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Journal articles on the topic 'Polymer additives'
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1
Hsu, S. C., D. Lin-Vien, and R. N. French. "Probing the Concentration Profiles of Additives in Polymers by IR Microspectroscopy: The Diffusion of Cyasorb UV531 in Polypropylene." Applied Spectroscopy 46, no. 2 (February 1992): 225–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702924125690.
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The recent advancement in FT-IR microspectrometry has provided a convenient way to probe the concentration profiles of additives in polymers. This technique opens up intriguing prospects for investigating additive/polymer or polymer/polymer interaction. In this work, the diffusion of a UV stabilizer, UV531, in polypropylene was selected to illustrate the applications of an IR microscope to monitor the concentration profiles of additives in polymers. In addition, a nonlinear least-squares fitting program was written to obtain diffusion coefficients from concentration profiles based on a theoretical model of the diffusion process. Because IR spectroscopy is functional-group specific, this technique is relatively insensitive to the presence of impurities or other additives in studying additive diffusion in polymers. The sensitivity, the aperturing capability, and the high spatial resolution of FT-IR microprobes make it possible to characterize a wider range of diffusion experiments in a shorter period of time than can be done using traditional techniques.
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Naghiyeva, E. A., and E. I. Hasanova. "The additives of polymer type." Azerbaijan Oil Industry, no. 02 (February 15, 2023): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.37474/0365-8554/2023-02-45-51.
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The paper presents the general data on various polymer additives – polyisobutylene, polyacrilates, polymetacrylates, oil-soluble polymers and copolymers of allyl and vynil monomers, the derivatives of alkylnaphtalines, alkylfenol, which improve viscous and depressor properties of the lubricants. While using polymer compounds undergo different processes of destruction and oxidation. To improve the stability, the aromatic fragments are involved in the polymers via various methods. The paper provides the results of the research surveys on the synthesis of the additives of polymer type with heat-stable, high viscous-temperature, depressor, anticorrosion, antioxidation properties, and their structure have been studied as well. It is noted that wide-range studies in the sphere of the synthesis and examination of the target, high-quality polymer additives are carried out in the Institute for the Chemistry of Additives of ANAS named after A.M. Guliyev. These additives as the depressor ones reduce the chilling temperature of the lubricants and improve their viscosity index.
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Zirdehi, Elias, Hakan Dumlu, Gunther Eggeler, and Fathollah Varnik. "On the Size Effect of Additives in Amorphous Shape Memory Polymers." Materials 14, no. 2 (January 10, 2021): 327. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14020327.
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Small additive molecules often enhance structural relaxation in polymers. We explore this effect in a thermoplastic shape memory polymer via molecular dynamics simulations. The additive-to-monomer size ratio is shown to play a key role here. While the effect of additive-concentration on the rate of shape recovery is found to be monotonic in the investigated range, a non-monotonic dependence on the size-ratio emerges at temperatures close to the glass transition. This work thus identifies the additives’ size to be a qualitatively novel parameter for controlling the recovery process in polymer-based shape memory materials.
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Zirdehi, Elias M., Hakan Dumlu, Gunther Eggeler, and Fathollah Varnik. "On the Size Effect of Additives in Amorphous Shape Memory Polymers." Materials 14, no. 2 (January 10, 2021): 327. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14020327.
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Small additive molecules often enhance structural relaxation in polymers. We explore this effect in a thermoplastic shape memory polymer via molecular dynamics simulations. The additive-to-monomer size ratio is shown to play a key role here. While the effect of additive-concentration on the rate of shape recovery is found to be monotonic in the investigated range, a non-monotonic dependence on the size-ratio emerges at temperatures close to the glass transition. This work thus identifies the additives’ size to be a qualitatively novel parameter for controlling the recovery process in polymer-based shape memory materials.
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Larsen, Oksana, Marsel Nurtdinov, Viktoria Shvetsova, and Ekaterina Fomina. "Influence of expansive additive on formation of fresh polymer modified pastes." MATEC Web of Conferences 239 (2018): 01023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201823901023.
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Chemical admixtures are widely used in cement-based mixtures to reduce water demand, increase working time or accelerate strength development. The application of water-soluble polymers in building industry is increasing. The performance of cement mortars and concretes can be improved by the modification of their structure with additives of polymers. The use of polymers in cement-based compositions can decrease the intensity of hydration kinetic and increase the shrinkage deformation. Hardening of polymer-modified cement-based mixtures is associated with drying shrinkage which can significantly decrease crack resistance of cement concretes, especially in the case of polymer dispersions. The influence of polymer admixture with expansive additive on formation of cement-based pastes was investigated. Structure formation of fresh polymer modified cementitious mixtures with expansive additive was experimentally investigated by heat evolution behavior. Structure formation as a function of time and depends from initial mixture design properties such as water-cement ratio, polymer-cement ratio and content of expansive additive.
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Abbas, Ghulam, Sonny Irawan, Khalil Rehman Memon, and Javed Khan. "Application of cellulose-based polymers in oil well cementing." Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology 10, no. 2 (November 22, 2019): 319–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13202-019-00800-8.
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AbstractCellulose-based polymers have been successfully used in many areas of petroleum engineering especially in enhanced oil recovery drilling fluid, fracturing and cementing. This paper presents the application of cellulose-based polymer in oil well cementing. These polymers work as multifunctional additive in cement slurry that reduce the quantity of additives and lessen the operational cost of cementing operation. The viscosity of cellulose polymers such as hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) has been determined at various temperatures to evaluate the thermal degradation. Moreover, polymers are incorporated in cement slurry to evaluate the properties and affect in cement slurry at 90 °C. The API properties like rheology, free water separation, fluid loss and compressive strength of slurries with and without polymer have been determined at 90 °C. The experimental results showed that the viscosity of HPMC polymer was enhanced at 90 °C than other cellulose-based polymers. The comparative and experimental analyses showed that the implementation of cellulose-based polymers improves the API properties of cement slurry at 90 °C. The increased viscosity of these polymers showed high rheology that was adjusted by adding dispersant which optimizes the rheology of slurry. Further, improved API properties, i.e., zero free water separation, none sedimentation, less than 50 ml/30 min fluid loss and high compressive strength, were obtained through HEC, CMC and HPMC polymer. It is concluded that cellulose-based polymers are efficient and effective in cement slurry that work as multifunctional additive and improve API properties and cement durability. The cellulose-based polymers work as multifunctional additive that reduces the quantity of other additives in cement slurry and ultimately reduces the operational cost of cementing operation. The comparative analysis of this study opens the window for petroleum industry for proper selection of cellulose-based polymer in designing of cement slurry.
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Kim, Yong Hee. "Continuous Release of Protein from Biodegradable In Situ Forming Depot." Key Engineering Materials 342-343 (July 2007): 461–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.342-343.461.
