Journal articles: 'Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC)'

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Mulyazmi, Wan Ramli Wan Daud, and Edy Herianto Majlan. "Design Models of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell System." Key Engineering Materials 447-448 (September 2010): 554–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.447-448.554.

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One important aspect to develop fuel cell design is to use the concept of computational models. Mathematical modeling can be used to help research complex, estimates the optimal performance of fuel cells stack, compare several different processes, save costs and time in the investigation. This paper focuses on several reviews of research models to develop the system design of the Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC). Purposes of this study are to determine the factors that affect system performance include: stack of PEMFC system, water management system and Supply of reactants to the PEMFC stack.

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Lee, Sangrae, Ki-Ho Nam, Kwangwon Seo, Gunhwi Kim, and Haksoo Han. "Phase Inversion-Induced Porous Polybenzimidazole Fuel Cell Membranes: An Efficient Architecture for High-Temperature Water-Free Proton Transport." Polymers 12, no. 7 (July 19, 2020): 1604. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12071604.

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To cope with the demand for cleaner alternative energy, polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) have received significant research attention owing to their high-power density, high fuel efficiency, and low polluting by-product. However, the water requirement of these cells has necessitated research on systems that do not require water and/or use other mediums with higher boiling points. In this work, a highly porous meta-polybenzimidazole (m-PBI) membrane was fabricated through the non-solvent induced phase inversion technique and thermal cross-linking for high-temperature PEMFC (HT-PEMFC) applications. Standard non-thermally treated porous membranes are susceptible to phosphoric acid (PA) even at low concentrations and are unsuitable as polymer electrolyte membranes (PEMs). With the porous structure of m-PBI membranes, higher PA uptake and minimal swelling, which is controlled via cross-linking, was achieved. In addition, the membranes exhibited partial asymmetrical morphology and are directly applicable to fuel cell systems without any further modifications. Membranes with insufficient cross-linking resulted in an unstable performance in HT-PEMFC environments. By optimizing thermal treatment, a high-performance membrane with limited swelling and improved proton conductivity was achieved. Finally, the m-PBI membrane exhibited enhanced acid retention, proton conductivity, and fuel cell performance.

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Seng, Leong Kok, Mohd Shahbudin Masdar, and Loh Kee Shyuan. "Ionic Liquid in Phosphoric Acid-Doped Polybenzimidazole (PA-PBI) as Electrolyte Membranes for PEM Fuel Cells: A Review." Membranes 11, no. 10 (September 24, 2021): 728. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11100728.

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Increasing world energy demand and the rapid depletion of fossil fuels has initiated explorations for sustainable and green energy sources. High-temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (HT-PEMFCs) are viewed as promising materials in fuel cell technology due to several advantages, namely improved kinetic of both electrodes, higher tolerance for carbon monoxide (CO) and low crossover and wastage. Recent technology developments showed phosphoric acid-doped polybenzimidazole (PA-PBI) membranes most suitable for the production of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). However, drawbacks caused by leaching and condensation on the phosphate groups hindered the application of the PA-PBI membranes. By phosphate anion adsorption on Pt catalyst layers, a higher volume of liquid phosphoric acid on the electrolyte–electrode interface and within the electrodes inhibits or even stops gas movement and impedes electron reactions as the phosphoric acid level grows. Therefore, doping techniques have been extensively explored, and recently ionic liquids (ILs) were introduced as new doping materials to prepare the PA-PBI membranes. Hence, this paper provides a review on the use of ionic liquid material in PA-PBI membranes for HT-PEMFC applications. The effect of the ionic liquid preparation technique on PA-PBI membranes will be highlighted and discussed on the basis of its characterization and performance in HT-PEMFC applications.

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Sheebha Jyothi, G., and Y. Bhaskar Rao. "Simulation of Fuel Cell Technology Using Matlab." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.27 (August 15, 2018): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.27.17660.

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This paper represents a mathematical model for proton exchange membrane fuel cell(PEMFC)system. Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (also called polymer Electrolyte Membrane fuel cells(PEM)) provides a continuous electrical energy supply from fuel at high levels of efficiency and power density. PEMs provide a solid, corrosion free electrolyte, a low running temperature, and fast response to power.

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Ling, H. H., N. Misdan, F. Mustafa, N. H. H. Hairom, S. H. Nasir, J. Jaafar, and N. Yusof. "Triptycene copolymers as proton exchange membrane for fuel cell - A topical review." Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences 17, no. 4 (August 31, 2021): 321–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v17n4.1492.

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In view of the pressing need for alternative clean energy source to displace the current dependence on fossil fuel, proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) technology have received renewed research and development interest in the past decade. The electrolyte, which is the proton exchange membrane, is a critical component of the PEMFC and is specifically targeted for research efforts because of its high commercial cost that effectively hindered the widespread usage and competitiveness of the PEMFC technology. Much effort has been focused over the last five years towards the development of novel, durable, highly effective, commercially viable, and low-cost co-polymers as alternative for the expensive Nafion® proton exchange membrane, which is the current industry standard. Our primary review efforts will be directed upon the reported researches of alternative proton exchange membrane co-polymers which involved Triptycene derivatives. Triptycene derivatives, which contain three benzene rings in a three-dimensional non-compliant paddlewheel configuration, are attractive building blocks for the synthesis of proton exchange membranes because it increases the free volume in the polymer. The co-polymers considered in this review are based on hydrocarbon molecular structure, with Triptycene involved as a performance enhancer. Detailed herein are the development and current state of these co-polymers and their performance as alternative fuel cell electrolyte.

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Chu, Deryn, and Rongzhong Jiang. "Performance of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) stacks." Journal of Power Sources 83, no. 1-2 (October 1999): 128–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-7753(99)00285-2.

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Li, Xin, Qun Yan, and Da Tai Yu. "Parameter Optimization for a Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell Model." Applied Mechanics and Materials 37-38 (November 2010): 834–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.37-38.834.

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The accurate mathematical model is an important tool for simulation and design analysis of fuel cell power systems. Semi-empirical models are easier to be obtained and can also be used to accurately predict the performance of fuel cell system for engineering applications. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) is a recently invented high-performance algorithm. In this paper, a parameter optimization technique of PEMFC semi-empirical models based on DKPSO was proposed in terms of the voltage-current characteristics. The simulated and experimental data confirmed the validity of the optimization technique, and indicated that PSO is an effective tool for optimizing the parameters of PEMFC models.

