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Journal articles on the topic 'Polymer failure'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Spathis, G., and E. Kontou. "Creep failure time prediction of polymers and polymer composites." Composites Science and Technology 72, no. 9 (2012): 959–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2012.03.018.

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2

Peter, Anto, Michael H. Azarian, and Michael Pecht. "Reliability of Manganese Dioxide and Conductive Polymer Tantalum Capacitors under Temperature Humidity Bias Testing." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2015, no. 1 (2015): 000713–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-2015-tha64.

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Despite being highly reliable under steady state operating conditions, manganese dioxide (MnO2) tantalum capacitors are prone to catastrophic exothermic failures under surge current conditions. Such failures can be mitigated by the use of conductive polymers in place of MnO2. However, these polymers are more susceptible to failure at elevated humidity levels. In this paper, the electrical performances of both MnO2 and polymer tantalum capacitors are compared by subjecting them to temperature humidity bias testing at 85°C and 85% RH. The test population consists of tantalum capacitors with two voltage ratings (50V and 16V). At each of these voltage ratings, two sets of tantalum capacitors, one each with MnO2 and conductive polymer electrodes, were tested. The voltage levels used to bias the capacitors were periodically increased in multiples of the rated voltage to accelerate degradation. The performance of the capacitors was tracked by monitoring their capacitance, dissipation factors and leakage currents, both in-situ and at room temperature. The degradation trends are discussed in light of the differences in voltage ratings and electrode types. These trends are also mapped to fundamental failure mechanisms within the capacitors.

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3

Biswas, Mrinmay, and R. George Kelsey. "Failure Model of Polymer Mortar." Journal of Engineering Mechanics 117, no. 5 (1991): 1088–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9399(1991)117:5(1088).

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4

Kausch, H. H., and W. J. Cantwell. "Physical Mechanisms in Polymer Failure." Europhysics News 20, no. 4 (1989): 52–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epn/19892004052.

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5

Yao, Qizhou, and Jianmin Qu. "Interfacial Versus Cohesive Failure on Polymer-Metal Interfaces in Electronic Packaging—Effects of Interface Roughness." Journal of Electronic Packaging 124, no. 2 (2002): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1459470.

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Debonding of polymer-metal interfaces often involves both interfacial and cohesive failure. Since the cohesive strength of polymers is usually much greater than the polymer-metal interfacial strength, cohesive failure near the interface is usually desired for enhancing the interfacial adhesion. Roughened surfaces generally produce more cohesive failure; therefore, they are used commonly in practice to obtain better adhesion. This paper develops a fracture mechanics model that can be used to quantitatively predict the amount of cohesive failure once the surface roughness data are given. An epoxy/Al interface was investigated using this fracture mechanics model. The predicted amount of cohesive failure as a function of surface roughness compares very well with the experimentally measured values. It is believed that this model can be extended to other polymer–metal interfaces. Contributed by the Electronic and Photonic Packaging Division for publication in the JOURNAL OF ELECTRONIC PACKAGING. Manuscript received by the EPPD.

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6

Pang, Yu-Yang, Gang Wu, Zhi-Long Su, and Xiao-Yuan He. "Experimental study on the carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer–steel interfaces based on carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer delamination failures and hybrid failures." Advances in Structural Engineering 23, no. 11 (2020): 2247–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433220911167.

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The failure mode is crucial to the interfacial bond performance between carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer plates and steel substrates. Existing studies mainly focused on the cohesive failures in the adhesive; however, research on other types of failure modes is still limited. In this article, a series of single-shear bonded joints are prepared to investigate the bond behaviors of the carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer–steel interfaces based on carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer delamination failures and hybrid failures. Three kinds of adhesives—which have different tensile strengths and elastic moduli—and two kinds of carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer plates—which have different interlaminar shear strengths—are used to evaluate the influencing factors of carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer–steel interfaces. The three-dimensional digital image correlation technique is applied to measure the strain and the displacement on the surface of each specimen. The obtained test results include the strain distribution, the ultimate load, the failure mode, the load–slip curves, and the bond–slip relationships. For the carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer delamination mode, the results show that the load at the debonding stage is closely related to the interlaminar shear strength of the carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer plate, and the higher the interlaminar shear strength is, the greater the load. However, for the hybrid mode, the load of the whole test process is independent of the interlaminar shear strength of the carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer plate.

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7

KOBIKI, A., S. SHIODA, and H. KAWADA. "PMC-26: Relationship Between Delayed Failure of Glass Fiber and Surface Condition Under Water Environment(PMC-IV: POLYMERS AND POLYMER MATRIX COMPOSITES)." Proceedings of the JSME Materials and Processing Conference (M&P) 2005 (2005): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeintmp.2005.42_4.

