced neurotoxicity of $ beta$-endorphin neurons involves the production of free radicals and further supports the notion that the loss of these neurons is important to the induction of chronic anovulation and polycystic ovaries resulting after EV treatment. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Wang, Qi. "Chemerin and Prohibitin in the Regulation of Ovarian Follicular Development and their Potential Involvement in Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/24098.

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Follicular growth and maturation are tightly regulated processes, which involve the participation of endocrine, autocrineparacrine factors and intracellular molecules. Due to the numerous research efforts, a large number of regulators and their mechanisms of regulation of follicular growth and differentiation have been established. Although the abnormal expression and activities of some of these regulators are believed to be associated with ovarian dysfunction diseases, such as polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), the etiology and pathogenesis of this syndrome are not completely understood. In this thesis, we have identified two novel regulators of follicular growth and differentiation and examined the cellular and molecular mechanisms that contribute to the folliculogenesis. We present here that chemerin reduces FSH-induced steroidogenic enzyme expression and steroid hormone production in follicles and granulosa cells. Prohibitin expression is upregulated by chemerin and knockdown of prohibitin attenuates the suppressive role of chemerin on steroidogenesis, an action regulated by Akt. Using an androgenized rodent model, we also present the dysregulation of chemerin and prohibitin and their association with dysregulated follicular steroidogenesis. Our data and preliminary clinical studies demonstrate the potential involvement of chemerin and prohibitin in the etiology of PCOS. These studies significantly improve the knowledge of ovarian functions and the pathophysiology of PCOS, and provide important clues for the development of novel diagnosis biomarkers and new treatment strategies for this complex syndrome.
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Sprung, Victoria Spencer. "The impact of obesity and fitness on endothelial function in polycystic ovarian syndrome." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2012. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/6119/.

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Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a highly prevalent heterogeneous syndrome associated with abdominal obesity, insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome. This clustering of risk factors could translate into an adverse cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk profile. Endothelial dysfunction, an early barometer of CVD, has been exhibited by women with PCOS; however, it remains unclear whether endothelial dysfunction is independent of CVD risk factors in this population. Exercise training has been found to enhance conduit artery and cutaneous microvessel endothelial function in various populations. Nevertheless, limited research exists regarding the cardiovascular effects of exercise in PCOS, and its impact on endothelial function in conduit arteries and cutaneous microvessels, has not been explored. The primary aim of this thesis was to examine nitric oxide (NO)-mediated endothelial function at different levels of the vascular tree in women with PCOS and to establish whether supervised exercise training induces a therapeutic effect on endothelial function. A systematic review of published studies comparing FMD in PCOS and control women was conducted. Twenty-one published studies were identified for inclusion (pCOS n=908; controls n=566). Differences in FMD between PCOS and controls were synthesised and meta-regressed against BMI and age. The pooled mean FMD was 3.5% lower (95% CI=3.4, 3.7%; P < 0.001) in women with PCOS compared with controls; and the PCOS-mediated reduction in FMD was most evident in studies involving less obese women. PCOS [n=35, 28y (95% CI=26, 30), 31kg/m2 (95% CI=27, 35)] and control women [n=16, 32y (95% CI=30, 35), 30kg/m2 (95% CI=25, 32)] were recruited. Brachial artery endothelial function was assessed using flow-mediated dilation (FMD). Internal adipose tissue (lAT), subcutaneous (SAT), visceral (VAT) and abdominal SAT was quantified using whole body magnetic resonance imaging and IH magnetic resonance spectroscopy quantified liver and skeletal muscle fat. Cardiorespiratory fitness, glycaemic control, reproductive hormone and lipid profiles were also assessed. FMD was impaired in PCOS when compared with control women [-4.5% (95% CI=-6.3, -2.8), P < O.OOl]. When FMD was adjusted for individual differences in IAT [-4.3% (95% CI=-6.l, -2.4), P < O.OOl], VAT [-4.4% (95% CI=-6.3, -2.5), P < O.OOl] and insulin resistance [-3.9% (95% CI=-5.6, -2.1), P < O.OO 1], the difference in FMD between groups remained. Ten women with PCOS [27y (95% CI=23, 32), 31 kg/rrr' (95% CI=28, 34)] completed a 16-week supervised exercise programme while 7 women with PCOS [29y (95% CI=24, 35), 35kg/m2 (95%CI=31, 40)] opted for conventional care and followed simple lifestyle advice. Exercise training improved FMD to a greater degree than conventional care [3.4% (95% CI=1.8, 5.1), P > 0.0005] and in parallel greater improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness were observed with exercise [4.7ml/kg/min (95% CI=1.4, 7.9), P=0.005]. These changes with exercise occurred independently of changes in VAT, SAT or insulin resistance. NO-mediated vasodilation in the cutaneous microvessels was examined in 11 PCOS [29y (95% CI=25, 34), 34kg/m2 (95% CI=30, 38)] and 6 control women [29y (95% CI=21, 37), 34kg/m2 (95% CI=28, 39)] using laser Doppler flowmetry combined with intra-dermal microdialysis of L-NG-monomethyl arginine to assay the NO dilator system in response to incremental local heating of the forearm. Six women with PCOS [30y (95% CI=22, 37), 31kg/m2 (95% CI=25, 37)] then undertook a 16-week exercise-training programme. Nitric oxide contribution was attenuated in women with PCOS at peak heating [-16.0CVCmax (95% CI=-32.5, 0.6), P=0.05] and during prolonged maximal heating [-15.4CVCmax (95% CI=- 29.6, -1.3), P=0.04], compared with control women. Cardiorespiratory fitness improved by 5.0ml/kg/min (95% CI=0.9, 9.2) following exercise training (P=0.03). This was accompanied by increased NO contribution to cutaneous blood flow between 36.5-42°C (P < 0.05), at peak heating [19.6CVCmax (95% CI=4.3, 34.9), P=0.02] and during prolonged maximal heating [17.1CVCmax (95% CI=2.2, 32.2), P=0.03]. The findings from this thesis suggest that endothelial dysfunction is an intrinsic characteristic of PCOS and that supervised exercise training enhances endothelial function in both conduit vessels and cutaneous microvessels, independent of adiposity or traditional CVD risk factors. The direct impact of exercise training on the vasculature of women with PCOS may decrease the risk of CVD morbidities, such as hypertension, and consequently reduce cardiovascular mortality in post-menopausal years.
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El, Mahdi E. "Studies to investigate a possible association between Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Epithelial Ovarian Cancer." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2013. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1397057/.