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Kim, Hong Gun, Lee Ku Kwac, Yoo Shin Kim, and Young Woo Kang. "Effects of Flow Characteristics in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell." Materials Science Forum 620-622 (April 2009): 77–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.620-622.77.

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An experimental and numerical study of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is presented and compared with the experimental data to investigate the effects of pressure gradient, flow rate, humidification and supplied oxidant type for the practical application. The membrane and electrolyte assembly (MEA) materials are implemented by double-tied catalyst layers. A single-phase two-dimensional steady-state model is is implemented for the numerical analysis. Testing condition is fixed at 60sccm and 70°C in anode and cathode, respectively. It is found that the performance of PEMFC depend highly on the conditions as gas pressure, temperature, thickness, supplied oxidant type (Oxygen/Air) as well as humidification. The results show that the humidification effect enhances the performance more than 20% and the pure oxygen gas as fuel improves current density more than 25% compared to ambient air suppliance as oxidant.

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Dickinson, Edmund J. F., and Graham Smith. "Modelling the Proton-Conductive Membrane in Practical Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) Simulation: A Review." Membranes 10, no. 11 (October 28, 2020): 310. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes10110310.

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Theoretical models used to describe the proton-conductive membrane in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are reviewed, within the specific context of practical, physicochemical simulations of PEMFC device-scale performance and macroscopically observable behaviour. Reported models and their parameterisation (especially for Nafion 1100 materials) are compiled into a single source with consistent notation. Detailed attention is given to the Springer–Zawodzinski–Gottesfeld, Weber–Newman, and “binary friction model” methods of coupling proton transport with water uptake and diffusive water transport; alongside, data are compiled for the corresponding parameterisation of proton conductivity, water sorption isotherm, water diffusion coefficient, and electroosmotic drag coefficient. Subsequent sections address the formulation and parameterisation of models incorporating interfacial transport resistances, hydraulic transport of water, swelling and mechanical properties, transient and non-isothermal phenomena, and transport of dilute gases and other contaminants. Lastly, a section is dedicated to the formulation of models predicting the rate of membrane degradation and its influence on PEMFC behaviour.

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Chitsazan, Azin, and Majid Monajje. "Increasing the efficiency Proton exchange membrane (PEMFC) & other fuel cells through multi graphene layers including polymer membrane electrolyte." French-Ukrainian Journal of Chemistry 8, no. 1 (2020): 95–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/fujcv8i1p95-107.

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Multi layers Graphene has been simulated theoretically for hydrogen storage and oxygen diffusion at a single unit of fuel cell. Ion transport rate of DFAFC, PAFC, AFC, PEMFC, DMFC and SOFC fuel cells have been studied. AFC which uses an aqueous alkaline electrolyte is suitable for temperature below 90 degree and is appropriate for higher current applications, while PEMFC is suitable for lower temperature compared to others. Thermodynamic equations have been investigated for those fuel cells in viewpoint of voltage output data. Effects of operating data including temperature (T), pressure (P), proton exchange membrane water content (λ) , and proton exchange membrane thickness on the optimal performance of the irreversible fuel cells have been studied.Obviously, the efficiency of PEMFC extremely related to amount of the H2 concentration, water activities in catalyst substrates and polymer of electrolyte membranes, temperature, and such variables dependence in the direction of the fuel and air streams.

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Maiyalagan, T., and Sivakumar Pasupathi. "Components for PEM Fuel Cells: An Overview." Materials Science Forum 657 (July 2010): 143–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.657.143.

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Fuel cells, as devices for direct conversion of the chemical energy of a fuel into electricity by electrochemical reactions, are among the key enabling technologies for the transition to a hydrogen-based economy. Among the various types of fuel cells, polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are considered to be at the forefront for commercialization for portable and transportation applications because of their high energy conversion efficiency and low pollutant emission. Cost and durability of PEMFCs are the two major challenges that need to be addressed to facilitate their commercialization. The properties of the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) have a direct impact on both cost and durability of a PEMFC. An overview is presented on the key components of the PEMFC MEA. The success of the MEA and thereby PEMFC technology is believed to depend largely on two key materials: the membrane and the electro-catalyst. These two key materials are directly linked to the major challenges faced in PEMFC, namely, the performance, and cost. Concerted efforts are conducted globally for the past couple of decades to address these challenges. This chapter aims to provide the reader an overview of the major research findings to date on the key components of a PEMFC MEA.

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Wang, Guozhuo, Yoshio Utaka, and Shixue Wang. "Effect of Dual Porous Layers with Patterned Wettability on Low-Temperature Start Performance of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell." Energies 13, no. 14 (July 8, 2020): 3529. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13143529.

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The low-temperature start problem of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) is a factor limiting their large-scale application. To improve the low-temperature start performance of a PEMFC, a novel microporous layer (MPL) and a gas diffusion layer (GDL) with planar wettability distribution, in which the hydrophilic and hydrophobic lines were arranged alternately in the in-plane direction, were investigated in this study. The influence of the dual planar-distributed wettability of the MPL and GDL on the normal temperature and low-temperature start performance of the PEMFC was investigated. Before performing the major experiment, the effect of the assembly pressure of the membrane electrode assembly (MEA), which has a significant effect on the PEMFC performance, was examined and determined to use in the experiment. The experimental results show that the dual hybrid MPL and GDL can further prolong the operation time of the PEMFC at different below-freezing temperatures owing to efficient water management and thus significantly improve the low-temperature start performance of the PEMFC.

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Wang, Jia Bin, Yan Yin, and Qing Du. "Modeling of Water Removal from PEM Fuel Cell during Gas Purging." Applied Mechanics and Materials 548-549 (April 2014): 910–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.548-549.910.

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Water removal from polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) during gas purging after shutdown is investigated by using a three dimensional two-phase transient model. The effect of initial cell temperature on the drying process of PEMFC is studied. It is found that the initial cell temperature has significant effect on the drying process during gas purging and high initial cell temperature is benificial for water removal.