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8

Bagalkot, Anurag, Dirk Pons, Digby Symons, and Don Clucas. "Categorization of Failures in Polymer Rapid Tools Used for Injection Molding." Processes 7, no. 1 (2019): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7010017.

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Background—Polymer rapid tooling (PRT) inserts for injection molding (IM) are a cost-effective method for prototyping and low-volume manufacturing. However, PRT inserts lack the robustness of steel inserts, leading to progressive deterioration and failure. This causes quality issues and reduced part numbers. Approach—Case studies were performed on PRT inserts, and different failures were observed over the life of the tool. Parts molded from the tool were examined to further understand the failures, and root causes were identified. Findings—Critical parameters affecting the tool life, and the effect of these parameters on different areas of tool are identified. A categorization of the different failure modes and the underlying mechanisms are presented. The main failure modes are: surface deterioration; surface scalding; avulsion; shear failure; bending failure; edge failure. The failure modes influence each other, and they may be connected in cascade sequences. Originality—The original contributions of this work are the identification of the failure modes and their relationships with the root causes. Suggestions are given for prolonging tool life via design practices and molding parameters.

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9

Lee, Yi-Chang, Ho Chang, Ching-Long Wei, Rahnfong Lee, Hua-Yi Hsu, and Cheng-Chung Chang. "Determination of deformation of a highly oriented polymer under three-point bending using finite element analysis." e-Polymers 17, no. 1 (2017): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/epoly-2016-0248.

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AbstractThe molecular chains of a highly oriented polymer lie in the same direction. A highly oriented polymer is an engineering material with a high strength-to-weight ratio and favorable mechanical properties. Such an orthotropic material has biaxially arranged molecular chains that resist stress in the tensile direction, giving it a high commercial value. In this investigation, finite element analysis (FEA) was utilized to elucidate the deformation and failure of a highly oriented polymer. Based on the principles of material mechanics and using the FEA software, Abaqus, a solid model of an I-beam was constructed, and the lengths of this beam were set based on their heights. Three-point bending tests were performed to simulate the properties of the orthotropic highly oriented polymer, yielding results that reveal both tension failure and shear failure. The aspect ratio that most favored the manufacture of an I-beam from highly oriented polymers was obtained; based on this ratio, a die drawing mold can be developed in the future.

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10

Ashraf, Muhammad Azeem, Bijan Sobhi-Najafabadi, Özdemir Göl, and D. Sugumar. "“Time-to-failure” prediction for a polymer-polymer swivelling joint." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 39, no. 3-4 (2007): 271–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-007-1219-1.

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11

Cheng, Shunfeng, Kwok Tom, and Michael Pecht. "Failure Precursors for Polymer Resettable Fuses." IEEE Transactions on Device and Materials Reliability 10, no. 3 (2010): 374–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tdmr.2010.2053371.

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12

Johnson, Ross S., Kirsten N. Cicotte, Patrick J. Mahoney, Bruce A. Tuttle, and Shawn M. Dirk. "Thermally Induced Failure of Polymer Dielectrics." Advanced Materials 22, no. 15 (2010): 1750–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.200903617.

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13

Faust, D., and R. S. Lakes. "Reciprocity failure in piezoelectric polymer composite." Physica Scripta 90, no. 8 (2015): 085807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-8949/90/8/085807.

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14

Knops, M., and C. Bögle. "Gradual failure in fibre/polymer laminates." Composites Science and Technology 66, no. 5 (2006): 616–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2005.07.044.

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15

Lapshina, Svetlana V. "To Problem of Filler Failure in Processing of Fiber-Reinforced Materials." Defect and Diffusion Forum 410 (August 17, 2021): 656–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.410.656.

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Filled polymers seem very promising materials for production. Polymers can be filled with a variety of diverse materials, be it polycaprolactam fiber, glass fiber, or steel wire. Compared to their non-filled counterparts, filled composites have a number of advantages. Production of filled polymers can be challenging due to the processing equipment (the rubber mixer, rollers, and extruders) mixing the fiber with the polymer matrix. In their purest form, polymers mostly don’t have the desired properties, which is why special additives (fillers, plasticizers, dyes, stabilizers, etc.) must be added to obtain the desired functional properties. This is why composites account for an ever greater share of polymers.

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16

Zhao, Chi Yun, Shi Min Huang, Qiu Lai Yao, and Ya Jing Chen. "Experimental Research for Flexibility Properties of RC Beams Strengthened with Steel Wire-Polymer Mortar." Applied Mechanics and Materials 238 (November 2012): 185–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.238.185.