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Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine disorders, affecting 5 % to 10 % of women of reproductive age. The Syndrome is associated with Type II diabetes and endometrial carcinoma but an association with epithelial ovarian cancer has also been suggested. The studies described in this thesis were designed to investigate this association at population, cellular and molecular levels. In the first study, a cross sectional questionnaire survey was conducted of 121 women aged between the ages of 20 and 40, with or without PCOS. Analysis of the replies from 52 women with PCOS and 82 controls, showed that women with PCOS were significantly more likely to give a positive family history of breast cancer and myocardial infarction (20% vs 5%, p<0.05 and 35% vs 15%, p, 0.05, respectively). The second study was performed on 102 formalin fixed, paraffin embedded ovarian biopsies. In this study the surface epithelium of PCOS ovaries was compared with controls. The results showed significant epithelial changes in the PCOS group, with a higher prevalence of Psammoma bodies and mitoses (p< 0.01 and p < 0.02, respectively). Expression of cell cycle and apoptotic (p53, Cyclin D, Ki67 and bcl2) proteins in the ovarian surface epithelium was assessed using immunohistochemistry in 15 PCOS subjects and 15 controls. P53 expression was significantly (p= 0.003) increased in the PCOS women compared with controls. The third project was performed to identify gene expression in ovaries from women with PCOS, ovarian cancer and healthy controls (three ovaries from each group were utilized). 34(2%) genes consistently varied in abundance between normal and PCOS samples, 12 genes were over expressed in PCOS and 22 under expressed. One of the over expressed genes identified is human alpha 2 smooth muscle actin. It was 15 fold higher in PCOS ovary, than in normal ovary p< 0.001. Conclusions: the results of these studies do not provide convincing evidence of a correlation between PCOS and ovarian cancer.
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Al-Mizyen, Ebtisam S. S. "Unilateral versus bilateral laparoscopic ovarian diathermy in the management of infertile women with clomiphene citrate resistant polycystic ovarian syndrome." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.538365.

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Konecki, Angela. "A Retrospective Analysis of the Effect Weight Loss and Metformin use in Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome." The University of Arizona, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/624469.

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Class of 2006 Abstract<br>Objectives: To determine if Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) patients treated with lifestyle changes and metformin resulted in ovulation after six months of treatment. Methods: A retrospective chart review of initial patient visits at an infertility clinic were obtained. Patients that were given a diagnosis of PCOS were further reviewed for age at initial diagnosis, weight, height, ovarian cysts, lifestyle recommendations (diet, exercise, and vitamin use), metformin recommendations and usage, and if ovulation occurred after six months of treatment. Results: A total of 1011 charts were reviewed. At the initial office visit, 206 (20.38%) of these patients were classified as having PCOS. Of PCOS patients, 113 (54.85%) patients ovulated after six months of treatment. In the average initial weight, ovulators averaged slightly less weight than did non-ovulators (171.77 pounds ± 44.26 vs. 188.65 pounds ± 51.37, p=0.0121). This also follows true for the initial BMI of ovulators vs. non-ovulators (29.53 kg/m2 ± 10.14 vs. 32.69 kg/m2 ± 13.03, p=0.0521). There was a significant difference in metformin use between ovulators and non-ovulators (90.27% vs. 73.12%, p=0.0024). More ovulators were found to continue metformin treatment as compared to non-ovulators. Conclusions: In this specific infertility clinic setting, 20.3% of patients were diagnosed with PCOS at the initial office visit. Of these PCOS patients, treatment with lifestyle changes and metformin use resulted in 55% of patients achieving ovulation at six months. This study shows that weight loss, through lifestyle modification and metformin treatment, increases this population’s chances of ovulation within six months of therapy.
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Books on the topic "Polycystic ovarian syndrome"

