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Journal articles on the topic 'Polymer boiling'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 15 February 2022

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1

Levitskiy, S. P., B. M. Khusid, and Z. P. Shulman. "Growth of vapour bubbles in boiling polymer solutions—II. Nucleate boiling heat transfer." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 39, no. 3 (February 1996): 639–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0017-9310(95)00086-o.

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2

Askadskii, Andrey, Tatyana Matseevich, and Andrey Matseevich. "Newest models and calculation schemes for quantitative analysis of physical properties of polymers." MATEC Web of Conferences 251 (2018): 01043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201825101043.

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New models and calculation schemes have been developed for the quantitative analysis of a number of physical properties of polymers — glass transition temperature, flow temperature of polymer nanocomposites, thermal conductivity, boiling point of polymer solutions, water absorption and water permeability of polymers and nanocomposites, strength, viscosity, storage and losses moduli, refractive index and dielectric constant. All calculation schemes are based on the structure of linear and cross-linked polymers; their degree of crystallinity, free volume, the effect of temperature, the composition of copolymers and homogeneous mixtures of polymers, the concentration of nanoparticles, their shape, size distribution, orientation angles, the structure of polar groups grafted to the surface of nanoparticles, the energy of intermolecular interactions are taken into account. All computational schemes are computerized and allow calculations to be carried out automatically after the introduction of the structure of a repeating unit of polymer unit into the computer, as well as the shape and size of nanofillers.

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3

Qiu, Yun-ren, Wei-ping Chen, and Qin Si. "Drag reduction of flow boiling with polymer additives." Journal of Central South University of Technology 8, no. 2 (June 2001): 143–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11771-001-0043-2.

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4

Chen, L., G. H. Hu, and J. T. Lindt. "Acceleration of chemical reaction in boiling polymer solutions." AIChE Journal 39, no. 4 (April 1993): 653–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690390414.

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5

Kobasko, Nikolai Mykola. "Intense Quench Process in Slow Agitated Water Salt and Polymer Solutions." European Journal of Applied Physics 3, no. 3 (May 21, 2021): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejphysics.2021.3.3.76.

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In the paper it is shown that quenching in slow agitated water salt solution of optimal concentration and in low concentration of inverse solubility polymers is intensive quenching creating maximal temperature gradients at the beginning of cooling. The evidence to support such idea were collected by analyzing quenching process in liquid media where any film boiling process was completely absent. In this case, surface temperature at the beginning of cooling drops closely to saturations temperature of a liquid within the interval 1–2 seconds, independently on nature of water solution, and then during transient nucleate boiling process maintains at the level of boiling point of a liquid which is often called self–regulated thermal process. The computer modeling of such cooling processes provided Kondrat’ev numbered Kn which are strongly linear function of time. At the beginning of cooling Kondrat’ev number is almost equal to 1 while average Kondrat’ev number Kn≥0.8. According to US Patent, intensive quenching starts when Kn=0.8. Based on achieved results, it is possible to perform intensive quenching in slow agitated of low concentration water salt and polymer solutions, usually initiated by hydrodynamic emitters. Along with liquid agitation, emitters generate resonance wave effect which destroys film boiling processes making cooling very uniform and intensive. The proposed IQ process works perfectly when martensite starts temperature Ms>Ts. If saturation temperature Ts≥Ms, intensive austempering process via cold liquids can be successfully performed to replace slow cooling of molten salts and alkalis by intensive quenching in liquid media.

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6

Niefind, Falk, Shubhangi Karande, Frank Frost, Bernd Abel, and Axel Kahnt. "Solvent influence on the surface morphology of P3HT thin films revealed by photoemission electron microscopy." Nanoscale Advances 1, no. 10 (2019): 3883–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9na00419j.

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7

Shapkin, Nikolai P., E. A. Tokar, S. V. Gardionov, V. V. Korochentsev, V. G. Kuryavyi, E. K. Papynov, and I. G. Khalʻchenko. "Polychelates Based on Magnesium, Aluminum, Iron, Zirconium, and Vanadyl Acetylacetonates - Synthesis, Structure and Properties." Key Engineering Materials 887 (May 2021): 184–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.887.184.

