Academic literature on the topic 'Polyglot texts, selections, quotations'

The article presents an analysis of some materials that were found among letters in the archive of Dmitrii Sergeevich Likhachev. These materials include notes about the contents, the composition, the form of publication, and the main theme of a new book that Likhachev was planning to write. By means of publishing a selection of extracts from medieval Russian literary texts of the 11th–18th centuries and of some translated texts, Likhachev apparently intended to reveal the search for humanity that the authors, editors, and copyists of these texts were engaged in. The scholar decided to name the book «The Bee». This title continues the tradition of Byzantine florilegia, which included selections of sayings of ancient authors, quotations from the Holy Scriptures, and theological works. Translations of such collections were widespread in the Slavic world. The six sheets of paper that contain Likhachev’s notes are undated, but their content suggests that the scholar conceived the idea of this book some time after 1985. The project, however, was not realized.

This essay considers William Empson’s Seven Types of Ambiguity (1930/1947) as a text situated within overlapping cultures of editing. Most famously, the book responds to Robert Graves and Laura Riding’s readings of Shakespeare’s “unedited” Sonnet 129, but it also closely reads scholarly footnotes. Empson’s own revisions for the 2nd edition and his prefatory reflections on them then extend an awareness of and willingness to play with mise-en-page unusual in literary criticism of the period, though common in its poetry. Seven Types should also be seen in the context of the Experiment group of writers, artists, and film-makers, for whom editing included montage and the curation of found texts and images. As a highly self-conscious textual environment predicated on editorial intervention read and written as a creative resource and scene of performance, it challenges the prospective editor by focusing attention on the spaces and times of editing. Further questions about textual performance are posed by this article’s form. All academic articles, like editions, are montages: they assemble, in significant sequence, textual elements drawn from different sources. Current conventions of scholarly referencing tend to conceal this, however, in that they persistently shift authority and attention away from the montage as process, the local effects of the selections and juxtapositions it performs, and the reader’s experience of these in the here and now of reading. Whereas the edition’s authority draws a text’s history into the present tense of its utterance, the article’s scholarly apparatus directs us to the past (in the form of those pre-existing and uncut works from which cited material originates) and scripts a future (in which readers will trace and restore this material to its original location). In order to reflect on the edition, this essay removes most of the article’s usual apparatus of reference in order to allow the montage itself and its present tense to predominate; where short quotations are incorporated in the text italics are substituted for quotation marks to indicate the temporary alteration of tone from one voice to another. These departures do not argue for the wholesale elimination of scholarly apparatus; rather, the essay’s wider suggestion would be that creative-critical writing is in a position to question all aspects of the academic text, reclaiming its form and formats for authorial use so that the conventional can re-emerge as an expressive resource.

The clearest evidence for Joyce’s knowledge of Aristotle are the thirty-one quotations which he copied into his ‘Early Commonplace Notebook’ in Paris in 1902. Taken mostly from De Anima (On the Soul) and the Metaphysics, they are well chosen selections of Aristotle’s central doctrines. They provide Stephen in Ulysses with the intellectual categories and concepts to interpret the meaning of history, the reliability of knowledge, and the identity of the self. Joyce’s quotations are presented, together with the (sometimes faulty) French translations which he used, modern English translations, the original Greek texts, as well as explanation and commentary.