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Journal articles on the topic 'Polymer engineering and science'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 3 February 2022

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1

Roda, Ana, Ana Matias, Alexandre Paiva, and Ana Duarte. "Polymer Science and Engineering Using Deep Eutectic Solvents." Polymers 11, no. 5 (2019): 912. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11050912.

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The green and versatile character of deep eutectic solvents (DES) has turned them into significant tools in the development of green and sustainable technologies. For this purpose, their use in polymeric applications has been growing and expanding to new areas of development. The present review aims to summarize the progress in the field of DES applied to polymer science and engineering. It comprises fundamentals studies involving DES and polymers, recent applications of DES in polymer synthesis, extraction and modification, and the early developments on the formulation of DES–polymer products. The combination of DES and polymers is highly promising in the development of new and ‘greener’ materials. Still, there is plenty of room for future research in this field.

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2

Leevers, P. S. "Polymer update: Science and engineering." Polymer 32, no. 2 (1991): 381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0032-3861(91)90029-i.

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3

Stepto, R., K. Horie, T. Kitayama, and Akihiro Abe. "Mission and challenges of polymer science and technology." Pure and Applied Chemistry 75, no. 10 (2003): 1359–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200375101359.

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Following the first IUPAC Polymer Conference on the Mission and Challenges of Polymer Science and Technology (IUPAC PC2002), this article highlights and summarizes the historical development of polymer science and technology and the recent advances that have occurred and are occurring in the subject. It highlights the mission and challenges for the future, particularly as reflected in the papers presented at the conference and in the con- ference’s concluding panel discussion. The important role of IUPAC in defining and leading developments in polymer science and technology is also described. The central role of polymer science and technology and its close interactions with chemical, physical, and biological sciences are defined and discussed. The 21st century is shown to be the Age of Polymers.

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4

Bart, J. C. J. "Forensic polymer engineering: why polymer products fail in science." Polymer Degradation and Stability 95, no. 9 (2010): 1959. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2010.05.006.

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5

Bawn, C. S. H. "Encyclopedia of polymer science and engineering." Polymer 28, no. 7 (1987): 1234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0032-3861(87)90274-6.

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6

Natansohn, Almeria, and Paul Rochon. "2000 Macromolecular Science and Engineering Award LectureThe versatility of azobenzene polymers." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 79, no. 7 (2001): 1093–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v01-098.

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The well-known transcistrans photoisomerization of azobenzenes produces at least three different kinds of motion in the polymer materials to which the azobenzenes are bound. The first is a photoinduced motion of the azobenzene groups only, and they can align in a selected position with respect to the light polarization. The second is a macroscopic motion of huge amounts of polymeric material, producing surface deformation, and the third is a reorganization of smectic domains in liquid crystalline polymers. These motions and their consequences are briefly discussed in relation to the polymer structure and some possible photonic applications are mentioned.Key words: photoinduced orientation, azobenzene polymers, surface gratings, photonics, thermochromism, photochromism, photorefractivity, photoinduced chirality and switching.

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7

Mark, Herman. "Polymer science and engineering facts and trends." Journal of Chemical Education 65, no. 4 (1988): 334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed065p334.

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8

Stein, Richard S. "Environmental aspects of polymer science and engineering." Journal of Plastic Film & Sheeting 31, no. 4 (2015): 355–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/8756087915596304.

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9

Lucas, Elizabete F., Claudia R. E. Mansur, Luciana Spinelli, and Yure G. C. Queirós. "Polymer science applied to petroleum production." Pure and Applied Chemistry 81, no. 3 (2009): 473–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac-con-08-07-21.

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The science of polymers, more specifically, synthesis, characterization, and physicochemical properties in solutions, has wide application in the petroleum industry, which uses polymers as components of fluids or additives to correct problems that affect oil production and/or increase production costs. Polymers are utilized during all phases, from drilling to treatment of oil and water. Research on the synthesis of polymers and their respective characterization aims to develop new molecules, with controlled structures, for various applications, having one or more objectives, namely: (1) to enhance operating efficiency; (2) to reduce costs; and (3) to elucidate mechanisms of action that can help in the development of new technologies. The evaluation of the physicochemical properties of a polymer in solution in many cases permits establishing useful correlations between its properties and performance in a specific application, besides providing insight into the mechanisms inherent in the production system, as is the case of stabilization of asphaltenes. Our research group has applied the knowledge of polymer science to the petroleum industry, focusing on the following functions: viscosification, inhibition of clay swelling, formation of filter cake, drag reduction, divergence, modification of wax crystals, stabilization of asphaltenes, emulsification, demulsification, and cleaning of solids systems contaminated with petroleum, among others.

