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1

Cotts, P. M., and J. C. Selser. "Polymer-polymer interactions in dilute solution." Macromolecules 23, no. 7 (April 1990): 2050–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma00209a029.

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2

Halun, Joanna, Pawel Karbowniczek, Piotr Kuterba, and Zoriana Danel. "Investigation of Ring and Star Polymers in Confined Geometries: Theory and Simulations." Entropy 23, no. 2 (February 19, 2021): 242. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23020242.

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The calculations of the dimensionless layer monomer density profiles for a dilute solution of phantom ideal ring polymer chains and star polymers with f=4 arms in a Θ-solvent confined in a slit geometry of two parallel walls with repulsive surfaces and for the mixed case of one repulsive and the other inert surface were performed. Furthermore, taking into account the Derjaguin approximation, the dimensionless layer monomer density profiles for phantom ideal ring polymer chains and star polymers immersed in a solution of big colloidal particles with different adsorbing or repelling properties with respect to polymers were calculated. The density-force relation for the above-mentioned cases was analyzed, and the universal amplitude ratio B was obtained. Taking into account the small sphere expansion allowed obtaining the monomer density profiles for a dilute solution of phantom ideal ring polymers immersed in a solution of small spherical particles, or nano-particles of finite size, which are much smaller than the polymer size and the other characteristic mesoscopic length of the system. We performed molecular dynamics simulations of a dilute solution of linear, ring, and star-shaped polymers with N=300, 300 (360), and 1201 (4 × 300 + 1-star polymer with four arms) beads accordingly. The obtained analytical and numerical results for phantom ring and star polymers are compared with the results for linear polymer chains in confined geometries.
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3

Armistead, J. P., R. R. Price, O. K. Kim, and L. S. Choi. "Shear-induced changes in chain configuration of poly(acrylic acid) in dilute solution." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 47 (August 6, 1989): 698–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100155463.

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Small amounts (less than 30 ppm) of polymer dissolved in solution may significantly reduce the work required to pump fluids through a pipe at a given rate. In other words, the drag of the solution along the pipe walls is reduced. Drag reduction by polymers has been well characterized, however the molecular origin of the phenomena is not fully understood. Polymers that exhibit drag reduction characteristics typically have high molecular weight, have predominantly linear, flexible chains, and have an expanded molecular configuration in solution.Work in this laboratory has focused on the drag reduction behavior of poly(acrylic acid), PAA, in recent years. This polymer is one of the most shear stable water-soluble polymers and due to the ionic groups in the polymer chain its conformation in solution changes with pH and ionic strength. In a recent work, PAA solutions of 18 ppm, pH=8.1, showed an initial drag reduction of over thirty-five percent in rotating disc experiments. Over four minutes of shearing the drag reduction decreased to ten percent. This was surprising because of the known shear stability of PAA. When the sheared solution was left undisturbed for two weeks, it did not recover its drag reduction performance. However, the addition of NaCl to the solution during the shearing immediately restored drag reduction to its initial level. It was hypothesized that the shear flow induced interchain association that was possibly stabilized by hydrogen bonding and that the addition of the NaCl caused dissociation and drag reduction recovery. In additional work, fluorescence probe studies showed that shear flow induced local chain rigidity in the originally flexible polymer chains. In this study, the drag reduction experiments were repeated and the configurations of the sheared and unsheared polymer chains were viewed using electron microscopy.
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4

Bolisetty, Sreenath, Sabine Rosenfeldt, Christophe N. Rochette, Ludger Harnau, Peter Lindner, Youyong Xu, Axel H. E. Müller, and Matthias Ballauff. "Interaction of cylindrical polymer brushes in dilute and semi-dilute solution." Colloid and Polymer Science 287, no. 2 (December 6, 2008): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00396-008-1962-3.

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5

OUELLETTE, NICHOLAS T., HAITAO XU, and EBERHARD BODENSCHATZ. "Bulk turbulence in dilute polymer solutions." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 629 (June 15, 2009): 375–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112009006697.

