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Journal articles on the topic 'Polymer cushion'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 19 February 2022

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1

Liu, Yingfeng, Qiong Rao, Ming Chen, Xiongqi Peng, and Shaoqing Shi. "A Visco-Hyperelastic Constitutive Model for Multilayer Polymer Membranes and its Application in Packaging Air Cushion." International Journal of Applied Mechanics 08, no. 05 (July 2016): 1650062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1758825116500629.

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Air cushion is an important packaging material with admirable cushion property in protecting articles from damage. Polymer membrane in air cushion renders a highly nonlinear elastic and rate dependent mechanical behavior in experimental tensile test. A visco-hyperelastic constitutive model for a polymer membrane of an air cushion is developed by additively decomposing its mechanical response into a hyperelastic portion and a viscoelastic portion. Material parameters are consecutively obtained by matching experimental data of static and dynamic uni-axial tensile tests of the membrane, respectively. Compression test of a single air column of the air cushion is conducted as a means of validation on the proposed constitutive model. By comparing simulation results with experimental data, it is shown that the proposed visco-hyperelastic model can properly characterize the mechanical behavior of the air cushion packaging material. The model can be applied to evaluate cushion performance of air cushions and their optimum design.

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2

Ryzhkov, Nikolay V., and Ekaterina V. Skorb. "A platform for light-controlled formation of free-stranding lipid membranes." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 17, no. 163 (February 2020): 20190740. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2019.0740.

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The engineering of artificial cells is one of the most significant scientific challenges. Thus, controlled fabrication and in situ monitoring of biomimetic nanoscale objects are among the central issues in current science and technology. Studies of transmembrane channels and cell mechanics often require the formation of lipid bilayers (LBs), their modification and their transfer to a particular place. We present here a novel approach for remotely controlled manipulation of LBs. Layer-by-layer deposition of polyethyleneimine and poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) on a nanostructured TiO 2 photoanode was performed to obtain a surface with the desired net charge and to enhance photocatalytic performance. The LB was deposited on top of a multi-layer positive polymer cushion by the dispersion of negative vesicles. The separation distance between the electrostatically linked polyelectrolyte cushion and the LB can be adjusted by changing the environmental pH, as zwitter-ionic lipid molecules undergo pH-triggered charge-shifting. Protons were generated remotely by photoanodic water decomposition on the TiO 2 surface under 365 nm illumination. The resulting pH gradient was characterized by scanning vibrating electrode and scanning ion-selective electrode techniques. The light-induced reversible detachment of the LB from the polymer-cushioned photoactive substrate was found to correlate with suggested impedance models.

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3

Wang, Ju Wei. "Lignin Waste Polyurethane Cushion Packaging Materials Research." Applied Mechanics and Materials 488-489 (January 2014): 98–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.488-489.98.

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Polyurethane (referred to as PU) is a polymer made from polyisocyanate and a polyether polyol or polyester polyol and small molecule polyol, polyamine or water chain extenders or crosslinking agent, such as raw materials. By changing the type of material and composition, you can dramatically change the form of products and their performance, the final product from soft to hard. Lignin, a natural renewable resources, natural aromatic polymer has a hydroxyl-containing three-dimensional structural characteristics, the research and application has become increasingly active. The introduction of the lignin in the material, not only can improve the performance of the material but also reduce costs, resulting in considerable economic benefits. If we can combine the two advantages of the manufacture of composite materials to become a demand. The subjects explored the impact of the alkali lignin waste polyurethane foam and curing agent on the performance of the polyurethane foam through experiments that the above factors, the ratio of the manufacture of polyurethane foam: phenolic resin 250g, adding emulsifier 30g, foamagent alkali lignin 40g, waste polyurethane 30g, hardener 100g from the foam strength of 380KPa and low cost.

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4

Wang, Jun, Li-xin Lu, Huan-xin Jiang, and Yong Zhu. "Nonlinear Response of Strong Nonlinear System Arisen in Polymer Cushion." Abstract and Applied Analysis 2013 (2013): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/891914.

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A dynamic model is proposed for a polymer foam-based nonlinear cushioning system. An accurate analytical solution for the nonlinear free vibration of the system is derived by applying He's variational iteration method, and conditions for resonance are obtained, which should be avoided in the cushioning design.

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5

Zhang, Yibang, Yanyan Chen, and Gang Jin. "PEGylated Phospholipid Membrane on Polymer Cushion and Its Interaction with Cholesterol." Langmuir 26, no. 13 (July 6, 2010): 11140–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la100973p.

