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1

Hawthorne, M. Frederick, and Alexei Pushechnikov. "Polyhedral borane derivatives: Unique and versatile structural motifs." Pure and Applied Chemistry 84, no. 11 (2012): 2279–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac-con-12-02-11.

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Compounds with polyhedral borane moieties have demonstrated numerous unique properties for a variety of applications, including nanoelectronics, drug delivery vehicles, and live cell imaging. Polyhedral boranes are good pharmacophore analogs of carbocycles because polyhedral boranes are inherently insensitive to many undesirable enzymatic metabolic transformations typical for a majority of aromatic compounds. The defined shape, low molecular volume, and high 3D symmetry of the surface are useful for the application of the polyhedral borane scaffolds as universal and convenient spacers for the
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2

Golub, Igor E., Oleg A. Filippov, Vasilisa A. Kulikova, Natalia V. Belkova, Lina M. Epstein, and Elena S. Shubina. "Thermodynamic Hydricity of Small Borane Clusters and Polyhedral closo-Boranes." Molecules 25, no. 12 (2020): 2920. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25122920.

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Thermodynamic hydricity (HDAMeCN) determined as Gibbs free energy (ΔG°[H]−) of the H− detachment reaction in acetonitrile (MeCN) was assessed for 144 small borane clusters (up to 5 boron atoms), polyhedral closo-boranes dianions [BnHn]2−, and their lithium salts Li2[BnHn] (n = 5–17) by DFT method [M06/6-311++G(d,p)] taking into account non-specific solvent effect (SMD model). Thermodynamic hydricity values of diborane B2H6 (HDAMeCN = 82.1 kcal/mol) and its dianion [B2H6]2− (HDAMeCN = 40.9 kcal/mol for Li2[B2H6]) can be selected as border points for the range of borane clusters’ reactivity. Bor
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3

Kiremire, Enos Masheija Rwantale, and Ivan Lule. "Categorization of Boranes Into Clan Series." International Journal of Chemistry 12, no. 1 (2020): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijc.v12n1p107.

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Boranes, despite their instability in nature, can be regarded as hydrocarbon relatives since a [BH] fragment corresponds to a carbon [C] skeletal element in terms of the number of valence electrons. The borane formula which can be expressed as BnHm usually appears in such a way that when (n) is even, then (m) is even and when (n) is odd, (m) is odd as well. Through the study of cluster series, it appears that the cluster number K which represents skeletal linkages is usually a whole number. This inherent characteristic confers unique order within borane clusters with nodal connectivity of 5 an
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4

Jemmis, Eluvathingal D., and Elambalassery G. Jayasree. "The Relation Between Polyhedral Borane Sandwiches and Endohedral Complexes; the Electronic Structure and Stability of X@YmBnHn+mq (X = He, Ne, Li, Be; Y = B, C, Si; m = 0-3; n = 12-9; q = -2 to +2), (C2B4H6)2Xq (X = Li, Al, Si; q = -3, -1, 0) and X2@B17H17q (X = He, Li; q = -2, 0)." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 67, no. 7 (2002): 965–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc20020965.

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An electronic structural connection is established for sandwich complexes and polyhedral boranes containing encapsulated atoms. The charge requirements of these extreme geometrical patterns, examples 3 and 9, depend on the size of the central atom or on the distance between the adjacent rings. While going from the endohedral to the corresponding sandwich complexes the unoccupied a2u and eg molecular orbitals are stabilized considerably requiring additional 6 electrons for stability. The two endohedral atoms in the doped structures 10 resulting from the multidecker sandwich complexes 4 are foun
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5

Balakrishnarajan, Musiri M., and Eluvathingal D. Jemmis. "Electronic Requirements of Polycondensed Polyhedral Boranes." Journal of the American Chemical Society 122, no. 18 (2000): 4516–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja994199v.

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6

McGlinchey, Michael J., and Henning Hopf. "Reciprocal polyhedra and the Euler relationship: cage hydrocarbons, C n H n and closo-boranes [B x H x ]2−." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 7 (February 18, 2011): 222–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.7.30.