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Rama, P., R. Chen, and R. Thring. "A polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell model with multi-species input." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 219, no. 4 (June 1, 2005): 255–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095765005x7600.

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With the emerging realization that low temperature, low pressure polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) technologies can realistically serve for power-generation of any scale, the value of comprehensive simulation models becomes equally evident. Many models have been successfully developed over the last two decades. One of the fundamental limitations among these models is that up to only three constituent species have been considered in the dry pre-humidified anode and cathode inlet gases, namely oxygen and nitrogen for the cathode and hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide for the anode. In order to extend the potential of theoretical study and to bring the simulation closer towards reality, in this research, a 1D steady-state, low temperature, isothermal, isobaric PEMFC model has been developed. The model accommodates multi-component diffusion in the porous electrodes and therefore offers the potential to further investigate the effects of contaminants such as carbon monoxide on cell performance. The simulated model polarizations agree well with published experimental data. It opens a wider scope to address the remaining limitations in the future with further developments.

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Mohiuddin, A. K. M., Ataur Rahman, Mohamed Fadhil Chemani, and Mohd Baihaqi Zakaria. "INVESTIGATION OF PEM FUEL CELL FOR AUTOMOTIVE USE." IIUM Engineering Journal 16, no. 2 (November 30, 2015): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v16i2.605.

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This paper provides a brief investigation on suitability of Proton-exchange Â membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) as the source of power for transportation purposes. Hydrogen is an attractive alternative transportation fuel. It is the least polluting fuel that can be used in an internal combustion engine (ICE) and it is widely available. If hydrogen is used in a fuel cell which converts the chemical energy of hydrogen into electricity, (NOx) emissions are eliminated. The investigation was carried out on a Â fuel cell car model by implementing polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) types of fuel cell as the source of power to propel the prototype car. This PEMFC has capability to propel the electric motor by converting chemical energy stored in hydrogen gas into useful electrical energy. PEM fuel cell alone is used as the power source for the electric motor without the aid of any other power source such as battery associated with it. Experimental investigations were carried out to investigate the characteristics of fuel cell used and the performance of the fuel cell car. Investigated papameters are the power it develops, voltage, current and speed it produces under different load conditions.Â KEYWORDS:Â fuel cell; automotive; proton exchange membrane; polymer electrolyte membrane; internal combustion engine

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Zeis, Roswitha. "Materials and characterization techniques for high-temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 6 (January 7, 2015): 68–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.6.8.

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The performance of high-temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (HT-PEMFC) is critically dependent on the selection of materials and optimization of individual components. A conventional high-temperature membrane electrode assembly (HT-MEA) primarily consists of a polybenzimidazole (PBI)-type membrane containing phosphoric acid and two gas diffusion electrodes (GDE), the anode and the cathode, attached to the two surfaces of the membrane. This review article provides a survey on the materials implemented in state-of-the-art HT-MEAs. These materials must meet extremely demanding requirements because of the severe operating conditions of HT-PEMFCs. They need to be electrochemically and thermally stable in highly acidic environment. The polymer membranes should exhibit high proton conductivity in low-hydration and even anhydrous states. Of special concern for phosphoric-acid-doped PBI-type membranes is the acid loss and management during operation. The slow oxygen reduction reaction in HT-PEMFCs remains a challenge. Phosphoric acid tends to adsorb onto the surface of the platinum catalyst and therefore hampers the reaction kinetics. Additionally, the binder material plays a key role in regulating the hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity of the catalyst layer. Subsequently, the binder controls the electrode–membrane interface that establishes the triple phase boundary between proton conductive electrolyte, electron conductive catalyst, and reactant gases. Moreover, the elevated operating temperatures promote carbon corrosion and therefore degrade the integrity of the catalyst support. These are only some examples how materials properties affect the stability and performance of HT-PEMFCs. For this reason, materials characterization techniques for HT-PEMFCs, either in situ or ex situ, are highly beneficial. Significant progress has recently been made in this field, which enables us to gain a better understanding of underlying processes occurring during fuel cell operation. Various novel tools for characterizing and diagnosing HT-PEMFCs and key components are presented in this review, including FTIR and Raman spectroscopy, confocal Raman microscopy, synchrotron X-ray imaging, X-ray microtomography, and atomic force microscopy.

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Nguyen, Huu Linh, Jeasu Han, Xuan Linh Nguyen, Sangseok Yu, Young-Mo Goo, and Duc Dung Le. "Review of the Durability of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell in Long-Term Operation: Main Influencing Parameters and Testing Protocols." Energies 14, no. 13 (July 5, 2021): 4048. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14134048.

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Durability is the most pressing issue preventing the efficient commercialization of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) stationary and transportation applications. A big barrier to overcoming the durability limitations is gaining a better understanding of failure modes for user profiles. In addition, durability test protocols for determining the lifetime of PEMFCs are important factors in the development of the technology. These methods are designed to gather enough data about the cell/stack to understand its efficiency and durability without causing it to fail. They also provide some indication of the cell/stack’s age in terms of changes in performance over time. Based on a study of the literature, the fundamental factors influencing PEMFC long-term durability and the durability test protocols for both PEMFC stationary and transportation applications were discussed and outlined in depth in this review. This brief analysis should provide engineers and researchers with a fast overview as well as a useful toolbox for investigating PEMFC durability issues.

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Tran, P. D., A. Morozan, S. Archambault, J. Heidkamp, P. Chenevier, H. Dau, M. Fontecave, A. Martinent, B. Jousselme, and V. Artero. "A noble metal-free proton-exchange membrane fuel cell based on bio-inspired molecular catalysts." Chemical Science 6, no. 3 (2015): 2050–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4sc03774j.

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Bio-inspired chemistry allowed for the development of the first noble metal-free polymer electrolyte membrane hydrogen fuel cell (PEMFC). The device proved operational under technologically relevant conditions.

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Daud, Nur Anati Bazilah, Ebrahim Abouzari Lotf, Saidatul Sophia Sha’rani, Mohamed M. Nasef, Arshad Ahmad, and Roshafima Rasit Ali. "Efforts to Improve PBI/Acid Membrane System for High Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (HT-PEMFC)." E3S Web of Conferences 90 (2019): 01002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199001002.