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By tracking small particles in the bulk of an intensely turbulent laboratory flow, we study the effect of long-chain polymers on the Eulerian structure functions. We find that the structure functions are modified over a wide range of length scales even for very small polymer concentrations. Their behaviour can be captured by defining a length scale that depends on the solvent viscosity, the polymer relaxation time and the Weissenberg number. This result is not captured by current models. Additionally, the effects we observe depend strongly on the concentration. While the dissipation-range statistics change smoothly as a function of polymer concentration, we find that the inertial-range values of the structure functions are modified only when the concentration exceeds a threshold of approximately 5 parts per million (p.p.m.) by weight for the 18 × 106 atomic mass unit (a.m.u.) molecular weight polyacrylamide used in the experiment.
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6

Yun, Seok Il, Robert M. Briber, R. Andrew Kee, and Mario Gauthier. "Dilute-solution structure of charged arborescent graft polymer." Polymer 47, no. 8 (April 2006): 2750–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2006.02.018.

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7

HONDA, Itsuro, Hiroki MORI, and Yosuke KAWASHIMA. "1207 Numerical Analysis of Dilute Polymer Solution Flow." Proceedings of Conference of Kansai Branch 2004.79 (2004): _12–13_—_12–14_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmekansai.2004.79._12-13_.

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8

Zimm, Bruno H., and Ralph W. Kilb. "Dynamics of branched polymer molecules in dilute solution." Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 34, no. 8 (June 1996): 1367–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polb.1996.913.

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9

Grisafi, S. "A sphere buoyant in a dilute polymer solution." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 40, no. 56 (September 5, 1990): 781–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1990.070400514.

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10

Du, Miao, Yasuyuki Maki, Taiki Tominaga, Hidemitsu Furukawa, Jian Ping Gong, Yoshihito Osada, and Qiang Zheng. "Friction of Soft Gel in Dilute Polymer Solution." Macromolecules 40, no. 12 (June 2007): 4313–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma0702187.

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11

Groisman, Alexander, and Victor Steinberg. "Couette-Taylor Flow in a Dilute Polymer Solution." Physical Review Letters 77, no. 8 (August 19, 1996): 1480–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.77.1480.

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12

Nakata, Mitsuo, and Kohichiro Kawate. "Kinetics of nucleation in a dilute polymer solution." Physical Review Letters 68, no. 14 (April 1992): 2176–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.68.2176.

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13

Teodorescu, Mirela, Maria Bercea, and Simona Morariu. "Miscibility study on polymer mixtures in dilute solution." Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 559 (December 2018): 325–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2018.09.062.

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14

Haward, Simon J. "Buckling instabilities in dilute polymer solution elastic strands." Rheologica Acta 49, no. 11-12 (June 6, 2010): 1219–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00397-010-0467-4.

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15

Guyard, Gabriel, Alexandre Vilquin, Nicolas Sanson, Stéphane Jouenne, Frédéric Restagno, and Joshua D. McGraw. "Near-surface rheology and hydrodynamic boundary condition of semi-dilute polymer solutions." Soft Matter 17, no. 14 (2021): 3765–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0sm02116d.

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Using evanescent wave microscopy to study near-surface, semi-dilute polymer solution flows provides simultaneous access to the mechanical behaviour of the liquid and the boundary condition at the interfaces. Our results highlight the importance of electrostatic interactions between the polymers and the bounding wall.
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16

Stepto, Robert, Taihyun Chang, Pavel Kratochvíl, Michael Hess, Kazuyuki Horie, Takahiro Sato, and Jiří Vohlídal. "Definitions of terms relating to individual macromolecules, macromolecular assemblies, polymer solutions, and amorphous bulk polymers (IUPAC Recommendations 2014)." Pure and Applied Chemistry 87, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 71–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2013-0201.

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AbstractThis document defines terms relating to the properties of individual macromolecules, macromolecular assemblies, polymer solutions, and amorphous bulk polymers. In the section on polymer solutions and amorphous bulk polymers, general and thermodynamic terms, dilute solutions, phase behaviour, transport properties, scattering methods, and separation methods are considered. The recommendations are a revision and expansion of the IUPAC terminology published in 1989 dealing with individual macromolecules, macromolecular assemblies, and dilute polymer solutions. New terms covering the principal theoretical and experimental developments that have occurred over the intervening years have been introduced. Polyelectrolytes are not included.
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17

Johnston-Hall, Geoffrey, and Michael J. Monteiro. "Termination in Semi-Dilute and Concentrated Polymer Solutions." Australian Journal of Chemistry 62, no. 8 (2009): 857. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch09089.