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The formation of polymeric acetylacetonates of magnesium, aluminum, iron, zirconium, and vanadyl under conditions of mechanochemical activation with subsequent condensation in boiling toluene has been investigated. The obtained compounds have been studied by the methods of gel chromatography, X-ray diffractometry, and positron annihilation and IR spectroscopy. Aluminum chelates have been studied by means of NMR spectroscopy. It has been demonstrated that the mechanochemical activation with subsequent boiling in toluene results in the formation of polymeric chelates, mostly those of iron, zirconium and, to a smaller degree, chelates of aluminum, magnesium, and vanadyl. The molecular weight of soluble high-molecular fractions is in the range 3000–5000 Da. The layered polymer structure has been revealed. Cross-section areas of polymer chains and volumes of coherent scattering regions have been calculated from the diffractometry data. The morphology of polymers consisting of spherical particles of sizes in the range 100–700 nm has been investigated. Based on the data of positron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS), density, and nitrogen low-temperature adsorption, the dependence of the chelate stability on the specific polarizing potential has been determined. A fractal structure of solid-state polychelates has been revealed.

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8

Li, Yonghai, Linrui Duan, Deyu Liu, Weichao Chen, Xichang Bao, Hongyu Zhen, Huizhou Liu, and Renqiang Yang. "Design of asymmetric benzodithiophene based wide band-gap conjugated polymers toward efficient polymer solar cells promoted by a low boiling point additive." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 6, no. 11 (2018): 2806–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8tc00148k.

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9

Ruby, Marc-Philipp, and Ferdi Schüth. "Synthesis of N-alkyl-4-vinylpyridinium-based cross-linked polymers and their catalytic performance for the conversion of fructose into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural." Green Chemistry 18, no. 11 (2016): 3422–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5gc02949j.

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10

Yi, Chao, Xiaowen Hu, Huckleberry C. Liu, Rundong Hu, Chin-Hao Hsu, Jie Zheng, and Xiong Gong. "Efficient polymer solar cells fabricated from solvent processing additive solution." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 3, no. 1 (2015): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4tc01949k.

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In this study, high concentration or pure high boiling temperature solvent, chloronaphthalene (CN) was used as solvent for fabrications of efficient PSCs. The effects of high concentrations/purity of CN as solvent on device performances were reported.

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11

Lin, Qianqian, Juan Wang, Jinfeng Yuan, Yuan Jiang, Lei Zhu, and Mingwang Pan. "A novel approach toward Snowman-like polymer/SiO2 hybrid nanoparticles via gas-driving." Chemical Communications 56, no. 22 (2020): 3277–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cc09731g.

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For the first time, we report an interesting transition from conventional core–shell polymer/SiO₂ particles to self-stable snowman-like particles, which can be achieved by adding a low-boiling point oil-soluble monomer.

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12

Liu, Ye, Yun Xiao Zang, Xiao Hui Wang, and Li Ming Dong. "Preparation and Cross-Linking Properties of VAc/DAAM Copolymer Emulsion." Materials Science Forum 953 (May 2019): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.953.141.

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A new type of polymer emulsion was prepared by the copolymerization of DAAM and VAc monomer with high solid content and storage stability. By addition of ADH (ketonic hydrazide cross-linking reaction), the polymer emulsion can be cross-linked at room temperature. It was found that the degree of cross-linking of the polymer reaches 71.85%, and the resistance to boiling water reaches 180min at the maximum of DAAM of 2% and DAAM / ADH = 1/1.

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13

Luo, Yu-Hui, Xin-Xin Lu, and Hong Zhang. "An ultrastable, flexible POM-based coordination polymer with redox properties." CrystEngComm 16, no. 34 (2014): 7865–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ce01123f.

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A new porous coordination polymer (1) has been prepared under hydrothermal conditions. The flexible framework of1shows dynamic behavior accompanied with the removal/adsorption of guest water molecules. Remarkably, crystals of1can remain intact even in 8 mol L⁻¹hydrochloric acid, dilute NaOH solution (pH = 12) and boiling water.

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14

Luo, Yu-Hui, Li-Qiang Yi, Jia-Ni Lu, Long-Zhang Dong, and Ya-Qian Lan. "A stable polyoxometalate-based porous coordination polymer with high proton conductivity." CrystEngComm 20, no. 39 (2018): 6077–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ce00693h.

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A new porous coordination polymer (1) has been prepared by a hydrothermal method. The supramolecular framework of 1 is stable in aqueous solutions with pH ranging from 1 to 13 and boiling solvents, such as water, methanol and ethanol. The proton conductive properties of 1 are also studied.

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15

Koval, Evgeniy, Ludmila Echevskaya, Mikhail Matsko, Alexey Pestryakov, and Edward Mayer. "Inquiring into Structure of Hyperbranched Polyethylene Produced in Radical Polymerization Process." Applied Mechanics and Materials 756 (April 2015): 173–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.756.173.