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Biodegradable in situ forming drug delivery systems that solidify or gel in the body from injectable fluids represent effective parenteral depot systems for controlled delivery of proteins. Various pharmaceutical additives were tested on their effectiveness as protein release modifiers and stabilizers. Mono-, di-, poly-saccharides, PEG2K and salting-out salts except cyclodextrins significantly decreased Tg of thermogelling polymers and their decreasing abilities were proportional to the polymer concentration and additive/polymer weight ratio up to solubility limits in aqueous media. For methyl cellulose (MC) gel, sodium carbonate, a strong salting-out salt, decreased Tg by 23 °C so that in situ gel can be formed at the body temperature. The incorporation of additives into thermogelling polymers significantly decreased the burst and retarded release kinetics. Although the pH inside gel gradually dropped down due to the polymer degradation, released model protein was confirmed to retain the original conformation.
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Matras, Zbigniew, and Bartosz Kopiczak. "Possibility of the drag reduction effect application to reduce the cost of transport energy in water systems." MATEC Web of Conferences 240 (2018): 03007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201824003007.
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The main aim of this paper is to present possible drag reduction effect application to reduce the energy costs in water transport systems. Results obtained in laboratory scale experiment present possibility to enhance the drag reduction effect in pipe flow by simultaneous addition to the transported water small amount of high molecular polymers and surfactants. The hypothetic mechanism of drag reduction by polymer-micellar aggregates is presented. Qualitative analysis of polymer-micellar additives influence on shape and character of flow resistance curves is performed. Complex polymer-micellar solution flow resistance curves are compared with appropriate single additive polymer or surfactant one.
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Valentina, Iozzino, Askanian Haroutioun, Leroux Fabrice, Verney Vincent, and Pantani Roberto. "Poly(Lactic Acid)-Based Nanobiocomposites with Modulated Degradation Rates." Materials 11, no. 10 (October 11, 2018): 1943. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11101943.
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In the field of biodegradable polymers such as poly(Lactic Acid) (PLA), it is quite well known that their kinetics of hydrolysis strongly depend on the pH of the hydrolyzing medium. The idea explored during this study focused on PLA, is the addition of additives that are able to control the pH of water when it diffuses inside the polymer. For instance, acids (i.e. succinic acid, also used as food additive) are bio- and eco- friendly additives that are able to play this role. In order to control the release of these molecules and their dispersion inside the polymer, their intercalation in biocompatible nanofillers like layered double hydroxides (LDH) is here considered. The additives have been dispersed in the polymer by melt compounding, commonly used in the plastic industry. Several composites of PLA (4032D) and LDH intercalated with organic acids (succinic, fumaric, and ascorbic acid) have been obtained by an extrusion process. From all extruded materials, PLA films obtained by compression molding were then subjected to hydrolysis tests. The results showed that the mentioned molecules, dispersed in the polymer, are able to control the rate of hydrolysis, and experimental results show an increase of degradation time for samples containing LDH-organic acid (in particular with LDH-succinic acid), making such hybrid additives an appropriate and efficient solution for PLA.
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Palanisamy, Gowthami, Sadhasivam Thangarasu, and Tae Hwan Oh. "Effect of Sulfonated Inorganic Additives Incorporated Hybrid Composite Polymer Membranes on Enhancing the Performance of Microbial Fuel Cells." Polymers 15, no. 5 (March 3, 2023): 1294. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15051294.
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Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) provide considerable benefits in the energy and environmental sectors for producing bioenergy during bioremediation. Recently, new hybrid composite membranes with inorganic additives have been considered for MFC application to replace the high cost of commercial membranes and improve the performances of cost-effective polymers, such as MFC membranes. The homogeneous impregnation of inorganic additives in the polymer matrix effectively enhances the physicochemical, thermal, and mechanical stabilities and prevents the crossover of substrate and oxygen through polymer membranes. However, the typical incorporation of inorganic additives in the membrane decreases the proton conductivity and ion exchange capacity. In this critical review, we systematically explained the impact of sulfonated inorganic additives (such as (sulfonated) sSiO2, sTiO2, sFe3O4, and s-graphene oxide) on different kinds of hybrid polymers (such as PFSA, PVDF, SPEEK, SPAEK, SSEBS, and PBI) membrane for MFC applications. The membrane mechanism and interaction between the polymers and sulfonated inorganic additives are explained. The impact of sulfonated inorganic additives on polymer membranes is highlighted based on the physicochemical, mechanical, and MFC performances. The core understandings in this review can provide vital direction for future development.
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Fan, Bing Li, An Nan Sun, Zheng Jie Li, Yi Wei Guo, Xiao Wen Qi, and Chang Xin Liu. "Experimental Study on Dissolution Stability and Dispersion and their Influence on Tribological Properties for Reducing Friction and Prolonging Life of Armored Vehicle Engine Lubricating Oil Additives." Advanced Engineering Forum 49 (May 31, 2023): 15–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-ba6mc5.
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A lubricating oil additive for armored vehicle engine was synthesized by ultrasonic dispersion and physical blending with polyisobutylene and poly alpha olefin as polymer matrix, nanoBN and nanoALN as antifriction materials and polyisobutylene succinimide as surfactant. Polymer-based lubricating oil additive, hydroxyl magnesium silicate powder additive, commercial anti-wear repairing agent Goldway and commercial anti-wear protective agent Chief were dispersed into 10W-40 armored vehicle engine special lubricating oil according to a certain mass fraction. The dissolution stability of different lubricating oil additives in lubricating oil was investigated by standing test. The effects of ultrasonic time and temperature on the dispersion of different kinds of lubricating oil additives in lubricating oil are investigated by using ultrasonic disperser and particle size analyzer. The MDW-5G multifunctional end-face friction and wear tester is used to simulate the actual working process of cylinder liner-piston ring in armored vehicles during driving, and tribological tests were carried out under conventional working conditions to evaluate the tribological properties of different lubricating oil additives. Scanning electron microscope was used to measure and analyze the wear surface morphology and friction interface elements after tribological test, and the lubrication mechanism of lubricating oil additives is revealed. The results show that the polymer-based lubricating oil additive has good dissolution stability and dispersion in lubricating oil. Compared with pure lubricating oil, the average friction coefficient of lubricating oil containing 3wt% polymer-based additives is 0.085, and the friction coefficient decreases by 38.8%. During the friction process, polymer-based lubricating oil additives form a self-repairing oil film to cover the surface of the sample through a series of complex physical and chemical reactions, which reduces the friction and wear between the grinding pairs and improves the lubricating performance of lubricating oil.
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Kujawa, Weronika, Ewa Olewnik-Kruszkowska, and Jacek Nowaczyk. "Concrete Strengthening by Introducing Polymer-Based Additives into the Cement Matrix—A Mini Review." Materials 14, no. 20 (October 14, 2021): 6071. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14206071.