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This paper presents the results of the experimental investigation on the flexural performance of beams strengthened with steel wire-polymer mortar. A total of five rectangular doubly RC beams were constructed and tested to failure. The test variables were numbers of reinforcement layers and configuration. A new accurate method to measure elongation of steel wire was proposed. Then the interfacial bond strength between concrete and polymer mortar was tested. The failures of the specimens were all bending failures and polymer mortar layer debonded from beam was not occurred. Only a few wires were pulled off in failure. The polymer mortar and concrete has a better bonding effect. Steel wires play the more effective tensile roles of themselves. After strengthened, the RC beams improve their bending bearing capacity and bending stiffness, delay the cracks occur and crack development.

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17

Wu, Chunhui, Susan C. Mantell, and Jane Davidson. "Polymers for Solar Domestic Hot Water: Long-Term Performance of PB and Nylon 6,6 Tubing in Hot Water." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 126, no. 1 (2004): 581–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1638786.

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Polymers offer a lightweight, low cost option for solar hot water system components. Key to the success of polymer heat exchanger components will be the long term mechanical performance of the polymer. This is particularly true for heat exchangers in which one of the fluids is pressurized hot water. For domestic hot water systems, polymer components must not fail after many years at a constant pressure (stress levels selected to correspond to 0.55 MPa in a tube) when immersed in 82°C potable water. In this paper, the long term performance of two potential heat exchanger materials, polybutylene and nylon 6,6, is presented. Two failure mechanisms are considered: failure caused by material rupture (as indicated by the hydrostatic burst strength) and failure caused by excessive deformation (as indicated by the creep modulus). Hydrostatic burst strength and creep modulus data are presented for each material. Master curves for the creep compliance as a function of time are derived from experimental data. These master curves provide a mechanism for predicting creep modulus as a function of time. A case study is presented in which tubing geometry is selected given the hydrostatic burst strength and creep compliance data. This approach can be used to evaluate properties of candidate polymers and to design polymer components for solar hot water applications.

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18

Torres, Dery, Shu Guo, Maria-Pilar Villar, Daniel Araujo, and Rafael Estevez. "Calibration of a Cohesive Model for Fracture in Low Cross-Linked Epoxy Resins." Polymers 10, no. 12 (2018): 1321. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym10121321.

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Polymer-based composites are becoming widely used for structural applications, in particular in the aeronautic industry. The present investigation focuses on the mechanical integrity of an epoxy resin of which possible damage results in limitation or early stages of dramatic failure. Therefore, a coupled experimental and numerical investigation of failure in an epoxy resin thermoset is carried out that opens the route to an overall micromechanical analysis of thermoset-based composites. In the present case, failure is preceded by noticeable plasticity in the form of shear bands similar to observations in ductile glassy polymers. Thus, an elastic-visco-plastic constitutive law initially devoted to glassy polymer is adopted that captures the rate- dependent yield stress followed by softening and progressive hardening at continued deformation. A general rate-dependent cohesive model is used to describe the failure process. The parameters involved in the description are carefully identified and used in a finite element calculation to predict the material’s toughness for different configurations. Furthermore, the present work allows investigation of nucleation and crack growth in such resins. In particular, a minimum toughness can be derived from the model which is difficult to evaluate experimentally and allows accounting for the notch effect on the onset of failure. This is thought to help in designing polymer-based composites.

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19

Rohwerder, M., and M. Stratmann. "Surface Modification by Ordered Monolayers: New Ways of Protecting Materials Against Corrosion." MRS Bulletin 24, no. 7 (1999): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400052696.

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Metal/polymer composites are used in numerous technical applications. For example, polymer coatings on metal surfaces are used for corrosion protection, metal films on polymers inhibit static buildup, and polymers between two metals can serve as a “glue” for connecting materials that cannot be welded. Polymer/metal composites also play an important role in modern electronics. In condensers, polymers serve as insulating layers between metallic leads and are used to encapsulate entire electronic circuits. In all circumstances, interfaces are formed between the two different materials, and since the chemistry and structure change abruptly, interfacial failure is frequently observed.The cause of failure may just be mechanical (e.g., shrinkage of the polymer during curing), or the interface stability may be degraded by attack of aggressive species, resulting in delamination. More specifically, loss of adhesion is directly caused by interfacial electrochemical reactions that nucleate at a defect and progress into intact regions of the interface. This occurs for encapsulated electronic parts in humid atmospheres as well as for lacquers on automotive parts.Thus the investigation of corrosion reactions at a buried interface is an important area of research, but it is made very difficult by the fact that most electrochemical methods do not give information on localized reaction kinetics at a buried (metal/polymer) interface. This situation has changed with the invention and development of the scanning Kelvin probe (SKP). This method allows, for the first time, local analysis of reactions occurring at a buried metal/polymer interface. Based on the results obtained with the SKP, a detailed reaction model for the delamination process has been developed. This understanding has led to the development of new approaches that protect the interface from delamination. The idea is to chemically modify the interface using Afunctional molecules that promote adhesion between metal and polymer surfaces.