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This paper presents the analysis of rubberlike hyperbranched polyethylene (PE) deposits in separators and high-pressure (HP) recycle system with use of NMR spectroscopy 13С, X-ray phase analysis and differential scanning calorimetry; polymer extraction separation with boiling o-xylene and comparison of fraction characteristics have been carried out. With literature data and process conditions taken into account the potential reason of such structure polymer synthesis is being under discussion.

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16

Grätz, Sven, Sebastian Zink, Hanna Kraffczyk, Marcus Rose, and Lars Borchardt. "Mechanochemical synthesis of hyper-crosslinked polymers: influences on their pore structure and adsorption behaviour for organic vapors." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 15 (May 24, 2019): 1154–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.15.112.

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This study elucidates a mechanochemical polymerization reaction towards a hyper-crosslinked polymer as an alternative to conventional solvent-based procedures. The swift and solvent-free Friedel–Crafts alkylation reaction yields a porous polymer with surface areas of up to 1720 m2g−1 and pore volumes of up to 1.55 cm3g−1. The application of LAG (liquid-assisted grinding) revealed a profound impact of the liquid´s boiling point on the textural properties of the obtained polymer materials. Finally, the materials are characterized by vapour sorption experiments with benzene and cyclohexane.

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17

Zhang, Juntao, and Raj M. Manglik. "Nucleate pool boiling of aqueous polymer solutions on a cylindrical heater." Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics 125, no. 2-3 (January 2005): 185–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnnfm.2004.12.001.

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18

Elkholy, Ahmed, and Roger Kempers. "Enhancement of pool boiling heat transfer using 3D-printed polymer fixtures." Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 114 (June 2020): 110056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2020.110056.

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19

Dornyak, O. R., S. P. Levitskii, V. A. Polev, Z. A. Shabunina, and Z. P. Shul'man. "Effects of relaxational diffusion in film boiling of a polymer solution." Journal of Engineering Physics and Thermophysics 69, no. 6 (November 1996): 760–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02606112.

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20

Kobasko, Nikolai, Anatolii Moskalenko, Petro Lohvynenko, Larisa Karsim, and Sergii Riabov. "AN EFFECT OF PIB ADDITIVES TO MINERAL OIL RESULTING IN ELIMINATION OF FILM BOILING DURING STEEL PARTS QUENCHING." EUREKA: Physics and Engineering 3 (May 31, 2016): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2461-4262.2016.00076.

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To control the process of film boiling during quenching in oils, quench oil makers as a rule manipulate physical properties such as a surface tension and viscosity. However, there is much experimental data showing that special additives can eliminate film boiling in oils without changing their physical properties and which is counterintuitive. Authors explain such phenomenon by showing that the addition of a special additive, for example PIB (polyisobutylene polymer), will create an insulating layer on the surface of steel parts during quenching in oils that will eliminate film boiling without affecting physical properties of the oil. Insulating layer decreases initial heat flux density which becomes less than critical one and of the oil will not begin film boiling during quenching with the PIB additive. Authors believe that such approach will allow engineers to solve effectively the problem of part distortion after quenching. The new oil quenchant containing special additive PIB is patented in Ukraine and is manufactured by Barkor Ltd for needs of the heat treating industry.

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21

Zhao, Pengcheng, Meiling Zhang, Tianjiao Wang, Xinyang Liu, Xuesong Zhai, Guanshi Qin, Weiping Qin, Fei Wang, and Daming Zhang. "Optical Amplification at 1525 nm in BaYF5: 20% Yb3+, 2% Er3+Nanocrystals Doped SU-8 Polymer Waveguide." Journal of Nanomaterials 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/153028.

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We demonstrated optical amplification in BaYF5: 20% Yb3+, 2% Er3+(BYF) nanocrystals doped polymer waveguide. BYF nanocrystals with an average size of ∼13 nm were synthesized by a high-boiling solvent process. Intense 1.53 μm fluorescence was obtained in the nanocrystals under excitation at 980 nm. An optical polymer waveguide was fabricated by using BYF nanocrystals doped SU-8 polymer as the core material. A relative optical gain of ∼10.4 dB at 1525 nm was achieved in a 1.1 cm long waveguide for an input signal power of ∼0.09 mW and a pump power of ∼212 mW.