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10

Kitaeva, N. S., Yu M. Shiryakina, R. R. Mukhametov, and R. O. Shitov. "NIKOLAY SEMENOVICH LEZNOV: BIOGRAPHY AND CONTRIBUTION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE." Proceedings of VIAM, no. 7 (2021): 112–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.18577/2307-6046-2021-0-7-112-124.

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The main life stages of a doctor of technical sciences, professor, honored worker of science and technology of the RSFSR, a major specialist in the field of creation and implementation of polymers for new aviation materials, whose name was Nikolai Semenovich Leznov (12/17/1904–06/25/1984), were considered. The scientific works and achievements of the founder of the laboratory for the synthesis of polymers, binders for non-metallic materials, special liquids and physical and chemical studies of polymer materials of VIAM were analyzed and described.

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11

Fukada, Atsushi, Byron Bird, Sigmund Floyd, Craig T. Van Degrift, James L. Davis, and Edward E. Daub. "Technical Japanese Supplements: (1) Polymer Science and Engineering." Journal of the Association of Teachers of Japanese 30, no. 1 (1996): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/489673.

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12

Rowan, Stuart J. "Happy 100th Anniversary to Polymer Science and Engineering." ACS Macro Letters 9, no. 1 (2020): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsmacrolett.9b01029.

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13

Qiao, Greg G. "Frontiers in Sino-Australian Polymer Science and Engineering." Australian Journal of Chemistry 67, no. 1 (2014): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch13656.

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14

Packham, D. E. "Polymer science dictionary." Composites Science and Technology 38, no. 3 (1990): 289–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0266-3538(90)90063-b.

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15

Yang, Zhen Di, and Chris Goode. "Improved Coating Adhesion on Polymers with Novel Laser Machining Pre-Treatment." Key Engineering Materials 894 (July 27, 2021): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.894.51.

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Electroplating on polymer substrates, which provides polymers with enhanced mechanical properties, extended component lifetimes, and offers a decorative appearance, is environmentally unsustainable. Laser machining, a green process developed at Cirrus Materials Science Ltd, generates an array of pores on various polymer surfaces, which replaces the chemical etch process, and provides strong adhesion for metal coatings to polymer substrates. Laser machining is also applicable to a wide range of engineered or industrial polymer substrates and is adaptable to complex shapes and 3D printed parts. This paper discussed the process of laser machining of polymer substrates including the properties of metal layers on such machined surfaces; and demonstrated laser machining as a promising substitute for conventional chemical etching to prepare various engineering polymer substrates for adhesive coatings.

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16

Sauer, J. A. "Polymer Science and Technology." Materials Science and Engineering 74, no. 2 (1985): 225–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-5416(85)90434-3.

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17

Marshall, I. H. "Polymer science dictionary." Composite Structures 15, no. 2 (1990): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0263-8223(90)90007-2.

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18

Kennedy, J. F., and C. J. Knill. "The Elements of Polymer Science and Engineering, 2nd ed." Carbohydrate Polymers 43, no. 1 (2000): 89–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0144-8617(00)00142-9.

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19

Zhang, Shuguang, and Michael Altman. "Peptide self-assembly in functional polymer science and engineering." Reactive and Functional Polymers 41, no. 1-3 (1999): 91–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1381-5148(99)00031-0.

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20

Kasat, Rahul B., Ajay K. Ray, and Santosh K. Gupta. "Applications of Genetic Algorithm in Polymer Science and Engineering." Materials and Manufacturing Processes 18, no. 3 (2003): 523–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/amp-120022026.

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21

Macosko, C. W. "On bryce maxwell's contributions to polymer science and engineering." Polymer Engineering and Science 26, no. 20 (1986): 1362–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760262006.

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22

Grum, Janez. "Book Review: Concise Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering." International Journal of Materials and Product Technology 29, no. 1/2/3/4 (2007): 358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijmpt.2007.013145.

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23

Gregory, Peter. "Quality polymer science." Advanced Materials 8, no. 8 (1996): 613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.19960080802.