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6

Zhang, Jianfeng, Peipei He, Yichen Lin, Haixia Song, Hao Dong, Xuejun Zhu, and Jiejing Zhang. "The Cushion Performance of Mycelium-Cornstraw Biofoams." Journal of Biobased Materials and Bioenergy 13, no. 4 (August 1, 2019): 484–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbmb.2019.1876.

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Biofoams are considered to be one of the best alternatives to polymer foam. In many biofoams, mycelium-based biofoams are favored in the recent years for its zero pollution and renewability during the forming and after treatment process. Mycelium-wood biofoams, mycelium-cottonseed shell biofoams have been proved to have good mechanical or sound absorption properties. While, whether corn straw, as the by-product of the largest yield of agricultural products, is suitable to prepare mycelium-based biofoam has not been studied yet. Here we used Pleurotus ostreatus mycelium bonding corn straw to prepare mycelium-cornstraw biofoams, and mechanical properties as well as bonding mechanism of the mycelium-cornstraw biofoams were studied. It was discovered that inoculum quantity was an important factor on the performance of mycelium-cornstraw biofoams, and inoculum quantity of 1.8% was considered as the optimal inoculum quantity. At this inoculum quantity, when relative deformation was 10%, the compressive strength of mycelium-cornstraw biofoam was about twice that of mycelium-broadleaf sawdust biofoams reported, but the time spent on material preparation is only about their 1/3.

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7

Giannino, Valentina, Lucia Salandin, Cristina Macelloni, and Luigi Maria Longo. "Evaluation of Eleview® Bioadhesive Properties and Cushion-Forming Ability." Polymers 12, no. 2 (February 5, 2020): 346. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12020346.

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Submucosal injection is generally required for both endoscopic-mucosal resection (EMR) and submucosal dissection (ESD). SIC-8000 (Eleview®) is a new liquid composition in the form of a microemulsion for submucosal injection, approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) 510(k) and Conformité Européene (CE) marked, containing a biocompatible polymer as a cushioning agent. The aim of this study was to evaluate Eleview®’s performance in terms of bioadhesive properties and cushion-forming ability. The bioadhesion was evaluated by measuring the interaction between Eleview® and the extracellular matrix (the main component of the submucosal layer) using the texture analyzer. To better comprehend the mechanism of action of Eleview® after submucosal injection, force of detachment and adhesion work were measured for the following formulations: Eleview®, Eleview® without poloxamer (functional polymer), poloxamer solution alone, normal saline, and MucoUp® (competing product on the Japanese market). The results obtained show the interaction between Eleview® and the extracellular matrix, highlighting the stronger bioadhesive properties of Eleview® compared with Eleview® without poloxamer, poloxamer solution alone, as well as normal saline and MucoUp®. The ability of Eleview® to form a consistent and long-lasting cushion in situ, once injected into the submucosal layer, was tested ex vivo on a porcine stomach. The results obtained show a better permanence in situ for the product compared with normal saline injection and to MucoUp® (t-test, p < 0.05).

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8

Merzlyakov, Mikhail, Edwin Li, Ivan Gitsov, and Kalina Hristova. "Surface-Supported Bilayers with Transmembrane Proteins: Role of the Polymer Cushion Revisited." Langmuir 22, no. 24 (November 2006): 10145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la061976d.

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9

Hayama, Masayo, Kenichiro Yamamoto, Fukashi Kohori, Makoto Fukuda, Tatsuo Hiyoshi, and Kiyotaka Sakai. "“CUSHION EFFECT” OF POLYVINYLPIRROLIDONE POLYMER PARTICLES IMPROVES BIOCOMPATIBILITY OF POLYSULFONE DIALYSIS MEMBRANES." ASAIO Journal 49, no. 2 (March 2003): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002480-200303000-00240.

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10

Zhou, Jun. "Comment on “Nonlinear Response of Strong Nonlinear System Arisen in Polymer Cushion”." Abstract and Applied Analysis 2013 (2013): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/329638.

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11

Ge, Changfeng. "A comparative study between felted and triaxial compressed polymer foams on cushion performance." Journal of Cellular Plastics 49, no. 6 (September 25, 2013): 521–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021955x13503844.

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12

Cao, Junhui, Wenzhi Fu, Mingzhe Li, and Heli Peng. "Research on the elastic cushion conditions in multi-point thermoforming for polymer sheet." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering 229, no. 3 (January 23, 2014): 149–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954408913513254.