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22

Fu, Xiang, Maximiano Ramos, Ahmed M. Al-Jumaily, Xi Yong Huang, and Nargis Chowdhury. "Improvement on Dispersion of Carbon Nanotubes in Polymer Matrix by Using the Solvent with a Low Boiling Point." Materials Science Forum 939 (November 2018): 170–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.939.170.

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Polymer nanocomposites based on carbon nanotubes attract a great deal of attention recently due to their excellent performance. The dispersion state of CNTs embedded in the matrix is the primary and key issue to realize the potential of the nanocomposite. Here, this paper considers how the boiling point of solvent affects the performance of the nanocomposite when the ultrasonication dispersion method is employed. It is found that solvent with a low boiling point is conducive to save evaporation time so that CNTs can maintain the homogenous dispersion state as much as possible after ultrasonication. Therefore, the stretchability and tensile strength can be improved, while the electrical conductivity has an obvious enhancement as well.

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23

Zaarour, Bilal, Wenxin Zhang, Lei Zhu, Xiang Yu Jin, and Chen Huang. "Maneuvering surface structures of polyvinylidene fluoride nanofibers by controlling solvent systems and polymer concentration." Textile Research Journal 89, no. 12 (August 21, 2018): 2406–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517518792748.

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The surface evolution of fibers has been attracting great attention in many areas. In this work, we demonstrated the feasibility of directly electrospinning grooved and porous polyvinylidene fluoride fibers by varying polymer concentration and using both single/binary solvent systems. We discovered that grooved fibers can be generated from a variety of binary solvent systems, whereas porous fibers can be achieved using low boiling point solvent (LBPS) systems. The results indicated that the key factors for the formation of grooved fibers are the polymer concentration, the difference of evaporation rate (the difference of boiling points between each of the two studied solvents) between the two solvents, and the solvent ratio. While the polymer concentration, the presence of LBPS, and the solvent ratio are the decisive factors for the formation of porous structures. The formation mechanism of grooved fibers was attributed to void-based elongation, wrinkle-based elongation, and collapsed jet-based elongation. The mechanism for the formation of porous fibers was ascribed to the coexistence of both thermally induced phase separation and vapor induced phase separation. These structures can be used in different applications, such as harvesting energy and filtration. Importantly, we believe our work can serve as guidelines for the preparation of grooved and porous nanofibers through electrospinning.

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24

TAKASHIMA, Takeo, and Satoshi YAMATE. "A Study on Minimum Film Boiling Temperature of Inversely Soluble Polymer Solutions." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series B 69, no. 682 (2003): 1433–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaib.69.1433.

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25

Skripov, Pavel V., and Stanislavs E. Puchinskis. "Spontaneous boiling up as a specific relaxation process in polymer-solvent systems." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 59, no. 11 (March 14, 1996): 1659–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4628(19960314)59:11<1659::aid-app1>3.0.co;2-n.

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26

Mikulíková, Regina, Kateřina Kolářová, Václav Švorčík, Barbora Dvořánková, and Tomáš Sopuch. "Surface Structure and Cells Adhesion on Doped Polyethylene." Materials Science Forum 567-568 (December 2007): 253–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.567-568.253.

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The properties of polyethylene doped with Ca2+ salt of oxidized cellulose was studied by different techniques. FTIR spectroscopy was used for the determination of crystalline phase in polymer film, surface wettability was determined by standard goniometry and surface morphology was examined by SEM microscopy. Adhesion of mouse 3T3 fibroblasts on the doped polymer was studied in vitro. It was found that the polyethylene doped with the cellulose derivative can be sterilized in boiling water. The number and homogeneity of adhering cells were shown to depend on the surface wettability and morphology.

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27

Ziari, Hassan, Hassan Divandari, Seyed Mohammad Seyed Ali Akbar, and Seyed Mohsen Hosseinian. "Investigation of the Effect of Crumb Rubber Powder and Warm Additives on Moisture Resistance of SMA Mixtures." Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (April 8, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6653594.