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The global expansion of industry and technology has brought various environmental issues especially in atmospheric pollution and global warming. These resulted in various R&D activities on renewable energy resources and devices. Developing high temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (HT-PEMFC) is one of them. Over the past decades, this research has been received the most attention for various stationary and transportation applications. This is due to inherent advantages of operation above 100 °C including improved tolerance toward CO poisoning, enhanced electrode kinetics, easier heat dissipation and water management as well as better thermodynamic quality of the produced heat. Poly (benzimidazoles)-phosphoric acid (PBI/PA) is the well-established membrane for HT-PEMFC applications replacing perfluorinated sulfonic acid (PFSA) membranes, which operate in the temperature range of below 100 °C. Nevertheless, there have been concerns on the durability and stability of such PEMFC, which negatively affected their widespread commercialization. In this paper, problems regarding this acid-base complex membrane system and modifications as well as some techniques used to overcome these issues will be outlined.

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Dong, Hye-Won, Su-Young Jo, Sung-Joon Lee, and Jae-Weon Jeong. "Empirical Performance Prediction Model for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC)." Journal of the architectural institute of Korea planning & design 31, no. 10 (October 30, 2015): 203–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5659/jaik_pd.2015.31.10.203.

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Guhan, Srinivasan, Rethinasabapathy Muruganantham, and Dharmalingam Sangeetha. "Development of a solid polymer electrolyte membrane based on sulfonated poly(ether ether)ketone and polysulfone for fuel cell applications." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 90, no. 2 (February 2012): 205–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v11-139.

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Polymer electrolyte membranes made of sulfonated poly(ether ether)ketone (SPEEK) and polysulfone (PSf) (2–10 wt %) were prepared by a solution casting method. The characteristic properties of the SPEEK/PSf polymer blend membranes were investigated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the AC impedance method. The SPEEK/PSf blend membranes showed good thermal and mechanical properties and appreciable ionic conductivity. It was revealed that the addition of PSf into the SPEEK matrix could markedly improve the electrochemical properties of the resulting membranes, which can be accomplished by a simple blend method. As a result, the SPEEK/PSf blends appear to be good candidates for the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) and direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) applications. These blend membranes, having various amounts of PSf (2–10 wt %), were investigated in PEMFC and DMFC. The power densities were about 400 and 50 mW/cm2 for PEMFC and DMFC, respectively. This makes PSf-based DMFC and PEMFC suitable for application in portable devices and transportation, respectively.

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Mokhtaruddin, Siti Rahmah, Abu Bakar Mohamad, Loh Kee Shyuan, Abdul Amir Hassan Kadhum, and Mahreni Akhmad. "Preparation and Characterization of Nafion-Zirconia Composite Membrane for PEMFC." Advanced Materials Research 239-242 (May 2011): 263–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.239-242.263.

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Polymer electrolyte membrane based on Nafion and zirconium oxide (ZrO2) was developed via film casting method. The content of ZrO2 (1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 wt.%) was incorporated with Nafion solution to prepare Nafion-ZrO2 composite membranes. Recast Nafion membrane was used as reference material. All of the prepared membranes have been subjected to both physical and chemical characterizations such as Fourier transform infra-red (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis, water uptake rate (WUR) and conductivity measurements. The Nafion-ZrO2 composite membranes were found to possess high thermal stability (Tg= 188 - 192°C) and conductivity (0.30 – 0.93 S cm-1). This study demonstrates the possibility of developing Nafion-ZrO2 composite membrane as promising polymer electrolyte membrane for fuel cell operated at medium temperature and low humidity.

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Sapkota, Prabal, Cyrille Boyer, Rukmi Dutta, Claudio Cazorla, and Kondo-Francois Aguey-Zinsou. "Planar polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells: powering portable devices from hydrogen." Sustainable Energy & Fuels 4, no. 2 (2020): 439–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9se00861f.

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Silaa, Mohammed Yousri, Mohamed Derbeli, Oscar Barambones, Cristian Napole, Ali Cheknane, and José María Gonzalez De Durana. "An Efficient and Robust Current Control for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell Power System." Sustainability 13, no. 4 (February 22, 2021): 2360. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13042360.

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Taking into account the restricted ability of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) to generate energy, it is compulsory to present techniques, in which an efficient operating power can be achieved. In many applications, the PEMFC is usually coupled with a high step-up DC-DC power converter which not only provides efficient power conversion, but also offers highly regulated output voltage. Due to the no-linearity of the PEMFC power systems, the application of conventional linear controllers such as proportional-integral (PI) did not succeed to drive the system to operate precisely in an adequate power point. Therefore, this paper proposes a robust non-linear integral fast terminal sliding mode control (IFTSMC) aiming to improve the power quality generated by the PEMFC; besides, a digital filter is designed and implemented to smooth the signals from the chattering effect of the IFTSMC. The stability proof of the IFTSMC is demonstrated via Lyapunov analysis. The proposed control scheme is designed for an experimental closed-loop system which consisted of a Heliocentric hy-Expert™ FC-50W, MicroLabBox dSPACE DS1202, step-up DC-DC power converter and programmable DC power supplies. Comparative results with the PI controller indicate that a reduction of 96% in the response time could be achieved using the suggested algorithm; where, up to more than 91% of the chattering phenomenon could be eliminated via the application of the digital filter.

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Wafiroh, Siti, Suyanto Suyanto, and Yuliana Yuliana. "PEMBUATAN DAN KARAKTERISASI MEMBRAN KOMPOSIT KITOSAN-SODIUM ALGINAT TERFOSFORILASI SEBAGAI PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE FUEL CELL (PEMFC)." Jurnal Kimia Riset 1, no. 1 (June 1, 2016): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jkr.v1i1.2436.