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13

Batt, Gregory S., James M. Gibert, and Mohammed Daqaq. "Reduced-order Modelling of the Linear Vibration Response of Expanded Polymer Cushion Material." Packaging Technology and Science 28, no. 1 (June 17, 2014): 59–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pts.2086.

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14

Batt, By Gregory S., James M. Gibert, and Mohammed Daqaq. "Primary Resonance Behaviour of a Nonlinear, Viscoelastic Model of Expanded Polymer Cushion Material." Packaging Technology and Science 28, no. 8 (June 1, 2015): 694–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pts.2131.

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15

Joodaky, Amin, Gregory S. Batt, and James M. Gibert. "Prediction of cushion curves of polymer foams using a nonlinear distributed parameter model." Packaging Technology and Science 33, no. 1 (November 14, 2019): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pts.2473.

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16

Batt, Gregory S., James M. Gibert, and Mohammed Daqaq. "Small strain vibration of a continuous, linearized viscoelastic rod of expanded polymer cushion material." Journal of Sound and Vibration 349 (August 2015): 330–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2015.03.039.

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17

Wang, Ting, Dawei Li, Xiaolin Lu, Alexander Khmaladze, Xiaofeng Han, Shuji Ye, Pei Yang, Gi Xue, Nongyue He, and Zhan Chen. "Single Lipid Bilayers Constructed on Polymer Cushion Studied by Sum Frequency Generation Vibrational Spectroscopy." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 115, no. 15 (March 24, 2011): 7613–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp200546h.

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18

Ruiz-Herrero, J. L., M. A. Rodríguez-Pérez, and J. A. de Saja. "Prediction of Cushion Curves for Closed Cell Polyethylene-Based Foams. Part I. Modelling." Cellular Polymers 24, no. 6 (November 2005): 329–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026248930502400602.

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The possibility of prediction of the cushioning performance of closed cell foams under compressive impacts has been analyzed, using simple theoretical models. Several corrections have been introduced into the models previously proposed by Burgess. These corrections take into account the variation of gas volume in the foam with density, they incorporate the effect of the falling weight into the calculations, and finally they consider the base polymer effect. Even though the predictability of the model is not complete it provides a useful tool from the practical viewpoint.

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19

Babafemi Raphael Babaniyi, Obibuzor Vitalis Chidozie, and Obibuzor Vitalis Chidozie. "Characterization and blending of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) produced by Bacillus safensis FO-366(T) on cassava peels." GSC Advanced Research and Reviews 5, no. 2 (November 30, 2020): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscarr.2020.13.2.0084.

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Plastic industry has contributed significantly to the current state of environmental damage because the polymeric materials used so far in various applications are not biodegradable. Thus, the need for viable and sustainable solutions to reduce the environmental impact and have better performance than the options currently available. In this regard, biodegradable polymers emerged as one of the solutions to cushion impact of plastics waste disposal on the environment. Cassava peels were dried and made into powder, which was used for this study with Bacillus safensis FO-366(T). After 48 hrs of incubation the pellets were extracted and purified with chloroform. The pellets were dried and characterised. The FTIR and GCMS revealed the presence of 3HD methyl ester as the prominent monomers of PHA. The blends showed better mechanical properties than PLA and PE. This study revealed the potential of cassava peels as a carbon source for production of biodegradable polymer.

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20

Babafemi Raphael Babaniyi, Obibuzor Vitalis Chidozie, and Bisi-omotosho Ademola. "Characterization and blending of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) produced by Bacillus safensis FO-366(T) on cassava peels." GSC Advanced Research and Reviews 5, no. 2 (November 30, 2020): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscarr.2020.5.2.0084.

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Plastic industry has contributed significantly to the current state of environmental damage because the polymeric materials used so far in various applications are not biodegradable. Thus, the need for viable and sustainable solutions to reduce the environmental impact and have better performance than the options currently available. In this regard, biodegradable polymers emerged as one of the solutions to cushion impact of plastics waste disposal on the environment. Cassava peels were dried and made into powder, which was used for this study with Bacillus safensis FO-366(T). After 48 hrs of incubation the pellets were extracted and purified with chloroform. The pellets were dried and characterised. The FTIR and GCMS revealed the presence of 3HD methyl ester as the prominent monomers of PHA. The blends showed better mechanical properties than PLA and PE. This study revealed the potential of cassava peels as a carbon source for production of biodegradable polymer.