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20

Rasmussen, Henrik Koblitz. "Catastrophic failure of polymer melts during extension." Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics 198 (August 2013): 136–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnnfm.2013.05.001.

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21

Stein, A., E. Peers, K. Harris, J. Feehally, and J. Walls. "Glucose polymer for ultrafiltration failure in CAPD." Lancet 341, no. 8853 (1993): 1159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(93)93185-4.

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22

Lin, Emily Y., and Robert A. Riggleman. "Distinguishing failure modes in oligomeric polymer nanopillars." Soft Matter 15, no. 32 (2019): 6589–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9sm00699k.

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We use simulations to capture ductile-to-brittle transition in glassy oligomer pillars, characterize the effects on mechanical, structural, and dynamical response during deformation. We present quantitative metrics to distinguish failure modes.

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23

Lee, Jong-Young, Qingling Zhang, Jia-Yu Wang, Todd Emrick, and Alfred J. Crosby. "Failure Mechanism of Glassy Polymer−Nanoparticle Composites." Macromolecules 40, no. 17 (2007): 6406–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma0710479.

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24

Trobentar, Boštjan, Simon Kulovec, Gorazd Hlebanja, and Srečko Glodež. "Experimental failure analysis of S-polymer gears." Engineering Failure Analysis 111 (April 2020): 104496. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2020.104496.

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25

PIGGOTT, M. "Failure processes in the fibre-polymer interphase." Composites Science and Technology 42, no. 1-3 (1991): 57–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0266-3538(91)90012-e.

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26

Kar, Nikhil K., Yinghui Hu, Naresh J. Kar, and Ramesh J. Kar. "Failure analysis of a polymer centrifugal impeller." Case Studies in Engineering Failure Analysis 4 (October 2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csefa.2015.03.001.

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27

Piggott, Michael R. "Short Fibre Polymer Composites: a Fracture-Based Theory of Fibre Reinforcement." Journal of Composite Materials 28, no. 7 (1994): 588–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002199839402800701.

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The interphase between reinforcing fibers and polymers is brittle, and does not behave in the way it was assumed to when the standard theory for composite strength was developed. Futhermore, this theory predicts curved stress-strain plots for aligned short fibre composites, yet the evidence for this is unconvincing, and there is much new evidence that these stress-strain curves are straight. The time has therefore come to abandon this approach and take into account, instead, the apparent brittleness and sudden failure of aligned fibre reinforced polymers. This paper presents the evidence, and introduces the new approach. This involves microcrack development in composites from stress concentrations at the fibre ends. Since such failure initiation can occur simultaneously at many sites, the stress required to cause abrupt failure across the whole cross section can be estimated by a simple force balance. This analysis gives the familiar expressions used for short fibre composites, with one important difference. For carbon reinforced polymers, the polymer has to reach its breaking strength before failure, so that there is no minimum volume fraction for reinforcement with these composites. With glass, on the other hand, which has a higher breaking strain than most thermosets used for composites, the matrix appears unable to exert its full strength. Thus low fibre volume fraction glass fibre composites can be weaker than the matrix, and a minimum volume fraction for reinforcement exists.

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28

Gu, Jianping, Huiyu Sun, Hao Zeng, and Zhongbing Cai. "Modeling the thermomechanical behavior of carbon fiber–reinforced shape memory polymer composites under the finite deformation." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 31, no. 4 (2019): 503–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x19888749.

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In this article, a thermoviscoelastic constitutive model is introduced to describe the unidirectional continuous elastic fiber–reinforced shape memory polymer composites under the finite deformation. Although the shape memory polymers can be used in finite deformations, only a small strain can be applied on the carbon fiber for its small failure tensile strain (about 2%). Using the model, the effective strain of the carbon fiber for the unidirectional continuous carbon fiber–reinforced shape memory polymer composites can be derived. It is found that the carbon fiber–reinforced shape memory polymer composites with the fiber inclination angle in a typical range can be used in the finite deformation, without failure of the carbon fiber. Besides, a simplified buckling model is proposed to predict the fiber buckling under axial compression. It is calculated that the buckling critical stress is rather small. Therefore, it should be avoided in application. As for carbon fiber–reinforced shape memory polymer composites, the bending driving capacity is the crucial property in their applications. Hence, the shape memory effect of the carbon fiber–reinforced shape memory polymer composite beam under the finite deformation is also studied here. The findings can be used to provide guidance for the design and application of the carbon fiber–reinforced shape memory polymer composites and their structures.