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The closo-boranes B x H x +2, or their corresponding anions [B x H x ]2− (where x = 5 through 12) and polycycloalkanes C n H n (where n represents even numbers from 6 through 20) exhibit a complementary relationship whereby the structures of the corresponding molecules, e.g., [B6H6]2− and C8H8 (cubane), are based on reciprocal polyhedra. The vertices in the closo-boranes correspond to faces in its polycyclic hydrocarbon counterpart and vice versa. The different bonding patterns in the two series are described. Several of these hydrocarbons (cubane, pentagonal dodecahedrane and the trigonal and
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7

Tokash, Justin C., Jason McLafferty, Yancheng Zhang, Wendy Coulson, and Digby D. Macdonald. "Polyhedral Boranes as Electrochemical Hydrogen Storage Materials." ECS Transactions 2, no. 29 (2019): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2815947.

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8

Dziedzic, Rafal M., and Alexander M. Spokoyny. "Metal-catalyzed cross-coupling chemistry with polyhedral boranes." Chemical Communications 55, no. 4 (2019): 430–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cc08693a.

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9

Jemmis, Eluvathingal D., and Musiri M. Balakrishnarajan. "Ab Initio Predictions on Novel Stuffed Polyhedral Boranes." Journal of the American Chemical Society 122, no. 30 (2000): 7392–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja001158m.

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10

Sivaev, I. B., and M. Yu Stogniy. "Mercury derivatives of polyhedral boranes, carboranes, and metallacarboranes." Russian Chemical Bulletin 68, no. 2 (2019): 217–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11172-019-2379-5.

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11

Shameema, Oottikkal, and Eluvathingal D Jemmis. "Orbital Compatibility in the Condensation of Polyhedral Boranes." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 47, no. 30 (2008): 5561–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.200801295.

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12

Tang, Au-Chin, and Qian-Shu Li. "A structural rule of polyhedral boranes and heteroboranes." International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 29, no. 4 (1986): 579–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qua.560290402.

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13

Shameema, Oottikkal, and Eluvathingal D Jemmis. "Orbital Compatibility in the Condensation of Polyhedral Boranes." Angewandte Chemie 120, no. 30 (2008): 5643–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.200801295.

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14

Wallach, Christoph, Felix S. Geitner, and Thomas F. Fässler. "FLP-type nitrile activation and cyclic ether ring-opening by halo-borane nonagermanide-cluster Lewis acid–base pairs." Chemical Science 12, no. 20 (2021): 6969–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1sc00811k.

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The reactivity of the lone pairs in polyhedral Zintl anions is shown by the reaction of the bis-silylated cluster [Ge<sub>9</sub>{Si(TMS)<sub>3</sub>}<sub>2</sub>]<sup>2−</sup> accomplishing cyclic-ether ring-opening or nitrile activation according to a FLP-like mechanism with bromo-boranes.
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15

King, R. Bruce. "Three-Dimensional Aromaticity in Polyhedral Boranes and Related Molecules." Chemical Reviews 101, no. 5 (2001): 1119–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr000442t.

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16

Sneddon, L. G. "Transition metal promoted reactions of polyhedral boranes and carboranes." Pure and Applied Chemistry 59, no. 7 (1987): 837–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac198759070837.

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17

Sivaev, Igor B., and Vladimir V. Bregadze. "Polyhedral Boranes for Medical Applications: Current Status and Perspectives." European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry 2009, no. 11 (2009): 1433–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejic.200900003.

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18

Sivaev, Igor B. "Combining Two Types of Boron in One Molecule (To the 60th Anniversary of the First Synthesis of Carborane)." Chemistry 5, no. 2 (2023): 834–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemistry5020059.

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This review is an attempt to bring together the data from the literature on the synthesis and properties of icosahedral carborane derivatives, in which exo-polyhedral three- and four-coordinated boron substituents are attached directly to the carborane cage through boron–carbon or boron–boron bonds. Various classes of compounds are considered, including carboranyl aryl boranes, boronic acids and their derivatives, boroles, diazaboroles, etc. Particular attention is paid to carborane-fused heterocycles containing boron atoms.
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19

Bruce King, R. "Geometry and chemical bonding in polyhedral boranes, metallaboranes, and dimetallaboranes: From closo to isocloso to oblatocloso polyhedra." Journal of Organometallic Chemistry 694, no. 11 (2009): 1602–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jorganchem.2008.12.060.

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20

Chen, Zhongfang, and R. Bruce King. "Spherical Aromaticity: Recent Work on Fullerenes, Polyhedral Boranes, and Related Structures†." Chemical Reviews 105, no. 10 (2005): 3613–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr0300892.

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21

King, R. Bruce. "ChemInform Abstract: Three-Dimensional Aromaticity in Polyhedral Boranes and Related Molecules." ChemInform 32, no. 31 (2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.200131286.