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21

Choi, Yeong-Gon, Jae-Il Kim, Eun-Kyoung Choi, Richard I. Carp, and Yong-Sun Kim. "Semi-purification procedures of prions from a prion-infected brain using sucrose has no influence on the nonenzymatic glycation of the disease-associated prion isoform." Biological Chemistry 397, no. 2 (January 1, 2016): 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hsz-2015-0252.

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Abstract Previous studies have shown that the Nε-carboxymethyl group is linked to not only one or more N-terminal Lys residues but also to one or more Lys residues of the protease-resistant core region of the pathogenic prion isoform (PrPSc) in prion-infected brains. Using an anti-advanced glycation end product (AGE) antibody, we detected nonenzymatically glycated PrPSc (AGE-PrPSc) in prion-infected brains following concentration by a series of ultracentrifugation steps with a sucrose cushion. In the present study, the levels of in vitro nonenzymatic glycation of PrPSc using sucrose were investigated to determine whether sucrose cushion can artificially and nonenzymatically induce in vitro glycation during ultracentrifugation. The first insoluble pellet fraction following the first ultracentrifugation (PU1st) collected from 263K scrapie-infected brains was incubated with sucrose, glucose or colloidal silica coated with polyvinylpyrrolidone (percoll). None of the compounds in vitro resulted in AGE-PrPSc. Nonetheless, glucose and percoll produced AGEs in vitro from other proteins within PU1st of the infected brains. This reaction could lead to the AGE-modified polymer(s) of nonenzymatic glycation-prone protein(s). This study showed that PrPSc is not nonenzymatically glycated in vitro with sucrose, glucose or percoll and that AGE-modified PrPSc can be isolated and enriched from prion-infected brains.

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22

Lin, Janice, John Szymanski, Peter C. Searson, and Kalina Hristova. "Effect of a Polymer Cushion on the Electrical Properties and Stability of Surface-Supported Lipid Bilayers." Langmuir 26, no. 5 (March 2, 2010): 3544–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la903232b.

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23

Hwang, Hee, Younghoon Lee, Choongyeop Lee, Youngsuk Nam, Jinhyoung Park, Dukhyun Choi, and Dongseob Kim. "Mesoporous Highly-Deformable Composite Polymer for a Gapless Triboelectric Nanogenerator via a One-Step Metal Oxidation Process." Micromachines 9, no. 12 (December 11, 2018): 656. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi9120656.

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The oxidation of metal microparticles (MPs) in a polymer film yields a mesoporous highly-deformable composite polymer for enhancing performance and creating a gapless structure of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs). This is a one-step scalable synthesis for developing large-scale, cost-effective, and light-weight mesoporous polymer composites. We demonstrate mesoporous aluminum oxide (Al2O3) polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) composites with a nano-flake structure on the surface of Al2O3 MPs in pores. The porosity of mesoporous Al2O3-PDMS films reaches 71.35% as the concentration of Al MPs increases to 15%. As a result, the film capacitance is enhanced 1.8 times, and TENG output performance is 6.67-times greater at 33.3 kPa and 4 Hz. The pressure sensitivity of 6.71 V/kPa and 0.18 μA/kPa is determined under the pressure range of 5.5–33.3 kPa. Based on these structures, we apply mesoporous Al2O3-PDMS film to a gapless TENG structure and obtain a linear pressure sensitivity of 1.00 V/kPa and 0.02 μA/kPa, respectively. Finally, we demonstrate self-powered safety cushion sensors for monitoring human sitting position by using gapless TENGs, which are developed with a large-scale and highly-deformable mesoporous Al2O3-PDMS film with dimensions of 6 × 5 pixels (33 × 27 cm2).

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24

Kim, Shin Won, Joo Seong Sohn, Hyun Keun Kim, Youngjae Ryu, and Sung Woon Cha. "Effects of Gas Adsorption on the Mechanical Properties of Amorphous Polymer." Polymers 11, no. 5 (May 7, 2019): 817. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11050817.