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AbstrakDi era globalisasi ini, kebutuhan bahan bakar fosil semakin meningkat dan ketersediannya semakin menipis. Oleh karena itu, dibutuhkan bahan bakar alternatif seperti Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC). Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah membuat dan mengkarakterisasi membran komposit kitosan-sodium alginat dari rumput laut coklat (Sargassum sp.) terfosforilasi sebagai Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC). PEM dibuat dengan 4 variasi perbandingan konsentrasi antara kitosan dengan sodium alginat 8:0, 8:1, 8:2, dan 8:4 (b/b). Membran komposit kitosan-sodium alginat difosforilasi dengan STPP 2N. Karakterisasi PEM meliputi: uji tarik, swelling air, kapasitas penukar ion, FTIR, SEM, permeabilitas metanol, dan konduktivitas proton. Berdasarkan hasil analisis tersebut, membran yang optimal adalah perbandingan 8:1 (b/b) dengan nilai modulus young sebesar 0,0901 kN/cm2, swelling air sebesar 19,14 %, permeabilitas metanol sebesar 72,7 x 10-7, dan konduktivitas proton sebesar 4,7 x 10-5 S/cm. Membran komposit kitosan-sodium alginat terfosforilasi memiliki kemampuan yang cukup baik untuk bisa diaplikasikan sebagai membran polimer elektrolit dalam PEMFC. Kata kunci: kitosan, sodium alginat, terfosforilasi, PEMFC AbstractIn this globalization era, the needs of fossil fuel certainly increases, but its providence decreases. Therefore, we need alternative fuels such as Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC). The purpose of this study is preparationand characterization of phosphorylated chitosan-sodium alginate composite membrane from brown seaweed (Sargassum sp.) as Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC). PEM is produced with 4 variations of concentration ratio between chitosan and sodium alginate 8:0, 8:1, 8:2, and 8:4 (w/w). Chitosan-sodium alginate composite membrane phosphorylated with 2 N STPP. The characterization of PEM include: tensile test, water swelling, ion exchange capacity, FTIR, SEM, methanol permeability, and proton conductivity. Based on the analysis result, the optimal membrane is ratio of 8:1 (w/w) with the value of Young’s modulus about 0.0901 kN/cm2, water swelling at 19.14%, methanol permeability about 72.7 x 10-7, and proton conductivity about 4.7 x 10-5 S/cm. The phosphorylated chitosan-sodium alginate composite membrane has good potentials for the application of the polymer electrolyte membrane in PEMFC. Keywords: chitosan, sodium alginate, phosphorylated, PEMFC

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Kim, Hong Gun, Lee Ku Kwac, Sung Soo Kang, and Young Woo Kang. "Experimental Study on the Effects of the Performance of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell." Materials Science Forum 544-545 (May 2007): 993–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.544-545.993.

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An experimental study is carried out to investigate the performance and the practical application of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell(PEMFC) with the double-tied catalyst layers in a Membrane Electrolyte Assembly (MEA). Characteristics of PEMFC depend highly on the conditions such as gas pressure, temperature, thickness, supplied oxidant type (Oxygen/Air) as well as humidification. They are controlled under the same condition for the comparison of the simulation. Testing condition is fixed at 60sccm and 70°C in anode and cathode, respectively. The humidification about 15% the performance is improved no humidification rather. The current density is increased around 20% significantly when pure oxygen gas is provided as an oxidant. It is found that measured values of unit cell voltage and current are influenced strongly by the type and amount of oxidant, which give more enhanced values in case of oxygen compared to the ambient air as oxidant.

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Xuan, Dong Ji, Zhen Zhe Li, Tai Hong Cheng, and Yun De Shen. "Optimization of PEM Fuel Cell System Using Dynamic Model." Applied Mechanics and Materials 26-28 (June 2010): 1019–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.26-28.1019.

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The output power efficiency of the fuel cell system depends on the anode pressure, cathode pressure, temperature, demanded current, air and hydrogen humidity. Thus, it is necessary to determine the optimal operation condition for maximum power efficiency. In this paper, we developed a dynamic model of fuel cell system which contains mass flow model, membrane hydration and electro-chemistry model. Experiments have been performed to evaluate the dynamical Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) stack model. In order to determine the maximum output power and minimum use of hydrogen in a certain condition, response surface methodology optimization based on the proposed PEMFC stack model is presented. The results provide an effective method to optimize the operation condition under varied situations.

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Zhigalina, V. G., O. M. Zhigalina, I. I. Ponomarev, K. M. Skupov, D. Yu Razorenov, Iv I. Ponomarev, N. A. Kiselev, and G. Leitinger. "Electron microscopy study of new composite materials based on electrospun carbon nanofibers." CrystEngComm 19, no. 27 (2017): 3792–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ce00599g.

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To create a new type of catalytic gas diffusion layer for a high-temperature hydrogen/air polymer-electrolyte membrane fuel cell (HT-PEMFC), a new electrospun carbon nanofiber (CNF)-based platinized nanocomposite was formed.

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Tang, Yaliang, Michael H. Santare, Anette M. Karlsson, Simon Cleghorn, and William B. Johnson. "Stresses in Proton Exchange Membranes Due to Hygro-Thermal Loading." Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology 3, no. 2 (October 23, 2005): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2173666.

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Durability of the proton exchange membrane (PEM) is a major technical barrier to the commercial viability of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) for stationary and transportation applications. In order to reach Department of Energy objectives for automotive PEMFCs, an operating design lifetime of at least 5000h over a broad temperature range is required. Reaching these lifetimes is an extremely difficult technical challenge. Though good progress has been made in recent years, there are still issues that need to be addressed to assure successful, economically viable, long-term operation of PEM fuel cells. Fuel cell lifetime is currently limited by gradual degradation of both the chemical and hygro-thermomechanical properties of the membranes. Eventually the system fails due to a critical reduction of the voltage or mechanical damage. However, the hygro-thermomechanical loading of the membranes and how this effects the lifetime of the fuel cell is not understood. The long-term objective of the research is to establish a fundamental understanding of the mechanical processes in degradation and how they influence the lifetime of PEMFCs based on perfluorosulfuric acid membrane. In this paper, we discuss the finite element models developed to investigate the in situ stresses in polymer membranes.

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Biberci, M. A., and M. B. Celik. "Dynamic Modeling and Simulation of a PEM Fuel Cell (PEMFC) during an Automotive Vehicle’s Driving Cycle." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 10, no. 3 (June 7, 2020): 5796–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.3352.