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22

Stogniy, Marina Yu, Svetlana A. Erokhina, Igor B. Sivaev, and Vladimir I. Bregadze. "Nitrilium derivatives of polyhedral boron compounds (boranes, carboranes, metallocarboranes): Synthesis and reactivity." Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Silicon and the Related Elements 194, no. 10 (2019): 983–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10426507.2019.1631312.

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23

Jemmis, Eluvathingal D., and Musiri M. Balakrishnarajan. "Polyhedral Boranes and Elemental Boron: Direct Structural Relations and Diverse Electronic Requirements." Journal of the American Chemical Society 123, no. 18 (2001): 4324–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja0026962.

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24

Balakrishnarajan, Musiri M., and Roald Hoffmann. "Polyhedral Boranes with Exo Multiple Bonds: Three-Dimensional Inorganic Analogues of Quinones." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 42, no. 32 (2003): 3777–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.200351821.

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25

Balakrishnarajan, Musiri M., and Roald Hoffmann. "Polyhedral Boranes with Exo Multiple Bonds: Three-Dimensional Inorganic Analogues of Quinones." Angewandte Chemie 115, no. 32 (2003): 3907–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.200351821.

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26

Barton, Lawrence, Oleg Volkov, Mitsuhiro Hata, Paul McQuade, and Nigam P. Rath. "Reactions of boranes and metallaboranes with phosphines." Pure and Applied Chemistry 75, no. 9 (2003): 1165–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200375091165.

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This paper reports extensions of the well-established field of phosphine–borane chemistry. Linked clusters, for example, {[(PPh3)2(CO)OsB4H7-3-BH2-PPh2]2 [(Fe(C5H4)2]}, are formed in reactions of rigid backboned bidentate phosphines with {2,2,2-(PPh3)2(CO)-nido-2-OsB5H9]. Reaction of bidentate phosphines with the unsaturated clusters [8,8-PPh3)2-nido-8,7-RhSB9H10] and [9,9-(PPh3)2-nido-9,7,8-RhC2B8 H11] leads to the isolation of novel species such as {1-(PPh3)[1,3-(µ-dppm)]-closo -1,2-RhSB9H8},with a dppm molecule bridging adjacent metal and boron vertices in the cage, [1,1-(ç2-dppe)-3-(ç1-dpp
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27

Gozzi, Marta, Benedikt Schwarze, and Evamarie Hey-Hawkins. "Half- and mixed-sandwich metallacarboranes for potential applications in medicine." Pure and Applied Chemistry 91, no. 4 (2019): 563–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2018-0806.

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Abstract Today, medicinal chemistry is still clearly dominated by organic chemistry, and commercially available boron-based drugs are rare. In contrast to hydrocarbons, boranes prefer the formation of polyhedral clusters via delocalized 3c2e bonds, such as polyhedral dicarba-closo-dodecaborane(12) (closo-C2B10H12). These clusters have remarkable biological stability, and the three isomers, 1,2- (ortho), 1,7- (meta), and 1,12-dicarba-closo-dodecaborane(12) (para), have attracted much interest due to their unique structural features. Furthermore, anionic nido clusters ([7,8-C2B9H11]2−), derived
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28

Calabrese, Gianpiero, John J. Nesnas, Eugen Barbu, Dimitris Fatouros, and John Tsibouklis. "The formulation of polyhedral boranes for the boron neutron capture therapy of cancer." Drug Discovery Today 17, no. 3-4 (2012): 153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2011.09.014.

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29

Rockwell, Juston J., Axel Herzog, Toralf Peymann, Carolyn B. Knobler, and M. Frederick Hawthorne. "ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in the Field of Camouflaged Carboranes and Polyhedral Boranes." ChemInform 31, no. 32 (2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.200032242.

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30

Muetterties, E. L., and B. F. Beier. "Structural Form and Nonrigidity in 6, 7, 8, and 9-Atom Polyhedral Boranes - Molecular Orbital Calculations." Bulletin des Sociétés Chimiques Belges 84, no. 4 (2010): 397–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bscb.19750840413.

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31

Mirabelli, Mario G. L., and Larry G. Sneddon. "Transition-metal-promoted reactions of boron hydrides. 9. Cp*Ir-catalyzed reactions of polyhedral boranes and acetylenes." Journal of the American Chemical Society 110, no. 2 (1988): 449–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja00210a023.