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The modern types of concrete are a mixture of aggregates, cement, water and optional additives and admixtures. In particular, polymer additives seem to be a promising type of component that can significantly change concrete and mortar properties. Currently, the most popular polymer additives include superplasticizers, latexes and redispersible powders. Moreover, in order to improve the properties of concrete-based composite admixtures, which enhance the resistance to cracking, polymer fibres and recycled polymers have been researched. All the types of polymeric materials mentioned above are broadly used in the construction industry. This work summarizes the current knowledge on the different types of popular polymeric additives. Moreover, it describes the correlation between the chemical structure of additives and the macro-behaviour of the obtained concrete.
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Saha, Debasish, Karthik R. Peddireddy, Jürgen Allgaier, Wei Zhang, Simona Maccarrone, Henrich Frielinghaus, and Dieter Richter. "Amphiphilic Comb Polymers as New Additives in Bicontinuous Microemulsions." Nanomaterials 10, no. 12 (December 2, 2020): 2410. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10122410.
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It has been shown that the thermodynamics of bicontinuous microemulsions can be tailored via the addition of various different amphiphilic polymers. In this manuscript, we now focus on comb-type polymers consisting of hydrophobic backbones and hydrophilic side chains. The distinct philicity of the backbone and side chains leads to a well-defined segregation into the oil and water domains respectively, as confirmed by contrast variation small-angle neutron scattering experiments. This polymer–microemulsion structure leads to well-described conformational entropies of the polymer fragments (backbone and side chains) that exert pressure on the membrane, which influences the thermodynamics of the overall microemulsion. In the context of the different polymer architectures that have been studied by our group with regards to their phase diagrams and small-angle neutron scattering, the microemulsion thermodynamics of comb polymers can be described in terms of a superposition of the backbone and side chain fragments. The denser or longer the side chain, the stronger the grafting and the more visible the brush effect of the side chains becomes. Possible applications of the comb polymers as switchable additives are discussed. Finally, a balanced philicity of polymers also motivates transmembrane migration in biological systems of the polymers themselves or of polymer–DNA complexes.
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Khammassi, S., M. Tarfaoui, and K. Lafdi. "Study of mechanical performance of polymer nanocomposites reinforced with exfoliated graphite of different mesh sizes using micro-indentation." Journal of Composite Materials 55, no. 19 (February 10, 2021): 2617–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998321993211.
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The first phase of this work aims to use the right additive nano-fillers choices, such as exfoliated Graphite (ExG), increasing the mechanical, electrical, and thermal performances. In this work, we are interested in quantifying the effect particles' size on a polymer matrix's performance. For this, three sets of exfoliated polymers filled with Graphite, characterized by three particle sizes, called meshes 50, 100, and 150, were investigated. In this analysis, exfoliated Graphite reinforced polymers were subjected to indentation tests to define local mechanical properties. The sample is an epoxy 862 matrix reinforced with exfoliated graphite additives. For each specific size, the additives are mixed in percentages of 0% in the act of control, 0.5%, 4%, 8%, and 16% by weight. Matching pure polymers, polymers reinforced by exfoliated Graphite have proven to have significant improvements in local elastic properties (such as modulus, hardness, stiffness, etc.). Results showed that the reinforced epoxy's local mechanical properties are affected by the size and the percentage of nano-additives. Through the inspection of the load-displacement curve, it can be concluded that the nano-additive has a significant influence on the plastic mechanical properties of the sample. Therefore, the size of nanoparticles has significantly improved in material properties.
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Gu, Yunqing, Songwei Yu, Jiegang Mou, Denghao Wu, and Shuihua Zheng. "Research Progress on the Collaborative Drag Reduction Effect of Polymers and Surfactants." Materials 13, no. 2 (January 17, 2020): 444. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13020444.
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Polymer additives and surfactants as drag reduction agents have been widely used in the field of fluid drag reduction. Polymer additives can reduce drag effectively with only a small amount, but they degrade easily. Surfactants have an anti-degradation ability. This paper categorizes the mechanism of drag reducing agents and the influencing factors of drag reduction characteristics. The factors affecting the degradation of polymer additives and the anti-degradation properties of surfactants are discussed. A mixture of polymer additive and surfactant has the characteristics of high shear resistance, a lower critical micelle concentration (CMC), and a good drag reduction effect at higher Reynolds numbers. Therefore, this paper focuses more on a drag reducing agent mixed with a polymer and a surfactant, including the mechanism model, drag reduction characteristics, and anti-degradation ability.
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Shmakova, N. S., I. A. Kirsh, and V. A. Romanova. "Influence of cationic surfactants on physical and mechanical properties of polymer compositions." Proceedings of the Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies 82, no. 1 (May 15, 2020): 225–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.20914/2310-1202-2020-1-225-229.
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When creating filled polymer composite materials, difficulties often arise due to poor compatibility of polymers with modifying additives. To solve such problems, surface-active substances (SAS) are successfully used in many industries, but they are practically not used in polymer processing. This is largely due to the insufficient assortment of surfactants produced that are suitable for introduction into polymers, especially film-forming ones. Anionic and nonionic surfactants are used in the synthesis and processing of elastomers, but they are not used in the production of film materials. As for the use of cationic surfactants, there are still no data at all. They differ from other types of surfactants in a variety of structures, in the number and relative positions of cationic centers and hydrophobic radicals, and also in antimicrobial properties. The prospects of using quaternary ammonium salts for the modification of packaging materials are shown. The expediency of using cationic surfactants for the modification of polymeric materials is proved. It is shown that the use of quaternary ammonium salts improves the physical and mechanical properties of films based on polyethylene and polypropylene. It is proved that cationic surfactants are technologically compatible with polyolefins, which allows the processing of polymer compositions by extrusion. Today, the most common polymers for food packaging are polyethylene and polypropylene. This is due to their low cost, safety in contact with food products, and suitability for processing into films of different thicknesses. More and more attention is being paid to the creation of packaging materials with antimicrobial properties. The imparting of such properties is achieved by introducing an antimicrobial additive into the polymer melt. It is most expedient to introduce additives directly into the melt of the polymer composition during processing, since, for example, during the extrusion process, polymer homogenization with the additive.
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Topaloğlu Yazıcı, Demet, and Arzu Yener. "Processing polymer nanocomposites with natural additives for medical applications." Journal of Polymer Engineering 39, no. 2 (February 25, 2019): 178–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2017-0452.