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Stone matrix asphalt (SMA) mixtures are one of the most resistant types of asphalt mixtures known to date that the bulk load is borne by the aggregate skeleton. In this research, the effect of crumb rubber powder (CRP), Vestenamer polymer, and warm additives, including Sasobit, ZycoTherm, and a porous and warm mix asphalt (PAWMA), was investigated on the moisture resistance of SMA mixtures. A segregation test was performed to determine the tendency of the polymer to separate from modified polymer bitumen under storage conditions. Also, a drain down sensitivity test was conducted to explore the bleeding phenomena and drain down of SMA mixtures. Finally, a boiling water test, as well as an indirect tensile strength (ITS) test, was applied to examine the sensitivity of mixtures to moisture. The segregation test results indicated that by the use of Vestenamer polymer, a conventional (low speed) mixer can be used instead of using a high-speed mixer, and this will be very important in the cost of rubber bitumen production. The drain down test results showed that cellulose fibers prevented the bitumen bleeding of SMA mixtures. Also, the results of the boiling water test indicated that CRP samples containing ZycoTherm had the highest moisture resistance compared to the other warm additives. Among various mixtures, 8% CRP-modified samples containing ZycoTherm resulted in the lowest amount of stripping in SMA mixtures, even more than the base sample. The ITS test results illustrated that the use of CRP, Vestenamer polymer, and warm additives had a significant effect on the ITS amounts of mixtures. Moreover, the samples containing ZycoTherm had the highest tensile strength ratio (TSR) compared to the other SMA samples.

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28

Hsieh, H. L., and H. C. Yeh. "Polymerization of Butadiene and Isoprene with Lanthanide Catalysts; Characterization and Properties of Homopolymers and Copolymers." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 58, no. 1 (March 1, 1985): 117–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3536054.

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Abstract The lanthanide polymerization catalysts represent a significant achievement in the synthesis of stereospecific high-cis cis-polybutadiene, high-cis cis-polyisoprene, and high cis random and block copolymers of butadiene with isoprene. In contrast to the conventional 3d transition metal catalysts, changes in lanthanide metals, halogens, and ligands do not significantly affect the cis-1,4 content of the polymer. But, the catalyst activity is greatly dependent on the choice of lanthanide elements, counterions, and donor ligands. Energy efficient processes are possible by performing the polymerizations in low boiling aliphatic hydrocarbon solvents with high solids content and possibly, in the gas phase. In addition, the described lanthanide catalysts are very effective for producing high cis polymers with a broad range of molecular weights.

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29

Xie, Guiming, Zhiyang Wang, and Yongzhong Bao. "Expansion Properties and Diffusion of Blowing Agent for Vinylidene Chloride Copolymer Thermally Expandable Microspheres." Materials 13, no. 17 (August 20, 2020): 3673. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13173673.

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Vinylidene chloride copolymer microspheres were synthesized by in situ suspension copolymerization of vinylidene chloride (VDC), methyl methacrylate (MMA), and/or acrylonitrile (AN) in the presence of a paraffin blowing agent. The effects of shell polymer properties including compositions, glass transition temperature (Tg), crosslinking degree, blowing agent type, and encapsulation ratio (Er) on the expansion properties of copolymer microspheres were investigated. Moreover, the diffusion properties of blowing agent in copolymer microspheres were studied. The results show that VDC-MMA-AN copolymer microspheres exhibited excellent expansion properties, and the volume expansion ratio (Ev) and the apparent density were decreased over 40 times, but it was difficult to expand for the VDC-MMA copolymer microspheres. In addition, the moderately crosslinked inside of the polymer shell enhanced the Ev more than 30 and the stable expansion temperature range (Tr) was about 30 °C by adding 0.2–0.4 wt% of divinyl benzene. The Tg of the shell polymer must be higher than the boiling point of the blowing agent as a prerequisite; the lower the boiling point of the blowing agent, the higher the internal gas pressure driven microsphere expansion, and the wider the Tr. By increasing the Er of blowing agent improved the Ev of the microspheres. The diffusion of pentane blowing agent in VDC-MMA-AN copolymer microspheres were divided into Fick diffusion and non-Fick diffusion.

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30

Golla, Manohar, Baku Nagendra, Christophe Daniel, Paola Rizzo, and Gaetano Guerra. "Axial Orientation of Co-Crystalline Phases of Poly(2,6-Dimethyl-1,4-Phenylene)Oxide Films." Polymers 12, no. 10 (October 17, 2020): 2394. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12102394.

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Films exhibiting co-crystalline (CC) phases between a polymer host and low-molecular-mass guest molecules are relevant for many applications. As is usual for semi-crystalline polymers, axially oriented films can give relevant information on the crystalline structure, both by Wide Angle X-ray diffraction fiber patterns and by polarized Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Axially oriented CC phases of poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene)oxide (PPO) with 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene (mesitylene) can be simply obtained by the stretching of CC PPO films. In fact, due to the plasticization effect of this highly boiling guest, PPO orientation can occur in a stretching temperature range (170–175 °C) nearly 50 °C lower than that generally needed for PPO films (220–230 °C). This low stretching temperature range allows avoidance of polymer oxidation, as well as formation of the mesomorphic dense γ PPO phase. Axially oriented CC phases of PPO with toluene, i.e., with a more volatile guest, can be instead obtained by the stretching (in the same low temperature range: 170–175 °C) of CC PPO blend films with polystyrene.

