Relevant bibliographies by topics / Polymer chemistry|Chemical engineering|Energy

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Polymer chemistry|Chemical engineering|Energy'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 12 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Polymer chemistry|Chemical engineering|Energy"

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Rostami, Alireza, Mahdi Kalantari-Meybodi, Masoud Karimi, Afshin Tatar, and Amir H. Mohammadi. "Efficient estimation of hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) solution viscosity for enhanced oil recovery process by polymer flooding." Oil & Gas Sciences and Technology – Revue d’IFP Energies nouvelles 73 (2018): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2516/ogst/2018006.

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Polymers applications have been progressively increased in sciences and engineering including chemistry, pharmacology science, and chemical and petroleum engineering due to their attractive properties. Amongst the all types of polymers, partially Hydrolyzed Polyacrylamide (HPAM) is one of the widely used polymers especially in chemistry, and chemical and petroleum engineering. Capability of solution viscosity increment of HPAM is the key parameter in its successful applications; thus, the viscosity of HPAM solution must be determined in any study. Experimental measurement of HPAM solution viscosity is time-consuming and can be expensive for elevated conditions of temperatures and pressures, which is not desirable for engineering computations. In this communication, Multilayer Perceptron neural network (MLP), Least Squares Support Vector Machine approach optimized with Coupled Simulated Annealing (CSA-LSSVM), Radial Basis Function neural network optimized with Genetic Algorithm (GA-RBF), Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System coupled with Conjugate Hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization (CHPSO-ANFIS) approach, and Committee Machine Intelligent System (CMIS) were used to model the viscosity of HPAM solutions. Then, the accuracy and reliability of the developed models in this study were investigated through graphical and statistical analyses, trend prediction capability, outlier detection, and sensitivity analysis. As a result, it has been found that the MLP and CMIS models give the most reliable results with determination coefficients (R2) more than 0.98 and Average Absolute Relative Deviations (AARD) less than 4.0%. Finally, the suggested models in this study can be applied for efficient estimation of aqueous solutions of HPAM polymer in simulation of polymer flooding into oil reservoirs.
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Flaaten, Adam K., Quoc P. Nguyen, Jieyuan Zhang, Hourshad Mohammadi, and Gary A. Pope. "Alkaline/Surfactant/Polymer Chemical Flooding Without the Need for Soft Water." SPE Journal 15, no. 01 (October 14, 2009): 184–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/116754-pa.

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Summary Alkaline/surfactant/polymer (ASP) flooding using conventional alkali requires soft water. However, soft water is not always available, and softening hard brines may be very costly or infeasible in many cases depending on the location, the brine composition, and other factors. For instance, conventional ASP uses sodium carbonate to reduce the adsorption of the surfactant and generate soap in-situ by reacting with acidic crude oils; however, calcium carbonate precipitates unless the brine is soft. A form of borax known as metaborate has been found to sequester divalent cations such as Ca++ and prevent precipitation. This approach has been combined with the screening and selection of surfactant formulations that will perform well with brines having high salinity and hardness. We demonstrate this approach by combining high-performance, low-cost surfactants with cosurfactants that tolerate high salinity and hardness and with metaborate that can tolerate hardness as well. Chemical formulations containing surfactants and alkali in hard brine were screened for performance and tolerance using microemulsion phase-behavior experiments and crude at reservoir temperature. A formulation was found that, with an optimum salinity of 120,000 ppm total dissolved solids (TDS), 6,600 ppm divalent cations, performed well in corefloods with high oil recovery and almost zero final chemical flood residual oil saturation. Additionally, chemical formulations containing sodium metaborate and hard brine gave nearly 100% oil recovery with no indication of precipitate formation. Metaborate chemistry was incorporated into a mechanistic, compositional chemical flooding simulator, and the simulator was then used to model the corefloods. Overall, novel ASP with metaborate performed comparably to conventional ASP using sodium carbonate in soft water, demonstrating advancements in ASP adaptation to hard, saline reservoirs without the need for soft brine, which increases the number of oil reservoirs that are candidates for enhanced oil recovery using ASP flooding.
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Al-Muntasheri, Ghaithan A., Hisham A. Nasr-El-Din, and Pacelli L. J. Zitha. "Gelation Kinetics and Performance Evaluation of an Organically Crosslinked Gel at High Temperature and Pressure." SPE Journal 13, no. 03 (September 1, 2008): 337–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/104071-pa.