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Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) are the most appropriate type of fuel cells for application in vehicles due to their low operational temperature and high-power density. In this paper, a zero-dimensional, steady state thermodynamic modeling for an automotive 90kW PEMFC system has been built up in order to investigate the effects of operating parameters such as vehicle acceleration and operating pressure on the size of the system elements, heat and water system constitution, fuel consumption, and efficiency. A dynamic model was formed for the fuel cell power system in MATLAB. Power output and power losses of the system were investigated at 3atm operation pressures.

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31

Fernihough, Oliver, Holly Cheshire, Jean-Michel Romano, Ahmed Ibrahim, Ahmad El-Kharouf, and Shangfeng Du. "Patterned Membranes for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells Working at Low Humidity." Polymers 13, no. 12 (June 16, 2021): 1976. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13121976.

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High performing proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) that can operate at low relative humidity is a continuing technical challenge for PEMFC developers. In this work, micro-patterned membranes are demonstrated at the cathode side by solution casting techniques using stainless steel moulds with laser-imposed periodic surface structures (LIPSS). Three types of patterns, lotus, lines, and sharklet, are investigated for their influence on the PEMFC power performance at varying humidity conditions. The experimental results show that the cathode electrolyte pattern, in all cases, enhances the fuel cell power performance at 100% relative humidity (RH). However, only the sharklet pattern exhibits a significant improvement at 25% RH, where a peak power density of 450 mW cm−2 is recorded compared with 150 mW cm−2 of the conventional flat membrane. The improvements are explored based on high-frequency resistance, electrochemically active surface area (ECSA), and hydrogen crossover by in situ membrane electrode assembly (MEA) testing.

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Yu, Ha Na, Seong Su Kim, Jung Do Suh, and Dai Gil Lee. "Composite endplates with pre-curvature for PEMFC (polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell)." Composite Structures 92, no. 6 (May 2010): 1498–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2009.10.023.

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Malinowski, Marek, Agnieszka Iwan, Igor Tazbir, Bartosz Boharewicz, Andrzej Sikora, and Andrzej Stafiniak. "Polyazomethines and their acid–base interactions with Nafion and Nafion–imidazole membranes for efficient fuel cells." Sustainable Energy & Fuels 1, no. 8 (2017): 1810–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7se00296c.

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We propose, for the first time, aromatic polyazomethines applied in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) as tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoro-3,6-dioxa-4-methyl-7-octene-sulfonic acid copolymer (PFSA) membrane modifiers.

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34

Jiang, Zhongqing, Zhong-jie Jiang, Xinyao Yu, Yuedong Meng, and Jiangang Li. "Plasma deposition of polymer electrolyte membrane for proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) applications." Surface and Coatings Technology 205 (December 2010): S231—S235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2010.07.085.

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35

Vuppala, Chedir, Jiang, Chen, Aziz, and Sasmito. "Optimization of Membrane Electrode Assembly of PEM Fuel Cell by Response Surface Method." Molecules 24, no. 17 (August 26, 2019): 3097. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24173097.

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The membrane electrode assembly (MEA) plays an important role in the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) performance. Typically, the structure comprises of a polymer electrolyte membrane sandwiched by agglomerate catalyst layers at the anode and cathode. Optimization of various parameters in the design of MEA is, thus, essential for reducing cost and material usage, while improving cell performance. In this paper, optimization of MEA is performed using a validated two-phase PEMFC numerical model. Key MEA parameters affecting the performance of a single PEMFC are determined from sensitivity analysis and are optimized using the response surface method (RSM). The optimization is carried out at two different operating voltages. The results show that membrane thickness and membrane protonic conductivity coefficient are the most significant parameters influencing cell performance. Notably, at higher voltage (0.8 V per cell), the current density can be improved by up to 40% while, at a lower voltage (0.6 V per cell), the current density may be doubled. The results presented can be of importance for fuel cell engineers to improve the stack performance and expedite the commercialization.

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Li, Chen, Ashanti Sallee, Xiaoyu Zhang, and Sandeep Kumar. "Electrochemical Hydrogenation of Acetone to Produce Isopropanol Using a Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Reactor." Energies 11, no. 10 (October 10, 2018): 2691. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11102691.

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Electrochemical hydrogenation (ECH) of acetone is a relatively new method to produce isopropanol. It provides an alternative way of upgrading bio-fuels with less energy consumption and chemical waste as compared to conventional methods. In this paper, Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) hardware was used as an electrochemical reactor to hydrogenate acetone to produce isopropanol and diisopropyl ether as a byproduct. High current efficiency (59.7%) and selectivity (>90%) were achieved, while ECH was carried out in mild conditions (65 °C and atmospheric pressure). Various operating parameters were evaluated to determine their effects on the yield of acetone and the overall efficiency of ECH. The results show that an increase in humidity increased the yield of propanol and the efficiency of ECH. The operating temperature and power supply, however, have less effect. The degradation of membranes due to contamination of PEMFC and the mitigation methods were also investigated.

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37

Goh, Jonathan Teik Ean, Ainul Rasyidah Abdul Rahim, Mohd Shahbudin Masdar, and Loh Kee Shyuan. "Enhanced Performance of Polymer Electrolyte Membranes via Modification with Ionic Liquids for Fuel Cell Applications." Membranes 11, no. 6 (May 27, 2021): 395. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11060395.

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The polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) is a key component in the PEM fuel cell (PEMFC) system. This study highlights the latest development of PEM technology by combining Nafion® and ionic liquids, namely 2–Hydroxyethylammonium Formate (2–HEAF) and Propylammonium Nitrate (PAN). Test membranes were prepared using the casting technique. The impact of functional groups in grafting, morphology, thermal stability, ion exchange capacity, water absorption, swelling and proton conductivity for the prepared membranes is discussed. Both hybrid membranes showed higher values in ion exchange capacity, water uptake and swelling rate as compared to the recast pure Nafion® membrane. The results also show that the proton conductivity of Nafion®/2–HEAF and Nafion®/PAN membranes increased with increasing ionic liquid concentrations. The maximum values of proton conductivity for Nafion®/2–HEAF and Nafion®/PAN membranes were 2.87 and 4.55 mScm−1, respectively, equivalent to 2.2 and 3.5 times that of the pure recast Nafion® membrane.