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This study investigates the properties of a polymer–gas mixture formed through diffusion, based on the changes in the partial pressure and observed changes in the impact and tensile strengths owing to the gas dissolution. The high-pressure gas dissolves into a solid-state polymer through diffusion based on the difference in the partial pressure. This dissolved gas is present in the amorphous region within the polymeric material temporarily, which results in the polymer exhibiting different mechanical properties, while the gas remains dissolved in the polymer. In this study, the mechanical properties of amorphous polyethylene terephthalate (APET) specimens prepared by dissolving CO2 using a high-pressure vessel were investigated, and the resulting impact and tensile strengths were measured. These experiments showed that the increase in sorption rate of CO2 caused an increase in the impact strength. At 2.9% CO2 absorption, the impact strength of APET increased 956% compared to that of the reference specimen. Furthermore, the tensile strength decreased by up to 71.7% at 5.48% CO2 sorption; the stress–strain curves varied with the gas sorption rate. This phenomenon can be associated with the change in the volume caused by CO2 dissolution. When the APET absorbed more than 2.0% CO2 gas, sample volume increased. A decrease in the network density can occur when the volume is increased while maintaining constant mass. The CO2 gas in the polymer acted as a cushion in impact tests which have sorption rates above 2%. In addition to the reduction in the network density in the polymer chain, Van Der Waals forces are decreased causing a decrease in tensile strength only while CO2 is present in the APET. These observations only occur prior to CO2 desorption from the polymer.

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25

Chen, Yong, Yu Wang, and Hong-Xing Hua. "Performance of an elastic polymer foam cushion in attenuating responses of shipboard standing-men to ship vertical shock." Journal of Vibration and Control 19, no. 13 (July 25, 2012): 1999–2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077546312449642.

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26

Wang, Honglei, Tai-Shung Chung, Yen Wah Tong, Wolfgang Meier, Zaichun Chen, Minghui Hong, Kandiah Jeyaseelan, and Arunmozhiarasi Armugam. "Preparation and characterization of pore-suspending biomimetic membranes embedded with Aquaporin Z on carboxylated polyethylene glycol polymer cushion." Soft Matter 7, no. 16 (2011): 7274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c1sm05527e.

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27

Munro, Jeffrey C., and Curtis W. Frank. "Adsorption of Lipid-Functionalized Poly(ethylene glycol) to Gold Surfaces as a Cushion for Polymer-Supported Lipid Bilayers." Langmuir 20, no. 8 (April 2004): 3339–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la036062v.

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28

Frohn-Sörensen, Peter, Michael Geueke, Tadele Belay Tuli, Christopher Kuhnhen, Martin Manns, and Bernd Engel. "3D printed prototyping tools for flexible sheet metal drawing." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 115, no. 7-8 (May 28, 2021): 2623–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-021-07312-y.

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AbstractDue to the change from mass production to mass personalized production and the resulting intrinsic product flexibility, the automotive industry, among others, is looking for cost-efficient and resource-saving production methods to combining global just-in-time production. In addition to geometric manufacturing flexibility, additive manufacturing offers a resource-saving application for rapid prototyping and small series in predevelopment. In this study, the FDM process is utilized to manufacture the tooling to draw a small series of sheet metal parts in combination with the rubber pad forming process. Therefore, a variety of common AM polymer materials (PETG, PLA, and ABS) is compared in compression tests, from which PLA is selected to be applied as sheet metal forming die. For the rubber pad forming process, relevant processing parameters, i.e., press force and rubber cushion hardness, are studied with respect to forming depth. The product batch is examined by optical evaluation using a metrological system. The scans of the tool and sheet metal parts confirm the mechanical integrity of the additively manufactured die from polymer and thus the suitability of this approach for small series in sheet metal drawing processes, e.g., for automotive applications.

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29

Waddell, Walter H., and James R. Parker. "Direct Characterization of Tire Materials by Photoacoustical Infrared and Proton Induced X-Ray Emission Spectroscopy." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 65, no. 4 (September 1, 1992): 836–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538645.

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Abstract In an effort to find out if compound composition could help explain the observed differences in “chip/chunk tearing” on worn off-the-road tires from two manufacturers, direct characterizations were made on tread lugs from the two tires. Two nondestructive direct analytical methods were used. They are photoacoustical Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (PA-FTIR) and proton induced x-ray emission spectroscopy (PIXE). These techniques were also used to examine a variety of rubber compounding ingredients, such as polymers and fillers, and model tire compounds containing different levels of these ingredients. PA-FTIR requires essentially no sample preparation. It was successfully used to determine the polymer structure and to suggest the nonblack filler type in highly loaded carbon-black filled, sulfur-cured compounds and in tire sections. The characterization was based upon structural information derived from vibrational band frequencies. Elemental information was obtained by using direct PIXE spectral analysis of polymers, fillers, and two worn off-the-road tire tread lugs. Again, no sample preparation was needed and quantitative information was obtained on the elements present. Results show that the tire that did not display a tear problem was manufactured with a cushion (tread base) and a tread (cap), both containing silica at the 12–15 phr levels. The tire that had a visible chip/chunk problem was constructed with two layers of a very similar stock, but neither layer contains silica.