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The aim of the present work was to develop a deeper understanding into termination processes in the semi-dilute and concentrated regimes. The study was carried out to examine the effect of termination between linear polystyrene radical chains in linear, four-arm star, and six-arm star polymer systems using the reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer chain length-dependent termination method. In particular, the power-law dependencies of both chain length and polymer concentration were evaluated in the semi-dilute and concentrated regimes. We found that theoretical predictions based on the blob model were in good agreement with the experimentally observed evolution of the rate coefficient for biomolecular termination, kti,i(x), in the semi-dilute solution regime. In addition, solvent quality was found to decrease with increasing chain length, increasing polymer concentration and as a function of the matrix topology (i.e. for star polymer solutions). In the concentrated solution regime, the role of chain entanglements became evident by determining the conversion-dependent power-law exponent, βgel (where kt ≈ x–βgel), which increased in the order: linear < four-arm star < six-arm star polymer systems. Above the critical chain length ic, termination was found to be primarily conversion-dependent, implying entanglements dominated termination between linear polymeric radicals. Although this may suggest that reptation plays an important role, our data are in disagreement with this theory, suggesting that the polymer matrix cannot be regarded as static or immobile on the diffusion time scales for bimolecular termination.
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18

Singh, Shiwani, Ganesh Subramanian, and Santosh Ansumali. "A lattice Boltzmann method for dilute polymer solutions." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 369, no. 1944 (June 13, 2011): 2301–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2011.0069.

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We present a lattice Boltzmann approach for the simulation of non-Newtonian fluids. The method is illustrated for the specific case of dilute polymer solutions. With the appropriate local equilibrium distribution, phase-space dynamics on a lattice, driven by a Bhatnagar–Gross–Krook (BGK) relaxation term, leads to a solution of the Fokker–Planck equation governing the probability density of polymer configurations. Results for the bulk rheological characteristics for steady and start-up shear flow are presented, and compare favourably with those obtained using Brownian dynamics simulations. The new method is less expensive than stochastic simulation techniques, particularly in the range of small to moderate Weissenberg numbers (W i ).
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19

Yang, Jing, Jing Yan Li, Li Li Pan, Jin Gang He, and Kun Yang. "A Study of Properties of Dilute Polymer Systems Prepared with Polymer-Bearing Wastewater." Applied Mechanics and Materials 464 (November 2013): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.464.31.

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Isoconcentration flooding systems were prepared, their viscosity, shearing resistance, viscoelasticity, stability and molecule clew size were measured and the impact of polymer-bearing wastewater on polymer performance was determined in order to study the impact of polymer systems prepared with polymer-bearing wastewater on polymer performance in the polymer flooding process of Daqing oilfield. The result indicates: at the same preparation concentration, the storage modulus, loss modulus, viscosity stability, molecule clew size and shearing resistance of polymer solution systems are increased with increase in the polymer concentration in wastewater, the properties of a fresh water system are better than those of a wastewater system, the properties of a physicochemical wastewater system are better than those of a biochemical wastewater system, and the residual polymers in sewage have good viscosity increasing capacity. Therefore, polymer-bearing wastewater improves the properties of polymer systems to a certain degree and can be used as water for polymer system preparation.
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20

Zhang, Guoyin, and R. S. S. Seright. "Effect of Concentration on HPAM Retention in Porous Media." SPE Journal 19, no. 03 (January 30, 2014): 373–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/166265-pa.