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32

Michael, D., P. Mingos, and Roy L. Johnston. "Allowed and forbidden nature of diamond- square-diamond degenerate rearrangements in polyhedral boranes-a general topological analysis." Polyhedron 7, no. 22-23 (1988): 2437–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0277-5387(00)86364-0.

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33

Jemmis, Eluvathingal D., and Pattath D. Pancharatna. "Condensed polyhedral boranes and analogous organometallic clusters: a molecular orbital and density functional theory study on the cap-cap interactions." Applied Organometallic Chemistry 17, no. 6-7 (2003): 480–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.462.

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34

Miller, Robert W., and James T. Spencer. "Small Heteroborane Cluster Systems. 8. Preparation of Phosphaborane Clusters from the Reaction of Polyhedral Boranes with Low-Coordinate Phosphorus Compounds: Reaction Chemistry of Phosphaalkynes with Decaborane(14)1." Organometallics 15, no. 20 (1996): 4293–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/om960197x.

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35

Cao, Ke, Cai-Yan Zhang, Tao-Tao Xu, et al. "Synthesis of Polyhedral Borane Cluster Fused Heterocycles via Transition Metal Catalyzed B-H Activation." Molecules 25, no. 2 (2020): 391. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25020391.

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Aromatic heterocycles are ubiquitous building blocks in bioactive natural products, pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries. Accordingly, the carborane-fused heterocycles would be potential candidates in drug discovery, nanomaterials, metallacarboranes, as well as photoluminescent materials. In recent years, the transition metal catalyzed B-H activation has been proved to be an effective protocol for selective functionalization of B-H bond of o-carboranes, which has been further extended for the synthesis of polyhedral borane cluster-fused heterocycles via cascade B-H functionalization/annu
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36

Greenwood, N. N., and J. D. Kennedy. "Some thought-provoking polyhedral borane chemistry." Pure and Applied Chemistry 63, no. 3 (1991): 317–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac199163030317.

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37

Rej, Sourav, Mahesh Madasu, Chih-Shan Tan, Chi-Fu Hsia, and Michael H. Huang. "Polyhedral Cu2O to Cu pseudomorphic conversion for stereoselective alkyne semihydrogenation." Chemical Science 9, no. 9 (2018): 2517–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7sc05232d.

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38

King, R. B. "Defective Vertices incloso- andnido-Borane Polyhedra." Inorganic Chemistry 40, no. 25 (2001): 6369–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ic0106165.

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39

Jasper, Steve A., Richard B. Jones, John Mattern, John C. Huffman, and Lee J. Todd. "Palladium-Mediated Substitution Reactions of Polyhedral Borane Anions." Inorganic Chemistry 33, no. 25 (1994): 5620–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ic00103a005.

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40

GREENWOOD, N. N., and J. D. KENNEDY. "ChemInform Abstract: Some Thought-Provoking Polyhedral Borane Chemistry." ChemInform 22, no. 21 (2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199121298.

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41

King, R. Bruce. "Trivalent Polyhedra as Duals of Borane Deltahedra: From Molecular Endohedral Germanium Clusters to the Smallest Fullerenes." Molecules 28, no. 2 (2023): 496. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28020496.

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The duals of the most spherical closo borane deltahedra having from 6 to 16 vertices form a series of homologous spherical trivalent polyhedra with even numbers of vertices from 8 to 28. This series of homologous polyhedra is found in endohedral clusters of the group 14 atoms such as the endohedral germanium cluster anions [M@Ge10]3– (M = Co, Fe) and [Ru@Ge12]3– The next members of this series have been predicted to be the lowest energy structures of the endohedral silicon clusters Cr@Si14 and M@Si16 (M = Zr, Hf). The largest members of this series correspond to the smallest fullerene polyhedr
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42

Bykov, A. Yu, N. A. Selivanov, A. P. Zhdanov, K. Yu Zhizhin, and N. T. Kuznetsov. "HOMOATOMIC POLYHEDRAL EXTENSION IN NONAHYDRO-closo-NONABORATE ANION [B9H9]2-." Fine Chemical Technologies 11, no. 2 (2016): 46–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.32362/2410-6593-2016-11-2-46-49.