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31

Thompson, Kirstie A., Ronita Mathias, Daeok Kim, Jihoon Kim, Neel Rangnekar, J. R. Johnson, Scott J. Hoy, et al. "N-Aryl–linked spirocyclic polymers for membrane separations of complex hydrocarbon mixtures." Science 369, no. 6501 (July 16, 2020): 310–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aba9806.

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The fractionation of crude-oil mixtures through distillation is a large-scale, energy-intensive process. Membrane materials can avoid phase changes in such mixtures and thereby reduce the energy intensity of these thermal separations. With this application in mind, we created spirocyclic polymers with N-aryl bonds that demonstrated noninterconnected microporosity in the absence of ladder linkages. The resulting glassy polymer membranes demonstrated nonthermal membrane fractionation of light crude oil through a combination of class- and size-based “sorting” of molecules. We observed an enrichment of molecules lighter than 170 daltons corresponding to a carbon number of 12 or a boiling point less than 200°C in the permeate. Such scalable, selective membranes offer potential for the hybridization of energy-efficient technology with conventional processes such as distillation.

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32

TAKASHIMA, Takeo, and Yoshihiro IIDA. "234 Minimum Film Boiling Temperature and Leidenfrost Temperature of Inversely Soluble Polymer Solutions." Proceedings of Conference of Tokai Branch 2000.49 (2000): 125–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmetokai.2000.49.125.

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33

Shulman, Z. P., and S. P. Levitskiy. "Growth of vapour bubbles in boiling polymer solutions—I. Rheological and diffusional effects." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 39, no. 3 (February 1996): 631–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0017-9310(95)00087-p.

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34

Retyukhin, K. V., and A. V. Reusov. "Distilling off low-boiling components from polymer products in a rotatory film evaporator." Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 21, no. 2 (February 1985): 72–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01731621.

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35

Antonenko, V. A. "Causes of enhanced boiling heat transfer on surfaces covered with perforated polymer film." Journal of Engineering Physics 54, no. 4 (April 1988): 391–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00871109.

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36

Athavale, A. D., R. M. Manglik, and M. A. Jog. "An experimental investigation of nucleate pool boiling in aqueous solutions of a polymer." AIChE Journal 58, no. 3 (April 5, 2011): 668–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.12616.

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37

Xiao, Jiu Mei. "Effect of Warm-up Temperature Rates on Morphologies of Porous Polyimide Membranes." Advanced Materials Research 179-180 (January 2011): 70–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.179-180.70.

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A simple process to fabricate porous polyimide membranes (PPMs) and effect of warm-up temperature rates on morphologies of the PPMs were reported in this paper. The polymer solution layer consisting of the corresponding polyamic acid (PAA), solvent and the pore forming agents with high boiling temperature or high decomposition temperature was first treated under a lower temperature (about 150°C). The received solid membrane was further imidized by a higher temperature (about 270°C) and the pore forming agents were removed from the membrane at a temperature above their boiling temperature or decomposition temperature at last. Then a PPM was obtained. As the temperature was elevated gradually, the porosity of the received PAA membrane was lower than that of the PPM treated by a faster warm-up temperature rate.

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38

Meenu, Km, Dibyendu S. Bag, Rekha Lagarkha, Radha Tomar, and Arvind K. Gupta. "Functional Polysilanes and their Optical, Chiroptical and Photoluminescence Properties." Current Organocatalysis 6, no. 3 (September 5, 2019): 193–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2213337206666190415124549.

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‘Polysilanes’ is an important class of inorganic polymers having Si-Si σ-conjugation along the backbone. They exhibit extraordinary electronic and photophysical properties and find suitable optoelectronics applications. They are typically synthesized by Wurtz coupling reaction of dichlorodialkylsilane or dichlorodiphenylsilane or dichloroalkylphenylsilane and their combinations under drastic reaction conditions by using sodium dispersion in boiling toluene. In such a drastic condition, no functional groups sustain with polysilane polymer. In order to achieve such functional materials, researchers have been interested in synthesizing functional polysilane with a different functional group like a chiral group, azobenzene containing chromophore and other heteroatoms in their main chain or side chain. Therefore, it is a very challenging task to synthesize polysilanes having effective functionality integrated with their structures. However, the modern technological demand of materials leads to efforts to obtain polymers having functional and multifunctional activity in a single material. In this review article, we cover the synthesis of polysilane with functional activity via pre-polymerization and post-polymerization with a functional group.

