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Journal articles on the topic 'Polyesters; Copolymers; Side chains'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 15 February 2022

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1

Tarabukina, Elena, Emil Fatullaev, Anna Krasova, et al. "Synthesis, Structure, Hydrodynamics and Thermoresponsiveness of Graft Copolymer with Aromatic Polyester Backbone at Poly(2-isopropyl-2-oxazoline) Side Chains." Polymers 12, no. 11 (2020): 2643. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12112643.

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New thermoresponsive graft copolymers with an aromatic polyester backbone and poly(2-isopropyl-2-oxazoline) (PiPrOx) side chains are synthesized and characterized by NMR and GPC. The grafting density of side chains is 0.49. The molar masses of the graft-copolymer, its backbone, side chains, and the modeling poly-2-isopropyl-2-oxaziline are 74,000, 19,000, 4300, and 16,600 g·mol−1, respectively. Their conformational properties in nitropropane as well as thermoresponsiveness in aqueous solutions are studied and compared with that of free side chains, i.e., linear PiPrOx with a hydrophobic terminal group. In nitropropane, the graft-copolymer adopts conformation of a 13-arm star with a core of a collapsed main chain and a PiPrOx corona. Similarly, a linear PiPrOx chain protects its bulky terminal group by wrapping around it in a selective solvent. In aqueous solutions at low temperatures, graft copolymers form aggregates due to interaction of hydrophobic backbones, which contrasts to molecular solutions of the model linear PiPrOx. The lower critical solution temperature (LCST) for the graft copolymer is around 20 °C. The phase separation temperatures of the copolymer solution were lower than that of the linear chain counterpart, decreasing with concentration for both polymers.

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2

Kupczak, Maria, Anna Mielańczyk, and Dorota Neugebauer. "The Influence of Polymer Composition on the Hydrolytic and Enzymatic Degradation of Polyesters and Their Block Copolymers with PDMAEMA." Materials 14, no. 13 (2021): 3636. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14133636.

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Well-defined, semi-degradable polyester/polymethacrylate block copolymers, based on ε-caprolactone (CL), d,l-lactide (DLLA), glycolide (GA) and N,N′-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA), were synthesized by ring-opening polymerization (ROP) and atom transfer radical polymerization. Comprehensive degradation studies of poly(ε-caprolactone)-block-poly(N,N′-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PCL-b-PDMAEMA) on hydrolytic degradation and enzymatic degradation were performed, and those results were compared with the corresponding aliphatic polyester (PCL). The solution pH did not affect the hydrolytic degradation rate of PCL (a 3% Mn loss after six weeks). The presence of a PDMAEMA component in the copolymer chain increased the hydrolysis rates and depended on the solution pH, as PCL-b-PDMAEMA degraded faster in an acidic environment (36% Mn loss determined) than in a slightly alkaline environment (27% Mn loss). Enzymatic degradation of PCL-b-PDMAEMA, poly(d,l-lactide)-block-poly(N,N′-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PLA-b-PDMAEMA) and poly(lactide-co-glycolide-co-ε-caprolactone)-block-poly(N,N′-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PLGC-b-PDMAEMA) and the corresponding aliphatic polyesters (PCL, PLA and PLGC) was performed by Novozyme 435. In enzymatic degradation, PLGC degraded almost completely after eleven days. For polyester-b-PDMAEMA copolymers, enzymatic degradation primarily involved the ester bonds in PDMAEMA side chains, and the rate of polyester degradation decreased with the increase in the chain length of PDMAEMA. Amphiphilic copolymers might be used for biomaterials with long-term or midterm applications such as nanoscale drug delivery systems with tunable degradation kinetics.

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3

Morrow, Cary J. "Biocatalytic Synthesis of Polyesters Using Enzymes." MRS Bulletin 17, no. 11 (1992): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400046650.