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24

Opdahl, A., S. Hoffer, B. Mailhot, and G. A. Somorjai. "Polymer surface science." Chemical Record 1, no. 2 (2001): 101–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tcr.2.

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25

FREEMANTLE, MICHAEL. "BIOCATALYSIS IN POLYMER SCIENCE." Chemical & Engineering News 82, no. 6 (2004): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v082n006.p025.

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26

FREEMANTLE, MICHAEL. "FOUNDATION OF POLYMER SCIENCE." Chemical & Engineering News 77, no. 19 (1999): 40–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v077n019.p040.

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27

Rostami, Alireza, Mahdi Kalantari-Meybodi, Masoud Karimi, Afshin Tatar, and Amir H. Mohammadi. "Efficient estimation of hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) solution viscosity for enhanced oil recovery process by polymer flooding." Oil & Gas Sciences and Technology – Revue d’IFP Energies nouvelles 73 (2018): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2516/ogst/2018006.

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Polymers applications have been progressively increased in sciences and engineering including chemistry, pharmacology science, and chemical and petroleum engineering due to their attractive properties. Amongst the all types of polymers, partially Hydrolyzed Polyacrylamide (HPAM) is one of the widely used polymers especially in chemistry, and chemical and petroleum engineering. Capability of solution viscosity increment of HPAM is the key parameter in its successful applications; thus, the viscosity of HPAM solution must be determined in any study. Experimental measurement of HPAM solution viscosity is time-consuming and can be expensive for elevated conditions of temperatures and pressures, which is not desirable for engineering computations. In this communication, Multilayer Perceptron neural network (MLP), Least Squares Support Vector Machine approach optimized with Coupled Simulated Annealing (CSA-LSSVM), Radial Basis Function neural network optimized with Genetic Algorithm (GA-RBF), Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System coupled with Conjugate Hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization (CHPSO-ANFIS) approach, and Committee Machine Intelligent System (CMIS) were used to model the viscosity of HPAM solutions. Then, the accuracy and reliability of the developed models in this study were investigated through graphical and statistical analyses, trend prediction capability, outlier detection, and sensitivity analysis. As a result, it has been found that the MLP and CMIS models give the most reliable results with determination coefficients (R2) more than 0.98 and Average Absolute Relative Deviations (AARD) less than 4.0%. Finally, the suggested models in this study can be applied for efficient estimation of aqueous solutions of HPAM polymer in simulation of polymer flooding into oil reservoirs.

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28

NISHIKAWA, TAKEHIRO, KEIKO ARAI, JUNKO HAYASHI, MASAHIKO HARA, and MASATSUGU SHIMOMURA. ""HONEYCOMB FILMS": BIOINTERFACE FOR TISSUE ENGINEERING." International Journal of Nanoscience 01, no. 05n06 (2002): 415–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x02000425.

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We report that tissue-like structure can be formed when cells are cultured on a microporous polymer film (honeycomb film). The honeycomb films were fabricated by applying a moist air to a spread polymer solution containing biodegradable polymers (poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) and poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL)) and an amphiphilic polymer. Hepatocytes were cultured on a self-supporting honeycomb film of PLLA. The hepatocytes formed a single layer of columnar shape cells with a thickness of 20 μm. The tissue formation of hepatocytes was specifically occurred on the honeycomb film of PLLA and not on a flat film of PLLA. Three-dimensional tissue structures were formed, when cells were cultured on both sides of the self-supporting honeycomb film. Double layers of hepatocytes were obtained by the method. Striated tissues such as heart and blood vessel could be reconstructed by utilizing a stretched honeycomb film of PCL.

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29

Dams-Kozlowska, Hanna, and David L. Kaplan. "Protein Engineering of Wzc To Generate New Emulsan Analogs." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73, no. 12 (2007): 4020–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00401-07.