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30

Barish, Leo. "The structure of sunlight-degraded polypropylene textile fibers." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 45 (August 1987): 470–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100127050.

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Most investigations relating to the miorostructure of light-degraded polypropylene have been made on film or bulk polymer. Some studies have been made in monofilaments but little on fine textile-grade fiber.Sunlight-degraded polypropylene fibers were obtained from the top surface of an automobile seat cover that had been in service for about five years. The degraded fibers were taken from an area at the top of the back cushion beneath the non-tinted rear window; an area not subject to abrasion but very susceptible to direct sunlight. The origin of these fibers is unknown as is the possible presence of photoinhibitors. From a shaded, undamaged part of the seat cover, undegraded fibers were obtained and examined; they appeared to be round, slightly crimped, bright with little pigmentation, and measured 31.8 μm in diameter, which corresponds to a nominal 0.72 tex or 6.5 denier.

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31

Wagner, Michael L., and Lukas K. Tamm. "Tethered Polymer-Supported Planar Lipid Bilayers for Reconstitution of Integral Membrane Proteins: Silane-Polyethyleneglycol-Lipid as a Cushion and Covalent Linker." Biophysical Journal 79, no. 3 (September 2000): 1400–1414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3495(00)76392-2.

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32

Chang, Chih-Yuan. "Experimental analysis of resin infusion in air cushion method." Journal of Polymer Engineering 36, no. 9 (November 1, 2016): 949–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2015-0346.

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Abstract A new technique of resin infusion, called the air cushion method (ACM), has been developed to improve infusion time associated with the vacuum assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) process. The method utilizes an innovative vacuum bag consisting of a bagging film and air cushions. After the preform is sealed by the bagging film and then evacuated, distribution channels are created between air cushions for flow enhancement during infusion. Once the required volume of resin is infused, the bonding interfaces between the air cushion and the bagging film are punctured and distribution channels collapse. The ambient pressure is applied on the bagging film that entirely compacts the preform. This paper investigates the infusion process in ACM using flow visualization experiments. An approximate estimation of the equivalent permeability of the bulk distribution channel is provided. Finally, an assessment of the properties of the ACM part is performed in comparison with VARTM part.

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33

Park, M. Y., and J. G. Casali. "A Laboratory Simulation of Selected in-Field Influences on Hearing Protector Performance." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 33, no. 15 (October 1989): 946–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193128903301510.

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Overestimation of hearing protector noise attenuation, as based on laboratory-obtained data, combined with several in-field factors which often degrade protector performance, poses the threat of underprotection for the user. This research investigated the effects of several work-related factors, including wearing time, movement activity, and fitting procedure, on the frequency-specific attenuation achieved with a foam cushion earmuff, two types of earplugs, (slow-recovery foam and flanged polymer), and an earmuff over foam earplug combination. Using a real-ear-attenuation-at-threshold testing procedure, attenuation data were collected from 40 subjects at nine test frequencies. Occluded thresholds were obtained before, during, and after the movement activity task, so that the effects of wearing time and task activity could be determined. The tasks were designed to elicit movements akin to those performed in the typical industrial workplace. The results indicated that achieved attenuation was significantly decreased as a function of time, and that trained-fit provided noticeably greater attenuation than subject-fit without training, though these changes were device-specific. Overall, the study illuminated the strong influence of in-field factors on hearing protector effectiveness, and demonstrated the need for laboratory attenuation tests which yield more realistic results.

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34

El Maghraby, Yosra H., and Mohamed G. Metwally. "Effect of External Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) Panels on Slabs Subjected to Impact Load." Solid State Phenomena 294 (July 2019): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.294.137.

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The current research addresses the effect of impact load on Reinforced Concrete (RC) slabs strengthened by Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) and/ or Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) sheets. A total of five slabs were tested; one control specimen without EPS or GFRP, two slabs with two EPS panels with different densities on their impact side, one slab with GFRP sheet on impact side and finally one slab with EPS panel on impact side and GFRP on the tension side. To test the effect of the presence of EPS panels and GFRP sheets, the RC slabs were supported on a table centered below a drop tower. A weight of 3.245 kg was dropped freely from the drop tower to hit the slab. The energy that the slab could withstand was calculated based on the weight, height and number of drops. Results varied according to the variation of parameters; the combination of EPS on the impact side and GFRP on the tension side yielded double the energy the specimen could withstand compared to the control specimen. Results also showed that EPS acted like a cushion that is capable of absorbing a portion of the impact energy. Another finding is that the higher the density of the EPS the more energy it can absorb. This paper proves that EPS is a promising material that could be utilized in reducing the effects of impact loads on concrete structures.