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Plants and animals have been exploited as sources of materials for centuries but, as our ability to analyze and fractionate them has progressed, the extraordinary range of properties available from materials produced by living systems has continued to grow. Doi, in another article in this issue of the MRS Bulletin, presents a discussion of a group of naturally occurring polyesters related to poly(beta-hydroxybutyrate). These polyesters are formed in vivo by several microorganisms as part of an energy storage scheme. Research on these systems has allowed growth conditions to be found that can lead, in a controlled fashion, to a number of copolymers. Useful materials based on these bacterial polyesters appear to be at hand.The in-vivo formation of polyesters in microorganisms also illustrates several of the important reasons for examining biocatalytic polymer synthesis. First, unlike most industrial syntheses of polyesters, the poly(beta-hydroxybutyrate) biosynthesis occurs at a near-ambient temperature using a carbohydrate feedstock. Second, and perhaps most importantly, the stored polyesters are readily biodegraded by the bacteria that manufacture them, so materials based on these polyesters should also be biodegradable. Third, although there are side chains along the polymer backbone, they are introduced in a highly stereo-specific fashion during in-vivo synthesis, leading to an entirely stereoregular polyester. However, along with these advantages, there are also significant limitations to bacterial polyester synthesis. First, there are some substrates that are not incorporated into the polyester by the bacteria. Second, normal metabolism leads to the polyester, always incorporating a fraction of hydroxybutyrate monomers. Third, the backbone is always comprised of four-atom, A-B type 3-hydroxy acid repeat units with variations appearing in the side chain at carbon-3.

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4

Meleshko, T. K., A. B. Razina, N. N. Bogorad, et al. "Synthesis of Poly(ester-graft-methyl methacrylate) on a Macroinitiator with Lateral Sulfonyl Chloride Groups by Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization." Polymer Science, Series B 63, no. 4 (2021): 385–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1560090421040072.

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Abstract New polymer brushes with an ester backbone and poly(methyl methacrylate) side chains are synthesized by polycondensation and polymerization methods. The initiating groups are sulfonyl chloride groups laterally attached to the polyester chain. PMMA side chains are grafted by the ATRP method according to the “grafting from” multicenter macroinitiator strategy. The conditions for the polymerization processes in a controlled mode are selected, and the ways of targeted regulation of the degree of polymerization of methacrylate side chains are determined. Using the synthesized copolymers self-supporting films are obtained, and their physical and mechanical properties are studied.

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5

Śmigiel-Gac, Natalia, Elżbieta Pamuła, Małgorzata Krok-Borkowicz, Anna Smola-Dmochowska, and Piotr Dobrzyński. "Synthesis and Properties of Bioresorbable Block Copolymers of l-Lactide, Glycolide, Butyl Succinate and Butyl Citrate." Polymers 12, no. 1 (2020): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12010214.

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The paper presents the course of synthesis and properties of a series of block copolymers intended for biomedical applications, mainly as a material for forming scaffolds for tissue engineering. These materials were obtained in the polymerization of l-lactide and copolymerization of l-lactide with glycolide carried out using a number of macroinitiators previously obtained in the reaction of polytransesterification of succinic diester, citric triester and 1,4-butanediol. NMR, FTIR and DSC were used to characterize the materials obtained; wettability and surface free energy were assessed too. Moreover, biological tests, i.e., viability and metabolic activity of MG-63 osteoblast-like cells in contact with synthesized polymers were performed. Properties of obtained block copolymers were controlled by the composition of the polymerization mixture and by the composition of the macroinitiator. The copolymers contained active side hydroxyl groups derived from citrate units present in the polymer chain. During the polymerization of l-lactide in the presence of polyesters with butylene citrate units in the chain, obtained products of the reaction held a fraction of highly branched copolymers with ultrahigh molecular weight. The reason for this observed phenomenon was strong intermolecular transesterification directed to lactidyl side chains, formed as a result of chain growth on hydroxyl groups related to the quaternary carbons of the citrate units. Based on the physicochemical properties and results of biological tests it was found that the most promising materials for scaffolds formation were poly(l-lactide–co–glycolide)–block–poly(butylene succinate–co–butylene citrate)s, especially those copolymers containing more than 60 mol % of lactidyl units.

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6

Saner, B., Y. Z. Menceloglu, and N. Bilgin Oncu. "Branched Pentablock Poly(L-lactide-co-∊-caprolactone) Synthesis in scCO2." High Performance Polymers 19, no. 5-6 (2007): 649–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954008307081209.