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Summary This paper investigates the effect of hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) polymer concentration on retention in porous media by use of both static and dynamic measurements. Consistent results by use of these two methods show that different polymer-retention behaviors exist in dilute, semidilute, and concentrated regions. In both the dilute and concentrated regions, polymer retention has little dependence on concentration. In contrast, in the semidilute region, polymer retention is concentration dependent. If a porous medium is first contacted sufficiently with dilute polymer solution to satisfy the retention, no significant additional retention occurs during exposure to higher HPAM concentrations. On the basis of the experimental results, a concentration-related retention mechanism is proposed that considers the orientation of the adsorbed polymer molecules and the interaction between molecular coils in solution. By use of this model, we explain why polymer retention does not show much dependence on concentration in the dilute and concentrated regimes. Further, in the semidilute region, we explain how moderate coil interactions lead to mixed adsorbed-polymer orientation and magnitude on rock surfaces, and retention becomes concentration dependent. In field applications of polymer and chemical floods, reduced polymer retention may be achieved by first injecting a low-concentration polymer bank.
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21

Hsu, Jui-Hung, Wunshain Fann, Pei-Hsi Tsao, Kuen-Ru Chuang, and Shaw-An Chen. "Fluorescence from Conjugated Polymer Aggregates in Dilute Poor Solution." Journal of Physical Chemistry A 103, no. 14 (April 1999): 2375–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp983921t.

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22

Berret, Jean-François, Kazuhiko Yokota, Mikel Morvan, and Ralf Schweins. "Polymer−Nanoparticle Complexes: From Dilute Solution to Solid State." Journal of Physical Chemistry B 110, no. 39 (October 2006): 19140–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp0603177.

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23

Gooda, Shaban R., and Malcolm B. Huglin. "Dilute solution properties of a new water-soluble polymer." Macromolecules 25, no. 16 (August 1992): 4215–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma00042a026.

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24

Grisafi, S. "A suspension of spheres in a dilute polymer solution." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 114, no. 5 (December 1, 2009): 2992–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.30920.

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25

Lam, Christopher N., Dongsook Chang, Muzhou Wang, Wei-Ren Chen, and Bradley D. Olsen. "The shape of protein-polymer conjugates in dilute solution." Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 54, no. 2 (November 18, 2015): 292–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.27975.

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26

Allegra, Giuseppe, and Fabio Ganazzoli. "Polymer collapse in dilute solution: Equilibrium and dynamical aspects." Journal of Chemical Physics 83, no. 1 (July 1985): 397–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.449783.

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27

Chen, C. M., and Paul G. Higgs. "Monte-Carlo simulations of polymer crystallization in dilute solution." Journal of Chemical Physics 108, no. 10 (March 8, 1998): 4305–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.475830.

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28

SORIMACHI, Kazunori, Tomiichi HASEGAWA, and Takatsune NARUMI. "2319 Bifurcation of Viscous Fingering in Dilute Polymer Solution." Proceedings of the JSME annual meeting 2006.2 (2006): 51–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecjo.2006.2.0_51.

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29

van Dam, P. H. J., G. H. Wegdam, and J. van der Elsken. "The structure of turbulence in a dilute polymer solution." Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics 53 (July 1994): 215–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0377-0257(94)85050-x.

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30

Han, Hyejin, and Chongyoup Kim. "Extensional behavior of rod suspension in dilute polymer solution." Korea-Australia Rheology Journal 27, no. 3 (August 2015): 197–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13367-015-0020-1.

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31

Chung, Sengshiu, and Peggy Cebe. "Two-stage self-seeding method for preparation of single crystals of poly(phenylene sulfide)." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 47 (August 6, 1989): 368–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100153816.

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We are studying the crystallization and annealing behavior of high performance polymers, like poly(p-pheny1ene sulfide) PPS, and poly-(etheretherketone), PEEK. Our purpose is to determine whether PPS, which is similar in many ways to PEEK, undergoes reorganization during annealing. In an effort to address the issue of reorganization, we are studying solution grown single crystals of PPS as model materials.Observation of solution grown PPS crystals has been reported. Even from dilute solution, embrionic spherulites and aggregates were formed. We observe that these morphologies result when solutions containing uncrystallized polymer are cooled. To obtain samples of uniform single crystals, we have used two-stage self seeding and solution replacement techniques.
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32

Malkin, A. Ya, A. V. Semakov, I. Yu Skvortsov, P. Zatonskikh, V. G. Kulichikhin, A. V. Subbotin, and A. N. Semenov. "Spinnability of Dilute Polymer Solutions." Macromolecules 50, no. 20 (October 2, 2017): 8231–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.7b00687.