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29

Xu, Huanxiang, Yanhuang Tang, Zilian Liu, Yingying Cai, and Youliang Wang. "The study of typical failure modes and failure mechanism of polymer materials." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 231 (September 2017): 012123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/231/1/012123.

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30

Shin, E. Eugene, Alekh Bhurke, Edward Scott, Steve Rozeveld, and Lawrence T. Drzal. "Microstructure, Morphology, and Failure Modes of Polymer-Modified Asphalts." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1535, no. 1 (1996): 61–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196153500109.

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The effects of polymer modification on microstructure, morphology, and failure modes of asphalt binders and their concretes were investigated using various test methodologies that have been newly developed or modified. Results from the good and bad samples (i.e., a new Marshall concrete specimen and an aged road core, flexible pavement that showed signs of stripping, respectively) confirmed the reliability and applicability of the test methods. Two different viscosity-graded asphalt binders, AC-5 and AC-10, with two types of network thermoplastics, styrene-butadiene-styrene and styrene-ethylene-butadiene-styrene block copolymers, were studied for void morphology, binder phase morphology, statistical void image analysis, and failure modes as a function of polymer concentration and test temperature. One of the most striking results is that a highly entangled fibrillar network structure has been observed from both straight and polymer-modified asphalt binders after an electron beam etching. It was also observed that the morphology of the network altered with prestraining or binder aging. Void morphology and statistical void analysis were well characterized with the methods developed, but no significant effect of polymer modification was observed. From the fracture studies, however, the polymer modification indicated strong influence on both microdeformation behavior and failure mode of the asphalt concretes.

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31

Mohamed, Sity Ainy Nor, Edi Syams Zainudin, S. M. Sapuan, Mohd Azaman Md Deros, and Ahmad Mubarak Tajul Arifin. "Effects of different stress ratios on fatigue crack growth of rice husk fibre-reinforced composite." BioResources 15, no. 3 (2020): 6192–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.15.3.6192-6205.

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Polymers and polymer composites are susceptible to premature failure due to formation of cracks and microcracks throughout their service. Evolution of cracks and microcracks induces catastrophic material failure. Hence, detection/diagnostics, as well as effective repair of cracks and microcracks, is essential to ascertain performance reliability, cost efficiency, and safety for polymer structures. Upon adopting the Paris relation for empirical data, this study incorporated a mathematical model after weighing in cracks initiation and propagation in rice husk (RH) polymer structures, along with the several viable techniques for life prediction and fracture observation. The specimens contained 35% RH fibres and were produced via an injection molding process. Fatigue cracks were evaluated for stresses between 80 and 90% from ultimate tensile strength (UTS) for R = 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5. The outcomes signified that the increment in R value enhanced the growth rate of the crack. Upon elaborating the fracture analysis, this study discusses in detail both fracture mechanics and formation.

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32

Zhang, Lifeng, Hui Liu, Wenqiang Li, Hangjun Liu, Xuehui An, and Xiaoruan Song. "Experimental Study on Mechanical Properties of Interface between Basalt Fiber-Reinforced Polymer/Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composite Cement Plate and Concrete." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2021 (March 17, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6616898.

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The bonding behaviors of the plate-concrete interface of a composite structure consisting of a concrete block in the middle and two cement plates at both sides play a key role in its overall mechanical performance. In this paper, the authors conduct 3 groups of push-out shear tests on a total of 39 composite samples to assess the bonding performance. The influence of the FRP cement plates, the concrete strength, and the ribs installed in the cement plate on the interfacial shear strength, the relative bond-slip, strain, and the failure modes of the composite samples is recorded and analyzed. The results show that (1) the shear strength and bond-slip performance of the interface are largely improved if the GFRP/BRRP cement plates are used; (2) shear strength of the interface increases with the concrete strength, while the deformation behaviors show no significant improvement; (3) an inclusion of the ribs to the interface enhances the shear strength and shear stiffness but decreases the maximum relative slip at failure; (4) most of the samples present the shear failures along the interface; however, the bending shear failure prior to the interface shear failure is also observed on the concrete block for low concrete strength samples and the samples with ribs; and (5) regression method is used to develop a constitutive model of the stress-slip at the interface to describe the relationship between the shear strength with the cement plates, the concrete strength, and ribs.

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33

Guo, Zhansheng, and Yang Fan. "Heat seal properties of polymer–aluminum–polymer composite films for application in pouch lithium-ion battery." RSC Advances 6, no. 11 (2016): 8971–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra27097a.