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Pentablock poly(L-lactide-co-∊-caprolactone) (PLLA/PCL), with a central fluorinated segment and four PLLA/PCL side chains was synthesized by sequential ring-opening polymerization (ROP) with stannous octoate catalyst in an environmentally benign and clean medium, scCO2. Copolymers of PLLA and PCL are extensively researched for biomedical applications. Fluorinated hydrocarbons are similarly promising for biomedicine, and especially for oxygen-carrying substitute applications. Initially, a fluorinated reactive triblock stabilizer (prepolymer, PCL-FLKT-PCL) with inner fluorinated segment and PCL side chains was synthesized in bulk from a tetraol fluorinated alcohol (FLKT) with a 99% conversion. The prepolymer was then utilized for the synthesis of copolymers in scCO2, where PLLA segments were successively incorporated to the ends of the prepolymer, forming a pentablock structure with four polyester side chains. Reactions were carried out at 75°C and 4000-4500 psi. Solubility studies of the prepolymer and the pentablock copolymer in scCO2 showed effective solubilization at the reaction temperature and pressure. The molecular weights of the products were measured with the aid of gel permeation chromatography; the prepolymer and the copolymer possessed average number molecular weights (Mn) in the range of 13 000 and 24 000 (for 96% conversion of LLA), respectively. Low poly-dispersity indexes were obtained: 1.34 for the prepolymer and 1.08-1.34 for the pentablock copolymer. Material characterization was carried out by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, 19F NMR, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

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7

Polloni, André E., Viviane Chiaradia, Ronaldo José F. C. do Amaral, et al. "Polyesters with main and side chain phosphoesters as structural motives for biocompatible electrospun fibres." Polymer Chemistry 11, no. 12 (2020): 2157–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0py00033g.

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8

Scholsky, K. M., E. B. Orler, K. J. Bixler, and R. W. Stackman. "Thermal and rheological properties of acrylic copolymers possessing crystallizable polyester side chains." Makromolekulare Chemie. Macromolecular Symposia 42-43, no. 1 (1991): 219–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.19910420118.

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9

Deng, Xin-Xing, Yang Cui, Yao-Zong Wang, Fu-Sheng Du, and Zi-Chen Li. "Graft Copolymers with Polyamide Backbones via Combination of Passerini Multicomponent Polymerization and Controlled Chain-growth Polymerization." Australian Journal of Chemistry 67, no. 4 (2014): 555. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch13450.

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We report a facile ‘grafting from’ approach to graft copolymers with polyamide backbones and controlled vinyl polymer or polyester side chains. Two polyamides with in situ-formed pendant bromide or hydroxyl groups were obtained by Passerini-based multicomponent polymerization. They were used respectively to initiate the atom-transfer radical polymerization of vinyl monomers or the ring-opening polymerization of lactones to generate two new types of graft copolymers. One of the important features of the method is that the pendant initiators are generated in situ from non-branching monomers, and they are linked to the polymer backbone by ester bonds. Therefore, the vinyl polymer side chains could be detached from the backbones, and their structures could thus be fully characterized. Moreover, multicomponent polymerization and atom-transfer radical polymerization can even be carried out in a one-pot manner.

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10

Wu, Kaiting, Xiaobin Chen, Siyi Gu, et al. "Decisive Influence of Hydrophobic Side Chains of Polyesters on Thermoinduced Gelation of Triblock Copolymer Aqueous Solutions." Macromolecules 54, no. 16 (2021): 7421–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00959.

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11

Kurlykin, Mikhail, Anna Bursian, Alexander Filippov, Marina Dudkina, and Andrey Tenkovtsev. "Multicenter Polyester Initiators for the Preparation of Graft Copolymers with Oligo(2-Oxazoline) Side Chains." Macromolecular Symposia 375, no. 1 (2017): 1600162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.201600162.

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12

Kurlykin, M. P., A. E. Bursian, O. V. Golub, A. P. Filippov, and A. V. Tenkovtsev. "Multicenter polyester initiators for the synthesis of graft copolymers with oligo(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) side chains." Polymer Science Series B 58, no. 4 (2016): 421–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1560090416040059.