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ABSTRACT Acinetobacter venetianus Rag1 produces an extracellular, polymeric lipoheteropolysaccharide termed apoemulsan. This polymer is putatively produced via a Wzy-dependent pathway. According to this model, the length of the polymer is regulated by polysaccharide-copolymerase (PCP) protein. A highly conserved proline and glycine motif was identified in all members of the PCP family of proteins and is involved in regulation of polymer chain length. In order to control the structure of apoemulsan, defined point mutations in the proline-glycine-rich region of the apoemulsan PCP protein (Wzc) were introduced. Modified wzc variants were introduced into the Rag1 genome via homologous recombination. Stable chromosomal mutants were confirmed by Southern blot analysis. The molecular weight of the polymer was analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Five of the eight point mutants produced polymers having molecular weights higher than the molecular weight of the polymer produced by the wild type. Moreover, four of these five polymers had modified biological properties. Replacement of arginine by leucine (R418L) resulted in the most significant change in the molecular weight of the polymer. The R418L mutant was the most hydrophilic mutant, exhibiting decreased adherence to polystyrene, and inhibited biofilm formation. The results described in this report show the functional effect of Wzc modification on the molecular weight of a high-molecular-weight polysaccharide. Moreover, in the present study we developed a genetic system to control polymerization of apoemulsan. The use of selective exogenous fatty acid feeding strategies, as well as genetic manipulation of sugar backbone chain length, is a promising new approach for bioengineering emulsan analogs.

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30

Berger, Gilles, Jalal Soubhye, and Franck Meyer. "Halogen bonding in polymer science: from crystal engineering to functional supramolecular polymers and materials." Polymer Chemistry 6, no. 19 (2015): 3559–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5py00354g.

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The applications of halogen bonding in surface functionalization, soft, luminescent and magnetic materials, interpenetrated networks, synthetic methods, and separation and inclusion techniques are reviewed.

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31

Greil, P. "Polymer Derived Engineering Ceramics." Advanced Engineering Materials 2, no. 6 (2000): 339–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1527-2648(200006)2:6<339::aid-adem339>3.0.co;2-k.

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32

Laurencin, Cato, and Naveen Nagiah. "Regenerative Engineering-The Convergence Quest." MRS Advances 3, no. 30 (2018): 1665–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2018.56.

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ABSTRACTWe define Regenerative Engineering as a Convergence of Advanced Materials Science, Stem Cell Science, Physics, Developmental Biology, and Clinical Translation. We believe that an “un-siloed’ technology approach will be important in the future to realize grand challenges such as limb and organ regeneration. We also believe that biomaterials will play a key role in achieving overall translational goals. Through convergence of a number of technologies, with advanced materials science playing an important role, we believe the prospect of engaging future grand challenges is possible. Regenerative Engineering as a field is particularly suited for solving clinical problems that are relevant today. The paradigms utilized can be applied to the regeneration of tissue in the shoulder where tendon and muscle currently have low levels of regenerative capability, and the consequences, especially in alternative surgical solutions for massive tendon and muscle loss at the shoulder have demonstrated significant morbidity. Polymer, polymer-cell, and polymer biological factor, and polymer-physical systems can be utilized to propose a range of solutions to shoulder tissue regeneration. The approaches, possibilities, limitations and future strategies, allow for a variety of clinical solutions in musculoskeletal disease treatment.

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33

Sherrington, D. C. "Introduction to physical polymer science." Reactive Polymers 20, no. 3 (1993): 217–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0923-1137(93)90096-x.

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34

Tadmor, Z. "The evolution of polymer processing into macromolecular engineering and science." Plastics, Rubber and Composites 33, no. 1 (2004): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/146580104225018364.

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35

Cersonsky, Rose K., Leanna L. Foster, Taeyong Ahn, Ryan J. Hall, Harry L. van der Laan, and Timothy F. Scott. "Augmenting Primary and Secondary Education with Polymer Science and Engineering." Journal of Chemical Education 94, no. 11 (2017): 1639–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jchemed.6b00805.

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36

Kempe, Kristian, and Kristofer J. Thurecht. "The Evolving Landscape of Polymer Science and Engineering in Australia." Macromolecular Rapid Communications 41, no. 18 (2020): 2000414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/marc.202000414.

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37

FREEMANTLE, MICHAEL. "The Endless Polymer Science Frontier." Chemical & Engineering News 78, no. 16 (2000): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v078n016.p039.

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38

Shea, J. "Fundamentals Of Polymer Science." IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine 14, no. 5 (1998): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mei.1998.714645.

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39

Granick, Steve. "Polymer Surface Dynamics." MRS Bulletin 21, no. 1 (1996): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400035120.