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Abstract The aim of this study is to analyze the effect of natural additive incorporation on processing nanocomposites and their effect on the functional characteristics of nanocomposites such as water uptake characteristics, drug adsorption and dissolution behaviors. Chitosan and montmorillonite were processed with olive oil and glycerin natural additives. In order to compare the processing results, the structure and the morphology of the polymer nanocomposites were examined by using infrared spectra, X-ray diffractograms and electron microscope images. Processing with nontoxic and healthful olive oil as a hydrophobizing agent overcame the high water uptake properties of the polymer nanocomposites and eliminated the use of other expensive chemicals. The nanocomposites without additives adsorbed the highest amounts of methylene blue at equilibrium. In vitamin B12 dissolution studies, not only the additives but also the reinforcement affected the results. Obviously, it can be seen that both the natural additive types and the reinforcement modification effects governed the drug adsorption and dissolution behaviors of the new tailored polymer nanocomposites. Moreover, the additives also improved the processing and handling abilities of these polymer nanocomposites. According to the results, these nanocomposites are promising candidates for medical applications like as a carrier for drug delivery and for skin treatment studies.
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Ma, Junhui, Olufisayo A. Gali, and Reza A. Riahi. "An Evaluation of the Tribological Behavior of Cutting Fluid Additives on Aluminum-Manganese Alloys." Lubricants 9, no. 8 (August 21, 2021): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants9080084.
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The introduction of additives enhances the friction and wear reduction properties of cutting fluids (CFs) as well as aids in improving the surface quality of the machined parts. This study examines the tribological behavior of polymer-based and phosphorus-based additives introduced into cutting fluids for the machining of Al-Mn alloys. Ball-on-disc tests were used to evaluate the coefficient of friction (COF) and lubrication failure temperature to study the performance of the additives in the cutting fluids. Surface characterization was performed on the sliding tracks induced on the Al-Mn disc surfaces and used to propose the wear and friction reduction mechanisms. The polymer-based additive possessed a higher temperature at which lubrication failure occurred, displayed comparable COF at a lower temperature under certain conditions, and possessed a steadier tribological behavior. However, the phosphorus-based additive was observed to display lower COF and wear damage from 200 °C till failure. The lower COF values for the phosphorus-based additive at 200 °C corresponded with lower surface damage on the Al-Mn surface. The phosphorus-based additive’s performance at 200 °C could be attributed to the forming of a phosphorus-rich boundary layer within the sliding wear track, resulting in less surface damage on the Al-Mn surface and lower material transfer to the counterface steel ball surface.
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Bolander, Peter. "Chemical Additives for Dust Control: What We Have Used and What We Have Learned." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1589, no. 1 (January 1997): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1589-07.
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The Pacific Northwest region of the USDA Forest Service has been using chemical additives for dust abatement for many years. The traditional additives include dust oils, lignin sulfonate, and chlorides. Increased product costs, environmental concerns, and the continual quest for improved performance has led to consideration of other additives, including synthetic polymer emulsions, tall oil emulsions, clay additives, and penetrating asphalt emulsions. Some road tests have been performed to evaluate their suitability and cost-effectiveness. From these tests and experience, it has been learned that lignin sulfonate, chlorides, and clay additives, when properly matched to the site, have a consistent and predictable performance; polymer and tall oil emulsions, based on limited use, have provided inconsistent performance. The reason for this inconsistency has not been addressed other than the speculation that in some situations the additive did not completely cure, that the cured additive may be water soluble, or there might be variability in the quality of the manufactured product.
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Paul, Matthew D., Jonathan S. Davis, Yan Ching Jean, and J. David van Horn. "Application and Evaluation of 3D Printed Materials with PALS." Defect and Diffusion Forum 373 (March 2017): 303–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.373.303.
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In this study, the use of a 3D printer for sample holder fabrication and polymer sample preparation for positron analysis was explored. Custom printed 3D holders may be rapidly made and modified for a variety of thin-film, crystalline, or other diversely-shaped samples. For positron studies a 3D printer allows for the preparation of standard and unique polymer samples. In an initial study, a mesoporous-patterned ABS sample was attempted, without success. Various polymers (ABS, PLA, and PETG) and the same polymers with varied additives (carbon fiber or carbon nanotubes) were studied before and after printing. The different polymers and those with additives are distinguishable via PALS. Samples show a consistently lower I3 value after printing, suggesting a decrease in defect quantity for the printed polymer versus the as-received polymer filament.
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Kasimov, Ibrakhim Irkinovich, and Azamjon Olimjon Ugli Nuridinov. "MODIFICATION OF ROAD BITUMENS POLYMER AND STRUCTURE FORMING ADDITIVES." American Journal of Applied Sciences 04, no. 11 (November 1, 2022): 01–08. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajas/volume04issue11-01.
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In the article, to increase the reliability and durability of road and roof coverings in construction, the use of bitumen modified with polymers and structure-forming additives, in order to expand the plasticity range and save materials and energy resources. For increase in reliability and durability of road adding coverings in building it is expedient to use bitumen's modified by polymers roofs and gel-forming additives, for the purpose of expansion of an interval of plasticity and economy.
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Billingham, N. C. "Polymer Modifiers and Additives." Polymer Degradation and Stability 74, no. 3 (January 2001): 586–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0141-3910(01)00197-5.
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CAI, W. H., F. C. LI, and H. N. ZHANG. "DNS study of decaying homogeneous isotropic turbulence with polymer additives." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 665 (October 19, 2010): 334–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112010003939.
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In order to investigate the turbulent drag reduction phenomenon and understand its mechanism, direct numerical simulation (DNS) was carried out on decaying homogeneous isotropic turbulence (DHIT) with and without polymer additives. We explored the polymer effect on DHIT from the energetic viewpoint, i.e. the decay of the total turbulent kinetic energy and energy distribution at each scale in Fourier space and from the phenomenological viewpoint, i.e. the alterations of vortex structures, the enstrophy and the strain. It was obtained that in DHIT with polymer additives the decay of the turbulent kinetic energy is faster than that in the Newtonian fluid case and a modification of the turbulent kinetic energy transfer process for the Newtonian fluid flow is observed due to the release of the polymer elastic energy into flow structures at certain small scales. Besides, we deduced the transport equations of the enstrophy and the strain, respectively, for DHIT with polymer additives. Based on the analyses of these transport equations, it was found that polymer additives depress both the enstrophy and the strain in DHIT as compared to the Newtonian fluid case, indicating the inhibition effect on small-scale vortex structures and turbulence intensity by polymers.
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Mostovoy, Anton, Andrey Shcherbakov, Andrey Yakovlev, Sergey Arzamastsev, and Marina Lopukhova. "Reinforced Epoxy Composites Modified with Functionalized Graphene Oxide." Polymers 14, no. 2 (January 16, 2022): 338. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14020338.
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The possibility of using graphene oxide as a modifying additive for polymer fiber-reinforced composites based on epoxy resin and basalt roving has been studied. The content of graphene oxide in the system has been experimentally selected, which has the best effect on the physico-mechanical properties of the obtained polymer composite material. The efficiency of the modification of the graphene oxide surface with APTES finishing additives and aminoacetic acid, which provides chemical interaction at the polymer matrix–filler interface, has been considered. The influence of graphene oxide and functionalizing additives on the polymer curing process was investigated using the thermometric method and differential scanning calorimetry.