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34

McAlpin, R. L., P. L. Talley, H. L. Bernstein, and R. E. Holm. "Failure Analysis of Inlet Guide Vanes." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 125, no. 1 (2002): 236–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1494095.

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The common failure modes of variable inlet guide vanes (VIGVs or IGVs) on industrial gas turbines are reviewed. These mechanisms include corrosion, cracking, and wear of the IGVs, their bushings and thrust washers. A new mechanism for IGV failure is described through a case history and metallurgical examination. High-cycle fatigue cracking in multiple IGV’s was found at a location different from the expected cracking location. The failure is caused by a combination of wear loss and galling of the IGV metal shafts against the polymer bushings, combined with deterioration of the polymer matrix. Finite element analysis is used to verify the loading mode, maximum stress location, and crack propagation direction.

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35

Lewandowski, L. H. "Polymer Modification of Paving Asphalt Binders." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 67, no. 3 (1994): 447–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538685.

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Abstract • Polymer modification of asphalt binders has become a more accepted method for addressing pavement distresses. The heavier vehicle loads, higher traffic volumes and increased tire pressures have forced user agencies to explore polymer modification for asphalt pavement applications. • The compatibility between the asphalt and polymer depends on many factors. The most significant of these, based on microscopy, are the asphalt crude source, polymer microstructure and the thermal/mechanical history of the polymer-modified asphalt binder. • Classical methods and methods derived specifically for measuring the effect of polymers in the asphalt have poor correlation to mixture performance. The tests also seem to be specific to the different polymers tested. The test conditions make it difficult to extract basic information about the binder's mechanical properties. • Considerable work has been done on the rheology of asphalt and polymer-modified asphalt binders over a wide range of temperatures and rates of loading. Time-temperature superposition has been used to describe the effect of rate of loading on the complex shear modulus (G*) of both polymer modified and unmodified asphalt binders. The addition of polymers has been found to dramatically change the properties at high temperatures or low rates of loading. This has been correlated with varying degrees of success to permanent deformation in the asphalt mixture. • The bending beam rheometer and the direct tension test are ideally suited for measuring the low temperature properties of polymer-modified asphalt binders. Good correlation was found with bending beam results and the fracture temperature of the mixture using the TSRST method. Failure strains, measured for polymer-modified asphalt binders with the direct tension test, were up to ten times greater than that observed for unmodified binders. Polymer-modifiers generally decreased the fracture temperature of the mixture by 6–10°C. • Polymer modifiers for asphalt binders which contain a large percentage of butadiene (50% or greater), exhibit improved low temperature properties. This was observed as a decreased Tg for a polybutadiene modified asphalt measured using dynamic mechanical analysis. Also direct tension results for SB (50% butadiene) -modified asphalt binders showed a marked increase in low temperature failure strains. • The performance-based specifications (SHRP) show good correlation with mixture performance. The best correlations were observed between the binder's Theological properties and the load-associated fatigue and low-temperature thermal cracking resistance. For permanent deformation, it was observed that the aggregate plays a significant role in the resulting rutting. Further testing and field studies are required to validate these laboratory measurements. • Asphalt-rubber mixtures have been shown to have useful properties with respect to distresses observed in asphalt concrete pavements. Most notably a large increase in viscosity and improved low-temperature cracking resistance have been measured. Only a limited body of test results exists and further testing is required to fully understand the contribution of asphalt-rubber to the mixture's performance.

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Chen, Chien-Liang, Nai-Ching Chen, and Jyh-Seng Wang. "Acute Hydrophilic-Polymer Nephropathy and Acute Renal Failure." New England Journal of Medicine 372, no. 18 (2015): 1775–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmc1414822.

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Sheats, James R., and Daniel B. Roitman. "Failure modes in polymer-based light-emitting diodes." Synthetic Metals 95, no. 2 (1998): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0379-6779(98)00031-9.

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Md Ghazali, Wafiuddin, Daing Mohamad Nafiz Daing Idris, Azizul Helmi Sofian, Januar Parlaungan Siregar, and Ismail Ali Abdul Aziz. "A review on failure characteristics of polymer gear." MATEC Web of Conferences 90 (December 20, 2016): 01029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/20179001029.

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Moshev, V. V., and S. E. Evlampieva. "Discrete models of failure for particulate polymer composites." Polymer Engineering & Science 37, no. 8 (1997): 1348–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.11781.

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Aristov, V. M., and E. P. Aristova. "The Failure of Polymer Constructions in Corrosive Media." International Polymer Science and Technology 40, no. 7 (2013): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0307174x1304000713.

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Czechowski, L., J. Gralewski, and T. Kubiak. "Failure of Polymer Beams Reinforced with Glass Fibers." Mechanics of Composite Materials 56, no. 2 (2020): 195–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11029-020-09872-8.