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A major surge of activity is underway to understand the dynamics of polymer chains at interfaces. This stands in contrast to the situation a generation ago when much of polymer-materials research revolved around understanding dynamics in the bulk (isotropic) state. Building in part on earlier studies that had been somewhat neglected, striking new findings have been obtained. The new methods and equipment include surface-specific spectroscopies; advanced, in situ time-resolved methods to determine surface structure and composition; and the surface-forces apparatus for measuring adhesion and interfacial rheology. Also, older methods (such as contact angle) have been revitalizated and applied to new problems. Theoretical calculations and molecular-dynamics simulations are also emerging.Appreciation is growing that scientific understanding is possible of these systems that are so complex and, often, so far from equilibrium. Polymer surfaces are becoming recognized as an area with many opportunities to do exciting and useful surface science, particularly regarding kinetics, diffusion, surface chemistry, and other rate-dependent processes.The engineering significance is that while polymers and plastics-based applications are rooted in our economic life, too often the technologies and formulations are empirically derived. One tends to take plastics and their communication with adjoining materials for granted. A molecular understanding is needed so that better design can emerge by rational extension.During the course of these new activities, the community of polymer science has rubbed shoulders with and has thereby become increasingly integrated with other disciplines-colloid science, surface science, biomedical science, and microelectronics, to cite a few examples. When dealing with interfaces, one's parochial materials interests quickly become generalized.

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40

MA, HUI, RONGHUA XU, HONG XU, et al. "HIGH MODULUS SILICATES/POLY (L-LACTIC ACID) BASED POLYMERS ASSEMBLIES FOR POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS IN TISSUE ENGINEERING." Functional Materials Letters 06, no. 04 (2013): 1350037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793604713500379.

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In this paper, silicates/poly (l-lactic acid)-co-bisphenol A epoxy resin assemblies with high modulus were developed by in situ polymerization of l-lactic acid and surface-modified lamellar vermiculites for potential applications in tissue engineering. These assemblies represented advances in the mechanical properties that can be hardly obtained in other assemblies formed via physical interactions. The covalent grafting of the PLLA based polymers onto the vermiculites surface was confirmed by X-ray photon spectroscopy. The elastic moduli of the assemblies measured by an atomic force microscope were around 7 GPa, and higher than the elastic moduli of the pure polymer (3.2 GPa) and unmodified vermiculites (1.5 GPa), respectively. Images demonstrated that cells proliferated and reached confluence on both the assemblies and pure polymer materials, which indicated that the assemblies exhibited the similar cytocompatibility with pure polymer. With the addition of 5 wt.% assemblies, the polymer and assemblies blended-composites exhibited a 118% improvement in compressive strength and 117% improvement in modulus compared with pure polymer. The present work demonstrated a strategy for the assembly of biomacromolecules and inorganic layers and fabrication of biomaterials high in modulus for tissue engineering applications.

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41

Kovylin, R. S., D. Ya Aleynik, and I. L. Fedushkin. "Modern Porous Polymer Implants: Synthesis, Properties, and Application." Polymer Science, Series C 63, no. 1 (2021): 29–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1811238221010033.

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Abstract The needs of modern surgery triggered the intensive development of transplantology, medical materials science, and tissue engineering. These directions require the use of innovative materials, among which porous polymers occupy one of the leading positions. The use of natural and synthetic polymers makes it possible to adjust the structure and combination of properties of a material to its particular application. This review generalizes and systematizes the results of recent studies describing requirements imposed on the structure and properties of synthetic (or artificial) porous polymer materials and implants on their basis and the advantages and limitations of synthesis methods. The most extensively employed, promising initial materials are considered, and the possible areas of application of polymer implants based on these materials are highlighted.

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42

Abe, A. "Polymer science in Japan." Materials Today 1, no. 4 (1998): 37–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1369-7021(98)80032-1.

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43

Dutta, Sayan Deb, Dinesh K. Patel, Yu-Ri Seo та ін. "In Vitro Biocompatibility of Electrospun Poly(ε-Caprolactone)/Cellulose Nanocrystals-Nanofibers for Tissue Engineering". Journal of Nanomaterials 2019 (15 жовтня 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2061545.