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Diamanti-Kandarakis, Evanthia, John E. Nestler, Dimitrios Panidis, and Renato Pasquali, eds. Insulin Resistance and Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome. Humana Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-310-3.

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Hajam, Younis Ahmad, Rajesh Kumar, D. R. Thakur, and Seema Rai. Herbal Medicine Applications for Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome. CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003344728.

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Payal, A. P. Her-sutism: A comic about polycystic ovarian syndrome. A.P. Payal, 2018.

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Evanthia, Diamanti-Kandarkis, ed. Insulin resistance and polycystic ovarian syndrome: Pathogenesis, evaluation, and treatment. Humana Press, 2007.

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Evanthia, Diamanti-Kandarkis, ed. Insulin resistance and polycystic ovarian syndrome: Pathogenesis, evaluation, and treatment. Humana Press, 2007.

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Samra, J. S. Endocrine and metabolic studies in patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome. University of Birmingham, 1992.

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Futterweit, Walter. A patient's guide to PCOS: Understanding and reversing polycystic ovarian syndrome. Edited by Ryan George. Henry Holt, 2006.

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George, Tolis, Bringer Jacques, and Chrousos George P, eds. Intraovarian regulators and polycystic ovarian syndrome: Recent progress on clinical and therapeutic aspects. New York Academy of Sciences, 1993.

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Parker, James N., and Philip M. Parker. Polycystic ovarian syndrome: A medical dictionary, bibliography, and annotated research guide to Internet references. ICON Health, 2004.

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Humphrey, Katie. Freedom from PCOS: 3 proven steps to naturally overcome polycystic ovarian syndrome and insulin resistance. K. Humphrey, 2010.

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Book chapters on the topic "Polycystic ovarian syndrome"

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Annamalai, Aniyizhai. "Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome." In Medical Management of Psychotropic Side Effects. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51026-2_46.

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Hernandez, M. Isabel, and Verónica Mericq. "Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome." In Brook's Clinical Pediatric Endocrinology. Wiley-Blackwell, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444316728.ch21.

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De Nicola, Ana Luisa Alencar, and Harley De Nicola. "Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome." In Atlas of Imaging in Infertility. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13893-0_2.

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Pal, Lubna, and Shefali Pathy. "Polycystic ovarian syndrome." In Evidence-based Obstetrics and Gynecology. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119072980.ch12.

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Al-Salem, Ahmed H. "Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome." In Pediatric Gynecology. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49984-6_14.

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Wierman, Margaret E. "Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome." In 2016 Meet-The-Professor: Endocrine Case Management. The Endocrine Society, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/mtp5.9781943550043.ch57.

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Christou, Maria A., Gesthimani Mintziori, Dimitrios G. Goulis, and Basil C. Tarlatzis. "Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome." In Amenorrhea. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-22378-5_8.

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Shoupe, Donna. "Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome." In Management of Common Problems in Obstetrics and Gynecology. Wiley-Blackwell, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444323030.ch93.

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Shukla, Alpana, and Lindsay Mandel. "Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome." In Obesity Management. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01039-3_4.

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Dokras, Anuja, and William I. Sivitz. "Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome." In Early Diagnosis and Treatment of Endocrine Disorders. Humana Press, 2003. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-378-1_9.

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Conference papers on the topic "Polycystic ovarian syndrome"

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Tasnim, Mayesha, Sejuty Das, Shafee Shadman Tonoy, and T. M. Shahriar Sazzad. "Follicle Detection in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Using Ovarian Ultrasound Images." In 2025 International Conference on Electrical, Computer and Communication Engineering (ECCE). IEEE, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1109/ecce64574.2025.11013906.

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Thorat, Snehal, Nihar Ranjan, Vaishnavi Gangal, Tejal Jogdand, Sahas Kulat, and S. P. Rao Borde. "Identification of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome through Clinical Metrics and Ultrasonographic Imaging Analysis." In 2024 IEEE International Conference on Contemporary Computing and Communications (InC4). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/inc460750.2024.10649348.