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Lee, Dong-Chan, Bong-Jun Chang, Luping Yu, Shelli L. Frey, Ka Yee C. Lee, Sirisha Patchipulusu, and Connie Hall. "Polymer Cushions Functionalized with Lipid Molecules." Langmuir 20, no. 26 (December 2004): 11297–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la0474722.

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36

Lukyanenko, M. V., E. P. Viktorova, A. D. Achmiz, and S. O. Semenikhin. "Justification of selection of packaging material and packing method for preservation of vitamin-mineral concentrate quality." Proceedings of the Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies 82, no. 2 (September 18, 2020): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.20914/2310-1202-2020-2-25-30.

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In the production of quality food products, special attention must be paid to its packaging and storage. These process steps are especially important for products containing labile biologically active substances. In order to select packaging materials and packing method, an analysis of the scientific literature was conducted with the search query “packaging materials for foodstuffs” and “the effect of packaging on the preservation of vitamins during food storage” in the Google Scholar system. The article presents trends in the development and use of packaging materials, reflects the advantages and disadvantages of biopolymers, as well as prospects for improving the characteristics of packaging materials. As an example, for the choice of packaging material and packing method, data from Russian scientists based on packaging materials used in the Russian Federation is given. Storage of beef steaks in bags with reduced gas permeability under vacuum and a modified gas atmosphere with a reduced content of free space for 14 days contributes to the inhibition of bacteria. Storage of sterilized and ultra-pasteurized milk is preferably in bags of a three-word film filled with titanium dioxide, in comparison with glass packaging, due to a decrease in light transmission and a decrease in the rate of decomposition of vitamin C. It is preferable to store orange juice in packages of combined materials that exclude the presence of an air cushion, which positively affects the content of vitamin C. Based on the analysis of packaging materials used in the food industry and taking into account the humidity and chemical composition of the vitamin and mineral concentrate, it seems appropriate to use packaging materials made of polymer films with high light and gas impermeability, which can reduce the rate of destruction of vitamin C and other easily oxidized components and eliminate the use of ? -radiation, replacing it by evacuation. The use of edible films for vitamin and mineral concentrate as packaging materials remains open and requires more careful study.

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Krywko-Cendrowska, Agata, Stefano di Leone, Maryame Bina, Saziye Yorulmaz-Avsar, Cornelia G. Palivan, and Wolfgang Meier. "Recent Advances in Hybrid Biomimetic Polymer-Based Films: from Assembly to Applications." Polymers 12, no. 5 (April 26, 2020): 1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12051003.

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Biological membranes, in addition to being a cell boundary, can host a variety of proteins that are involved in different biological functions, including selective nutrient transport, signal transduction, inter- and intra-cellular communication, and cell-cell recognition. Due to their extreme complexity, there has been an increasing interest in developing model membrane systems of controlled properties based on combinations of polymers and different biomacromolecules, i.e., polymer-based hybrid films. In this review, we have highlighted recent advances in the development and applications of hybrid biomimetic planar systems based on different polymeric species. We have focused in particular on hybrid films based on (i) polyelectrolytes, (ii) polymer brushes, as well as (iii) tethers and cushions formed from synthetic polymers, and (iv) block copolymers and their combinations with biomacromolecules, such as lipids, proteins, enzymes, biopolymers, and chosen nanoparticles. In this respect, multiple approaches to the synthesis, characterization, and processing of such hybrid films have been presented. The review has further exemplified their bioengineering, biomedical, and environmental applications, in dependence on the composition and properties of the respective hybrids. We believed that this comprehensive review would be of interest to both the specialists in the field of biomimicry as well as persons entering the field.

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Li, Fangyi, Kaikai Guan, Peng Liu, Gang Li, and Jianfeng Li. "Ingredient of Biomass Packaging Material and Compare Study on Cushion Properties." International Journal of Polymer Science 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/146509.

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In order to reduce the white pollution caused by nondegradable waste plastic packaging materials, the biomass cushion packaging material with straw fiber and starch as the main raw materials had been synthesized. The orthogonal experiment was used to study the impact of mass ratio of fiber to starch, content of plasticizer, active agent, and foaming agent on the compressive strength of cushion material. Infrared spectrometer and theory of water’s bridge-connection were used to study the hydroxyl groups among the fiber and starch. The results were demonstrated as follows: the mass ratio of fiber to starch had the most significant impact on compressive strength. When the contents of the plasticizer, the foaming agent, and the active agent were, respectively, 12%, 0.1%, and 0.3% and the mass ratio of fiber to starch was 2 : 5, the compressive strength was the best up to 0.94 MPa. Meanwhile, with the plasticizer content and the mass ratio of fiber to starch increasing, the cushioning coefficient of the material decreased first and then increased. Comparing the cushion and rebound performance of this material with others, the biomass cushion packaging material could be an ideal substitute of plastic packaging materials such as EPS and EPE.