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13

Mao, Jialin, Wei Zhang, Stephen ZD Cheng, and Chrys Wesdemiotis. "Analysis of monodisperse, sequence-defined, and POSS-functionalized polyester copolymers by MALDI tandem mass spectrometry." European Journal of Mass Spectrometry 25, no. 1 (2019): 164–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1469066719828875.

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Monodisperse, sequence-defined polymers can be potentially used for digital data storage. This study reports the sequence analysis and differentiation of monodisperse polyester copolymers carrying side chains functionalized in a specific order by polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) nanoparticles. Steglich esterification and succinic anhydride ring-opening chemistries were utilized iteratively to synthesize the intended sequences, which were characterized by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization tandem mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS2). Isomeric oligomers were readily distinguished based on their different fragmentation patterns. The sequences embedded in the oligomers were decrypted by their specific backbone dissociation pathways. The robustness of using MALDI-MS2 as a sequencing method for monodisperse synthetic macromolecules was assessed and validated by the characterization of longer oligomers.

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14

Li, L. S., and S. I. Stupp. "Phase transitions of a comb-shaped side-chain polyester: An electron diffraction study." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 49 (August 1991): 1048–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s042482010008955x.

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In order to reveal the phase transition sequence of aromatic polyesters and to characterize each phase appearing during heating, a comb-shaped side-chain polyester has been studied using electron diffraction techniques at room and higher temperatures. The chemical structure of the polyester is shown below,Fig. 1 is an electron diffraction pattern of two layers of the polymer, showing a chiral smectic E phase at room temperature. In this phase each layer consists of three orthorhombic lattices with orientations related to each other by rotations of ±60° as in a smectic E phase. However, there is an additional rotation of 5.9° between orthorhombic lattices in adjacent layers. When this polymer was heated to 67°C the electron diffraction pattern changed dramatically (Fig. 2). There are six strong reflections arrayed at equal angles, and the whole pattern shows a hexagonal reciprocal lattice plane. This indicates that the structure of the polymer is no longer that of a chiral smectic E phase, but a new phase, which is similar to the phase of p-hydroxybenzoate/m-hydroxybenzoate copolymer(95/5) at 350°C.

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15

Janicek, Miroslav, Roman Cermak, Martin Obadal, Christian Piel, and Petr Ponizil. "Ethylene Copolymers with Crystallizable Side Chains." Macromolecules 44, no. 17 (2011): 6759–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma201017m.

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16

Lee, Seung-Chul, Chan-Keun Jung, Hoon-Joo Jung, Suck-Hyun Lee, and O. P. Kwon. "Polyaniline copolymers with solvent-mimic side chains." Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 53, no. 17 (2015): 1986–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.27648.

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17

Nechifor, Marioara. "Aromatic polyesters with photosensitive side chains: Synthesis, characterization and properties." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 81, no. 6 (2016): 673–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc160111026n.

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New aromatic polyesters with photosensitive groups in their pendant chains were prepared from a diphenol carrying as substituent a cinnamoyl group extended with a flexible oxyethyleneoxy spacer and different aromatic dicarboxylic acids via direct polyesterification reaction in the presence of tosyl chloride/pyridine/dimethylformamide system as condensing agent. The resulting polyesters were characterized using Fourier-transform IR, proton and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance and ultraviolet spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, wide-angle X-ray diffractometry, gel permeation chromatography, viscosity measurement and solubility test. These polyarylates had moderate inherent viscosities ranging from 0.37 to 0.54 dL g-1, good solubility in polar aprotic solvents, and afforded transparent, colorless and apparently tough films by casting from their solutions. Their glass-transition temperatures ranged from 136 to 154?C. All of them did not show significant decomposition below 320?C and retained 38-47 % weight at 700?C in nitrogen atmosphere. The presence of cinnamoyl chromophore endowed these polymers with the ability to react to ultraviolet light which resulted in photodimerization between cinnamoyl side groups upon irradiation at l = 365 nm and cross-linking the polymers chains in the absence of photo-initiators or photo-sensitizers. As a consequence, the polymer films became insoluble in organic solvents.