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Safiullina, Ilnara I., Elbeiy R. Babaev, Rauliya R. Syrlybaeva, and Nazrin Ch Movsum-zade. "NITRILE COMPLEXES AS EFFECTIVE ANTIMICROBIAL ADDITIVES." IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENIY KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA 59, no. 5 (July 12, 2018): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/tcct.20165905.5341.
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Antimicrobial properties of nitrile complexes of transition metal salts were studied including the investigation of their activity in surfactants and mineral oil environments. Experiments of the polymeric complexes preparation by in-situ copolymerization of the nitrile polymers in the presence of transition metal salts and reactions of transition metal salts added to the ready polymers were performed. The dependence of the polymer complexes forming particularities on central metal atoms nature was determined.
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Kanitpong, Kunnawee, and Hussain Bahia. "Relating Adhesion and Cohesion of Asphalts to the Effect of Moisture on Laboratory Performance of Asphalt Mixtures." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1901, no. 1 (January 2005): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105190100105.
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Antistripping additives and polymer modifications are two common modifiers used to improve the fundamental properties of asphalt binders as those properties relate to the performance of asphalt mixtures. Adhesion and cohesion are two important related properties of asphalt binders that can affect asphalt mixture performance before and after water conditioning. The purpose of this study was to quantify the effects of antistripping additives and polymers on the adhesion and cohesion of binders and to relate these effects to the performance of mixtures as measured in the laboratory before and after water conditioning. The performance tests of asphalt mixtures included indirect tensile strength, uniaxial compression permanent deformation, and Hamburg wheel tracking. Asphalt mixtures were produced with different modified binders and with two aggregate types. The binders were modified with antistripping additives and polymers and by chemical treatment and oxidization methods. Granite and limestone were selected as two types of aggregate sources. The results indicate that the performance of asphalt mixtures is highly dependent on modification techniques and water conditioning. The overall performance of polymer-modified mixtures is more desirable than those of unmodified mixtures and of mixtures modified with antistripping additives. Polymers are found to improve rutting performance, adhesion, and cohesion of an asphalt binder. In contrast, the antistripping additive can improve only the adhesion without changing other properties. The results of this study also illustrate that the adhesion and cohesion of an asphalt binder are good indicators of the performance of asphalt mixtures in the laboratory when they are conditioned with water.
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Kuzmich, V. V., N. G. Kozlov, I. I. Karpunin, and O. V. Balabanova. "Experimental Investigations on Determination of Polymer Packing Material Composition with Biocide Additives." Science & Technique 18, no. 5 (October 14, 2019): 409–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/2227-1031-2019-18-5-409-415.
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The paper shows that creation of materials with antibacterial and antifungal action presupposes an introduction of additives in them. One of the directions concerning fight against mold fungi is an inclusion of biocide additives having vegetable origin in structure of polymer materials used for manufacturing packing products. The main mission of anti-microbial additives is reduction of microbe amount in product mass and on its surface. Activity of anti-microbial compounds depends on the following parameters: concentration of active component, pH, temperature, polymer type, introduction method (with plasticizer or in melting state) and time period of their contact with polymer. In addition it is necessary to take into account such not unimportant factor as sensitivity of micro-organisms. Modern film polymer materials ensure only a certain level of product protection. They can not targetedly affect biochemical and microbiological changes in a packing product. It is necessary to develop new packing materials with selective permeability that create a barrier on the way of extremely intensive gas and moisture exchange, outside microflora flow, and prevent an evolution of undesired micro-organisms on packing products. Polymers have been selected as a basis for a bactericide packing material. Investigations have shown that composition including PEHP 98% (polyethylene of high pressure) + DGR (disproportionate gum rosin) + DETA (diethylenetriamine) has inhibited (hindered) sufficiently in a good way growth of mold fungi and PEHP composition with additives of tallow pitch and polyethylenepolyamine has demonstrated a rapid deterioration of strength characteristics and an increase in additive of the supposed mixture including pine oleoresin (POR) with DETA and DGR (with DETA more than 2%) hinders rapidly strength material characteristics.
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Mörl, M., C. Steinlein, K. Kreger, H.-W. Schmidt, and V. Altstädt. "Improved compression properties of polypropylene extrusion foams by supramolecular additives." Journal of Cellular Plastics 54, no. 3 (February 28, 2017): 483–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021955x17695096.
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Owing to the high lightweight design potential polymer foams become increasingly important. For rigid polymer foams, requiring high dimensional stability under load, a high compression modulus is a key feature. Here, we demonstrate how supramolecular additives can be utilized to control the foam morphology and to significantly improve the compression behavior of extruded foams made of linear isotactic polypropylene. Three different 1,3,5-benzenetrisamides were selected as supramolecular additives. These additives are soluble in the polymer melt and form a supramolecular nanofiber network upon cooling, acting as nucleating sites for both, foam cells and polymer crystals. It is shown that the in situ formed nanofiber network is very effective in reducing the cell size of extruded foams. Depending on the molecular structure and the concentration of the supramolecular additives, the compression modulus of polypropylene-polymer foams can be significantly increased compared to a reference foam with talc. Unexpectedly, an improvement of 100% with a concentration of only 0.02 wt% of a supramolecular additive compared to the neat polypropylene foam featuring similar densities is achieved. This improvement cannot be correlated with the foam morphology and is most likely attributed to the presence of the supramolecular nanofiber network.
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TRACHEVSKYI, V. V., and O. M. FAINLEIB. "MODIFICATION OF CEMENT-CONCRETE MIXTURES WITH POLYMER ADDITIVES, STRUCTURED CARBON NANOTUBES." Polymer journal 44, no. 2 (June 20, 2022): 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/polymerj.44.02.101.
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The use of complex modifiers for cement-concrete mixtures and concretes is becoming increasingly popular in modern materials science. The paper presents studies of the effect of a polymer additive structured with carbon nanomaterial on the physical and mechanical characteristics of cement-concrete mixtures. IR spectroscopy and thermogravimetry revealed that the use of carbon nanomaterial significantly changes the structure of cement-concrete mixtures. As a result of the fact that high-strength nanomaterial is the center of crystallization of cement stone formations, a denser reinforced microstructure is formed, which significantly increases the strength characteristics of cement-concrete mixtures. Inclusion in the composition of cement-concrete mixtures of polymer complex additives leads to higher and longer plasticization, which plays an important role in the production of monolithic products. It is established that in the presence of a complex modifier (polymer additive structured with carbon nanotubes) the crystal structure of calcium hydrosilicates is compacted, which causes high physical and mechanical characteristics of modified cement-concrete mixtures. It is experimentally shown that the additive acts as an accelerator of hardening and hardening of cement paste, as well as increases its strength characteristics. In general, for all cement-concrete mixtures in this study there is a water-reducing effect of the additive. Water consumption decreases by 5 wt. %, while the strength increases by 19%. Formulations of cement-concrete mixtures modified with polymer additives, structured carbon nanotubes, with high performance characteristics have been developed.