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Chen, Pengwan, Fenglei Huang, and Yansheng Ding. "Microstructure, deformation and failure of polymer bonded explosives." Journal of Materials Science 42, no. 13 (2007): 5272–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-006-0387-y.

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Wang, S. Q., and Y. W. Inn. "Stress-induced interfacial failure in filled polymer melts." Rheologica Acta 33, no. 2 (1994): 108–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00366755.

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Manente André, Natalia, Jorge F. dos Santos, and Sergio T. Amancio-Filho. "Evaluation of Joint Formation and Mechanical Performance of the AA7075-T6/CFRP Spot Joints Produced by Frictional Heat." Materials 12, no. 6 (2019): 891. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12060891.

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The development of lightweight hybrid metal–polymer structures has recently attracted interest from the transportation industry. Nevertheless, the possibility of joining metals and polymers or composites is still a great challenge. Friction Spot Joining (FSpJ) is a prize-winning friction-based joining technique for metal–polymer hybrid structures. The technology is environment-friendly and comprises very short joining cycles (2 to 8 s). In the current work, aluminum alloy 7075-T6 and carbon-fiber-reinforced polyphenylene sulfide (CF-PPS) friction spot joints were produced and evaluated for the first time in the literature. The spot joints were investigated in terms of microstructure, mechanical performance under quasi-static loading and failure mechanisms. Macro- and micro-mechanical interlocking were identified as the main bonding mechanism, along with adhesion forces as a result of the reconsolidated polymer layer. Moreover, the influence of the joining force on the mechanical performance of the joints was addressed. Ultimate lap shear forces up to 4068 ± 184 N were achieved in this study. A mixture of adhesive–cohesive failure mode was identified, while cohesive failure was dominant. Finally, a qualitative comparison with other state-of-the-art joining technologies for hybrid structures demonstrated that the friction spot joints eventually exhibit superior/similar strength than/to concurrent technologies and shorter joining times.

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Vara Prasad, Vemu, and Tanna Eswara Rao. "A Review on Mechanical and Acoustic Emission Behavior of Basalt Fiber Reinforced Composites." Advanced Materials Research 1148 (June 2018): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1148.37.

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Now a day’s eco-friendly natural fiber used as the reinforcement for the fabrication of the light weight, lower cost and biodegradable polymer matrix composites. One of such available natural reinforcement for the composite material is basalt fiber. The present paper gives a review on how the basalt fiber reinforced polymer matrix composite behave when they are adhesively, riveted and hybrid joined with other reinforcements such as aluminum, which is used for the particular or other applications and which joint gives better efficiency , suited for given application were discussed and the three joining techniques were investigated. Behavior of basalt fiber reinforced composites for the frequencies at which frequencies the failures like adhesive failure, light fiber tear, and mixed failure modes will occur. These three types of failure modes are investigated with the help of acoustic emission monitoring system.

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Beake, Ben D., Stephen R. Goodes, James F. Smith, and Fengge Gao. "Nanoscale repetitive impact testing of polymer films." Journal of Materials Research 19, no. 1 (2004): 237–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2004.19.1.237.

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The deformation of polymer films under repetitive contact at high strain rates was investigated using nanoscale impact testing. Four systems were studied: (i) rubber-modified acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) (0–25 wt% rubber), (ii) uniaxially and biaxially drawn poly(ethylene terephthalate) film; (iii) poly(ethylene oxide)–clay nanocomposites, and (iv) nylon 6–organoclay nanocomposites. The initial results suggest that the technique has much potential in evaluating the fatigue behavior of thinner polymer films and coatings that are unsuitable for conventional methods designed for bulk samples. The extent of impact-induced deformation may be used as a measure of ductility because ductile failures are associated with significant plastic deformation before failure whereas brittle failures usually involve little plastic deformation. The nano-impact technique provides valuable highly localized information about deformation under high strain rate, which is complementary to low strain rate tests such as nanoindentation and nano-scratch. The technique has been shown to be sensitive to nano-/microstructural variations in ABS–rubber film when Berkovich indenters and low impact forces were used. The impact behavior of the nanocomposites is only significantly worse than that of the virgin polymers at the highest clay loading studied (15 wt%). This could be a factor when assessing the suitability of novel nanocomposite materials for applications where toughness is important. On ABS film, there is only an approximate correlation between the plastic work function determined from nanoindentation and the rubber loading in the film while the correlation between the rubber loading and nano-impact data is clear, suggesting that the dynamic test is a more useful predictor of thin polymer film toughness than the slow-loading quasi-static indentation test.