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18

Liu, Xinhao, Tanmay Jain, Qianhui Liu, and Abraham Joy. "Structural insight into the viscoelastic behaviour of elastomeric polyesters: effect of the nature of fatty acid side chains and the degree of unsaturation." Polymer Chemistry 11, no. 32 (2020): 5216–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0py00457j.

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Increase in unsaturation of fatty acid side chains results in decrease of zero-shear viscosity, degree of entanglement and resilience of polyesters. Cis double bonds act as kinks that prevent molecular packing of polymer chains.

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19

Deng, Ru, Chengyuan Wang, Margarita Milton, Danni Tang, Andrew D. Hollingsworth, and Marcus Weck. "Side-chain functionalized supramolecular helical brush copolymers." Polymer Chemistry 12, no. 34 (2021): 4916–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1py00373a.

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20

Jehnichen, Dieter, Peter Friedel, Romy Selinger, et al. "Temperature dependant structural changes in thin films of random semifluorinated PMMA copolymers." Powder Diffraction 28, S2 (2013): S144—S160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0885715613001073.

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Semifluorinated (SF) side chain polymers show phase separation between polymer backbone and SF side chains. Due to strong interaction between SF segments the side chains determine the structure behaviour strongly, often resulting in layered structures in which backbones and layers of SF side chains alternate. The interest in this work was directed to find out the dependence of these structures on concentration of SF side chains. Thin films of random copolymers consisting of methylmethacrylate (MMA) and semifluorinated side chain methacrylate (SFMA) segments and with different fluorine content in the perfluoroalkyl side chains (abbreviated as H10F10 and H2F8) were prepared by spin-coating. Phase separation and structure changes were initiated by external subsequent annealing. Corresponding bulk material served as basic information. Generation of ordered structures and variation of film parameters were observed using different X-ray scattering methods (XRR, GIWAXS, and GISAXS). The phase behaviour in bulk is governed by the SF side chain amount and their specific fluorine content which control the self-organization tendency of SF side chains. Additionally, the confinement in thin films generates an orientation of side chains normally to film surface.

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21

Neugebauer, Dorota. "Graft copolymers with hydrophilic and hydrophobic polyether side chains." Polymer 48, no. 17 (2007): 4966–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2007.06.037.

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22

Yao, Da Hu, Guang Ji Li, and Yu Qing Zhang. "The Effect of Diacids and Diols on the Lipase-Catalyzed Synthesis and Properties of Biodegradable Functional Polyester." Advanced Materials Research 239-242 (May 2011): 1520–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.239-242.1520.

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Biodegradable polyesters with free hydroxyl groups were synthesis by the lipase-catalyzed polycondensation of L-malic acid with different diacids (succinic acid, adipic acid and sebacic acid) and diols (ethandiol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,6-hexanediol and 1,8-octanediol). The molecular weight (Mw) of the copolymers was affected by the alkylene chain lengths of diacids and diols. It was found that diacids and diols with longer alkylene chain lengths have a higher reactivity than that of shorter chain-length diacids and diols. The crytallizability of the copolymers were affected by the alkylene chains length of diacids and diols. The crytallizability decreased with the decreasing of the alkylene chains length of diacids and diols.

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23

Li, Lishan, Ye Cai, Zhengbiao Zhang, Wei Zhang, Nianchen Zhou, and Xiulin Zhu. "Photoresponsive amphiphilic block macrocycles bearing azobenzene side chains." RSC Advances 7, no. 61 (2017): 38335–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ra06688k.

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The cyclic architecture has an impact on the photoisomerization and packing behavior of micellar aggregates of amphiphilic block copolymers bearing pendant azobenzene and carboxyl groups as compared to their linear counterparts.

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24

Wang, David H., Stephen Z. D. Cheng, and Frank W. Harris. "Synthesis and characterization of aromatic polyesters containing multiple n-alkyl side chains." Polymer 49, no. 13-14 (2008): 3020–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2008.04.052.

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25

Friedel, Peter, Doris Pospiech, Dieter Jehnichen, J�rg Bergmann, and Christopher K. Ober. "Polyesters with semifluorinated side chains: A proposal for the solid-state structure." Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 38, no. 12 (2000): 1617–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-0488(20000615)38:12<1617::aid-polb70>3.0.co;2-q.