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Ustinova, Yulia V. "Influence of the polymeric additives on the process of calcium sulfatedihydrate crystallization." E3S Web of Conferences 220 (2020): 01035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202022001035.
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The research is aimed to the clarification of the calcium sulfatedihydrate crystals growth and formation of in the presence of the different polymers based functional additives. The calcium sulfatedihydrate crystals have been synthesized both in the pure form and with the additives. The additives have included a super plasticizer based on a sulfonated melamine-formaldehyde resin (SMF), a methylcellulose (MC) and a redispersible polymer powder based on vinyl acetate, ethylene and vinyl chloride copolymers (VAEVC). The X-ray analysis and the electron microscopy have been applied to identify an influence of the polymer additives over the configuration and size of the calcium sulphate dihydrate crystals. The structural and strength characteristics of the gypsum materials have been also investigated.
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Wang, Hetang, Yunhe Du, Deming Wang, and Botao Qin. "Recent Progress in Polymer-Containing Soft Matters for Safe Mining of Coal." Polymers 11, no. 10 (October 17, 2019): 1706. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11101706.
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Safe mining is the premise and guarantee of sustainable development of coal energy. Due to the combination of excellent properties of polymers and traditional soft matters, polymer-containing soft matters are playing an increasingly important role in mine disaster and hazard control. To summarize the valuable work in recent years and provide reference and inspiration for researchers in this field, this paper reviewed the recent research progress in polymer-containing soft matters with respect to mine dust control, mine fire control, mine gas control and mine roadway support. From the perspective role of polymers in a material system, we classify mine polymer-containing soft matters into two categories. The first is polymer additive materials, in which polymers are used as additives to modify fluid-like soft matters, such as dust-reducing agents (surfactant solution) and dust-suppressing foams. The second is polymer-based materials, in which polymers are used as a main component to form high performance solid-like soft matters, such as fire prevention gels, foam gels, gas hole sealing material and resin anchorage agent. The preparation principle, properties and application of these soft matters are comprehensively reviewed. Furthermore, future research directions are also suggested.
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Соломенцев, Александр Борисович, Моиз Режист, and Швендески Маселюс Жозеф. "EVALUATION OF TECHNOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF ASPHALT CONCRETE MIXTURES FOR THE STREET-ROAD NETWORK IN URBAN AGGROMERATIONS USING ADDITIVES OF POLYETHYLENE WITH LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT." Housing and utilities infrastructure, no. 3(18) (September 29, 2021): 85–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.36622/vstu.2021.18.3.009.
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Получены значения динамической вязкости битумного вяжущего с добавками низкомолекулярного полиэтилена в температурном интервале 60…160 °С. При введении полимерных добавок в дорожный битум вязкость битума повышается. Наиболее высокие значения динамической вязкости наблюдаются у полимерной добавки Вискодор - ПВ1, это ярко выражено при расходе 4 % добавки от массы битума и при температурах ниже 130°С. Добавка неокисленного низкомолекулярного полиэтилена Honeyvell Titan 7205 увеличивает вязкость в большей степени, чем добавка окисленного полиэтилена Honeyvell Titan 7686. Определены допустимые технологические температуры асфальтобетонных смесей с полимерными добавками на этапах структурообразования асфальтобетона. We obtained the values of the dynamic viscosity of bitumen binder with additives of polyethylene with low molecular weight in the temperature range of 60…160 °C. When polymer additives are introduced into road bitumen, the viscosity of bitumen increases. The highest values of dynamic viscosity are observed for the polymer additive Viskodor - PV1, this is clearly pronounced at the consumption of 4 % of the additive based on the mass of bitumen and at temperatures below 130 °С. The additive of unoxidized low molecular weight polyethylene Honeyvell Titan 7205 increases the viscosity to a greater extent than the additive of oxidized polyethylene Honeyvell Titan 7686. We determined as well the permissible technological temperatures of asphalt concrete mixtures with polymer additives at the stages of structure formation of asphalt concrete.
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Fleming, Gwen F., F. William Simmons, Loyd M. Wax, Robert E. Wing, and Merle E. Carr. "Atrazine Movement in Soil Columns as Influenced by Starch-Encapsulation and Acrylic Polymer Additives." Weed Science 40, no. 3 (September 1992): 465–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500051924.
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Alternative herbicide formulations may have the potential to reduce atrazine leaching. This study was conducted to determine if starch-encapsulation produced using an extrusion process or several acrylic polymer additives reduced atrazine leaching in soil columns packed with Plainfield sand (98% sand and 0.7% organic matter). Three watering regimes were evaluated to determine the effects of water volume and rate of application on atrazine movement When 7.6 cm of water (0.44-pore volumes) was applied over 2 h, polymer treatments reduced atrazine movement from the soil surface by 9 to 21% compared to atrazine without the additives. With increased water volume and time, the effectiveness of several polymer treatments diminished. Acrysol ASE-108 and G110 polymers (mixed with atrazine at a 1:1 ratio) most effectively reduced atrazine leaching over all watering regimes. Starch encapsulation was more effective than any polymer additive in retarding atrazine movement Increasing the water volume from 7.6 to 15.2 cm (0.88-pore volumes) did not increase leaching of starch-encapsulated atrazine. Ninety-nine percent of the starch-encapsulated atrazine was retained in the top 5 cm of the column compared to only 18 and 13% of the dry flowable formulation (DF) when 0.44- and 0.88-pore volumes of water were applied over 2 and 4 h, respectively. When 0.88-pore volumes of water were applied over 12 d, 81% of the starch-encapsulated atrazine was retained in the upper 5 cm of the column compared to only 5% of the DF formulation of atrazine. This study indicates that starch encapsulation reduces atrazine movement to a greater extent than polymer additives and suggests that starch encapsulation may be an effective method of reducing atrazine leaching.
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Lavrov, N. A., and E. V. Belukhichev. "Polyvinyl chloride-based polymer blends (overview)." Plasticheskie massy, no. 3-4 (May 31, 2020): 55–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.35164/0554-2901-2020-3-4-55-59.
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Polymer mixtures of polyvinyl chloride with various classes of polymeric materials are considered. The classifi cation of mixtures is proposed. The compositions of the mixtures are given. The eff ect of introduced additives on the properties of polymers is determined. Examples of the practical use of polymer compositions are given.