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Summary Organically crosslinked gels have been used to control water production in high temperature applications. These chemical systems are based on the crosslinking of a polyacrylamide-based polymer/copolymer with an organic crosslinker. Polyethyleneimine (PEI) has been used as an organic crosslinker for polyacrylamide-based copolymers to provide thermally stable gels. Literature reported that PEI can form aqueous gels with polyacrylamide (PAM) at room temperature. In this paper, we show for the first time the possibility of crosslinking polyacrylamide with PEI at temperatures up to 140°C (285°F) and pressures up to 30 bars (435 psi). This paper reports data both in bulk and in porous media. The gelation time of the PAM crosslinked with PEI at high temperatures up to 140°C (285°F) and pressures up to 435 psi (30 bars) was measured. The effects of polymer concentration, crosslinker concentration, temperature, salinity, initial pH value, and the initial degree of hydrolysis of the polymer on the gelation time were examined in detail. All measurements were conducted in the steady shear mode. 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (13C NMR) was used to relate the gelation time to changes in the structure of the polymer and hence explain the variation in the gelation time in terms of the gelling system chemistry. In bulk, thermally stable gels were obtained by crosslinking PAM with PEI at 130°C (266°F) for at least 8 weeks. The performance of the PAM/PEI system in sandstone cores at a temperature of 90°C (194°F) and pressure drops of 68.95 bars (1,000 psi) was examined. The system was found to be stable for 3 weeks, where the permeability was reduced by a factor of 100%. Introduction Water production is a serious problem in petroleum-producing operations. Additional costs are imposed by processing, treating, and disposing unwanted water. Of the available remediation techniques, chemical methods using polymer gels have been widely applied. The success rate of these chemical treatments depends, among other factors, on the understanding of gelation kinetics, gelant's compatibility with reservoir fluids, and thermal stability of the final gel. Polymer gels have been used to reduce water production through the disproportionate permeability reduction (DPR) (Zaitoun and Kohler 1988; Liang et al. 1995). In DPR, the relative permeability to water is reduced to a greater extent than that to oil (or gas). Polymer gels were also used to totally block the pore space of the water producing zones in both matrix (Vasquez et al. 2003) and fractures (Alqam et al. 2001). Polymer gels are generally classified into two categories based on the nature of polymer/crosslinker bonding chemistry. The first type is inorganic gel systems based on the crosslinking of the carboxylate groups on the partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide chain (PHPA) with a trivalent cation like Cr(III) (Sydansk 1990; Lockhart 1994). This crosslinking is believed to rely on coordination covalent bonding. It should be mentioned that Cr(III)-carboxylate/acrylamide-polymer gels (CC/AP) were reported to be stable at temperatures up to 148.9°C (300°F) in Berea cores under pressure drops of 68.95 bars (1,000 psi) (Sydansk and Southwell 2000). The second class of polymer gels is based on covalent bonds between the crosslinker and the acrylamide-based polymer (Morgan et al. 1998; Moradi-Araghi 2000). High temperature applications require the use of thermally stable covalently bonded systems. However, these covalent bonds do not guarantee long-term stability. Literature reports (Moradi-Araghi 2000) highlight the importance of using a thermally stable polymer to produce thermally stable gels. Polyacrylamide-based polymers are known to hydrolyze at high temperatures causing gel syneresis (expulsion of water out of the gel structure due to over crosslinking) (Moradi-Araghi 2000), especially in brines with high contents of Mg+2 and Ca+2, where polymer precipitation may also occur (Moradi-Araghi and Doe 1984). Therefore, more thermally stable monomers are copolymerized with the acrylamide polymer to minimize excessive hydrolysis (Moradi-Araghi et al. 1987; Doe et al. 1987) and enhance thermal stability of the produced gel.
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Bazzi, Hassan S. "Preface." Pure and Applied Chemistry 85, no. 3 (January 1, 2013): iv. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac20138503iv.