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26

Lu, C. X., Qiang Li, Dehong Zhang, and Aixue Ji. "Synthesis of polyesters containing nucleic acid base derivatives as pending side chains." Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 24, no. 3 (1986): 525–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1986.080240311.

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27

Mercx, F. P. M., A. Boersma, and S. B. Damman. "Electron beam crosslinking of rigid-rod polyesters with flexible aliphatic side chains." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 59, no. 13 (1996): 2079–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4628(19960328)59:13<2079::aid-app12>3.0.co;2-v.

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28

Inomata, Katsuhiro, Yoichi Sasaki, and Takuhei Nose. "Packing manner of graft copolymers with rigid-rod main chains and amorphous-crystalline diblock copolymers as side chains." Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 40, no. 17 (2002): 1904–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polb.10256.

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29

Park, Won Ho, Robert W. Lenz, and Steve Goodwin. "Epoxidation of Bacterial Polyesters with Unsaturated Side Chains. I. Production and Epoxidation of Polyesters from 10-Undecenoic Acid." Macromolecules 31, no. 5 (1998): 1480–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma9714528.

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30

Dai, Le, Hui Cao, and Hai Deng. "Highly Ordered Methacrylate Block Copolymers Containing Liquid Crystal Side Chains." Journal of Photopolymer Science and Technology 33, no. 5 (2020): 541–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2494/photopolymer.33.541.

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31

Cianga, Ioan, Yesim Hepuzer, and Yusuf Yagci. "Poly( p -phenylene) graft copolymers with polytetrahydrofuran/polystyrene side chains." Polymer 43, no. 8 (2002): 2141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0032-3861(02)00002-2.

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32

Hirahara, T., M. Yoshizawa-Fujita, Y. Takeoka, and M. Rikukawa. "Optical properties of polyfluorene–thiophene copolymers having chiral side chains." Synthetic Metals 159, no. 21-22 (2009): 2180–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2009.08.026.

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33

Gray, G. W., J. S. Hill, and D. Lacey. "Siloxane Copolymers with Laterally and Terminally Attached Mesogenic Side Chains." Angewandte Chemie 101, no. 8 (2006): 1146–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.19891010854.

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34

Gray, G. W., J. S. Hill, and D. Lacey. "Siloxane copolymers with laterally and terminally attached mesogenic side chains." Advanced Materials 1, no. 8-9 (1989): 292–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.19890010808.

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35

Gray, G. W., J. S. Hill, and D. Lacey. "Siloxane Copolymers with Laterally and Terminally Attached Mesogenic Side Chains." Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 28, no. 8 (1989): 1120–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.198911201.

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36

Ogata, N., K. Sanui, M. Watanabe, and I. Yahagi. "Novel graft copolymers having wholly aromatic polyamide as side chains." Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Letters Edition 23, no. 7 (1985): 349–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1985.130230701.

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37

Maeda, Yasushi, Miki Tsubota, and Isao Ikeda. "Temperature-Responsive Graft Copolymers with Poly(propylene glycol) Side Chains." Macromolecular Rapid Communications 24, no. 3 (2003): 242–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/marc.200390034.

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38

ALIEV, M. A., and N. Yu KUZMINYKH. "MICROPHASE SEPARATION IN POLYDISPERSE GRAFT COPOLYMERS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 27, no. 32 (2013): 1350189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979213501890.

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The phase behavior of the polydisperse An+1Bn multigraft copolymer melt is considered in a framework of weak segregation theory. The phase diagrams of melt are constructed within first harmonics approximation for two special cases: (i) lengths of backbone subchains between successive grafting points in each macromolecule are distributed according to the Schultz–Zimm distribution whereas lengths of side chains are fixed and (ii) both lengths of backbone subchains and side chains are distributed according to the same Schultz–Zimm distribution. The regions of stability of LAM, HEX and BCC mesophases in phase diagrams deform considerably as compared with the case of monodisperse graft copolymer. For both the cases the mean field phase diagrams indicate that order–disorder transition temperature grows as polydispersity index increases.