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33

Liberzon, A., M. Guala, B. Lüthi, W. Kinzelbach, and A. Tsinober. "Turbulence in dilute polymer solutions." Physics of Fluids 17, no. 3 (March 2005): 031707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1864133.

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34

Pokrovskii, V. N., and G. G. Tonkikh. "Dynamics of dilute polymer solutions." Fluid Dynamics 23, no. 1 (1988): 115–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01051558.

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35

Han, Long, Deepak Doraiswamy, and Rakesh K. Gupta. "Jetting of dilute polymer solutions." Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 106, no. 1 (July 1, 2011): 305–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10973-011-1743-y.

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36

Nikolaeva, Olga I., Tamara S. Usacheva, Tatiana A. Ageeva, and Oscar I. Koifman. "PROPERTIES OF DILUTE SOLUTIONS OF COPOLYMERS OF GLYCIDYLMETHACRYLATE AND METHYLPHEOPHORBIDE «a» IN DIMETHYLFORMAMIDE." IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENII KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA 62, no. 7 (July 21, 2019): 58–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/ivkkt.20196207.5987.

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The study of the rheological properties of polymers, and also the establishment of quantitative dependencies, along with the problem of the relationship of molecular characteristics with the synthesis conditions, is an important scientific and practical task. The solution of this problem gives to predict the behavior of polymers, to develop and find the optimal modes and parameters of obtaining materials with predetermined properties. For a research of chemical interaction between macromolecules in solutions, the dilute solutions rheology of copolymers of glycidylmethacrylate and methylphaeophorbide “a” in dimethylformamide was studied. The study of dilute solutions of the corresponding copolymers was carried out by viscometric method in the temperature range of 20-35 ºC. Copolymers of glycidylmethacrylate and methylphaeophorbide “a” of different composition were obtained by radical copolymerization in solution. The synthesized copolymers are characterized by molecular-weight characteristics determined by gel-permeation chromatography. It is established that the solutions of the copolymers correspond to the systems with the lower critical temperature of dissolution. The belonging of the studied solutions to the systems with the lower critical dissolution temperature is confirmed by the dependence of the Huggins constant on the temperature. From the obtained results it follows that the ball of the macromolecule shrinks with increasing temperature. The influence of solution temperature, molecular weight and composition of copolymers on their interaction with the solvent, expressed quantitatively through the parameters of the characteristic viscosity, the Huggins constant, the mean-square distance between the ends of macromolecular chains, is shown. The mean-square distance between the ends of the chains of polymer in the solution was estimated by the equation of Flory-Fox. It is shown that for the studied copolymers the specific index decreases with increasing temperature. It was determined that the introduction of the porphyrin fragment into the structure of the polymer macromolecule retains the character of the interaction of the macromolecular tangle with the solvent.
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37

Xue, Chun-Dong, Xiao-Dong Chen, Yong-Jiang Li, Guo-Qing Hu, Tun Cao, and Kai-Rong Qin. "Breakup Dynamics of Semi-dilute Polymer Solutions in a Microfluidic Flow-focusing Device." Micromachines 11, no. 4 (April 14, 2020): 406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11040406.

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Droplet microfluidics involving non-Newtonian fluids is of great importance in both fundamental mechanisms and practical applications. In the present study, breakup dynamics in droplet generation of semi-dilute polymer solutions in a microfluidic flow-focusing device were experimentally investigated. We found that the filament thinning experiences a transition from a flow-driven to a capillary-driven regime, analogous to that of purely elastic fluids, while the highly elevated viscosity and complex network structures in the semi-dilute polymer solutions induce the breakup stages with a smaller power-law exponent and extensional relaxation time. It is elucidated that the elevated viscosity of the semi-dilute solution decelerates filament thinning in the flow-driven regime and the incomplete stretch of polymer molecules results in the smaller extensional relaxation time in the capillary-driven regime. These results extend the understanding of breakup dynamics in droplet generation of non-Newtonian fluids and provide guidance for microfluidic synthesis applications involving dense polymeric fluids.
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38

Sun, X. L., D. M. Liu, X. H. Lv, P. Zhou, M. Sun, and W. M. Wan. "Thermo-responsive rheological behavior of borinic acid polymer in dilute solution." RSC Advances 6, no. 86 (2016): 83393–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra18117a.