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Bang, K. H., M. H. Kim, and G. D. Jeun. "Boiling characteristics of dilute polymer solutions and implications for the suppression of vapor explosions." Nuclear Engineering and Design 177, no. 1-3 (December 1997): 255–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0029-5493(97)00198-2.

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Mahadevapuram, Rakesh C., John A. Carr, Yuqing Chen, Sayantan Bose, Kanwar S. Nalwa, Jacob W. Petrich, and Sumit Chaudhary. "Low-boiling-point solvent additives can also enable morphological control in polymer solar cells." Synthetic Metals 185-186 (December 2013): 115–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2013.10.004.

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Hühn, Dominik, Alexander Govorov, Pilar Rivera Gil, and Wolfgang J. Parak. "Photostimulated Au Nanoheaters in Polymer and Biological Media: Characterization of Mechanical Destruction and Boiling." Advanced Functional Materials 22, no. 2 (November 17, 2011): 294–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201101134.

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Kudryavshov, A. V., L. A. Chizhova, and Yu T. Panov. "Study of Polymer Composites Containing Low-boiling Liquids and Gases by Differential Thermal Analysis." International Polymer Science and Technology 35, no. 10 (October 2008): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0307174x0803501001.

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Song, J. H., M. J. Edirisinghe, J. R. G. Evans, and E. H. Twizell. "Modeling the effect of gas transport on the formation of defects during thermolysis of powder moldings." Journal of Materials Research 11, no. 4 (April 1996): 830–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1996.0101.

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The removal of binder from ceramic or metal moldings by thermolysis involves the transport of degradation products through the parent organic phase and the vacated porous body. A numerical model has been developed to combine an equation which takes into account different gas-flow regimes with an equation for the transport of organic molecules in molten polymers. Computer modeling reveals the critical heating rate above which defects occur due to boiling of the polymer-monomer solution at the center of the molding. The situation in which a porous outer layer of the molding develops, offering resistance to flow of the evolved monomer gas, is then treated. This gives rise to a moving boundary with a variable concentration of diffusant which is dependent on the surface flux, gas transport coefficient, and thickness of the porous layer. The contributions of diffusion and viscous flow to gas transport are considered.

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Starovoyt, Anatoly, Evgeniy Malyi, Michael Chemerinskii, and Anatoly Timoshenko. "Modification of the Electrode Pitch Operational Properties." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 15, no. 3 (August 15, 2021): 450–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht15.03.450.

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In this work, the influence of the carbon modifier type and its amount on the processes of carbonization of the electrode pitch and carbon masses for carbon production was investigated experimentally. The paper presents the processes that occur during the carbonization of the electrode pitch and the change in its properties during the modification process. It is shown that the most promising additive is a medium-boiling polymer mixture, which contributes to the carbonization of pitch and improves the physico-chemical properties.

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Shettar, Manjunath, Aakarshit Chaudhary, Zaid Hussain, U. Achutha Kini, and Sathyashankara Sharma. "Hygrothermal Studies on GFRP Composites: A Review." MATEC Web of Conferences 144 (2018): 02026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201814402026.

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The objective of this paper is to review the hygrothermal environment effects on Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) composites. A brief summary of the hygrothermal phenomenon and its mechanisms of GFRP is followed by detailed review of hygrothermal effects on the GFRP. The review also includes the different hygrothermal aging tests viz., cold soaking, boiling soaking, thermal shocks and use of environmental chamber, procedures and significance. At the end, hygrothermal effects on the individual constituents of GFRP viz., fiber, matrix and the fiber-matrix interface, are discussed.

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Landi, G., C. Barone, S. Pagano, A. De Sio, and H. C. Neitzert. "Investigation of the solvent influence on polymer–fullerene solar cells by low frequency noise spectroscopy." Canadian Journal of Physics 92, no. 7/8 (July 2014): 879–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjp-2013-0576.

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The electron density of states and recombination kinetics of bulk heterojunction solar cells have been determined by means of low-frequency noise spectroscopy at room temperature and in dark conditions. The observed differences in the disorder parameter and electron lifetime are attributed to a different film ordering of the active layer because of the influence of a solvent additive. Blends prepared with the reference solvent resulted in the lowest electron lifetime and density of states population, while blends prepared with the addition of a high boiling point solvent resulted in a more efficient charge carrier separation and a higher electron lifetime.