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The 14th International Conference on Polymers and Organic Chemistry (POC 2012) was held 6-9 January 2012 in Doha, capital of the State of Qatar. This conference followed the 13th edition of this series, which was held in Montreal, Canada in 2009, and is a biannual meeting that travels from one continent to another since its inception in 1982 in Lyon, France to discuss recent results in the fields of polymer and organic chemistry in order to promote their importance in our everyday lives. This was the first IUPAC-sponsored meeting ever in the State of Qatar and the first time this meeting (POC) took place in the Arab world since it was established. POC 2012 was a very successful event, attended by approximately 300 chemists from over 15 countries.The conference featured Dr. Robert H. Grubbs, Victor and Elizabeth Atkins Professor of Chemistry at the California Institute of Technology and 2005 Nobel Laureate in Chemistry, as keynote speaker. His lecture was titled “The synthesis of large and small molecules using olefin metathesis catalysts”.The conference consisted of eight oral sessions, which focused on:- Polyolefins (Chair: Dr. Abbas Razavi, Total Petrochemicals Research Feluy)- Responsive and smart polymers (Chair: Dr. David E. Bergbreiter, Texas A&M University)- Polymers in energy (Chair: Dr. Hiroyuki Nishide, Waseda University)- Polymers as therapeutics (Chair: Dr. Karen L. Wooley, Texas A&M University)- Advances in polymer synthesis (Chair: Prof. Brigitte Voit, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden)- Orthogonal chemistry: organic and polymer synthesis (Chair: Dr. Craig Hawker, University of California Santa Barbara)- Macromolecular engineering with biomolecules (Chair: Dr. Hanadi F. Sleiman, McGill University)- Polymers from renewable resources (Chair: Dr. Joe Kurian, Dupont Company).In addition to the keynote lecture, the conference featured an impressive 43 invited lectures by prominent chemists from all over the globe. The oral sessions featured an additional 29 contributed talks. The poster session showcased the latest results presented by 71 faculty and students attendees.The organizers of the POC 2012 would like to thank the sponsors who generously supported this event. Qatar Petrochemical Company (QAPCO) was the premier sponsor. The organizers are also grateful to the following sponsors: Qatar Fertiliser Company (QAFCO), Qatar University, Qatar Foundation, Texas A&M University at Qatar, and Qatar Airways.I would like finally to acknowledge all the members of the POC 2012 Organizing Committee and International Advisory Committee for their immense contributions. Special thanks are extended in particular to Hala El-Dakak and G. Benjamin Cieslinski for their outstanding efforts.Hassan S. BazziConference Chair
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Al-Obaidi, Hisham, Mridul Majumder, and Fiza Bari. "Amorphous and Crystalline Particulates: Challenges and Perspectives in Drug Delivery." Current Pharmaceutical Design 23, no. 3 (February 20, 2017): 350–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612822666161107162109.

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Crystalline and amorphous dispersions have been the focus of academic and industrial research due to their potential role in formulating poorly water-soluble drugs. This review looks at the progress made starting with crystalline carriers in the form of eutectics moving towards more complex crystalline mixtures. It also covers using glassy polymers to maintain the drug as amorphous exhibiting higher energy and entropy. However, the amorphous form tends to recrystallize on storage, which limits the benefits of this approach. Specific interactions between the drug and the polymer may retard this spontaneous conversion of the amorphous drug. Some studies have shown that it is possible to maintain the drug in the amorphous form for extended periods of time. For the drug and the polymer to form a stable mixture they have to be miscible on a molecular basis. Another form of solid dispersions is pharmaceutical co-crystals, for which research has focused on understanding the chemistry, crystal engineering and physico-chemical properties. USFDA has issued a guidance in April 2013 suggesting that the co-crystals as a pharmaceutical product may be a reality; but just not yet! While some of the research is still oriented towards application of these carriers, understanding the mechanism by which drug-carrier miscibility occurs is also covered. Within this context is the use of thermodynamic models such as Flory-Huggins model with some examples of studies used to predict miscibility.
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Peng, Yuankun, Tongkui Yue, Sai Li, Ke Gao, Yachen Wang, Ziwei Li, Xin Ye, Liqun Zhang, and Jun Liu. "Rheological and structural properties of associated polymer networks studied via non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulation." Molecular Systems Design & Engineering 6, no. 6 (2021): 461–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1me00017a.