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39

Park, Won Ho, Robert W. Lenz, and Steve Goodwin. "Epoxidation of bacterial polyesters with unsaturated side chains. III. Crosslinking of epoxidized polymers." Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36, no. 13 (1998): 2389–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-0518(19980930)36:13<2389::aid-pola26>3.0.co;2-5.

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40

Yan, Yunfeng, and Daniel J. Siegwart. "Scalable synthesis and derivation of functional polyesters bearing ene and epoxide side chains." Polym. Chem. 5, no. 4 (2014): 1362–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3py01474f.

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41

Chen, Lixia, Ping Shen, Zhi-Guo Zhang, and Yongfang Li. "Side-chain engineering of benzodithiophene–thiophene copolymers with conjugated side chains containing the electron-withdrawing ethylrhodanine group." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 3, no. 22 (2015): 12005–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ta02360b.

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Four benzodithiophene–thiophene copolymers with conjugated side chains containing electron-withdrawing ethylrhodanine acceptor units were designed and synthesized. The PSCs based on the four polymers showed the highest PCE of 4.25%.

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42

Watanabe, Junji, Nobuhiro Sekine, Tokihiro Nematsu, Masato Sone, and Hans R. Kricheldorf. "Rigid-Rod Polyesters with Flexible Side Chains. 6. Appearance of Hexagonal Columnar Phase as a Consequence of Microsegregation of Aromatic Main Chains and Aliphatic Side Chains." Macromolecules 29, no. 13 (1996): 4816–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma960342i.

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43

Berlinova, Iliyana V., Ivaylo V. Dimitrov, and Ivan Gitsov. "Star-graft copolymers. Synthesis of amphiphilic graft copolymers with star-branched poly(oxyethylene) side chains." Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 35, no. 4 (1997): 673–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-0518(199703)35:4<673::aid-pola9>3.0.co;2-q.

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44

Wongmahasirikun, Phonpimon, Paweenuch Prom-on, Preeyanuch Sangtrirutnugul, Palangpon Kongsaeree, and Khamphee Phomphrai. "Synthesis of cyclic polyesters: effects of alkoxy side chains in salicylaldiminato tin(ii) complexes." Dalton Transactions 44, no. 27 (2015): 12357–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5dt00139k.

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A new salicylaldiminato tin(ii) catalyst system having alkoxy side chains has been developed and shown to effectively polymerize l-lactide and ε-caprolactone giving cyclic PLA and cyclic PCL, respectively.

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45

Liu, Xuncheng, Li Nian, Ke Gao, et al. "Low band gap conjugated polymers combining siloxane-terminated side chains and alkyl side chains: side-chain engineering achieving a large active layer processing window for PCE > 10% in polymer solar cells." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 5, no. 33 (2017): 17619–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ta05583h.

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Bongiovanni, Roberta, Andrew Nelson, Alessandra Vitale, and Ettore Bernardi. "Ultra-thin films based on random copolymers containing perfluoropolyether side chains." Thin Solid Films 520, no. 17 (2012): 5627–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2012.04.021.

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Tian, Baozheng, Xianwei Zhang, Yuquan Cai, Hong Fan, and Bo-Geng Li. "Efficient Synthesis of Novel Polyethylene Graft Copolymers Containing Polyfluorosiloxane Side Chains." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 58, no. 39 (2019): 18468–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.9b03009.

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Kim, Eun-Mi, Chan-Keun Jung, Eun-Young Choi, et al. "Highly conductive polyaniline copolymers with dual-functional hydrophilic dioxyethylene side chains." Polymer 52, no. 20 (2011): 4451–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2011.07.052.

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Krishnan, Sitaraman, Ramakrishnan Ayothi, Alexander Hexemer, et al. "Anti-Biofouling Properties of Comblike Block Copolymers with Amphiphilic Side Chains." Langmuir 22, no. 11 (2006): 5075–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la052978l.

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Russell, K. E., D. C. McFaddin, B. K. Hunter, and R. D. Heyding. "Crystallization of side chains in copolymers of ethylene and 1-alkenes." Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 34, no. 14 (1996): 2447–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-0488(199610)34:14<2447::aid-polb12>3.0.co;2-d.

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