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Doh, Jaehyeok, Sang-Woo Kim, and Jongsoo Lee. "Reliability assessment on the degradation properties of polymers under operating temperature and vibration conditions." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 232, no. 13 (2017): 1782–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407017735263.

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This study focuses on the design of polymer components considering their degradation under designed operating conditions in automobiles. We use stochastic and statistical methods to ensure that such components are reliable and robust. The behaviours of polymers are described using a viscoelastic model, and degradation properties of polymers are obtained from creep and tensile data that are acquired at various temperatures. Using the Maxwell fluid model, we calculate the Prony series, which estimates viscoelastic models based on creep data. By considering Prony coefficients that describe degradation characteristics, this approach generates stress data via a frequency-response analysis of polymer components in automobiles. These data are used to generate performance functions by the response surface method. We assess the reliability considering the variation of temperature-dependent degradation properties and the areas of the peak frequency. In this study, degraded properties and frequencies are assumed to have a normal distribution, and we evaluate the reliability and probability of failure under the yield strength criteria using a Monte Carlo simulation. We then compare the reliability and failure probabilities of the given polymers in an automotive component. Based on these comparisons, we suggest the most suitable polymeric materials for use in automotive applications.

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Mohsin, Mahmoud A., and Nuha F. Attia. "Inverse Emulsion Polymerization for the Synthesis of High Molecular Weight Polyacrylamide and Its Application as Sand Stabilizer." International Journal of Polymer Science 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/436583.

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Polyacrylamides constitute a class of polymers that can entirely dissolve or swell in water to form a solution or hydrogel, respectively. Free radical polymerization of acrylamide monomer, using both solution and inverse emulsion polymerization, was applied to produce polyacrylamide with various molecular weights. This investigation was focused on the production of polymers with varying molecular weight, depending on monomer to initiator ratio. Experimental conditions were designed to produce high molecular weight polymers that can be used in stabilization of sand dunes in the arid regions. Synthesized polyacrylamide samples were characterized using Gel Permeation Chromatography and solution viscosity in order to determine the molecular weights and molecular weights distribution. The rheological behavior was also investigated in different polymer concentrations and at various temperatures using Brookfield Rheometer. Lab-scale wind tunnel was used to determine the stability of the sand before and after treatment with the polymer. Compressive stress-strain test was also used to establish the mechanical behavior of the polymer-sand composite under controlled compressive load up to failure. The results showed that the use of high molecular weight polymer gave excellent mechanical and thermal stability.

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Hara, Hideyuki, and Kazuyuki Shizawa. "Fracture Prediction Simulation for Crystalline Polymer Using Homogenized Molecular Chain Plasticity and Craze Evolution Models." Key Engineering Materials 626 (August 2014): 193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.626.193.

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The fracture of ductile polymers occurs on the boundary between the molecular chain-oriented and non-oriented regions after the neck propagation. This behavior is caused by the concentration of craze that is a microscopic damage typically observed in polymers. In addition, it is known that the ductility of polymers decreases both at a high and a low strain rates in comparison with that at a middle one. In this paper, FE simulations are carried out for a crystalline polymer subjected to the tensile load at some strain rates by use of a homogenized molecular chain plasticity model and a craze evolution equation based on the chemical kinetics. Furthermore, failure criteria are proposed from an experiment on fibril strength. A fracture prediction based on the craze accumulation and the failure of fibrils is demonstrated applying the criteria to the numerical results. It is indicated that the fracture occurs at a smaller strain under a high and a low strain rate conditions than under a middle one.

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Wolfrum, J., E. Quan, G. Maier, and S. Eibl. "Damage initiation of thermally degraded carbon composites in tension." Journal of Composite Materials 52, no. 24 (2018): 3399–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998318765928.

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This study focuses on exploring the initial failure of thermally degraded carbon fibre-reinforced polymers. It is the aim of this study to provide deep insight into the damage development and propagation as well as to understand failure mechanisms of thermally degraded composites. Carbon fibre-reinforced polymer panels with different fibre orientations are exposed to heat above maximum operational temperature (up to 200 ℃) for various durations (up to ca. 200 days). Thermal degradation of the material is characterized by scanning electron microscopy and infrared spectroscopy. The onset of the failure in tension is determined by acoustic emission analysis. The results show that the development and propagation of cracks depend on the level of thermal degradation and the fibre orientation relative to the applied load. With increasing thermal degradation, transverse matrix cracking, as the prevailing initiating failure mode, is replaced by crack initiation and propagation in the damaged outermost ply independent of its fibre orientation. Severe thermal matrix degradation is limited to this area, as characterized by infrared spectroscopy. With increasing thermal degradation of the polymer matrix, the onset of crack initiation and propagation is shifted to lower strains. The effects of damage initiation on fracture behaviour are discussed.

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