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The physical polymer network formed by molecular association via non-covalent interactions between end groups alters a great many rheological properties of polymers and produces some fascinating rheological phenomena.
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Zahid, Muhammad, Muhammad Zafar, Muhammad A. Rana, Muhammad S. Lodhi, Abdul S. Awan, and Babar Ahmad. "Mathematical analysis of a non-Newtonian polymer in the forward roll coating process." Journal of Polymer Engineering 40, no. 8 (September 25, 2020): 703–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2019-0297.

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AbstractThis article describes the development of a mathematical model of forward roll coating of a thin film of a non-Newtonian material when it passes through a small gap between the two counter-rotating rolls. The conservation equations of mass, momentum, and energy in the light of LAT (lubrication approximation theory) are non-dimensionalized and solutions for the velocity profile, flow rate, pressure distribution, pressure, forces, stresses, power input to the roller, and temperature distribution are calculated analytically. It is found that by changing (increasing/decreasing) the value of material parameters, one can really control the engineering parameters like, stress and the most important the coating thickness and is a quick reference for the engineer working in coating industries. Some results are shown graphically. From the present study, it has been established that the material parameter is a device to control flow rate, coating thickness, separation points, and pressure distribution.
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Yadav, Neha, Farzad Seidi, Daniel Crespy, and Valerio D'Elia. "Polymers Based on Cyclic Carbonates as Trait d'Union Between Polymer Chemistry and Sustainable CO2 Utilization." ChemSusChem 12, no. 4 (February 15, 2019): 724–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201802770.

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Osokin, Yu G. "Vinylnorbornene: Preparation, chemical transformations, and use in organic synthesis and polymer chemistry. Vinylnorbornene synthesis and isomerization to ethylidenenorbornene (Review)." Petroleum Chemistry 47, no. 1 (February 2007): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s096554410701001x.

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Kim, Kyung-su, You Kyoung Chung, Hyunwoo Kim, Chae Yeon Ha, Joonsuk Huh, and Changsik Song. "Additive-free photo-mediated oxidative cyclization of pyridinium acylhydrazones to 1,3,4-oxadiazoles: solid-state conversion in a microporous organic polymer and supramolecular energy-level engineering." RSC Advances 11, no. 4 (2021): 1969–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ra09581h.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Polymer chemistry|Chemical engineering|Energy"

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Thelen, Jacob Lloyd. "The Influence of Charged Species on the Phase Behavior, Self-Assembly, and Electrochemical Performance of Block Copolymer Electrolytes." Thesis, University of California, Berkeley, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10250661.

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One of the major barriers to expanding the capacity of large-scale electrochemical energy storage within batteries is the threat of a catastrophic failure. Catastrophic battery pack failure can be initiated by a defect within a single battery cell. If the failure of a defective battery cell is not contained, the damage can spread and subsequently compromise the integrity of the entire battery back, as well as the safety of those in its surroundings. Replacing the volatile, flammable liquid electrolyte components found in most current lithium ion batteries with a solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) would significantly improve the cell-level safety of batteries; however, poor ionic conductivity and restricted operating temperatures compared to liquid electrolytes have plagued the practical application of SPEs. Rather than competing with the performance of liquid electrolytes directly, our approach to developing SPEs relies on increasing electrolyte functionality through the use of block copolymer architectures.