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Mills, N. "Polymer foams for personal protection: cushions, shoes and helmets." Composites Science and Technology 63, no. 16 (December 2003): 2389–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0266-3538(03)00272-0.

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40

El-khouri, Rita J., Daniel A. Bricarello, Erik B. Watkins, Caroline Y. Kim, Chad E. Miller, Timothy E. Patten, Atul N. Parikh, and Tonya L. Kuhl. "pH Responsive Polymer Cushions for Probing Membrane Environment Interactions." Nano Letters 11, no. 5 (May 11, 2011): 2169–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl200832c.

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Kaneko, Tatsuo, Taka-aki Asoh, Yoshitsugi Fukushige, and Mitsuru Akashi. "Water-Driven Thermoresponsive Peptohelical Cushion." Macromolecules 39, no. 6 (March 2006): 2298–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma052307u.

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Majewski, J., J. Y. Wong, C. K. Park, M. Seitz, J. N. Israelachvili, and G. S. Smith. "Structural Studies of Polymer-Cushioned Lipid Bilayers." Biophysical Journal 75, no. 5 (November 1998): 2363–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3495(98)77680-5.

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Dem�, Bruno, and Damien Marchal. "Polymer-cushioned lipid bilayers in porous alumina." European Biophysics Journal 34, no. 2 (November 5, 2004): 170–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00249-004-0440-1.

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Sackmann, Erich, and Motomu Tanaka. "Supported membranes on soft polymer cushions: fabrication, characterization and applications." Trends in Biotechnology 18, no. 2 (February 2000): 58–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-7799(99)01412-2.

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45

Castorph, Simon, Erik B. Watkins, Caroline Y. Kim, and Tonya L. Kuhl. "Structural Characterization of pH Responsive Polymer Cushions for Solid Supported Membranes." Biophysical Journal 102, no. 3 (January 2012): 647a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2011.11.3521.

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46

Lin, Jia-Horng. "Novel Compound Cushion Layer for Reinforcement of Ballistic Resistance." Textile Research Journal 75, no. 5 (May 2005): 431–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517505054173.

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Christman, D. L., W. V. Floutz, T. Narayan, and C. J. Reichel. "Slab Foams Prepared from Modified TDI (Cushion Fatigue Study)." Journal of Cellular Plastics 29, no. 3 (May 1993): 264–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021955x9302900304.

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48

Renner, Lars, Toshihisa Osaki, Salvatore Chiantia, Petra Schwille, Tilo Pompe, and Carsten Werner. "Supported Lipid Bilayers on Spacious and pH-Responsive Polymer Cushions with Varied Hydrophilicity." Journal of Physical Chemistry B 112, no. 20 (May 2008): 6373–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp711479f.

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Sondhi, Palak, Dhanbir Lingden, and Keith J. Stine. "Structure, Formation, and Biological Interactions of Supported Lipid Bilayers (SLB) Incorporating Lipopolysaccharide." Coatings 10, no. 10 (October 14, 2020): 981. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10100981.

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Biomimetic membrane systems play a crucial role in the field of biosensor engineering. Over the years, significant progress has been achieved creating artificial membranes by various strategies from vesicle fusion to Langmuir transfer approaches to meet an ever-growing demand for supported lipid bilayers on various substrates such as glass, mica, gold, polymer cushions, and many more. This paper reviews the diversity seen in the preparation of biologically relevant model lipid membranes which includes monolayers and bilayers of phospholipid and other crucial components such as proteins, characterization techniques, changes in the physical properties of the membranes during molecular interactions and the dynamics of the lipid membrane with biologically active molecules with special emphasis on lipopolysaccharides (LPS).

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Duarte, Andreia A., Ana M. Botelho do Rego, Marco Salerno, Paulo A. Ribeiro, Nezha El Bari, Benachir Bouchikhi, and Maria Raposo. "DPPG Liposomes Adsorbed on Polymer Cushions: Effect of Roughness on Amount, Surface Composition and Topography." Journal of Physical Chemistry B 119, no. 27 (June 30, 2015): 8544–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b02384.

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