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Prathibanandhi, J., and G. S. Annie Grace Vimala. "Diagnosis of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome with the Implementation of Deep Learning Models." In 2024 Third International Conference on Electrical, Electronics, Information and Communication Technologies (ICEEICT). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iceeict61591.2024.10718482.

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Olaolu, Tomilola D., Damilare E. Rotimi, Toluwaloju J. Okuntola, Charles Nwonuma, and Ayotunde P. Olaolu. "Effects of Agnus castus aqueous leaf extract on letrozole-induced polycystic ovarian syndrome in rats." In 2024 International Conference on Science, Engineering and Business for Driving Sustainable Development Goals (SEB4SDG). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/seb4sdg60871.2024.10630393.

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Cruze, Francis Rudra D., Amina Khatun, Md Faruk Hosen, Mohammad Sarwar Hossain Mollah, Md Nasimul Kader, and Muhammad Shahin Uddin. "Leveraging Machine Learning to Uncover Molecular Pathways and Candidate Drugs in Ovarian Cancer and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome." In 2025 International Conference on Electrical, Computer and Communication Engineering (ECCE). IEEE, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1109/ecce64574.2025.11013839.

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Genola Moore, Moesha Danielle, Kevin Baboolal, and Patrick Hosein. "On the Prediction of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome." In 2023 IEEE International Conference on Technology Management, Operations and Decisions (ICTMOD). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ictmod59086.2023.10438162.

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Madhumitha, J., M. Kalaiyarasi, and S. Sakthiya Ram. "Automated Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Identification with Follicle Recognition." In 2021 3rd International Conference on Signal Processing and Communication (ICPSC). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icspc51351.2021.9451720.

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Tanwar, Akanksha, Anima Jain, and Anamika Chauhan. "Accessible Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Diagnosis Using Machine Learning." In 2022 3rd International Conference for Emerging Technology (INCET). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/incet54531.2022.9824049.

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Mehrotra, Palak, Chandan Chakraborty, Biswanath Ghoshdastidar, Sudarshan Ghoshdastidar, and Kakoli Ghoshdastidar. "Automated ovarian follicle recognition for Polycystic Ovary Syndrome." In 2011 IEEE International Conference on Image Information Processing (ICIIP). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iciip.2011.6108968.

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Nandalike, Kiran, CHHAVI Agarwal, SUSAN Coupey, Sanghun Sin, and Raanan Arens. "Polysomnographic Findings In Adolescent Girls With Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome." In American Thoracic Society 2010 International Conference, May 14-19, 2010 • New Orleans. American Thoracic Society, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2010.181.1_meetingabstracts.a2430.

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Reports on the topic "Polycystic ovarian syndrome"

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Liang, Xingyan, Yu Su, Chunli Lu, and Hongxia Ma. Chinese herbal medicine combined with acupuncture for women with polycystic ovarian syndrome. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.8.0048.

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Yang, Liu, FX Liang, Y. Yuan, et al. Efficacy of progestin-primed ovarian stimulation (PPOS) in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome during IVF/ICSI treatments: A systematic review and meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2023.4.0059.

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Review question / Objective: This systematic review aims to evaluate the efficacy of progestin-primed ovarian stimulation (PPOS) on reproductive outcomes in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) undergoing assisted reproductive techniques. Condition being studied: PCOS is a common endocrine disorder that can cause infertility in women of childbearing age. The PPOS protocol, which involves oral progestins with gonadotropin (Gn), has been shown to be effective and safe in treating patients with PCOS. However, the question of whether PPOS provides a significant benefit over conventional GnRH analogue protocols in PCOS patients is still controversial.
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zeng, meifang, and Hailing Jiang. Effects of different endometrial preparation protocols on pregnancy outcomes in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome undergoing frozen embryo transfer:A network meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2024.5.0001.

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Feng, Jia, Shan Duan, and Waqas Ahmed. Comparison of combined clomiphene and letrozole versus only letrozole for ovulation induction in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2023.8.0109.

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Glintborg, Dorte, Naja Due Kolster, Pernille Ravn, and Marianne Skovsager Andersen. Prospective risk of type 2 diabetes in normal weight women with polycystic ovary syndrome. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.6.0070.

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Review question / Objective: To investigate the risk for type 2 diabetes (T2D) in normal weight women with PCOS. The following PECOs (Population, Exposure, Comparator and Outcome) were included: Population: Pre- and postmenopausal women. Exposure: PCOS Comparator: Healthy control or background population. Outcome: T2D. Condition being studied: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder of reproductive-aged women with a prevalence of 15–20%. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is most often defined according to the Rotterdam criteria, which include irregular ovulation, biochemical/clinical hyperandrogenism, and/or polycystic ovaries when other causes are excluded.
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