Block copolymers, wherein two or more chemically dissimilar polymer chains are covalently bound, have a propensity to microphase separate into nanoscale domains that have physical properties similar to those of each of the different polymer chains. For instance, the block copolymer, polystyrene-b-poly(ethylene oxide) (SEO), has often been employed as a solid polymer electrolyte because the nanoscale domains of polystyrene (PS) can provide mechanical reinforcement, while the poly(ethylene oxide) microphases can solvate and conduct lithium ions. Block copolymer electrolytes (BCEs) formed from SEO/salt mixtures result in a material with the bulk mechanical properties of a solid, but with the ion conducting properties of a viscoelastic fluid. The efficacy SEO-based BCEs has been demonstrated; the enhanced mechanical functionality provided by the PS domains resist the propagation of dendritic lithium structures during battery operation, thus enabling the use of a lithium metal anode. The increase in the specific energy of a battery upon replacing a graphite anode with lithium metal can offset the losses in performance due to the poor ion conduction of SPEs. However, BCEs that enable the use of a lithium anode and have improved performance would represent a major breakthrough for the development of high capacity batteries.

The electrochemical performance of BCEs has a complex relationship with the nature of the microphase separated domains, which is not well-understood. The objective of this dissertation is to provide fundamental insight into the nature of microphase separation and self-assembly of block copolymer electrolytes. Specifically, I will focus on how the ion-polymer interactions within a diverse set of BCEs dictate nanostructure. Combining such insight with knowledge of how nanostructure influences ion motion will enable the rational design of new BCEs with enhanced performance and functionality.

In order to facilitate the study of BCE nanostructure, synchrotron-based X-ray scattering techniques were used to study samples over a wide range of length-scales under conditions relevant to the battery environment. The development of the experimental aspects of the X-ray scattering techniques, as well as an improved treatment of scattering data, played a pivotal role in the success of this work. The dissemination of those developments will be the focus of the first section.

The thermodynamic impact of adding salt to a neutral diblock copolymer was studied in a model BCE composed of a low molecular weight SEO diblock copolymer mixed with lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI), a common salt used in lithium batteries. In neutral block copolymers (BCPs), self-assembly is a thermodynamically driven process governed by a balance between unfavorable monomer contacts and the entropy of mixing. When the enthalpic and entropic contributions to free energy are similar in magnitude, a block copolymer can undergo a thermally reversible phase transition from an ordered to a disordered nanostructure. We used temperature-dependent small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) to observe this transition in the model SEO/LiTFSI system. Unlike neutral BCPs, which to a first approximation are single component systems, the SEO/LiTFSI system demonstrated the thermodynamically stable coexistence phases of ordered lamellae and disordered polymer over a finite temperature window. Analysis of the lamellar domains revealed an increase in salt concentration during the ODT, indicating local salt partitioning due to the presence of nanostructure.

The performance of BCEs can also be improved by chemically functionalizing one of the polymer blocks by covalently attaching the salt anion. Since the cation is the only mobile species, these materials are coined single-ion conducting block copolymers. Single ion conduction can improve the efficiency of battery operation. In order for cation motion to occur in single-ion conducting block copolymers, it must dissociate from the backbone of the anion-containing polymer block. This direct coupling of ion dissociation (and hence conduction) and nanostructure has interesting implications for BCE performance. (Abstract shortened by ProQuest.)

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Zhai, Yuxin. "Spectroscopic Studies of Adsorbed CO2 on Polyamines and Photo-generated Electrons in Photocatalytic Synthesis." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1538145926835136.

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Hansel, Philip A. "Efficient Flocculation of Microalgae for Biomass Production Using Cationic Starch." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1313779752.

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Helm, Eric. "Solute Partitioning in Elastin-like Polypeptides: A Foundation for Drug Delivery Applications." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1450790146.

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Gopu, Susmitha. "Effect of Phosphotungstic Acid in Electrodes on PEMFC Performance at Elevated Temperature and Low Humidity." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1338675991.