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Sultan, Rabeeah H., Abduelmaged B. Abduallah, and Omar M. Sultan M. Sultan. "IMPROVEMENT OF SHARARA CRUDE OIL FLOW USING POLYSTYRENE AND POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE AS DRAG REDUCING AGENTS." Scientific Journal of Applied Sciences of Sabratha University 2, no. 1 (April 25, 2019): 14–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.47891/sabujas.v2i1.14-28.
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In this study the applicability of the Libyan crude oil flow induced by improved lab pumping system was examined in order to evaluate the effect of adding polymeric materials of Polystyrene and Polydimethylsiloxane as drag reducing agents (DRA) on the flow of Sharara crude oil in the pipeline. The polymers are injected through a pumping system at different concentrations rounded between (10-100) ppm. Several experiments were carried out to determine the best concentration of polymer, which satisfied lowest drag force on of crude oil flow rate. Furthermore, the effect of additive concentration on the Viscosity(μ), friction factor (ƒ), percentage drag reduction (%DR) and the amount of flow increases (%FI) were determined. The results show that the activities of Polydimethylsiloxane for Drag reduction is higher than drag reduction for Polystyrene. However, the %DR is generally increased with increasing of polymer concentration for all tested additives. It is progressively increased with increasing Reynolds number (Re) at any specific concentration of the polymeric additives. The friction factor is well correlated with Reynolds numbers and polymer concentration according to the relation of the form ƒ= k ReaCb, the results showed good agreement between the observed values and the predicted ones.
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Pyataev, Evgeny, Alexey Zhukov, Kirill Vako, Marina Burtseva, Elizaveta Mednikova, Maria Prusakova, and Elizaveta Izumova. "Effective polymer concrete on waste concrete production." E3S Web of Conferences 97 (2019): 02032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199702032.
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Finish materials in facade systems are experiencing significant stress associated with atmospheric and mechanical influences. The use of tiles with high durability and the ability to relax deformations will allow to obtain efficient cladding for building systems. The article presents the results of the selection of compositions and technologies of a composite material based on finely ground highly active waste produced by portland cement, mineral binder, additives based on polycarboxylic ether MC-6955, and polymer additive MC-Adhesive. MC-Adhesive is a polymer additive used for: a significant increase in flexural strength; reduce the elastic modulus; increase water resistance; increase the concrete mix cohesion; making coatings with high requirements for abrasion, low dusting and high resistance to aggressive substances.The article presents the results of research methods of selection of compositions of composite polymer concrete. The strength characteristics of polymer concrete with an average density of 2370-2450 kg/m3 are most dependent on the consumption of fine waste and polymer additives. The nomogram obtained as a result of an active experiment makes it possible to evaluate the dependence of the strength on these factors and select their optimal ratio.
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El-shazly, Reham I., Rasha S. Kamal, Amal M. Nassar, Nehal S. Ahmed, and Galal H. Sayed. "“The behavior of some terpolymers as lubricating oil additives”." Applied Petrochemical Research 10, no. 3 (August 6, 2020): 115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13203-020-00250-y.
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Abstract In this work, we prepared different alkyl acrylates by esterifying acrylic acid with different alcohols (decanol, dodecanol, hexadecanol and octadecanol). Anilimide was then produced by the reaction of aniline with maleic anhydride. Different teropolymers were prepared by polymerization reaction of anilimide, different alkyl acrylate esters and olefins in different ratios. The thermal stability of the prepared terpolymers was measured by thermal gravimetric analysis which demonstrated a high thermal stability. The polymers were degraded above 500 °C. The rheology behavior shows shear-thinning, it approaches the ideal Newtonian behavior in case of polymer (C). The prepared terpolymers succeeded in raising the viscosity index of oil to 118 in case of polymer (C) and decreasing the pour point of oil to -12 in case of polymer (E).
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Shea, J. J. "NMR spectra of polymers and polymer additives [Book Review]." IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine 19, no. 1 (January 2003): 49–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mei.2003.1178114.
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Ningrum, Putri Intan Puspa, Ani Mulyasuryani, and Rakhma Febriani. "The Effect of Slip Polymer Additives on the Characteristics of Polyethylene Films." IJCA (Indonesian Journal of Chemical Analysis) 6, no. 1 (March 16, 2023): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.20885/ijca.vol6.iss1.art8.
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Polymer additive’s function is to improve film quality, including slip additives which function as film surface lubricants. Slip additives affect the physical characteristics of the film as indicated by the coefficient of friction and optical properties. In this research, the influence of slip additives and the aging time of the coefficient of friction (COF) and the optical properties of polyethylene (PE) films have been studied. The optical properties of the film are measured based on the haze value and the gloss value. The additives used in this study were erucamide, stearyl erucamide, and a mixture of the two. Observations were made for 14 days at 23 °C and 50 °C. Measurements of the COF, haze value, and gloss value were carried out on days 0, 1, 3, 7, 10, and 14. The results showed that the lowest COF was produced on films with erucamide additives. Films with erucamide additives had the best friction coefficient value of 0.129 on the 3rd day of aging at 50 °C, a haze value of 4.63% and a gloss value of 56.5 GU.
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Beach, Evan S., Brian R. Weeks, Rebecca Stern, and Paul T. Anastas. "Plastics additives and green chemistry." Pure and Applied Chemistry 85, no. 8 (January 5, 2013): 1611–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac-con-12-08-08.
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The plastics enterprise depends on a small number of commodity polymers to perform in diverse applications, requiring additives to produce desired properties and performance. Toxic effects and environmental persistence of certain additive chemicals impact the sustainability of the industry. Green chemistry has been and will continue to be applied to find solutions to these issues. This review focuses on alternatives to phthalate plasticizers and halogenated flame retardants, two categories that together account for a significant portion of the global additives market and the global dispersion of endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Small-molecule alternatives that exist in various stages of research and commercialization will be discussed, with emphasis on the use of renewable resources. The rise of biorefineries and new bio-based monomers may help overcome existing economic barriers to adoption of alternatives. Increasing the molecular weight of additives or covalently linking them to polymer backbones are two promising strategies for reducing both mobility and toxicity that will also be discussed. Finally, the design of new polymers that show desirable properties without the use of additives will be considered. The substances put forward as “green” alternatives have yet to receive the same level of scrutiny as diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP, also known as dioctyl phthalate) or polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Cooperation between chemists, engineers, and the environmental health community will be critical to ensure the safety and sustainability of new technologies.
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Kim, Ungsoo, Duck Kyeom Kim, William Carty, Jae Hwan Pee, and Eui Seok Choi. "Effect of Polymer Compatibility on the Binder Migration during Spray Drying and Compaction Behavior." Materials Science Forum 534-536 (January 2007): 273–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.534-536.273.