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Nonahydro-closo-nonaborate anion possess the property of structural nonrigidity because of presence of three low-coordinated boron atoms. So it’s able to come into the reactions of polyhedral extension. This paper is devoted to the reactions of homoatomic polyhedral extension in nonahydrocloso-nonaborate anion [B9H9]2- in presence of triethylaminborane complex BH3·(C2H5)3N. It was shown that mixes of [B10H10]2- and [B12H12]2- salts in various molar ratios had been formed as products. These ratios depend on proportion of reagents. In presence of excess of triethylamin borane complex the molar r
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43

Hawthorne, M. Frederick. "New discoveries at the interface of boron and carbon chemistries." Pure and Applied Chemistry 75, no. 9 (2003): 1157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200375091157.

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The continued growth of polyhedral borane chemistry is illustrated by the successful synthesis of [closo-B12(OH)12]2 –by the H2O2 oxidation of [closo-B12H12,]2. The hydroxylated species reacts with common organic reagents to produce 12-fold degenerately substituted carboxylate esters, ethers, and carbamate esters. The ether derivatives undergo facile and reversible redox reactions in which the B12 scaffold serves as a one-or two-electron donor giving stable oxidation states described by [closo -or hypercloso-B12OR)12]n with n = −2,−1,and 0. The loss of polyhedral electrons is compensated by ba
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44

Nagasawa, Koichiro, and Masayuki Narisada. "Synthesis of polyhedral borane derivatives having a carboxy group." Tetrahedron Letters 31, no. 28 (1990): 4029–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4039(00)94491-5.

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45

Hosmane, Narayan S. "Recent advances in the chemistry of carboranes and metallacarboranes." Pure and Applied Chemistry 75, no. 9 (2003): 1219–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200375091219.

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An overview of the syntheses, structures, and reactivity of the compounds formed by the incorporation of a number of d- and f-block metals into C2B4- and C2B9-carborane cages have been presented. In addition,the development of a safe, bench-scale preparation of the toxic and commercially unavailable polyhedral borane synthon, namely pentaborane(9), has also been described. Thus, this report discusses the latest developments leading to a sys- tematic synthetic approach to a number of carborane precursors and the subsequent reaction chemistry in the formation of a number of “carbons-apart ”metal
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46

Wu, L., Y. Zhang, W. W. Su, Y. F. Kong, and J. J. Xu. "Structural study of nonlinear optical borates K1−xNaxSr4(BO3)3 (x≤0.5)." Powder Diffraction 25, S1 (2010): S11—S16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/1.3478412.

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X-ray powder diffraction was used for the structural study of nonlinear optical borates K1−xNaxSr4(BO3)3 (x≤0.5). Results show that up to 50% K+ can be substituted by Na+ in orthorhombic K1−xNaxSr4(BO3)3. Isolated BO3 triangles in the Na-substituted compound constrict to adjust to a local distribution of alkali-metal atoms, which explains the large range of structural homogeneity. An expansion of the c axis in a unit cell with increasing Na substitution was found probably caused by the tilted BO3 triangles and asymmetric distortion of (K/Na)O8 polyhedra. As the ratio of ionic radii of alkaline
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47

Sivaev, Igor B. "Decaborane: From Alfred Stock and Rocket Fuel Projects to Nowadays." Molecules 28, no. 17 (2023): 6287. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28176287.

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The review covers more than a century of decaborane chemistry from the first synthesis by Alfred Stock to the present day. The main attention is paid to the reactions of the substitution of hydrogen atoms by various atoms and groups with the formation of exo-polyhedral boron–halogen, boron–oxygen, boron–sulfur, boron–nitrogen, boron–phosphorus, and boron–carbon bonds. Particular attention is paid to the chemistry of conjucto-borane anti-[B18H22], whose structure is formed by two decaborane moieties with a common edge, the chemistry of which has been intensively developed in the last decade.
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48

Hawthorne, M. Frederick. "ADVANCES AT THE INTERFACE OF POLYHEDRAL BORANE CHEMISTRY AND MEDICINE." Comments on Inorganic Chemistry 31, no. 3-4 (2010): 153–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02603594.2010.520258.

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49

Kononova, E. G. "9-Vertex closo-boranes are new representatives of quasi-closo-polyhedra." Computational and Theoretical Chemistry 1038 (June 2014): 54–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comptc.2014.04.020.

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50

Georgiev, Emil M., Kenneth Shelly, Debra A. Feakes, Jeremy Kuniyoshi, Solomon Romano, and M. Frederick Hawthorne. "Synthesis of Amine Derivatives of the Polyhedral Borane Anion [B20H18]4-." Inorganic Chemistry 35, no. 19 (1996): 5412–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ic960171y.

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