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Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) have emerged as promising materials for the fabrication of micro/nanoplatforms that can replace tissues more effectively. CNCs offer interesting properties that facilitate the enhancement of polymer properties. Cytotoxicity of rice husk-derived CNCs was evaluated through WST-1 assay in the presence of human mesenchymal stem cells. Electrospinning technique was used to fabricate nanofibers of poly-ε-caprolactone and its composites. Significant improvement in the mechanical property was observed in the composites relative to the pure polymer. This improvement was attributed to the better interfacial interactions between the polymer matrix and CNCs. Notably, better cell viability and differentiation were observed with the composite nanofibers than with the pure polymers. The osteogenic potential of the fabricated nanofibers was assessed by alizarin red S staining and real-time PCR. Enhanced mineralization occurred in the presence of the composite rather than pure polymer nanofibers. Furthermore, the higher levels of osteogenic markers observed with the media containing the composites clearly indicated their osteogenic potential. These results suggested that fabricated composites have the potential to be used as a biomaterial for tissue engineering applications.

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44

Balsara, Nitash. "State of the art in polymer science & engineering in India." Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 35, no. 13 (1997): 2811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-0518(19970930)35:13<2811::aid-pola27>3.0.co;2-d.

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45

Kanaya, Toshiji, Kazuo Sakurai, and Atsushi Takahara. "Special Issue: Application of Quantum Beams to Polymer Science and Engineering." Polymer Journal 45, no. 1 (2013): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/pj.2012.208.

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46

IZAWA, Shin-ichi. "Polymer Alloys of Engineering Plastics." Journal of the Society of Materials Science, Japan 41, no. 465 (1992): 789–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2472/jsms.41.789.

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47

KRIEGER, JAMES. "Report assesses health of polymer science." Chemical & Engineering News 72, no. 30 (1994): 30–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v072n030.p030.

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48

Tyagi, Upendra N., and Paul T. Bowen. "Polymer Characteristics and Attachment Sites in the Sludge Matrix." Water Science and Technology 21, no. 8-9 (1989): 899–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0292.

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This study identified polymer attachment sites in three types of sludge for different molecular weight and charge density cationic polymers. Conditioned and unconditioned sludge samples were treated with cationized ferritin (CF) to label anionic charged sites on the surface of sludge particles. Sludge surfaces were examined using transmission electron microscopy. The presence of CF indicates an anionic site not attached to polymers. For increasing polymer molecular weight, comparison of micrographs of samples conditioned with similar polymer doses showed an increase in CF attachment. Therefore polymer attachment was seen to decrease with increasing polymer molecular weight. At extremely high polymer dosages, the presence of CF indicates that anionic sites have not been saturated by polymers. These results imply the molecular weight (chain length) and structure of polymers may determine the mechanisms of polymer action. No appreciable differences were observed for sludges conditioned with polymers of various charge densities.

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49

Boyer, Séverine A. E., Takeshi Yamada, Hirohisa Yoshida, and Jean-Pierre E. Grolier. "Modification of molecular organization of polymers by gas sorption: Thermodynamic aspects and industrial applications." Pure and Applied Chemistry 81, no. 9 (2009): 1603–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac-con-08-11-09.

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In polymer science, gas–polymer interactions play a central role for the development of new polymeric structures for specific applications. This is typically the case for polymer foaming and for self-assembling of nanoscale structures where the nature of the gas and the thermodynamic conditions are essential to control. An important applied field where gas sorption in polymers has to be documented through intensive investigations concerns the (non)-controlled solubilization of light gases in the polymers serving, for example, in the oil industry for the transport of petroleum fluids. An experimental set-up coupling a vibrating-wire (VW) detector and a pVT technique has been used to simultaneously evaluate the amount of gas entering a polymer under controlled temperature and pressure and the concomitant swelling of the polymer. Scanning transitiometry has been used to determine the interaction energy during gas sorption in different polymers; the technique was also used to determine the thermophysical properties of polymers submitted to gas sorption. The role of the pressurizing fluid has been documented in terms of the influence of pressure, temperature, and nature of the fluid.

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Slomkowski, Stanislaw, Christopher M. Fellows, Roger C. Hiorns, et al. "List of keywords for polymer science (IUPAC Technical Report)." Pure and Applied Chemistry 91, no. 6 (2019): 997–1027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2018-0917.

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Abstract This paper provides a list of the most important terms from all areas of polymer science including polymer chemistry, polymer physics, polymer technology and polymer properties. These have been assembled into a representative list of terms that serves as an IUPAC recommended list of keywords for polymer science.

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