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Sasiwimonrit, Krerkkiat, and Wei-Chin Chang. "Thermal management of high-temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells by using flattened heat pipes." Thermal Science, no. 00 (2020): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci190324135s.

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High-temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (HT-PEMFC) is a clean energy conversion device that generates electricity directly from the electrochemical reaction. Since the working temperature is about 160 ?C, the heating and cooling mechanisms are critical factors to maintain the optimal working condition and prevent the cell from degradation. Simulation models of HT-PEMFC were built for investigating the temperature distribution on the working area of fuel cells and temperature gradient across the stack. The ordinary method of heating by using heating pads and cooling by applying forced convection air was compared with the heat pipe heating and cooling technique. The results showed that heat pipe provided a more uniform temperature distribution and current density across the fuel cells stack. The temperature gradient of 0.214?C/cell during heating and 0.054?C/cell during cooling processes were observed. Meanwhile, only 0.44 mA cm-2/cell of current density gradient was found.

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Thalmaier, György, Ioan Vida-Simiti, Horatiu Vermesan, Cosmin Codrean, and Mihail Chira. "Corrosion Resistance Measurements of Amorphous Ni40Ti40Nb20 Bipolar Plate Material for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells." Advanced Engineering Forum 8-9 (June 2013): 335–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.8-9.335.

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Metallic bipolar plates have the advantages of better manufacturability, higher strength over graphite bipolar plates. The higher strength and toughness of the metallic materials permits the reduction of the width of the bipolar plate so, the volume and mass of the fuel cell can also be reduced. In this paper we are investigating the use of Ni-based amorphous material as a bipolar plate for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). The major requirements of the metallic bipolar plate material are low weight, high corrosion and low contact resistance. The corrosion property of the present alloy has been investigated under conditions that simulate the fuel cell environment. Hydrogen gas and air were bubbled into a 1 N H2SO4solution at 70 °C, throughout the experiment to simulate the respective anodic and cathodic PEMFC environment. The Ni-base amorphous alloys displayed higher corrosion resistance than stainless steel.

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Selamat, Mohd Zulkefli, Mohd Shakir Ahmad, Mohd Ahadlin Mohd Daud, Musthafa Mohd Tahir, and Safaruddin Gazali Herawan. "Preparation of Polymer Composite Bipolar Plate with Different Multi-Filler for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC)." Applied Mechanics and Materials 699 (November 2014): 689–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.699.689.

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Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) is an alternative energy system that has been verified with great potential for high power density, durability and cost effectiveness. Since the bipolar plate is the key component in PEMFC, the component must operate with multifunction and have a balance of properties, essentially well in both electrical and mechanical properties. At present, many different materials have been tested to be applied for bipolar plate in order to fulfill the balance in each property. In this work, the different material is tested and observed. Polypropylene (PP) is used as a binder material, Graphite (Gr) is used as a main filler and Carbon Black (CB), Iron (Fe) and Nickel (Ni) as the second filler. This composite is produced through compression molding and the effect of different filler material loading on the properties such as electrical conductivity, flexural strength, bulk density and shore hardness are observed. The result showed the increasing of electrical conductivity as the increased the CB and Fe loading. But for Ni, the result showed the decreasing of electrical conductivity as the loading of Ni has been increased. The targeted value also achieved for some certain degree of filler loading.

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Ferraris, Alessandro, Alessandro Messana, Andrea Giancarlo Airale, Lorenzo Sisca, Henrique de Carvalho Pinheiro, Francesco Zevola, and Massimiliana Carello. "Nafion® Tubing Humidification System for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells." Energies 12, no. 9 (May 10, 2019): 1773. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12091773.

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Humidity and temperature have an essential influence on PEM fuel cell system performance. The water content within the polymeric membrane is important for enhancing proton conduction and achieving high efficiency of the system. The combination of non-stationary operation requests and the variability of environment conditions poses an important challenge to maintaining optimal membrane hydration. This paper presents a humidification and thermal control system, to prevent the membrane from drying. The main characteristics of such a device are small size and weight, compactness and robustness, easy implementation on commercial fuel cell, and low power consumption. In particular, the NTHS method was studied in a theoretical approach, tested and optimized in a laboratory and finally applied to a PEMFC of 1 kW that supplied energy for the prototype vehicle IDRA at the Shell Eco-Marathon competition. Using a specific electronic board, which controls several variables and decides the optimal reaction air flow rate, the NTHS was managed. Furthermore, the effects of membrane drying and electrode flooding were presented.

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42

Chandan, Amrit, Mariska Hattenberger, Ahmad El-kharouf, Shangfeng Du, Aman Dhir, Valerie Self, Bruno G. Pollet, Andrew Ingram, and Waldemar Bujalski. "High temperature (HT) polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) – A review." Journal of Power Sources 231 (June 2013): 264–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.11.126.

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43

González-Espasandín, Óscar, Teresa J. Leo, and Emilio Navarro-Arévalo. "Fuel Cells: A Real Option for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Propulsion." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/497642.

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The possibility of implementing fuel cell technology in Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) propulsion systems is considered. Potential advantages of the Proton Exchange Membrane or Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEMFC) and Direct Methanol Fuel Cells (DMFC), their fuels (hydrogen and methanol), and their storage systems are revised from technical and environmental standpoints. Some operating commercial applications are described. Main constraints for these kinds of fuel cells are analyzed in order to elucidate the viability of future developments. Since the low power density is the main problem of fuel cells, hybridization with electric batteries, necessary in most cases, is also explored.

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44

Hamilton, P. J., and B. G. Pollet. "Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) Flow Field Plate: Design, Materials and Characterisation." Fuel Cells 10, no. 4 (May 28, 2010): 489–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fuce.201000033.

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45

Mayur, Manik, Mathias Gerard, Pascal Schott, and Wolfgang Bessler. "Lifetime Prediction of a Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell under Automotive Load Cycling Using a Physically-Based Catalyst Degradation Model." Energies 11, no. 8 (August 8, 2018): 2054. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11082054.