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39

Norisuye, Takashi. "Semiflexible polymers in dilute solution." Progress in Polymer Science 18, no. 3 (January 1993): 543–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0079-6700(93)90017-7.

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40

Kuehne, Alexander, Allan Mackintosh, David Armstrong, and Richard Pethrick. "Energy up-conversion in dilute polyfluorene solutions." Open Chemistry 5, no. 4 (December 1, 2007): 923–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11532-007-0051-7.

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AbstractPoly(9,9-dioctylfluorene) (PFO) shows highly efficient blue emission with photo excitation occurring between 340–400 nm. Here we show that PFO can in dilute solution emit at a wavelength well below that at which it is being exited. This, we propose is related to an energy transfer from conjugated parts of the polymer chain into more localised states which then emit at a lower wavelength. These localised states can be considered as defects in the conjugation of the polymer or as chain ends. These may produce quasi monomer or quasi dimer species within the chain, which will have a HOMO-LUMO gap of higher energy than the conjugated polymer. These then fluoresce at the lower wavelength; essentially causing, by energy transfer, a process of energy up-conversion.
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41

Budkov, Yu A., A. L. Kolesnikov, and M. G. Kiselev. "Communication: Polarizable polymer chain under external electric field in a dilute polymer solution." Journal of Chemical Physics 143, no. 20 (November 28, 2015): 201102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4936661.

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42

Cheng, Rongshi, Yufang Shao, Mingzhu Liu, and Renyuan Qian. "Effect of adsorption on the viscosity of dilute polymer solution." European Polymer Journal 34, no. 11 (November 1998): 1613–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0014-3057(98)00009-3.

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43

Wang, Mao-Xiang. "A single polymer folding and thickening from different dilute solution." Physics Letters A 379, no. 42 (October 2015): 2761–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physleta.2015.08.001.

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44

Baldwin, P. R., and Eugene Helfand. "Dilute polymer solution in steady shear flow: Non-Newtonian stress." Physical Review A 41, no. 12 (June 1, 1990): 6772–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreva.41.6772.

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45

Irurzun, I. M. "Hydrodynamic properties of regular star-branched polymer in dilute solution." Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35, no. 4 (March 1997): 563–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-0488(199703)35:4<563::aid-polb4>3.0.co;2-r.

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46

Saini, D. R., and A. V. Shenoy. "Quick estimation of dilute polymer solution rheology and activation energy." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 33, no. 1 (January 1987): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1987.070330104.

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47

Bschorer, Sabine, and Peter O. Brunn. "Numerical simulation of contraction flow of a dilute polymer solution." Chemical Engineering & Technology 19, no. 4 (August 1996): 386–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270190413.

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48

Manke, C. W., and M. C. Williams. "The role of solvent viscosity in dilute-solution polymer rheology." Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics 19, no. 1 (January 1985): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0377-0257(85)87011-7.

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49

Singh, Virpal. "PHYSICOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS STUDY OF CHITOSAN-STARCH-GLUTARIC ACID IN ACETIC ACID-WATER MIXTURES." Green Chemistry & Technology Letters 2, no. 4 (December 14, 2016): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/gctl.2016.243.

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Abstract:
Knowledge of the physicochemical parameters values produced by the utilization of the polymer blends is importantbecause of the effect that it has on the operational cost of several stages of the industrial processChitosan/starch solutions of different variable concentrations from (90/10 to10/90) are prepared in dilute acetic acid solution (1%). Glutaric acid solution concentration is 1% fixed. The solution properties such as viscosity and refractive index are measured. Viscosity of Chitosan-Starch-Glutaric acid solution is measured by Brookfield viscometer modal DV-E version 1.00 and refractive index is also measured by Abbes refractometer. The influence of concentration of solution and speed of rotation on shear stress are also determined for polymer solution.
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50

Rallison, J. M. "Dissipative stresses in dilute polymer solutions." Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics 68, no. 1 (January 1997): 61–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0377-0257(96)01492-9.

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