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Cho, Jong Hoon, Ji Sun Im, and Byong Chol Bai. "Effect of Particle Orientation and Porosity on Thermal Conductivity of Petroleum Pitch Polymer-Based Carbon Molded Body." Applied Sciences 10, no. 20 (October 17, 2020): 7281. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10207281.

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The present study was conducted to investigate changes in the thermal conductivity of petroleum pitch-based carbon molded bodies prepared by anisotropic (uniaxial) molding under different molding pressures. The carbon molded bodies were prepared using needle coke and petroleum-based binder pitch polymers (softening point: 150 ℃). Green blocks prepared under high molding pressure showed a higher particle orientation value up to 16.4 μm. Graphite blocks, prepared by graphitizing the green blocks at 2800 ℃ showed a similar trend. The pores in the carbon molded body were filled with low boiling point substances, generated by the thermal treatment of the binder pitch polymer or air that could not be discharged during the molding procedure. Therefore, when phonons encountered a pore, phonon scattering, rather than phonon transport, occurred, and thus the heat transport from the hot zone to a cold zone became slow. As a result, although the particle orientation was a little higher in the B_10-G sample than in the B_20-G sample (in the error range), the thermal conductivity was higher in the B_20-G sample, which may be because the B_10-G sample had a higher porosity than the B_20-G sample.

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Kolosova, A. S., E. S. Pikalov, and O. G. Selivanov. "Heat-Insulating Composite Material Based on Wood and Polymer Waste." Ecology and Industry of Russia 24, no. 2 (February 26, 2020): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0395-2020-2-28-33.

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The results of the development of a raw mixture, which contains a filler obtained by grinding a mixture of small-sized wood waste based on light dirt varieties of coniferous and deciduous species, and a binder obtained by dissolving the waste products from polystyrene foam in methylene chloride, are presented. This mixture allows cold mixing and pressing followed by heat treatment at the boiling point of the solvent. In the course of experimental studies, the influence of the ratio of the mixture components and the pressing pressure on the basic properties and structure of the obtained composite material was established. The composition of the raw material mixture and the pressing were selected to ensure low thermal conductivity in combination with low values of water absorption and swelling density and strength compliant with regulatory requirements. Received thermal insulation material for construction purposes from wood and polymer waste, characterized by large volumes of formation and high rates of accumulation.

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Werner, Bert, and Bernhard Neumüller. "[(TM EDA)2Li4Cl4(H2O)2]·2 TMEDA: stabförmige vierkernige Li-Komplexe verknüpft durch TMEDA / [(TM EDA)2Li4Cl4(H2O)2]·2 TMEDA: Stick-Like Tetranuclear Li Complexes Connected by TMEDA." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 50, no. 9 (September 1, 1995): 1348–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-1995-0909.

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AbstractThe title compound 1 was synthesized by the reaction of LiCl with TM EDA (N,N,N′,N′- tetramethylethylendiamine) and water at 120 °C in boiling TM EDA. 1 was crystallized at - 30 °C as colorless crystals and characterized by NMR and IR spectroscopy as well as by an X-ray structure determination. 1 is a polymer in the solid state, built up by an alternating arrangement of stick-like tetranuclear Li complexes and two TMEDA molecules. The complexes and the TMEDA molecules are connected by hydrogen bridges in infinite chains.

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Satriaji Sudigdo, Rizky Dharmawan, and Hamidah Harahap. "KARAKTERISASI POLIMER KONDUKTIF POLIPIROL BERPENGISI SERBUK BAN UNTUK MENDETEKSI KONDUKTIVITAS MINYAK." Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU 3, no. 2 (July 2, 2014): 30–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/jtk.v3i2.1503.

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Conductive polymer sensor based polypyrrole (ppy) and tire dust and 1,4-methyl-pyrrolidinone was made by using polymerization process. The polymerization process was prepared at temperature 100°C in boiling water for 30 minutes. Conductive polymer sensor is undergone several type of analysis including electrical conductivity, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR),and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The test used some kind of oil (palm oil,corn oil, diesel, and engine oil). The conductivity test result shows that sensor-4 (contain 20 phr of tire dust) in 80°C at 30 minutes had the highest conductivity. Scanning Electron Microscopy result shows the rough surface and well dispersed of tire dust in polypyrrole/tire dust blends. The XRD analysis shows the Face Centered Cubic (FCC) crystallographic structure of the sensor. The oil conductivity test shows that the corn oil is more reactive than others.

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