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One of the bottlenecks hindering the usage of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell technology in automotive applications is the highly load-sensitive degradation of the cell components. The cell failure cases reported in the literature show localized cell component degradation, mainly caused by flow-field dependent non-uniform distribution of reactants. The existing methodologies for diagnostics of localized cell failure are either invasive or require sophisticated and expensive apparatus. In this study, with the help of a multiscale simulation framework, a single polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) model is exposed to a standardized drive cycle provided by a system model of a fuel cell car. A 2D multiphysics model of the PEMFC is used to investigate catalyst degradation due to spatio-temporal variations in the fuel cell state variables under the highly transient load cycles. A three-step (extraction, oxidation, and dissolution) model of platinum loss in the cathode catalyst layer is used to investigate the cell performance degradation due to the consequent reduction in the electro-chemical active surface area (ECSA). By using a time-upscaling methodology, we present a comparative prediction of cell end-of-life (EOL) under different driving behavior of New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) and Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicles Test Cycle (WLTC).

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46

Harms, Corinna, Michaela Wilhelm, and Georg Grathwohl. "Polysiloxane Based Membranes for High Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells (HT-PEMFC)." ECS Transactions 25, no. 1 (December 17, 2019): 1669–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.3210722.

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47

Sorrentino, Antonio, Kai Sundmacher, and Tanja Vidakovic-Koch. "Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Degradation Mechanisms and Their Diagnosis by Frequency Response Analysis Methods: A Review." Energies 13, no. 21 (November 8, 2020): 5825. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13215825.

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Several experimental techniques involving dynamic electrical variables are used to study the complex behaviour of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells in order to improve performance and durability. Among them, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is one of the most employed methods. Like any frequency response analysis (FRA) methodology, EIS enables one to separate the contribution of many processes to performance losses. However, it fails to identify processes with a similar time constant and the interpretation of EIS spectra is often ambiguous. In the last decade, alternative FRA methodologies based on non-electrical inputs and/or outputs have been developed. These studies were mainly driven by requirements for a better diagnosis of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) faulty operation conditions as well as better component and material design. In this contribution, a state-of-the-art EIS and novel FRA techniques for PEMFC diagnosis are summarised. First, common degradation mechanisms and their causes are discussed. A mathematical framework based on linear system theory of time invariant systems is described in order to explain the theoretical implications of the use of different input/output configurations. In relation to this, the concepts and potential are depicted as well as the problematic aspects and future prospective of these diagnostic approaches.

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Chiu, K. F., and M. Y. Hsieh. "Plasma Surface Modification of Carbon Electrodes for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells (EFC 2005-86319)." Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology 3, no. 3 (January 4, 2006): 322–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2211638.

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Carbon electrodes are one of the key materials in polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFC), or proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC). The electrodes should allow water or water vapor, which is produced by the redox reactions, to flow out of the cells efficiently. In the meantime, the catalysis reactions are not interfered. In this study, the carbon electrodes for PEMFC have been modified in terms of the hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties by plasma irradiation. The process utilized inductively coupled plasma (ICP) driven by applying radio frequency (rf) power on an induction coil. A pure Ar, O2, and Ar∕O2 gas mixture were used as the plasma gas. Only one side of the sample has been treated. The material properties of the plasma treated and untreated carbon electrodes were investigated by Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). FTIR results show the plasma treatments effectively modified the functional groups on the carbon surface, and therefore the hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties of the surface. SEM and Raman spectra data suggested that the ion bombardment during plasma treatments alters the surface morphology and carbon bonding structures of the samples, which also result in a hydrophilic surface. The treated carbon electrodes were used as cathodes and have been packed with commercial carbon anodes and catalyst coated membrane to form 5cm×5cm fuel cells. The current-voltage polarization curves of these fuel cells were measured and compared. The test results show the feasibility of improving the cell performance by plasma treated electrodes. The feasibility of altering the hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties by plasma treatment has been demonstrated. The capillary effect due to the unbalanced hydrophilicity between the treated and untreated electrode surfaces may be responsible for the improved cell performance.

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Mishra, Ananta Kumar, Seon Hyeong Bae, Nam Hoon Kim, Kin Tak Lau, and Joong Hee Lee. "Nafion-Peptized Laponite Clay Nanocomposite Membrane for PEMFC." Advanced Materials Research 410 (November 2011): 148–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.410.148.

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Nafion-clay nanocomposite membrane has been prepared by dispersing unmodified and acid activated Laponite XLS in Nafion 20% dispersion. The resulting membranes possess better proton conductivity and mechanical strength as compared to the virgin membrane. Acid activation of the nanoclay leads to thein-situgeneration of H3PO4by the hydrolysis of the peptizer present on the surface of the nanoclay. Thein-situgenerated H3PO4helps in improving all the technical properties of the nanocomposite including the water uptake and proton conductivity of the nanocomposite, containing acid activated clay compared to the nanocomposite, containing unmodified clay. The maximum proton conductivity of 270.2 mS/cm is achieved at 110 °C for the nanocomposite membrane containing 3% acid-activated Laponite compared to 136.2 mS/cm for the virgin Nafion. Keywords: Nafion, clay, nanocomposite, peptizer, polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (FEMFC), proton conductivity, membrane

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Latorrata, Saverio, Renato Pelosato, Paola Gallo Stampino, Cinzia Cristiani, and Giovanni Dotelli. "Use of Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy for the Evaluation of Performance of PEM Fuel Cells Based on Carbon Cloth Gas Diffusion Electrodes." Journal of Spectroscopy 2018 (2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3254375.

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Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) have attracted great attention in the last two decades as valuable alternative energy generators because of their high efficiencies and low or null pollutant emissions. In the present work, two gas diffusion electrodes (GDEs) for PEMFCs were prepared by using an ink containing carbon-supported platinum in the catalytic phase which was sprayed onto a carbon cloth substrate. Two aerograph nozzles, with different sizes, were used. The prepared GDEs were assembled into a fuel cell lab prototype with commercial electrolyte and bipolar plates and tested alternately as anode and cathode. Polarization measurements and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were performed on the running hydrogen-fed PEMFC from open circuit voltage to high current density. Experimental impedance spectra were fitted with an equivalent circuit model by using ZView software which allowed to get crucial parameters for the evaluation of fuel cell performance, such as ohmic resistance, charge transfer, and mass transfer resistance, whose trends have been studied as a function of the applied current density.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC)'

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