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Crisanti, Samuel Nathan Crisanti. "Effect of Alumina and LAGP Fillers on the Ionic Conductivity of Printed Composite Poly(Ethylene Oxide) Electrolytes for Lithium-Ion Batteries." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1522756200308156.

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Silva, Mojica Ernesto. "Polymer-silica Hybrids for Separation of CO2 and Catalysis of Organic Reactions." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1398439043.

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Palaniappan, Ramasamy. "Improving The Efficiency Of Ammonia Electrolysis For Hydrogen Production." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1386341476.

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Kaplan, Samuel. "DEVELOPING A METHOD FOR THE ELECTROCEHMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF NOVELNITROGEN-DOPED CARBONACEOUS CATALYSTS FOR CARBON DIOXIDE REDUCTION." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1626451551046237.

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Gunathilake, Chamila Asanka. "SOFT-TEMPLATING SYNTHESIS OF MESOPOROUS SILICA-BASED MATERIALS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1471543020.

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Books on the topic "Polymer chemistry|Chemical engineering|Energy"

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Kent, James A. Handbook of Industrial Chemistry and Biotechnology. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2012.

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1936-, Matsuura Takeshi, and SpringerLink (Online service), eds. Polymer Membranes for Fuel Cells. Boston, MA: Springer-Verlag US, 2009.

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service), SpringerLink (Online, ed. Free-Radical Retrograde-Precipitation Polymerization (FRRPP): Novel Concepts, Processes, Materials, and Energy Aspects. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2010.

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Woo, Hee-Gweon. Advanced Functional Materials. Berlin, Heidelberg: Zhejiang University Press, Hangzhou and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2011.

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Kent, James A., Tilak V. Bommaraju, and Scott D. Barnicki. Handbook of Industrial Chemistry and Biotechnology. Springer, 2017.

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Kent, James A., Tilak V. Bommaraju, and Scott D. Barnicki. Handbook of Industrial Chemistry and Biotechnology. Springer, 2018.

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Book chapters on the topic "Polymer chemistry|Chemical engineering|Energy"

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Gubler, Lorenz. "Polymer Electrolyte Materials for Electrochemical Energy Devices." In Reference Module in Chemistry, Molecular Sciences and Chemical Engineering. Elsevier, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-409547-2.14285-4.

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Conference papers on the topic "Polymer chemistry|Chemical engineering|Energy"

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Jung, Hye-Mi, Jung-Hun Noh, and Sukkee Um. "Experimental Study of Electrical Switching Characteristics of Vanadium Oxide Thin Films on Bipolar Plates for Improving Thaw-at-Start." In ASME 2011 9th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology collocated with ASME 2011 5th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2011-54561.

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The ultimate goal of cold start of hydrogen-powered polymer electrolyte fuel cell vehicles is to minimize the significant system thaw energy requirement and to achieve the short time period desired for freeze start (e.g. less than 30 seconds) in a subfreezing environment. As part of an effort to improve cold start capability for fuel cell vehicles, this work presents a new thaw-at-start strategy using electrical characteristics of vanadium oxide thin films as self-heating source at sub-zero temperature. Vanadium-based thin film coated on the surface of flat bipolar plates (e.g. carbon-based graphite and metallic bipolar plates) have been synthesized by a dip-coating method via aqueous sol-gel chemistry. Subsequently, the detailed in-/ex-situ analyses of the thin films have been carried out using diverse diagnostic techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to investigate the chemical composition, crystallinity, and microstructure. In addition, electrical switching characteristics of the thin films on bipolar plates was cautiously observed over a temperature range from −20°C to 80°C by means of 4-point probes installed in a thermo -hygrostat. By doing so, it has been possible to correctly infer the relationship between a tendency of the thermally-induced electrical switching hysteresis and bipolar plate materials. Also, comprehensive theoretical study on the basis of the experimental results have been performed to estimate the heat dissipation rate by Joule heating from the solid thin films on bipolar plates for the rapid cold-start operation of fuel cell vehicles.
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