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Granular feedstock for dry pressing is prepared by spray drying oxide powders with polymeric additives. The interactions between polymeric additives in suspension or during drying are usually considered negligible. However, recent studies demonstrate that interactions between polymers usually do occur and can adversely affect product performance. Flory-Huggins calculations predict phase separation of Na-PMAA and Na-PAA with PVA and homogeneous mixing of Na-silicate with PVA. These predictions were confirmed by the light scattering studies on polymer solutions and morphology studies on dried polymer solutions. This reveals that the interaction between polymers can lead to either a homogeneous or phase-separated solution, depending on the functional groups and chain length of polymers. PVA binder in spray-dried granules is stained and its location within the spray dried granule is observed verifying the effect of other polymers on binder migration and case-hardening of spray dried granules. The results indicate polymeric additives that prevent binder migration, potentially eliminating case-hardening in spray dried granules and the subsequent problems observed during compaction.
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Gilys, Laurynas, Egidijus Griškonis, Paulius Griškevičius, and Diana Adlienė. "Lead Free Multilayered Polymer Composites for Radiation Shielding." Polymers 14, no. 9 (April 21, 2022): 1696. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14091696.
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Silicone-based polymer composites containing high atomic number additives are prioritized for the development of new materials for radiation shielding, due to their mechanical, thermal, electrical, and multifunctional properties. The X-ray attenuation properties, as well as mechanical properties, of the newly developed-lead-free multi-layered structures for radiation shielding, based on silicone composite layers containing tin, cerium oxide, tungsten oxide, and bismuth additives, are analyzed and discussed in this paper. It is shown that, by varying the additive concentrations in silicone composites, lead-free and flexible layered structures, exhibiting lead-equivalent X-ray shielding, can be fabricated.
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Zeynalov, Eldar B., Minira M. Agaguseynova, and Nazila I. Salmanova. "EFFECT OF NANOCARBON ADDITIVES ON STABILITY OF POLYMER COMPOSITES." IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENII KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA 63, no. 11 (October 27, 2020): 4–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/ivkkt.20206311.6213.
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This review briefly describes a state of research on the effect of fullerenes and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on a durability of various polymer composite materials under extreme conditions. Fullerenes C60, C70, fullerene soot and CNTs integrated into the polymer matrix effectively prevent both thermal and thermo-oxidative degradation, as well as photo-oxidation processes. The stabilization mechanism of the carbon nanocompounds (CNC) is likewise and consists of the substantial end-capping termination of oxidation destructive chains on the nanocarbon skeleton. At that, the data array unequivocally indicates the predominant addition of carbon-centered alkyl radicals. Various polymer composite materials based on polyolefins, polyacrylates, polyamides, polycarbonates, elastomers are involved into the consideration. The approaches described are mostly aimed to increase the level of stabilizing activity of the polymer composites using different combinations of nanocarbon additives. The optimal dosage of CNC and interfacial compatibility between the polymer and fillers can significantly increase the heat resistance of the composites. The replacement of carbon atoms in the fullerene molecule with heteroatoms can also change its electronic properties and improve the antiradical and antioxidant activity. Areas for the effective use of fullerene C60 in aqueous media can be significantly expanded by modification with hydrophilic polymers. Thus, the performance of CNC integrated in the polymer composites is similar with those for strong synthetic stabilizers. CNC have good prospects for real industrial applications.
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Scott, G. "Polymer science and technology, vol. 26: Polymer additives." Polymer 27, no. 9 (September 1986): 1477–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0032-3861(86)90056-x.
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Hansen, Charles M. "Polymer additives and solubility parameters." Progress in Organic Coatings 51, no. 2 (November 2004): 109–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2004.05.003.
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Brochu, F. "Additives for extruding polymer electrolytes." Journal of Power Sources 70, no. 1 (January 30, 1998): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-7753(97)84031-1.
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de Morsier, A. "Environmental aspects of polymer additives." Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 10, no. 2 (October 1985): 184–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0147-6513(85)90064-8.
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Oh, Jiyeon, Sungwoo Jung, Mingyu Jeong, Byongkyu Lee, Jungho Lee, Yongjoon Cho, Sang Myeon Lee, et al. "Ring-perfluorinated non-volatile additives with a high dielectric constant lead to highly efficient and stable organic solar cells." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 7, no. 16 (2019): 4716–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9tc00762h.
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Faÿ, Fabienne, Maëlle Gouessan, Isabelle Linossier, and Karine Réhel. "Additives for Efficient Biodegradable Antifouling Paints." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 2 (January 16, 2019): 361. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20020361.
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The evolution of regulations concerning biocidal products aims to increase protection of the environment (e.g., EU Regulation No 528/2012) and requires the development of new non-toxic anti-fouling (AF) systems. The development of these formulations implies the use of ingredients (polymers, active substances, additives) that are devoid of toxicity towards marine environments. In this context, the use of erodable antifouling paints based on biodegradable polymer and authorized biocides responds to this problem. However, the efficiency of paints could be improved by the use of specific additives. For this purpose, three additives acting as surface modifiers were studied (Tween 80, Span 85 and PEG-silane). Their effects on parameters involved in antifouling efficiency as hydrophobicity, hydration and copper release were studied. Results showed that the addition of 3% of additives modulated hydrophobicity and hydration without an increase of copper release and significantly reduced microfouling development. Efficient paints based on biodegradable polymer and with no organic biocide could be obtained by mixing copper thiocyanate and additives.
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Watanabe, Takeshi, and Toshiyuki Gotoh. "Hybrid Eulerian–Lagrangian simulations for polymer–turbulence interactions." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 717 (February 1, 2013): 535–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2012.595.
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AbstractThe effects of polymer additives on decaying isotropic turbulence are numerically investigated using a hybrid approach consisting of Brownian dynamics simulations for an enormous number of dumbbells (of the order of 10 billion,$O(1{0}^{10} )$) and direct numerical simulations of turbulence making full use of large-scale parallel computations. Reduction of the energy dissipation rate and modification of the kinetic energy spectrum in the dissipation range scale were observed when the reaction term due to the polymer additives was incorporated into the equation of motion for the solvent fluid. An increase in the polymer concentration or Weissenberg number${W}_{i} $yielded significant modifications of the turbulence statistics at small scales, such as a suppression of the local energy dissipation fluctuations. A power-law decay of the kinetic energy spectrum$E(k, t)\sim {k}^{- 4. 7} $was observed in the wavenumber range below the Kolmogorov length scale when${W}_{i} = 25$. The generation of intense vortices was suppressed by the polymer additives, consistent with previous studies using the constitutive equations. The field structures of the trace of the polymer stress depended on the intensity of its fluctuation: sheet-like structures were observed for the intermediate intensity region and filamentary structures were observed for the intense region. The results obtained with few polymers and large replicas could approximate those with many polymers and smaller replicas as far as the large-scale statistics were concerned.